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Submitted:
19 December 2024
Posted:
20 December 2024
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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
The annually wasted amount of food had surpassed 1 billion metric tons. Food waste is considered as an important source for recovery of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids. There is a demand for antioxidants, nutraceuticals and natural colorants in various industries and carotenoids are one of the commonly used compounds which fit with this description. Pumpkin and spinach waste, whose combined amount is over 2 million metric tons, contains bioactive compounds and these wasted foods could be utilized for recovery of carotenoids. Carotenoids are hydrophobic molecules; therefore, commercial extraction processes often use highly non-polar solvents, and these are rarely environmentally friendly. The aim of this research was to develop effective extraction processes for carotenoids from pumpkin and spinach using environmentally friendly green chemicals. A series of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed with L-menthol and carboxylic aliphatic acids were made for extraction of carotenoids from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) via mechanical mixing assisted extraction (MMAE) and homogenization assisted extraction (HAE). Response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis were used to analyze the data and optimization. The DESs composed from L-Menthol and Propionic Acid had the best effect on the extraction of total carotenoid content (TCC) (represented as ß-Carotene) from pumpkin and spinach via solutions with 1:2 and 1:4 molar ratios, respectively. The yield of carotenoid extraction is expressed in μg-ß-Carotene/g of pumpkin or spinach. Under the calculated optimum conditions, the yields are estimated to be 11.528 μg-ß-Carotene/g-pumpkin for MMAE method, 8.966 μg-ß-Carotene/g-pumpkin for HAE method, 16.924 μg-ß-Carotene/g-spinach for MMAE method and 18.870 μg-ß-Carotene/g-spinach for HAE method.
supplementary.docx (50.61KB )
Hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) | Hydrogen bond donor (HBD) | Molar Ratio (HBA:HBD) |
Abbreviations |
L-Menthol | Acetic acid | 1:1 | M1ACA1 |
