Magnetic Echo of Falling Comet SL9 on Jupiter

1. Introduction

The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) on Jupiter (hereinafter Fall-SL9) occurred in July 1994 [Impact events]. Before Fall-SL9, back in 1992, the comet broke up into 21 fragments at the closest point to Jupiter on its elliptical trajectory. Despite the unprecedented nature of this event in the era of space observations, it has not received due attention in modern astronomy of the Sun and the Solar System (SS). Meanwhile, Jupiter has a powerful magnetic field and the time of its revolution around the Sun (~11 years) correlates with the periodicity of Solar Activity (SA). Jupiter, like the electron and proton in the hydrogen atom [Kholmanskiy, 2017], can modulate the dynamics of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and SA through its interaction with the magnetic dipole of the Sun. It was suggested that the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetism by Fall-SL9 manifested itself after 1995 by violations of the SA parameters and failures in the chronologies of geophysical and meteorological indicators of the biosphere associated with geomagnetism and thermodynamics of the hydrosphere. To verify this hypothesis and clarify the probable mechanism of the influence of Jupiter’s magnetic field on the Sun and biosphere, the chronologies of geophysical and meteorological indicators with a reliable break in ~1995 were analyzed. Using the known data on the physics of the Sun and Jupiter, the induction mechanism was used to explain the transmission of the disturbance of Jupiter’s magnetic field by Fall-SL9 to the SA. The possibility of the solar neutrino’s participation as a chiral factor of magnetic nature in anthropogenesis and regulation of hydrosphere’s thermodynamics was discussed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Empirical Materials

The work conducted a comparative analysis of known SA monitoring data, geophysical and meteorological indicators for the period from ~1970-2020. In the reviews [Blunden, 2020; 2023; Johnson, 2023; Lindsey, 2023; Schuckmann, 2023], chronologies of land, ocean and atmospheric indicators with linear intervals of 15-20 years before and after ~1995 were selected. For these chronologies, the rates of change of indicators (k) were determined with ~10% accuracy using the kt approximation, where t is years. By comparing k for anomalies of related indicators, information was obtained on the factors involved in triggering changes in the state of the geospheres in 1995. The k values are shown in the boxes on the graphs, their dimension is “magnitude/year”. When analyzing the changes in k chronologies of thermophysical indicators, the following data were taken into account. About ~90% of heat on Earth is contained in ocean water, of which ~60% is in upper layer up to 700 m and 30% is in the water layer from 700 m to the bottom [Rhein, 2013; Lindsey, 2023]. The remaining ~10% of Earth’s heat is summarized by share of land ~5%, cryosphere ~4% and atmosphere ~2% [Schuckmann, 2023].

To clarify mechanism of thermal rearrangements of condensed media (water, quartz) and atmosphere, effective activation energies (EA) of the key stages of molecular dynamics were determined. Analysis of known temperature dependences (TDs) was carried out using the method [Kholmanskiy, 2019c; 2021]. Empirical TDs were approximated by exponential exp(E_A/RT). The E_A values were given in kJ/mol and compared with known data for water and aqueous solutions. To substantiate the mechanisms of the influence of geomagnetism on the cognitive functions of brain, cooperative properties of hydrogen bond network in physiological fluids and high magnetic susceptibility of metal isotopes, which play an important role in trophic and signaling system of brain, were taken into account. The graphical data were digitized using Adobe Photoshop, and chronology approximations were obtained using Excel.

2.2. Hypotheses and Relationships

In practice, mathematical formalization of magnetic field manifestations successfully does without any ideas about the physical nature of its carrier. Meanwhile, the possibility of decay, sterility, aroma, and elusiveness of solar neutrino [Athar, 2022] allow its use in the mathematical formalization of magnetic Faraday tubes [Maxwell, 1954; Solanki, 2013] and a chiral quantum of energy with biogenicity [Kholmanskiy, 2016; 2018; 2024a]. This hypothesis is based on the decay of electron neutrino (ν_e) of the p-p cycle in the Sun’s core into energy quanta (ℵ-forms), the number of which is limited by the Avogadro number (N ~ 6 10²³) [Kholmanskiy, 2003; 2011a]. Conditionally sterile ℵ-forms preserve the helicity of neutrinos and model the energy forms of ether (ν/g-vortices), combining rotational and translational motion according to the law of electromagnetic induction [Kholmanskiy, 2006]. Note that the axiomatics of ν/g-vortices is suitable for the formalization of hypothetical subelectronic fractal matter [Puetz, 2015]. When N ν/g-vortices or ℵ-like forms merge in compliance with the symmetry rules (N-condensation), quanta of fields and elements (shell and orbitals) of particle and nuclear structures are formed [Kholmanskiy, 2017; 2019]. The kinematics and dynamics of ℵ-forms are limited by the angular velocity of the g-vortex (~10²³ s–1) and the momentum transfer velocity along the g-grid of ether, equal to C(N)^1\2 ~ 2.3 10²⁰ m/s, (C is speed of light in a vacuum) [Kholmanskiy, 2003; 2011a; 2016]. From ℵ-forms, as from monopoles, tubes of magnetic field lines can be formed [Solanki, 2013; Jeong, 2020]. In the radiative zone of the Sun, chiral neutrino-photon forms (ℵ_γ) can be formed during the interaction of ℵ-forms with γ [Giunti, 2015]. Similar interactions can probably occur in convective zone of Sun, as indicated by modulation of solar radiation by magnetic activity of photosphere [Domingo, 2009; Krivova, 2021]. At the same time, the chirality sign ℵ_γ can change when the magnetic dipole of Sun is reversed in Hale cycle. The parity of participation in energy of Sun of photons (γ) and ν_e can be realized by the chiral synergism of γ and ℵ_γ at all stages of evolution of biosphere.

Solar physics, geophysics and unique position of Earth in SS determined the stable coverage of its surface by hydrosphere by ~70% [Sorokhtin, 2010]. The global temperature (TG) at bottom of ocean could be maintained in range of ~0°-4° even during glaciation periods and up to ~40° at other times. At such T, proteins in free water and in physiological fluids retained their nativeness and ability to complex with participation of hydrogen bonds of water (HBs) and other chemical elements. [Kholmanskiy, 2023; 2019; Globus, 2020]. N-condensation of ℵ-forms and ℵ_γ in hydrosphere and physiological fluids on chiral centers or nuclear spins of cooperative biosystems could catalyze biochemical reactions. The lithosphere consists of ~70% silica, containing equal amounts of left and right quartz crystals [Kizel, 1985] and therefore can propagate incident ℵ_γ fluxes as a waveguide. The dependences of the elastic properties and thermal conductivity of the lithosphere on the density of ℵ_γ fluxes and geography can manifest themselves in changes in ocean thermal physics and crustal seismic activity. On night side of Earth, the actions of ℵ-forms and ℵ_γ can catalyze dark biochemistry of circadian rhythm [Michel, 2019; Kholmanskiy, 2019; 2023].

