Subclinical mastitis (SCM) represents a pervasive challenge in dairy farming, particularly in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), where its detection and management remain inadequate. The condition, often undetectable without diagnostic tools, compromises milk quality, reduces yields, and imposes significant economic and public health burdens. This review explores key strategies to address SCM by evaluating three diagnostic techniques – California Mastitis Test (CMT), White Side Test (WST), and Draminski Mastitis Detector (DMD) – which are accessible and effective in identifying early-stage infections. Beyond diagnostics, the review delves into the microbiological analysis of bacterial pathogens associated with udder infections and histopathological investigations to identify microscopic tissue changes. By synthesizing these approaches, the review offers a perspective on udder health and its implications for cow welfare and dairy productivity. Although focused on Nigeria, where data on udder health and cow welfare are limited, the findings highlight broader lessons for LMICs with similar challenges. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating early detection, targeted interventions, and evidence-based management to mitigate the impact of SCM, improve cow welfare, and enhance dairy sector sustainability. The recommendations aim to benefit farmers, veterinarians, researchers, and policymakers committed to advancing the productivity and resilience of the dairy industry.