L-Menthol | Acetic acid | 1:2 | M1ACA2 |
L-Menthol | Acetic acid | 1:3 | M1ACA3 |
L-Menthol | Acetic acid | 1:4 | M1ACA4 |
L-Menthol | Propionic acid | 1:1 | M1PRA1 |
L-Menthol | Propionic acid | 1:2 | M1PRA2 |
L-Menthol | Propionic acid | 1:3 | M1PRA3 |
L-Menthol | Propionic acid | 1:4 | M1PRA4 |
L-Menthol | Butyric acid | 1:1 | M1BTA1 |
L-Menthol | Butyric acid | 1:2 | M1BTA2 |
L-Menthol | Butyric acid | 1:3 | M1BTA3 |
L-Menthol | Butyric acid | 1:4 | M1BTA4 |
DES1 | Mixing Time (min.) | μg-β-Carotene /g-Pumpkin (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
μg-β-Carotene /g-Spinach (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
M1ACA1 | 15 | 0.196 c,A ± 0.043 | 0.714 a,A ± 0.025 |
M1ACA1 | 30 | 0.254 c,A ± 0.011 | 5.093 a,A ± 0.032 |
M1ACA1 | 45 | 0.229 c,A ± 0.012 | 1.083 a,A ± 0.016 |
M1ACA1 | 60 | 0.290 c,A ± 0.026 | 1.959 a,A ± 0.031 |
M1ACA2 | 15 | 0.637 a,A ± 0.011 | 13.867 a,A ± 0.069 |
M1ACA2 | 30 | 0.603 a,A ± 0.009 | 23.238 a,A ± 0.075 |
M1ACA2 | 45 | 0.566 a,A ± 0.006 | 9.348 a,A ± 0.108 |
M1ACA2 | 60 | 0.610 a,A ± 0.004 | 6.186 a,A ± 0.026 |
M1ACA3 | 15 | 0.639 a,A ± 0.020 | 4.447 a,A ± 0.029 |
M1ACA3 | 30 | 0.558 a,A ± 0.012 | 10.994 a,A ± 0.029 |
M1ACA3 | 45 | 0.572 a,A ± 0.010 | 6.863 a,A ± 0.040 |
M1ACA3 | 60 | 0.561 a,A ± 0.003 | 5.058 a,A ± 0.028 |
M1ACA4 | 15 | 0.442 b,A ± 0.008 | 2.202 a,A ± 0.039 |
M1ACA4 | 30 | 0.483 b,A ± 0.010 | 12.089 a,A ± 0.035 |
M1ACA4 | 45 | 0.510 b,A ± 0.007 | 7.820 a,A ± 0.069 |
M1ACA4 | 60 | 0.486 b,A ± 0.009 | 20.168 a,A ± 0.044 |
M1PRA1 | 15 | 7.873 c,A ± 0.023 | 0.866 b,A ± 0.019 |
M1PRA1 | 30 | 6.452 c,A ± 0.040 | 1.803 b,A ± 0.009 |
M1PRA1 | 45 | 3.960 c,A ± 0.019 | 1.869 b,A ± 0.009 |
M1PRA1 | 60 | 2.631 c,A ± 0.014 | 1.476 b,A ± 0.005 |
M1PRA2 | 15 | 10.816 a,A ± 0.044 | 3.567 b,A ± 0.020 |
M1PRA2 | 30 | 10.585 a,A ± 0.045 | 4.508 b,A ± 0.026 |
M1PRA2 | 45 | 11.542 a,A ± 0.034 | 5.044 b,A ± 0.027 |
M1PRA2 | 60 | 11.566 a,A ± 0.044 | 8.986 b,A ± 0.033 |
DES 1 | Mixing Time (min.) | μg-β-Carotene /g-Pumpkin (mean value ± S.D.) 2,3,4 |
μg-β-Carotene /g-Spinach (mean value ± S.D.) 2,3 |
M1PRA3 | 15 | 8.796 a,b,A ± 0.051 | 3.256 b,A ± 0.011 |
M1PRA3 | 30 | 8.234 a,b,A ± 0.042 | 5.889 b,A ± 0.019 |
M1PRA3 | 45 | 9.264 a,b,A ± 0.023 | 6.944 b,A ± 0.017 |
M1PRA3 | 60 | 8.939 a,b,A ± 0.072 | 5.915 b,A ± 0.023 |