The biogenicity of geomagnetic field is manifested in magnetoreception of birds. The effect of magnetic field of Helmholtz coils in biosystems depends on chirality of reagents and signs of magnetic moments of elements participating in reactions [Zadeh-Haghighi, 2022]. These results are consistent with the assumption of the neutrino nature of magnetic field carriers. When modeling the hypothetical structures of Sun, Jupiter and Earth, we relied on bootstrap principle and scaling law [Glattfelder, 2019]. They are based on dialectical law of similarity and quantum rules of self-assembly-condensation of ν/g-vortices into chiral elements of particles and nuclei [Kholmanskiy, 2008; 2011a]. The rules minimize the effect of ν/g-vortices, particles and molecules of the Planck constant (h) and limit their number N, which is necessary for condensate to acquire a new quality. The self-organization of supporting elements of hierarchy of Universe proceeded in compliance with these rules, which is illustrated by proximity to N in order of magnitude of ratios of radii of Sun (~7 10¹⁰ cm) and helium nucleus (~1.2 10-13 cm), hydrogen atom ~5 10^-9 cm and orbit of Jupiter ~8 10¹³ cm, as well as proximity of ratio of masses of Sun (~2 10³³ g) and Jupiter (~2 10³⁰ g) to ratio of masses of proton (~1.7 10^-24 g) and electron (~9.1 10^-28 g). During N-condensation of water molecules (1 mol), 1 cm³ of liquid water weighing 1 gram is formed [Kholmanskiy, 2003; 2019]. The state of matter and mechanism of rotation of stellar nuclei are modeled by physics of neutron stars [Lattimer, 2004]. The inner cores of Earth-type planets could have formed from iron atoms by their N-condensation into axially symmetric structures of hexagonal clusters [Tateno, 2010; Dewaele, 2023].

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Jupiter and Heliophysics

Due to gravity and magnetism of Sun and planets, Solar System (SS) is in dynamic equilibrium and the motion of planets in it obeys, in first approximation, Kepler’s third law:

R³ ~ Y²,

(1)

R is distance between centers of mass of planet and Sun; Y is orbital rotation period of planet. At a qualitative level, the tidal effects between planets and Sun will directly depend on their masses and inversely proportional to R³. The energy of interaction of the magnetic dipoles of planets and Sun (μ_S) obeys the same dependence on distance. For example, the magnetic effect (J_μ) of Jupiter’s dipole (μ_J) is expressed by the formula:

J_m~ m_S m_J /R³

(2)

Taking values of tidal and magnetic effects of Earth as a unit, we estimated their ratios (P_μ/P_t) for SS planets (Table 1). The orbital period of Jupiter (Y_J = 11.86 years) is comparable with the average duration of Schwabe cycle (Y_S = 10.8±0.5 years) [Manda, 2020; Hathaway, 2010], which links the magnetic activity of the Sun with the number of sunspots (W, Figure 1A). Two adjacent Schwabe cycles are combined into one Hale magnetic cycle (~22 years), during which a reversal of magnetic fields of northern (N) and southern (S) hemispheres in the Sun occurs and a change in sign of its global magnetic field occurs (Figure 2, Figure 3) [Hathaway, 2010; Strugarek, 2017; Okhlopkov, 2020; Pipin, 2006]. The difference between Y_J and Y_S varies in range from 5% to ~13%, and there are no long-term correlations of Schwabe cycles with perihelion and aphelion of J orbit (Figure 2B). Figure 1A shows Schwabe cycle averaged over amplitude and period and an example of approximating distribution of magnetic elements on solar surface by arbitrary third-degree polynomials [Hathaway, 2010; Krivova, 2021].

According to Formulas (1) and (2), a physically adequate approximation of Schwabe cycle is C^.t² function (Figure 1B), which allows one to distinguish two linear intervals on ascending and descending branches, as well as a plateau lasting ~2 years at cycle maximum. This partitioning of Schwabe cycle illustrates complex dependence of sunspot generation mechanism on tidal (P_t) and magnetic (P_μ) effects of the SS planets [Hung, 2007; Okhlopkov, 2020; Krivova, 2021]. Computer programs for calculating dynamics of ephemerides of SS planets and combinatorics of syzygies in Jupiter-Venus-Earth-Saturn configuration make it possible to obtain approximations of long-term chronologies of Schwabe cycle close to observed ones [Nandy, 2021; Stefani, 2024; Scafetta, 2023]. However, the lack of adequate formatting of magnetic effects of planets with a high P_μ/P_t ≥1 value (Table 1) in these models leaves open main question of heliophysics—the role of solar magnetic field in genesis and biophysics of ℵ-forms and ℵ_γ [Kholmanskiy, 2011; 2019; Nataf, 2023; Weisshaar, 2023; Obridko, 2020; 2024].

The dominance of contribution of Jupiter magnetic effect (J_μ) to solar physics disturbances (Table 1) will be manifested in Schwabe cycles with a high level of correlation of W chronology with J orbital parameters. This condition is well satisfied for Schwabe cycles 22, 23, and 24 (Figure 2B). The plateau regions in graphs of these cycles are located between perihelion and aphelion within errors of best approximations given in [Scafetta, 2023]. In addition, centers of these plateaus and periods of transformation of magnetic dipoles of solar hemispheres into a quadrupole (Q_S) correlate well with time of Jupiter’s crossing of solar equatorial plane (SE). Synchronization of changes in Schwabe cycle with motion of Jupiter is determined by level of resonance of J_μ with sunspot generation mechanism, which depends on following factors. For Jupiter and Saturn, due to difference in R_P, the tidal and magnetic effects at perihelion are ~1.4 times greater than at aphelion. The orbital inclination of all planets with P_μ/P_t ≥1 to solar equator is ~6°, so at perihelion and aphelion, these planets will be ~0.1R_orbit below and above SE, respectively. The magnetic effect of planets with P_μ/P_t ≥1 at SE crossing will depend on axial asymmetry of their magnetic fields and direction of global dipoles. These differences may affect W chronologies and flare rates [Li, 2009; Badalyan, 2011; Nandy, 2012; Javaraiah, 2020; 2021].

3.2. Magnetism of Sun and Jupiter

Models of axisymmetric structures of Sun and Jupiter (Figure 3, Figure 4) are similar to structures of nuclei and particles consisting of spherical shells and chiral toroidal orbitals (inner and outer) [Kholmanskiy, 2017]. Semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculation of models of structures of nuclei and particles yielded parameters close to measured ones [Kholmanskiy, 2017; 2019]. The circulations of meridional magnetic field lines through polar windows in shells of Sun and Jupiter correspond to their magnetospheres and hemispheric fields. Flares and torches are activated in regions of polar windows of convective zone of Sun [Sivaraman, 2010]. The solar envelope models a thin-layer tachocline, and toroidal orbitals are elements of rotational structure of Sun and Jupiter, including chiral dynamo ring currents in N and S hemispheres (Figure 3) [Kholmanskiy, 2007; 2011a; Charbonneau, 1999; Strugarek, 2023; Zhukova, 2024]. The helicity of global magnetic field and convective zone fields in solar hemispheres will depend on the chirality signs of ring current fields internal and external to tachocline [Yang, 2012; Maurya, 2020].

The right and left chirality of ring currents and fields of northern and southern hemispheres (Figure 3D) are consistent with symmetry of global solar magnetic field (Figure 3A). The solar core and radiative zone rotate in solid body approximation, with core rotating faster than radiative zone [Fossat, 2017; Kholmanskiy, 2017]. Large-scale ring currents in vicinity of solar tachocline (Figure 3C) and in near-surface layers of Jupiter (Figure 4C, Figure 4D), like alternating windings of inductive coils, can generate magnetic dipoles and quadrupoles (Figure 3D) [Beaudoin, 2012; Zhukova, 2024]. Substituting the values of ratio μ_S/μ_J ~ 230 (Table 1), the radius of tachocline (~0.7R_S [Charbonneau, 1999]) and current sheets of Jupiter (~0.9R_J, Figure 4D) [Hori, 2023] into formula for ring current dipole:

m = πIr²

(3)

then we obtain the ratio of current values I_S/I_J ~ 4. It corresponds to conventional four current rings of Sun (Figure 3D) [Kholmanskiy, 2007] and conventionally one current ring J (Figure 4E). According to formula (3), the dipoles of the northern (μ^N) and southern (μ^S) hemispheres of Sun will be proportional to ring currents and orthogonal to their planes. The physics of J_μ effect can be based on inductive interaction between magnetic dipoles according to formula (2) and resonant transfer of energy between ring currents [Tesla; Singh, 2012].

Figure 3. A—Latitudinal distribution of solar wind (proton) velocity. Image of Sun in optical and soft X-ray ranges. White arrows—direction of magnetic field lines. B—blue dots—sunspots for 6 months of 23rd solar cycle. Lines mark boundaries of oscillations of planes of current rings, and angles (θ_n, θ_s) mark the deviations from axis of dipoles of northern and southern hemispheres (μ^N, μ^S). C—the solar core (red), convective (white) and radiant zone (yellow), ring currents in the hemispheres (black and red circles), radial currents (green arrows), poloidal magnetic fields (red and blue areas above tachocline). D—convective zone (1), tachocline shell (2), radiant zone (3); ring current tori: right (4^R), (6^R) in N hemisphere; left (5^L), (7^L) in S hemisphere; sunspots (8). Figures adapted: C from [Nandy, 2021], D from [Kholmanskiy, 2007; 2017; Gavelya, 2018].

Figure 3. A—Latitudinal distribution of solar wind (proton) velocity. Image of Sun in optical and soft X-ray ranges. White arrows—direction of magnetic field lines. B—blue dots—sunspots for 6 months of 23rd solar cycle. Lines mark boundaries of oscillations of planes of current rings, and angles (θ_n, θ_s) mark the deviations from axis of dipoles of northern and southern hemispheres (μ^N, μ^S). C—the solar core (red), convective (white) and radiant zone (yellow), ring currents in the hemispheres (black and red circles), radial currents (green arrows), poloidal magnetic fields (red and blue areas above tachocline). D—convective zone (1), tachocline shell (2), radiant zone (3); ring current tori: right (4^R), (6^R) in N hemisphere; left (5^L), (7^L) in S hemisphere; sunspots (8). Figures adapted: C from [Nandy, 2021], D from [Kholmanskiy, 2007; 2017; Gavelya, 2018].

Figure 4. A—photo of Jupiter, μ_J—magnetic dipole of Jupiter’s ring current (red circle), white arrows—atmospheric flows in vicinity of Great Red Spot (RS), pink arrow and dotted curve—trajectory of falls of fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy (SL9). The aurora borealis circle is located above the vortex hole in the shell shown in E. B—view from the equator of magnetic field lines, BS—entrance of lines into the Great Blue Spot. C—An artist’s rendition of Jupiter. The core is possibly molten and surrounded by liquid metallic (LMH) and gaseous hydrogen. Magnetic field lines are due to dynamo effect of LMH. D—diagram of Jupiter’s surface current sheets (blue-red). E—lilac core of Jupiter, right current ring (orange) and left-right currents in two layers of the shell (blue-red); magnetic field fluxes of ring and turbulent flow of incoming sheath currents induce left-handed ring currents (red stripes) of Great Red Spot (RS) in it. Figures B, C, D and E are adapted from [Moore, 2018], [Silvera, 2021], [Hori, 2023], and [Kholmanskiy, 2017], respectively.

Figure 4. A—photo of Jupiter, μ_J—magnetic dipole of Jupiter’s ring current (red circle), white arrows—atmospheric flows in vicinity of Great Red Spot (RS), pink arrow and dotted curve—trajectory of falls of fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy (SL9). The aurora borealis circle is located above the vortex hole in the shell shown in E. B—view from the equator of magnetic field lines, BS—entrance of lines into the Great Blue Spot. C—An artist’s rendition of Jupiter. The core is possibly molten and surrounded by liquid metallic (LMH) and gaseous hydrogen. Magnetic field lines are due to dynamo effect of LMH. D—diagram of Jupiter’s surface current sheets (blue-red). E—lilac core of Jupiter, right current ring (orange) and left-right currents in two layers of the shell (blue-red); magnetic field fluxes of ring and turbulent flow of incoming sheath currents induce left-handed ring currents (red stripes) of Great Red Spot (RS) in it. Figures B, C, D and E are adapted from [Moore, 2018], [Silvera, 2021], [Hori, 2023], and [Kholmanskiy, 2017], respectively.

Under influence of J_m, antiphase displacements of planes of currents 4^R and 5^L (Figure 3D) will generate turbulence in differential rotation of convective zone and meridional motion of plasma [Nandy, 2012; Beaudoin, 2012; Zhukova, 2024]. Coriolis forces initiate formation of poloidal fields and twisting of radial currents into spirals [Gavelya, 2018; Hanasoge, 2022]. Bundles of magnetic field tubes strung on current spirals [Solanki, 2013] will appear on surface of photosphere as spots at latitudes of ~10-25° in both hemispheres [Klevs, 2023; Gnevyshev, 1977]. The effect of J_m on the 6^R and 7^L ring currents in the radiative zone (Figure 3D), weakened by tachocline, can cause synchronous with W changes in facular activity at high latitudes of photosphere [Sivaraman, 2010; Takalo, 2023]. The axial asymmetry of J_m (Figure 4B) [Moore, 2018] will cause differences in distribution of spots and magnetic fluxes in active regions of N and S hemispheres of Sun (Figs. 3B, 3D) [Zhukova, 2023; 2024; Zwaan, 1978; 2010; Nandy, 2021; Hotta, 2021].