M1PRA4 | 15 | 7.917 b,c,A ± 0.041 | 9.312 a,A ± 0.049 |
M1PRA4 | 30 | 8.063 b,c,A ± 0.031 | 19.156 a,A ± 0.122 |
M1PRA4 | 45 | 7.757 b,c,A ± 0.047 | 17.580 a,A ± 0.043 |
M1PRA4 | 60 | 7.465 b,c,A ± 0.043 | 18.990 a,A ± 0.057 |
M1BTA1 | 15 | 1.552 a,C ± 0.045 | |
M1BTA1 | 30 | 1.944 a,B,C ± 0.039 | |
M1BTA1 | 45 | 2.774 a,A,B ± 0.031 | |
M1BTA1 | 60 | 3.925 a,A ± 0.024 | |
M1BTA2 | 15 | 2.193 a,C ± 0.040 | |
M1BTA2 | 30 | 1.718 a,B,C ± 0.044 | |
M1BTA2 | 45 | 4.321 a,A,B ± 0.036 | |
M1BTA2 | 60 | 4.142 a,A ± 0.029 | |
M1BTA3 | 15 | 1.593 a,C ± 0.032 | |
M1BTA3 | 30 | 2.280 a,B,C ± 0.026 | |
M1BTA3 | 45 | 2.720 a,A,B ± 0.021 | |
M1BTA3 | 60 | 7.036 a,A ± 0.032 | |
M1BTA4 | 15 | 1.319 a,C ± 0.024 | |
M1BTA4 | 30 | 2.226 a,B,C ± 0.028 | |
M1BTA4 | 45 | 5.109 a,A,B ± 0.029 | |
M1BTA4 | 60 | 4.468 a,A ± 0.017 |
DES 1 | Hmj. 1 Time (sec.) | Hmj. 1 Speed (rpm) | μg-β-Carotene /g-Pumpkin (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
μg-β-Carotene /g-Spinach (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
M1ACA1 | 30 | 7000 | 0.287 c,A,A ± 0.002 | 8.830 a,A,A ± 0.027 |
M1ACA1 | 60 | 7000 | 0.295 c,A,A ± 0.002 | 13.459 a,A,A ± 0.084 |
M1ACA1 | 90 | 7000 | 0.241 c,A,A ± 0.005 | 12.948 a,A,A ± 0.056 |
M1ACA1 | 120 | 7000 | 0.291 c,A,A ± 0.003 | 11.703 a,A,A ± 0.012 |
M1ACA1 | 30 | 10500 | 0.359 c,A,A ± 0.003 | 14.116 a,A,A ± 0.054 |
M1ACA1 | 60 | 10500 | 0.390 c,A,A ± 0.002 | 7.225 a,A,A ± 0.021 |
M1ACA1 | 90 | 10500 | 0.471 c,A,A ± 0.005 | 12.260 a,A,A ± 0.047 |
M1ACA1 | 120 | 10500 | 0.467 c,A,A ± 0.004 | 15.822 a,A,A ± 0.044 |
M1ACA1 | 30 | 14000 | 0.464 c,A,A ± 0.002 | 7.731 a,A,A ± 0.078 |
M1ACA1 | 60 | 14000 | 0.449 c,A,A ± 0.002 | 7.511 a,A,A ± 0.070 |
M1ACA1 | 90 | 14000 | 0.441 c,A,A ± 0.003 | 7.239 a,A,A ± 0.020 |
M1ACA1 | 120 | 14000 | 0.506 c,A,A ± 0.002 | 9.139 a,A,A ± 0.106 |
M1ACA2 | 30 | 7000 | 0.553 a,A,A ± 0.039 | 19.093 a,A,A ± 0.074 |
M1ACA2 | 60 | 7000 | 0.666 a,A,A ± 0.019 | 13.158 a,A,A ± 0.067 |
M1ACA2 | 90 | 7000 | 0.637 a,A,A ± 0.028 | 9.728 a,A,A ± 0.056 |
M1ACA2 | 120 | 7000 | 0.811 a,A,A ± 0.032 | 12.469 a,A,A ± 0.056 |
M1ACA2 | 30 | 10500 | 0.762 a,A,A ± 0.044 | 7.622 a,A,A ± 0.014 |
M1ACA2 | 60 | 10500 | 0.652 a,A,A ± 0.041 | 15.598 a,A,A ± 0.053 |
M1ACA2 | 90 | 10500 | 0.707 a,A,A ± 0.008 | 20.129 a,A,A ± 0.041 |
M1ACA2 | 120 | 10500 | 0.711 a,A,A ± 0.002 | 14.714 a,A,A ± 0.029 |
M1ACA2 | 30 | 14000 | 0.562 a,A,A ± 0.038 | 18.474 a,A,A ± 0.017 |
M1ACA2 | 60 | 14000 | 0.632 a,A,A ± 0.020 | 9.334 a,A,A ± 0.016 |
M1ACA2 | 90 | 14000 | 0.771 a,A,A ± 0.006 | 11.925 a,A,A ± 0.081 |
M1ACA2 | 120 | 14000 | 0.670 a,A,A ± 0.006 | 17.460 a,A,A ± 0.107 |
M1ACA3 | 30 | 7000 | 0.434 a,b,A,A ± 0.003 | 6.767 a,A,A ± 0.027 |
M1ACA3 | 60 | 7000 | 0.639 a,b,A,A ± 0.005 | 8.553 a,A,A ± 0.031 |
M1ACA3 | 90 | 7000 | 0.651 a,b,A,A ± 0.054 | 16.257 a,A,A ± 0.048 |
M1ACA3 | 120 | 7000 | 0.640 a,b,A,A ± 0.000 | 15.457 a,A,A ± 0.098 |
M1ACA3 | 30 | 10500 | 0.571 a,b,A,A ± 0.002 | 16.982 a,A,A ± 0.024 |
M1ACA3 | 60 | 10500 | 0.563 a,b,A,A ± 0.010 | 15.152 a,A,A ± 0.015 |
DES 1 | Hmj. 1 Time (sec.) | Hmj. 1 Speed (rpm) | μg-β-Carotene /g-Pumpkin (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
μg-β-Carotene /g-Spinach (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
M1ACA3 | 90 | 10500 | 0.645 a,b,A,A ± 0.003 | 24.930 a,A,A ± 0.057 |
M1ACA3 | 120 | 10500 | 0.588 a,b,A,A ± 0.002 | 14.775 a,A,A ± 0.042 |
M1ACA3 | 30 | 14000 | 0.606 a,b,A,A ± 0.018 | 13.767 a,A,A ± 0.053 |
M1ACA3 | 60 | 14000 | 0.611 a,b,A,A ± 0.002 | 11.293 a,A,A ± 0.028 |
M1ACA3 | 90 | 14000 | 0.689 a,b,A,A ± 0.000 | 15.814 a,A,A ± 0.039 |
M1ACA3 | 120 | 14000 | 0.644 a,b,A,A ± 0.000 | 13.564 a,A,A ± 0.027 |
M1ACA4 | 30 | 7000 | 0.449 b,A,A ± 0.012 | 22.831 a,A,A ± 0.056 |
M1ACA4 | 60 | 7000 | 0.548 b,A,A ± 0.020 | 20.749 a,A,A ± 0.062 |
M1ACA4 | 90 | 7000 | 0.629 b,A,A ± 0.029 | 12.540 a,A,A ± 0.014 |
M1ACA4 | 120 | 7000 | 0.579 b,A,A ± 0.005 | 7.834 a,A,A ± 0.041 |
M1ACA4 | 30 | 10500 | 0.545 b,A,A ± 0.004 | 13.751 a,A,A ± 0.063 |
M1ACA4 | 60 | 10500 | 0.534 b,A,A ± 0.008 | 26.006 a,A,A ± 0.092 |
M1ACA4 | 90 | 10500 | 0.572 b,A,A ± 0.005 | 11.626 a,A,A ± 0.014 |
M1ACA4 | 120 | 10500 | 0.554 b,A,A ± 0.011 | 9.568 a,A,A ± 0.038 |
M1ACA4 | 30 | 14000 | 0.581 b,A,A ± 0.003 | 18.883 a,A,A ± 0.055 |
M1ACA4 | 60 | 14000 | 0.525 b,A,A ± 0.017 | 14.477 a,A,A ± 0.080 |
M1ACA4 | 90 | 14000 | 0.581 b,A,A ± 0.050 | 7.578 a,A,A ± 0.053 |
M1ACA4 | 120 | 14000 | 0.543 b,A,A ± 0.006 | 7.993 a,A,A ± 0.069 |
M1PRA1 | 30 | 7000 | 7.675 a,A,A ± 0.030 | 6.081 b,A,A ± 0.039 |
M1PRA1 | 60 | 7000 | 5.030 a,A,A ± 0.023 | 7.450 b,A,A ± 0.020 |