A dependence of correspondence between changes in W and magnetic flux (Flux) in cycles 22, 23, and 24 on position of Jupiter relative to SE plane is observed (Figure 2, Figure 5). In cycle 23, during period of maximum SA between perihelion and point of Jupiter’s intersection with SE, changes in W and Flux roughly correlate in regular and irregular active regions (ARs) in both hemispheres of Sun. In cycle 24, Jupiter’s intersection with SE correlates with place where Schwabe cycle is divided into two halves by Gnevshev gap [Gnevyshev, 1977; Takalo, 2023]. For irregular ARs in cycle 24, correlation between changes in W and Flux is preserved, but a sharp increase in Flux is observed in the S hemisphere after Jupiter’s intersection with SE (Figure 5). In regular ARs, the correlation level between W and Flux decreases sharply before and after SE crossing, and an asymmetry between Flux changes arises: in N hemisphere, Flux is higher before SE crossing and decreases after, and vice versa in N hemisphere. Such changes in regular ARs of cycle 24 can be associated with dependence of J_m effect on strength of resonant interactions between dipoles of N and S hemispheres of Sun and Jupiter, which changes when Jupiter crosses SE and after fall of comet SL9 on it (Figure 2B). In this context, the nature of regular ARs can be associated with averaged effects of tidal and magnetic effects of all SS planets on Sun. Increased dominance of J_μ at perihelion and aphelion, as well as when Jupiter crosses the SE, can lead to the appearance of additional disturbances of the solar magnetic field, generating irregular ARs.

The Gnevyshev gap divides even Schwabe cycles into two SA maxima, which correspond to different events spaced 2-3 years apart in time, and at latitudes of 25° and 10° in both hemispheres of Sun [Gnevyshev, 1977; Takalo, 2023]. In the case of cycle 24, time shift of SA maxima is synchronized with Jupiter crossing SE and reversal of m_S through intermediate configuration of quadrupole (Q_S, Figure 2B). The rates of reversible changes in inclinations of current planes (4^R, 5^L) during reversal period (~2.5 years) will be of the same order of magnitude as meridional drift velocity of sunspots, equal to 20 m/s [Hanasoge, 2022]. The process of polarity reversal can be modeled by following diagram of sequence of changes in convective zone of inclinations of planes of currents 4^R, 5^L and the precessions (θn, θs) of the dipoles m^N and m^S:

a)

at beginning: m^N sinθ_n—m^S sinθ_s ~ 0 и m_S = m^N cosθ_n—m^S cosθ_s > 0;

b)

isthmus: m^N cosθ_n—m^S cos φ_s ~ 0 и Q_S = m^N sinθ_n—m^S sinθ_s > 0;

c)

at end: m^N sinθ_n—m^S sinθ_s ~ 0 и m_S = m^N cosθ_n—m^S cos θ_s ~ 0.

At stages a) and c), at points of stopping and reversal of current plane displacement, maximum excitation of convective turbulence occurs, which leads to an increase in W. Thus, the mechanisms of W generation in Schwabe cycle and μ_S polarity reversal in the Hale cycle integrate all factors of dependence of J_μ on features of Jupiter’s orbit and interaction of μ_J with μ_S. The influence of J_μ on helicity of solar magnetic field can cause synchronization of variations in interplanetary magnetic field with changes in chirality and intensity of fluxes of ℵ-forms ℵ_γ. Note that specificity of magnetic effects of planets on Sun is not characteristic of tidal effects, and universality and range of J_μ are illustrated by electromagnetic connections of Jupiter with its satellite Io [Schneider, 2007] and “hot Jupiter” with its star [Cauley, 2019].

3.3. Comet Shoemaker-Levy Fall on Jupiter

The comet fragments crashed into southern hemisphere J one after another at a latitude of ~44°S with an interval of ~7 hours, with the rotation time of J around its axis being ~10 hours. With collision temperature reaching ~24000K, a necklace of plasma clots and trails of ionized elements was formed at a latitude of ~44°S. From the places where large pieces of comet fell, J waves diverged upward through atmosphere at a speed of ~450 m/s [Ingersoll, 1995]. They could correspond to deformation waves in dense conductive layers of S-hemisphere (Figure 4D). During year of relaxation after Fall-SL9, the waves could reach current sheets in N-hemisphere and induce ring currents in them, magnetic fields of which transformed axial magnetic field of N-hemisphere into a non-dipole one (Figure 4B). When magnetic field flows entering S-hemisphere and generated by current ring merge, a magnetic flux tube can be formed [Solanki, 2013], which generates ring currents in layers of shell and atmospheric vortex of Great Red Spot (RS, Figure 4E). The N/S asymmetry of Jupiter dipole and configuration of global magnetic field persisted until 2016 [Moore, 2018]. The relaxation process of Jupiter magnetic field was reflected in changes in helicity of total magnetic flux of northern and southern hemispheres of Sun in 23rd SA cycle. At beginning of cycle (1996-1997), the helicity was positive in N hemisphere, on plateau of Schwabe cycle (2000-2003), the sign fluctuated and became negative in S hemisphere in 2003-2004 [Yang, 2012; Zhang H, 2013]. This restructuring in solar electrodynamics led to a twofold decrease in solar magnetic field by end of 23rd cycle and a significant N/S asymmetry in generation of polar magnetic fields after 1995 [Ishkov, 2018]. These changes in physics of Sun in cycles 23 and 24 caused a decrease in the interplanetary magnetic field by 2/3 and a decline in geoeffectiveness of all SA manifestations [Toma, 2009; Sheeley, 2010; Zerbo, 2013; Hady, 2013; Vidotto, 2018; Javaraiah, 2021; Zhang J, 2021].

3.4. Earth Echo of Fall of Comet SL9

3.4.1. Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

Changes magnetism of Sun and SS after falling comet SL9 on Jupiter should correspond to changes in intensity and chirality of ℵ-form and ℵ_γ fluxes. It is hoped that analysis of chronologies of geomagnetism, meteorological indicators of climate and state of various biosystems will allow us to differentiate mechanisms of action of sunlight (γ) and chiral factor (ℵ_γ) on the biosphere. For this, chronologies with a break in range of 1970-2020 are suitable, which are divided in region of 1995±0.5 years into two fairly linear dependencies with different k. Numerous observations show an increase in rate of heat accumulation on Earth after 2000, but causes of this global phenomenon have not yet been established [Schuckmann, 2023]. Note that anomaly of 2000 in these observations may be due to a 5-year shift by mechanism of retransmission of Fall-SL9 effect by Sun to Earth’s physics. However, even in such chronologies of the hydrosphere and atmosphere thermal physics indicators, a break can be detected in 1995.