M1PRA1 | 90 | 7000 | 3.769 a,b,B,A ± 0.013 | 5.234 b,A,A ± 0.014 |
M1PRA1 | 120 | 7000 | 4.698 a,b,B,A ± 0.023 | 8.447 b,A,A ± 0.034 |
M1PRA1 | 30 | 10500 | 6.896 a,b,A,A ± 0.013 | 11.252 b,A,A ± 0.027 |
M1PRA1 | 60 | 10500 | 6.088 a,b,A,B,A ± 0.021 | 4.241 b,A,A ± 0.019 |
M1PRA1 | 90 | 10500 | 4.712 a,b,B,A ± 0.019 | 4.010 b,A,A ± 0.019 |
M1PRA1 | 120 | 10500 | 3.456 a,b,B,A ± 0.014 | 6.955 b,A,A ± 0.013 |
M1PRA1 | 30 | 14000 | 6.120 a,b,A,A ± 0.024 | 8.539 b,A,A ± 0.020 |
M1PRA1 | 60 | 14000 | 7.147 a,b,A,B,A ± 0.013 | 3.704 b,A,A ± 0.020 |
M1PRA1 | 90 | 14000 | 6.487 a,b,B,A ± 0.023 | 6.080 b,A,A ± 0.012 |
M1PRA1 | 120 | 14000 | 5.340 a,b,B,A ± 0.020 | 8.139 b,A,A ± 0.028 |
M1PRA2 | 30 | 7000 | 8.762 a,A,A ± 0.029 | 4.731 b,A,A ± 0.082 |
M1PRA2 | 60 | 7000 | 6.586 a,A,B,A ± 0.037 | 5.323 b,A,A ± 0.013 |
DES 1 | Hmj. 1 Time (sec.) | Hmj. 1 Speed (rpm) | μg-β-Carotene /g-Pumpkin (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
μg-β-Carotene /g-Spinach (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
M1PRA2 | 90 | 7000 | 8.579 a,B,A ± 0.043 | 6.669 b,A,A ± 0.021 |
M1PRA2 | 120 | 7000 | 6.472 a,B,A ± 0.039 | 11.232 b,A,A ± 0.013 |
M1PRA2 | 30 | 10500 | 7.316 a,A,A ± 0.045 | 2.958 b,A,A ± 0.033 |
M1PRA2 | 60 | 10500 | 6.561 a,A,B,A ± 0.038 | 6.132 b,A,A ± 0.011 |
M1PRA2 | 90 | 10500 | 6.411 a,B,A ± 0.043 | 6.950 b,A,A ± 0.058 |
M1PRA2 | 120 | 10500 | 5.201 a,B,A ± 0.032 | 8.706 b,A,A ± 0.013 |
M1PRA2 | 30 | 14000 | 6.935 a,A,A ± 0.040 | 8.774 b,A,A ± 0.032 |
M1PRA2 | 60 | 14000 | 5.880 a,A,B,A ± 0.031 | 10.494 b,A,A ± 0.053 |
M1PRA2 | 90 | 14000 | 4.935 a,B,A ± 0.039 | 4.587 b,A,A ± 0.048 |
M1PRA2 | 120 | 14000 | 6.839 a,B,A ± 0.017 | 7.195 b,A,A ± 0.035 |
M1PRA3 | 30 | 7000 | 8.596 b,A,A ± 0.021 | 14.763 a,A,A ± 0.034 |
M1PRA3 | 60 | 7000 | 5.541 b,A,B,A ± 0.045 | 10.024 a,A,A ± 0.044 |
M1PRA3 | 90 | 7000 | 3.802 b,B,A ± 0.043 | 17.005 a,A,A ± 0.031 |
M1PRA3 | 120 | 7000 | 4.888 b,B,A ± 0.039 | 14.631 a,A,A ± 0.048 |
M1PRA3 | 30 | 10500 | 6.981 b,A,A ± 0.041 | 13.676 a,A,A ± 0.052 |
M1PRA3 | 60 | 10500 | 5.321 b,A,B,A ± 0.039 | 12.177 a,A,A ± 0.034 |
M1PRA3 | 90 | 10500 | 1.803 b,B,A ± 0.033 | 9.143 a,A,A ± 0.035 |
M1PRA3 | 120 | 10500 | 3.367 b,B,A ± 0.039 | 12.853 a,A,A ± 0.035 |
M1PRA3 | 30 | 14000 | 5.253 b,A,A ± 0.041 | 10.178 a,A,A ± 0.065 |
M1PRA3 | 60 | 14000 | 2.010 b,A,B,A ± 0.032 | 5.838 a,A,A ± 0.052 |
M1PRA3 | 90 | 14000 | 0.631 b,B,A ± 0.038 | 11.197 a,A,A ± 0.045 |
M1PRA3 | 120 | 14000 | 3.596 b,B,A ± 0.043 | 13.982 a,A,A ± 0.049 |
M1PRA4 | 30 | 7000 | 8.898 b,A,A ± 0.031 | 24.598 a,A,A ± 0.126 |
M1PRA4 | 60 | 7000 | 6.158 b,A,B,A ± 0.027 | 19.838 a,A,A ± 0.113 |
M1PRA4 | 90 | 7000 | 7.714 b,B,A ± 0.031 | 15.597 a,A,A ± 0.069 |
M1PRA4 | 120 | 7000 | 1.773 b,B,A ± 0.045 | 12.177 a,A,A ± 0.118 |
M1PRA4 | 30 | 10500 | 5.064 b,A,A ± 0.028 | 7.972 a,A,A ± 0.091 |
M1PRA4 | 60 | 10500 | 4.638 b,A,B,A ± 0.037 | 10.282 a,A,A ± 0.065 |
M1PRA4 | 90 | 10500 | 3.145 b,B,A ± 0.030 | 15.900 a,A,A ± 0.056 |
M1PRA4 | 120 | 10500 | 2.184 b,B,A ± 0.025 | 16.399 a,A,A ± 0.057 |
M1PRA4 | 30 | 14000 | 5.653 b,A,A ± 0.026 | 8.387 a,A,A ± 0.078 |
DES 1 | Hmj. 1 Time (sec.) | Hmj. 1 Speed (rpm) | μg-β-Carotene /g-Pumpkin (mean value ± S.D.)2,3,4 |
μg-β-Carotene /g-Spinach (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
M1PRA4 | 60 | 14000 | 3.880 b,A,B,A ± 0.034 | 14.157 a,A,A ± 0.115 |
M1PRA4 | 90 | 14000 | 2.029 b,B,A ± 0.040 | 13.669 a,A,A ± 0.100 |
M1PRA4 | 120 | 14000 | 1.318 b,B,A ± 0.025 | 24.910 a,A,A ± 0.071 |
M1BTA1 | 30 | 7000 | 2.563 c,A,A ± 0.033 | |
M1BTA1 | 60 | 7000 | 3.240 c,A,A ± 0.032 | |
M1BTA1 | 90 | 7000 | 3.129 c,A,A ± 0.033 | |
M1BTA1 | 120 | 7000 | 4.082 c,A,A ± 0.035 | |
M1BTA1 | 30 | 10500 | 2.244 c,A,A ± 0.023 | |
M1BTA1 | 60 | 10500 | 2.768 c,A,A ± 0.032 | |
M1BTA1 | 90 | 10500 | 2.889 c,A,A ± 0.039 | |
M1BTA1 | 120 | 10500 | 2.701 c,A,A ± 0.021 | |
M1BTA1 | 30 | 14000 | 2.979 c,A,A ± 0.022 | |
M1BTA1 | 60 | 14000 | 4.285 c,A,A ± 0.029 | |
M1BTA1 | 90 | 14000 | 3.862 c,A,A ± 0.050 | |
M1BTA1 | 120 | 14000 | 6.460 c,A,A ± 0.038 | |
M1BTA2 | 30 | 7000 | 4.171 a,b,A,A ± 0.046 | |
M1BTA2 | 60 | 7000 | 4.609 a,b,A,A ± 0.038 | |
M1BTA2 | 90 | 7000 | 4.188 a,b,A,A ± 0.027 | |
M1BTA2 | 120 | 7000 | 6.461 a,b,A,A ± 0.026 | |
M1BTA2 | 30 | 10500 | 3.844 a,b,A,A ± 0.042 | |
M1BTA2 | 60 | 10500 | 5.263 a,b,A,A ± 0.042 | |
M1BTA2 | 90 | 10500 | 5.191 a,b,A,A ± 0.031 | |
M1BTA2 | 120 | 10500 | 9.820 a,b,A,A ± 0.077 | |
M1BTA2 | 30 | 14000 | 5.457 a,b,A,A ± 0.045 | |
M1BTA2 | 60 | 14000 | 7.097 a,b,A,A ± 0.050 | |
M1BTA2 | 90 | 14000 | 6.782 a,b,A,A ± 0.034 | |
M1BTA2 | 120 | 14000 | 13.221 a,b,A,A ± 0.044 | |
M1BTA3 | 30 | 7000 | 5.708 b,c,A,A ± 0.045 | |