The positive (F₉) and negative (1/F₉) effects of Fall-SL9 will manifest themselves, respectively, as an increase and decrease in k after 1995:

$$\mathrm{F}9={\displaystyle \frac{k>1995}{k<1995}}$$

The F₉ values for rates of thermal energy accumulation by glaciers, ocean, and atmosphere are ~1.7-5.0, ~3, and ~2, respectively (Figure 6B, Figure 7). After 1995, contributions to annual change in global heat from ocean, ice, and air are 94%, 4%, and 2%, respectively. With such a distribution of heat content shares, ocean will act as a thermostat and stabilize T_G, which is confirmed by low F₉ values for atmosphere ~1.5 (Figure 8A), air over ocean ~1.6, and land ~1.1 (Figure 9A). The same is evidenced by proximity of F₉ for Arctic sea ice melting rate ~3.4 (Figure 8B) to F9 value for ocean layers up to 2000 m (Figure 6).

A sharp jump in heat content in upper ocean layer after 1995 initiated circulation of heat flows between equatorial and polar zones of ocean [Johnson, 2024]. Intense water evaporation led to an increase in water density in low layers of atmosphere and its heating (Figure 8A, Figure 9A). The response of ocean thermal physics to Fall-SL9 can be associated with occurrence in 1997–1998 of most powerful El Nino phenomenon in entire history of observations, which led to large-scale droughts, floods, and other natural disasters around world [El Nino]. The rate of ocean heating in layer up to 700 m is determined mainly by the intensity of γ flux, which in SA cycle 23 oscillates with a period of ~2 years with an average k value 1.4 times greater than in SA cycle 24 (Figure 6A). The solar luminosity rhythm is generally modulated by mechanism of magnetic field generation on solar surface [Zwaan, 1978; Solanki, 2013; Shapiro, 2017; Domingo, 2009; Krivova, 2021]. This modulation after Fall-SL9 could have been superimposed by periodicity of relaxation process of Jupiter’s magnetic field, which manifested itself in two-year waves in chronology of 23rd SA cycle and synchronous changes in thermal physics of ocean.

3.4.2. Lithosphere and Geomagnetism

Due to close magneto-gravitational connections, the Sun, Jupiter and Earth can be represented as a single physical system (SJE), which experiences periodic magnetic-tidal disturbances from stars of Galaxy and rest of SS planets, as well as from random collisions of J and E with comets and asteroids. In accordance with the principles of certainty, the structure of SJE can be likened to an atom, and the structures of Sun, J and E (Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 10) can be represented as models of nuclei and elementary particles [Kholmanskiy, 2017; 2019]. Despite the significant difference in chemical composition and temperature in the nuclei of Sun, J and E, principle of magnetodynamo operation is the same for them. It is based on transfer of heat, mass and torque from inner core to the liquid outer core, in which ring currents are excited and a global magnetic dipole is generated (Figures 3E, 4D, 10A).

Estimates of heat flow from core, which determines the activity of geodynamo, differ by at least a factor of 2, and mechanism of thermal conductivity of lower mantle is still unknown [Nimmo, 2015]. Accordingly, for Earth, as well as for Jupiter, question of mechanism of generation of their magnetic fields due to energy of inner core remains open. Moreover, if for hydrogen nature of Jupiter some analogy with energy of Sun’s core is possible, then for Earth there is not even a consensus on structure and time of origin of its iron core [Biggin, 2015; Bono, 2019: Landeau, 2022].

It can be assumed that on Earth, cosmic versatility of hydrogen was realized through unique physicochemical properties of liquid water in hydrosphere and biosystems, as well as hydroxide OH^- and hydrides in inorganic complexes of substance of core, mantle and lithosphere. The lability of proton spin and dynamics of hydrogen bonds in biosystems could contribute to synergism of γ and ℵγ in evolution on Earth and implementation of magnetic holism in SJE system. In addition to main geodynamo, convective electrochemical flows between outer core and mantle also participate in Earth’s magnetism [Nimmo, 2015]. These flows correspond to multipole magnetic fields on Earth’s surface, which disturb global field and can participate in its polarity reversal [Buffett, 2007; Pétrélis, 2009; Schaeffer, 2017; Davies, 2020; Butler, 2021; Landeau, 2022]. The configurations of such a field are illustrated by South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAA) (Figure 11) [Pavón-Carrasco, 2016].

The dynamics of N/S asymmetry of solar polar fields (Figure 5) after Fall-SL9 correlates with a sharp difference in drift velocity of geomagnetic poles. For N pole, it increases abruptly after 1995 to F₉~6, but for the S pole it remains almost constant in the interval of 1970-2020 (Figure 12C). The dynamics of poles is accompanied by a synchronous decrease after 1995 in dipole-axial magnetic field and energy with 1/F₉ equal to 1.5-2 (Figs. 12A, 12B; Figure 13A). At the same time, k for energy and radial component of non-dipole field SAA remains almost unchanged after 1995 (Figs. 13A, 13C). The distribution features of magnetic anomalies on Earth’s surface could have played role of targets for comets and asteroids with their own magnetic or dipole moment. Such a target for fall of asteroid 65 Ma was point (1) north of South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAA) and point (2) in center of Siberian Magnetic Anomaly for fall of Tunguska meteorite in 1908 (Figure 12).

At end of Archean, after the formation of global lithosphere ~2.7 Ga [Arndt, 2013], the evolution of the biosphere followed long-term rhythms of Sun and SS physics with cycles from ~0.1 Myr to ~1 Gyr [Zhang X, 2017]. The cyclicity of climate geochronology with a period of ~0.4 Myr according to Milankovitch is associated with rhythm of magnetic-tidal effect of Jupiter and Venus on the Earth’s insolation [Laskar, 2011; Wilson, 2013; Kent, 2018]. Changes in the geomagnetic field qualitatively correlate with peaks of ~0.4 Myr cycle [Landeau, 2022]. A change in polarity of the ~0.8 Ma field could have initiated a mutation in hominid genome, resulting in emergence of FOXP2 speech gene [Enard, 2002] and contributed to reproduction of marine biota, as evidenced by a sharp jump in ~0.8 Ma yield in four groups of oceanic microplankton [Barash, 2019]. During periods of µ_E polarity reversal, due to a decrease in its strength, effectiveness of shielding Earth from mutagenic cosmic radiation decreases, and likelihood of emergence of species increases [Varela, 2023].