M1BTA3 | 60 | 7000 | 4.283 b,c,A,A ± 0.020 | |
M1BTA3 | 90 | 7000 | 3.736 b,c,A,A ± 0.032 | |
M1BTA3 | 120 | 7000 | 3.884 b,c,A,A ± 0.020 |
DES 1 | Hmj. 1 Time (sec.) | Hmj. 1 Speed (rpm) | μg-β-Carotene /g-Pumpkin (mean value ± S.D.)2,3,4 |
μg-β-Carotene /g-Spinach (mean value ± S.D.)2,3 |
M1BTA3 | 30 | 10500 | 2.020 b,c,A,A ± 0.038 | |
M1BTA3 | 60 | 10500 | 2.917 b,c,A,A ± 0.021 | |
M1BTA3 | 90 | 10500 | 3.239 b,c,A,A ± 0.030 | |
M1BTA3 | 120 | 10500 | 3.332 b,c,A,A ± 0.027 | |
M1BTA3 | 30 | 14000 | 5.543 b,c,A,A ± 0.037 | |
M1BTA3 | 60 | 14000 | 4.595 b,c,A,A ± 0.029 | |
M1BTA3 | 90 | 14000 | 2.968 b,c,A,A ± 0.033 | |
M1BTA3 | 120 | 14000 | 8.684 b,c,A,A ± 0.027 | |
M1BTA4 | 30 | 7000 | 8.584 a,A,A ± 0.028 | |
M1BTA4 | 60 | 7000 | 6.231 a,A,A ± 0.037 | |
M1BTA4 | 90 | 7000 | 9.738 a,A,A ± 0.049 | |
M1BTA4 | 120 | 7000 | 4.637 a,A,A ± 0.037 | |
M1BTA4 | 30 | 10500 | 11.840 a,A,A ± 0.043 | |
M1BTA4 | 60 | 10500 | 6.343 a,A,A ± 0.024 | |
M1BTA4 | 90 | 10500 | 8.197 a,A,A ± 0.039 | |
M1BTA4 | 120 | 10500 | 7.814 a,A,A ± 0.046 | |
M1BTA4 | 30 | 14000 | 8.211 a,A,A ± 0.025 | |
M1BTA4 | 60 | 14000 | 5.023 a,A,A ± 0.033 | |
M1BTA4 | 90 | 14000 | 7.401 a,A,A ± 0.046 | |
M1BTA4 | 120 | 14000 | 12.534 a,A,A ± 0.023 |
Extraction setup | Independent Variables | Model Equation | R2 |
Sample: Pumkin Method: MMAE & L-Menthol:Acetic acid DESs |
X1:Acetic acid molar ratio X2:Mixing time (min.) |
-4.45150+14.57986X1+0.001912X2-0.005262X1X2 -10.44080X12+0.000024X22 |
0.9642 |
Sample: Pumkin Method: MMAE & L-Menthol:Propionic acid DESs |
X1:Propionic acid molar ratio X2:Mixing time (min.) |
-63.76949+241.35123X1-0.301289X2+0.401802X1X2 -191.69872X12+0.000041X22 |
0.9006 |
Sample: Spinach Method: MMAE & L-Menthol:Acetic acid DESs |
X1:Acetic acid molar ratio X2:Mixing time (min.) |
-87.29436+291.71772X1-0.080113X2+0.815406X1X2 -232.20477X12-0.006091X22 |
0.3941 |
Sample: Spinach Method: MMAE & L-Menthol:Propionic acid DESs |
X1:Propionic acid molar ratio X2:Mixing time (min.) |
81.41602-286.71718X1+0.011693X2 +0.437977X1X2+239.97280 X12-0.002896X22 |
0.7835 |
Sample: Spinach Method: MMAE & L-Menthol:Butyric acid DESs |
X1:Butyric acid molar ratio X2:Mixing time (min.) |
0.019209+7.15429X1-0.089691X2+0.147515X1X2 -7.71617X12+0.000871X22 |
0.7688 |