The regularity of global extinction events (GE) of marine biota with a period of ~63 Myr, by analogy with Milankovitch cycles of ~0.4 Myr, was associated with magneto-tidal effects on SJE system of stellar environment in four arms of Galaxy. With a rotation time of SS around Galactic center of ~250 Myr [Leong, 2002], it crossed each arm twice in the Phanerozoic (~500-0 Ma). These rotations correspond to first (I-GG) and second (II-GG) galactic years (Figure 14) [Kholmanskiy, 2024; Zhang X, 2017], during which four GE of different intensities occurred on Earth when crossing arms (Figs. 14B and 14C). The two Phanerozoic GGs are preceded by a segment of ~750-500 Ma of the conventionally zero 0-GG, which includes Ediacaran period ~635-540 Ma and zero global extinction (0-GE, ~550 Ma, Figs. 14A and 14B). The numbering and dating of GEs are rather arbitrary, but at a qualitative level they correlate with variations in µ_E (Figure 14B), T_G (Figure 14C), and changes in configuration of continents (Figure 15).

The similarity of µ_E changes during the periods of event pairs 2-GE+3-GE and 5-GE+6-GE is consistent with intersection of SS of the same arms of Galaxy at end of I-GG and II-GG. The duration of these pairs is close to ~126 Myr, but strength of magnetic-tidal effects in them may differ, since stellar composition of arms and their kinematic parameters may be different. Sharp drops in µ_E strength at beginning of I-GG [Shcherbakova, 2021] and II-GG (~250 Ma) are associated with reorganization of supercontinent Pannotia into Pangea in Devonian (~420-360 Ma) [Salles, 2023], and then with transformation of Pangea during Triassic (~251-200 Ma) into modern configuration of continents (Figure 15).

Variations in efficiency of geodynamo and supercontinent tectonics may be interrelated, and their common trigger is apparently magnetic-tidal effects of stellar environment in first two arms of Galaxy. This is indicated by following. In Phanerozoic (I-GG, II-GG) and in the period ~0.8–3.5 Ga (Figure 14A), average value of µ_E strength was ~4.5 10²² Am². The exception was a sharp drop in µ_E strength to ~10²² Am² in 0-GG mainly due to global glaciation during Cryogenian ~720-640 Ma (“Snowball Earth”) (Figs. 14A, 14B). The same sharp drop in µ_E strength was revealed during Huronian glaciation, largest in history of Earth (~2.4-2.1 Ga, Figure 14A). It can be assumed that during periods of global glaciation of Earth, disturbances of solar physics by galactic factors (cycle ~63 Myr) are superimposed on Milankovitch factors (axial tilt, eccentricity of Earth’s orbit). Apparently, after heliophysics reached a stationary regime of about ~1600 Ma, modulation of solar magnetodynamo by cycle ~63 Myr began to manifest itself in geomagnetism and tectonics of lithospheric plates [Bahcall, 1982; Zhang X, 2017; Hoffman, 2017; Kholmanskiy, 2024; Ou, 2025].

The shielding of weakened γ and ℵγ fluxes by Earth’s ice cover at beginning of 0-GG and significant changes in geochemistry and thermodynamics of lithosphere and ocean [Hoffman, 2017; Ou, 2025] are consistent with slowdown of geodynamo mechanism and a decrease in µ_E intensity. The warming at end of Snowball Earth period and formation of shallow coastal zones and meltwater lakes on land contributed to growth of biosphere’s biopotential and subsequent Cambrian explosion of biodiversity [Fedonkin, 2003; Sorokhtin, 2010; Zhang X, 2014; Spencer, 2018; Ruiyang, 2022]. The trigger for this explosion could have been restoration of Sun and Earth magnetodynamo modes of operation at end of 0-GG, as evidenced by a ~3-fold increase in µ_E intensity (Figure 14B) [Thallner, 2021]. Simultaneously with geodynamics, release of heat from interior through lithosphere and its intercontinental faults into ocean and greenhouse gases from ocean into atmosphere increased [Hoffman, 2017].

It follows from Figure 6B that heating of water layer (below 2000 m) became noticeable only after 1995 and its k exceeded k of heating of earth by 1.6 times. Heat supply to deep and abyssal layers below 3000 m due to heat flux from upper ocean layer to 700 m is unlikely and share of solar heat in layers below 1600 m is close to zero [Levitus, 2012]. At the same time, increase in heat at a depth below 3000 m is ~5% of total increase in heat content of ocean [Kawano, 2010]. The activation of growth after 1995 (Figure 7A) is synchronized with a decrease in interplanetary magnetic field and flux ℵ_γ incident on Earth. In [Shaviv, 2008], it was found that total change in heat flux to oceans associated with solar cycles is approximately 5-7 times greater than change in solar radiation over an 11-year solar cycle. At the same time, Jupiter emits 2.7 times more energy in the infrared region of the spectrum than it receives from Sun. Apparently, exothermic nuclear-chemical reactions occur in mantle and core of Earth, and efficiency of thermal energy release to surface depends on thermal conductivity of lithosphere. Since there is still no adequate model of mechanism of thermal energy generation in cores of Jupiter and Earth [Nimmo, 2015], it can be assumed that at temperature and pressure in cores of planets, exothermic reactions of inverse beta decay occur, similar to reactions in chlorine and gallium neutrino detector [Athar, 2022]. In the case of Earth, nuclear-chemical reactions of elements with nuclear spin (⁵⁷Fe, ⁶¹Ni, ⁶⁷Zn) in core of hexagonal iron clusters can catalyze flow of ℵ-forms focused by the lithosphere as a spherical lens. The decrease in intensity of ℵ-forms and the µ_E strength (Figure 14B) after 1995 can be associated with changes in dynamics and shape of boundary zone of the inner core after ~1995 [Yang, 2023; Wang, 2024].

By analogy with dynamic phase transitions in water [Kholmanskiy, 2019c], we assume that condensation of ℵ_γ on chiral chains of SiO₂ tetrahedra in silica quartz leads to changes in dynamic properties of lithosphere, which determine mobility of plates and thermal conductivity of Earth’s crust [Pollack, 1993; Mareschal, 2013]. From temperature dependences (TDs) of thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) of water and quartz glasses (Figure 16), we can estimate activation energies (E_A) of vibrations of their supramolecular structures during movement of thermal energy quanta (phonons). At T above ~4°, the λ value of liquid water is ~3 times greater than λ of ice at 0°, equal to 2.2 W/(mK). This ratio is consistent with fact that E_A ~ -0.7 kJ/mol for ice-like structure of water in range of 0°-4° [Kholmanskiy, 2019c] is ~3 times less than E_A for liquid water at T>4° (Figure 16). At the same time, for quartz in range of 0°-4°, value of E_A = -1.1 kJ/mol is ~1.5 times greater than that of water. It follows that λ of quartzites and ice, as well as ice-like water in deep abyssal zone of ocean at 0°-4° [Abyssal] will be close in value and this will ensure high efficiency of heat transfer from interior through lithosphere and ice to ocean and atmosphere.

This result explains why deep-water thermal physics is of key importance in establishing global energy balance and climate stabilization [Purkey, 2010; Johnson, 2024; Chandler, 2024]. Probably, with a decrease in flux density ℵ_γ, elasticity of chiral tetrahedral chains -Si-O-Si- and thermal conductivity of silica and lithosphere increase. Thus, variations in flux ℵ_γ and geomagnetic field can modulate release of heat from interior to surface and seismic activity in accordance with geography of earth’s crust (Figure 10C) and rhythm of SA [Pollack, 1993; Mareschal, 2013; Jiang, 2019; Dorofeeva, 2022]. This is evidenced by a break chronology of earthquakes (F₉ = 2) and volcanic eruptions in the vicinity of 1995 (Figure 17).

The ℵ_γ flux emerging from the lithosphere in the ocean could have provided for emergence and preservation of endemic species in abyssal biota that arose in Archean under a dim Sun and without oxygen in atmosphere [Dvornyk, 2003]. The intensification of ℵ_γ flux in shallow waters, synchronous with breakup of Pannotia supercontinent, apparently accelerated genesis of bilateral and multicellular organisms, and then animals with a bone and visual system during Cambrian explosion [Lupovitch, 2004; Zhang X, 2014; Isozaki, 2014]. It is believed [Matyushin, 1986; Kholmanskiy, 2020] that in Stone Age (~3 Ma) in uranium provinces of Great African Rift Valley, synergism of increased flux of ℵγ and argon-222 radiation-initiated mutagenesis of homo habilis genome into homo sapiens genome. Then, under conditions of a geomagnetic field reversal of ~0.8 Ma [Landeau, 2022], FOXP2 gene, responsible for development of speech ability and cognitive neurophysiology, arose in homo genome [Enard, 2002; Schreiweis, 2014].

3.4.3. Biosphere

In accordance with Anthropic Principle, in regular GEs from 0GE to 4GE (Figure 14B, 14C), abiogenic factors made necessary adjustments to evolution of biosphere along anthropogenesis vector [Kholmanskiy, 2024]. The fall of ~66 Ma asteroid can be considered a cosmic factor of regular 5GE, which ensured acceleration of exit of anthropogenesis to stage of sapientation after introduction of the speech gene into the primate genome by ~0.8 Ma. From this moment on, the anthropogenic factor (ANF), responsible for process of formation and development of the homo sapiens ecosystem, was added to abiogenic factors of biosphere evolution. The Fall-SL9 event showed that SA, geophysics and biosphere respond to disturbances in the magnetic field of the SS. Taking this into account and the correlations between changes in paleomagnetism and regular GEs (Figure 14), it was suggested that the trigger for 6GE at end of II-GG was a restructuring of the magnetic field on scale of stellar environment of SS.

The criterion for classifying 6GE as global extinction is a 73% decrease (Figure 18) in Life-Savings Index (LPI), which determines level of biodiversity of wild animals in water and on land [Biodiversity Loss; Barnosky, 2011; Craig, 2019; WWF, 2024]. It is believed that current extinction of wild animals and climate cataclysms (Figure 19A) are associated with global warming, the development of which was provoked by humans burning hydrocarbons for ~200 years (Figure 20A) [Cook, 2013; Ceballos, 2015].

However, the absolute values of k for decrease in LPI (0.016, Figure 18), the geomagnetic field (0.015, Figure 12B), and increase in T of lower atmosphere (0.015, Figure 8A) are equal to and slightly lower than T of air over ocean (0.022, Figure 9A) and over land (0.032, Figure 9A). The average value of the last two k is close to value of k ~ 0.025 for increase in T_G after 1950 [Kholmanskiy, 2024]. Such a ratio of k for thermodynamics of different geospheres is consistent with fact that main sources of heat in biosphere are ocean, heated mainly by Sun, and lithosphere, which accumulates the heat of interior. Since the chronologies for all listed characteristics (except LPI) have a break in vicinity of 1995, it can be assumed that probable cause of thermal imbalance in biosphere and global decrease in biodiversity in the human ecosystem are abiogenic factors associated with changes in the solar electromagnetism and intensity of the ℵ-form and ℵ_γ fluxes. This is confirmed by changes in helicity of the solar magnetic field (Figure 2B) and climate in SA cycles 21–24, Figure 19A), as well as response to Fall-SL9 of ocean thermodynamics (Figure 6, Figure 7A, Figure 9A), geomagnetism (Figure 12, Figure 13), and seismicity (Figure 17).

It should be noted that chronology of the number of scientific studies of abiogenic factors 6GE (Figure 19B) and mortality rate from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (Figure 21) [Kholmanskiy, 2019b] also have breaks in the vicinity of 1995 and their values of F₉ ~ 5.2 and 4 are close to F₉ ~ 4 for the chronology of natural disasters (Figure 19A). In addition, there is a qualitative correlation between growth and decline in chronologies of flow of number of ideas and W maxima in 18th, 19th and 20th CA cycles (Figure 20B), which occupy 3rd, 1st and 10th places, respectively, among all cycles since 1755 [Dodson, 1974; Cauwels, 2020]. The number of new ideas and the effectiveness of their implementation for the benefit of anthropogenesis determine the degree to which the ANF action corresponds to the sapientation vector [Kholmanskiy, 2019a].

The decrease in rate of generation of new ideas after ~2000 and synchronous globalization of environmental and demographic problems (Figure 20A, 20B) indicate stagnation of the sapientation process, caused mainly by negative impact of ANF on physiology of cognitive functions of human brain. It is natural that global degradation of human intelligence and creativity accelerated after 1995 with beginning of introduction of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in the fields of education, culture and industrial production (Figure 20C). The widespread use of mobile phones and the primitiveness of communication on social networks result in the degradation of homo sapiens at the everyday level. The manic passion of children under 13 for electronic games and smartphones blocks genesis of the frontal structures and neural connections responsible for basic mechanisms of heuristic thinking and artistic creativity [Markina, 2008; Bezrukikh; 2009, Selmaoui, 2021]. Thus, over the past ~50 years, ANF, along with provoking and enhancing the effects of abiogenic factors 6GE, by its actions in mental ecology has reversed the process of sapientation, which allowed modern biologists and ecologists to define the current state of homo sapiens ecosystem as “the suicide of civilization” [Ehrlich, 2013; Esolen, 2020; Kholmanskiy, 2024]. The control shot from the Large Hadron Collider magnetic gun into the “head of this civilization” was the Higgs boson [Kholmanskiy, 2011].