Sample: Pumkin Method: HAE & L-Menthol:Acetic acid DESs |
X1:Acetic acid molar ratio X2:Homogenization time (sec.) X3:Homogenization speed (rpm) |
-4.30138+12.54252X1+0.003089X2+0.000103X3 +0.000543X1X2-0.000081X1X3-1.29643*10-7X2X3 -8.63510X12-8.37963*10-6X22-1.42092*10-9X32 |
0.8418 |
Sample: Pumkin Method: HAE & L-Menthol:Propionic acid DESs |
X1:Propionic acid molar ratio X2:Homogenization time (sec.) X3:Homogenization speed (rpm) |
-24.31624+109.68892X1-0.063963X2+0.000120X3 -0.068021X1X2-0.001957X1X3+2.65619*10-6X2X3 -69.07260X12+0.000334X22+3.75153*10-8X32 |
0.7052 |
Sample: Spinach Method: HAE & L-Menthol:Acetic acid DESs |
X1:Acetic acid molar ratio X2:Homogenization time (sec.) X3:Homogenization speed (rpm) |
-46.56104+104.57014X1+0.229675X2+0.003205X3 -0.333622X1X2+0.000977X1X3+2.93333*10-7X2X3 -59.45170X12-0.000142X22-1.93862*10-7X32 |
0.2725 |
Sample: Spinach Method: HAE & L-Menthol:Propionic acid DESs |
X1:Propionic acid molar ratio X2:Homogenization time (sec.) X3:Homogenization speed (rpm) |
88.81933-218.95677X1-0.304985X2-0.002093X3 +0.146208X1X2-0.001599X1X3+7.80619*10-6X2X3 +195.82812X12+0.000968X22+1.13311*10-7X32 |
0.6540 |
Sample: Spinach Method: HAE & L-Menthol:Butyric acid DESs |
X1:Butyric acid molar ratio X2:Homogenization time (sec.) X3:Homogenization speed (rpm) |
9.20900+1.75614X1-0.106600X2-0.001464X3 -0.073053X1X2-0.000142X1X3+7.09500*10-6X2X3 +12.70142X12+0.000667X22+5.99541*10-8X32 |
0.4718 |
Extraction method | DESs (HBA:HBD) | Optimum extraction conditions | μg-β-Carotene/g-Pumpkin | |
Predicted 1 | Actual 2,3,4 | |||
MMAE | L-Menthol:Propionic acid | HBD Molar Ratio: 0.6452 Mixing Time: 15.0 min. |
11.528 ± 0.946 | 10.816 a,A ± 0.044 |
HAE | L-Menthol:Propionic acid | HBD Molar Ratio: 0.6198 Homogenization Time: 30.0 sec. Homogenization Speed: 7061 rpm |
8.966 ± 1.252 | 8.762 a,A,A ± 0.029 |
Extraction method | DESs (HBA:HBD) | Optimum extraction conditions | μg-β-Carotene/g-spinach | |
Predicted 1 | Actual 2,3,4 | |||
MMAE | L-Menthol:Propionic acid | HBD Molar Ratio: 0.8000 Mixing Time: 60.0 min. |
16.924 ± 3.518 | 18.990 a,A ± 0.057 |
HAE | L-Menthol:Propionic acid | HBD Molar Ratio: 0.8000 Homogenization Time: 120.0 sec. Homogenization Speed: 7000 rpm |
18.870 ± 3.302 | 12.177 a,A,A ± 0.118 |
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