3.4.4. Magnetism of Human Brain

The mechanism of human heuristic thinking is based on the physics of ℵ-like chiral energy forms (EFs), which are responsible for functionality of highly organized water-protein systems in human brain [Kholmanskiy, 2006, 2019]. Understanding this mechanism requires understanding and adequate formalization of the physical nature of neutrinos, magnetic fields, and EFs [Kholmanskiy, 2011; Giunti, 2015]. The application of quantum biology is so far limited to explaining the effects of external magnetic fields and nuclear magnetic moments on the dynamics of spin-selective chemical reactions in various biosystems [Bloom, 2017; Brookes, 2017; Zadeh-Haghighi, 2022; Buchachenko, 2024]. A stationary magnetic field can induce electric fields and currents in biosystems [Zhang B, 2023]. Studies of the bioelectrical activity of the brain of 27 healthy women (aged 20 to 40 years) [Babayev, 2005] showed that on geomagnetically disturbed days they experienced weakness or headaches, while there was an increase in cortical connections in the right hemisphere and activation of inhibitory processes. In contrast, weak and moderate magnetic storms had a stimulating effect with weak intra- and interhemispheric connections. The physiological mechanisms of the effects of geo- and hypomagnetic fields on human psyche and cognitive functions have not yet been established. Studies of the effects of transcranial alternating magnetic fields on rats prove that magnetic signals can stimulate and trigger gene expression, and the genome is a key marker determining the effects of the field [Buchachenko, 2024].

Magnetic effects of moments of the coenzyme metals ²⁵Mg (5/2, 1.5, 10%), ⁴³Ca (7/2, 0.05, 0.14%) and ⁶⁷Zn (5/2, 0.66, 4.1%) (spin, susceptibility and fraction from [Emsley, 1998] in brackets) can, in principle, manifest themselves in the trophic system of the brain through influence on kinetics of spin-selective reactions involving ion-radical pairs [Letut, 2017, Buchachenko, 2024]. However, at low values of fraction of isotopes and susceptibility, it is possible to assume their participation in slow sleep phase, in the relaxation biochemistry of long-term memory and dynamics of the glymphatic system [Kholmanskiy, 2023a]. The results of studies of effect of constant and alternating transcranial fields on brains of rats and mice are ambiguous, and their extrapolations to human brain are questionable. For example, the magnetic effect of xenon isotopes ¹²⁹Xe (1/2, 26.4, 31.8%) and ¹³¹Xe (3/2, 3.3, 21.2%) on anesthesia in mice reduces the strength of anesthesia compared to isotopes without nuclear spin, and for ¹³¹Xe the effect of reduction is greater than for ¹²⁹Xe. Considering that all Xe isotopes had the same polarizability, the study excluded the possibility of the influence of electron shells on the magnetic effects of nuclear spins [Li N, 2018].

For human brain, the effects of magnetic moments of following metabolites may influence the molecular dynamics of liquid media and signaling system: ¹H (1/2, 5680, ~100%), ²³Na (3/2, 525, 100%), ³¹P (1/2, 377, 100%), ⁶³Cu (3/2, 365, 69.2%) and ⁶⁵Cu (3/2, 201, 30.8%) [Emsley, 1998]. The dynamics of the proton in hydrogen bond network is responsible for thermodynamic, electrophysical and cooperative properties of water in the bulk and hydration shells [Lobyshev, 2005; Kholmanskiy, 2023]. Due to these properties, N-condensation of ℵ_γ can occur in intercellular fluid in cerebral cortex, as well as in cerebrospinal fluid of the cisterns of arachnoid spaces, with formation of metabolic EFs [Breuer, 2003; Del Giudice, 2013; Kholmanskiy, 2023]. A similar mechanism is used to condense thermal photons into blue light quanta in organized cellular systems such as the retina [Kholmanskiy, 2003; 2021a; Volodyaev, 2015; Babcock, 2024]. In brain, N-condensation process is manifested by phase of paradoxical sleep with rapidly moving eyes. The EFs formed in this case excite action potentials in the sensory and reproductive systems, which the thalamus projects onto the visual cortex in the form of dreams, usually with elements of eroticism before awakening [Kholmanskiy, 2023a]. With high susceptibility of free ²³Na and ³¹P ions, their magnetic effects can participate in the electrophysics of synaptic plasticity, as well as in energetics of axonal Na channels, the proton pump, and protein ion channels [Kholmanskiy, 2023].

Copper (⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu) bioavailability was realized during the oxygen explosion of ~2.5-2 Ga [Lyons, 2014], which was accompanied by a decrease in the Earth’s magnetic dipole strength (Figure 14A) [Fru, 2016; Kholmanskiy, 2024] and the evolution of proteins for copper utilization after biosphere oxygenation [Ridge, 2008]. Under the influence of these factors and due to its high susceptibility, copper occupied a key place in mechanism of cellular respiration of aerobic animals. In humans, Cu is a cofactor of important copper enzymes of the trophic and signaling systems of the brain. The wide physiological functions of Cu, contained in coordination spheres of copper enzymes, are combined with the high toxicity of its free ions [Valko, 2005]. Accordingly, disturbances in copper homeostasis in the brain cause many neurological diseases, including ischemia, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease [Zangieva, 2013; An, 2022; Chen, 2023].

The iodine nucleus ¹²⁷I (5/2, 530, 100%) has a high spin and susceptibility; its carrier in the body is a chiral amino acid (L-thyroxine). Normally, the maximum concentration of iodine is observed in the frontal-temporal lobes [Pinto, 2020], which are constantly in alternating magnetic field of retinal charges performing oscillatory movement (microsaccades) [Katila, 1983; Kholmanskiy, 2006]. Due to these properties, magnetic moment of iodine effectively participates in neurophysiology of cognitive functions responsible for higher human mental abilities (creativity, thinking). Therefore, iodine deficiency during the period of brain development of a child can lead to complete degradation of cognitive functions (cretinism) [Redman, 2016]. The values of the magnetic moments of the nuclei (in brackets) ⁶³Cu (2.22), ⁶⁵Cu (2.38), ¹²⁷I (2.8) are close to the value of proton moment p (2.79) [Emsley, 1998], and the structures of outer shell of these nuclei and p are similar [Kholmanskiy, 2017]. Under such conditions, there is a high probability of absorption of copper and iodine ℵ-forms by the nuclei, as well as chiral EFs by the iodine carrier L-thyroxine.

The generator of the brain’s electro(magnetic) energy is the heart [Kholmanskiy, 2023]. Background electrical potentials normally propagate in brain as plasma polarization waves in parietal layers of capillaries and as currents in membrane channels and synaptic clefts. These currents excite a background magnetic field, the frequency and amplitude spectrum of which is modulated by cardiac rhythms during sleep and participates in work of the brain’s glymphatic system [Kholmanskiy, 2023a]. In the slow sleep phase, dark relaxation processes in the brain’s synaptic system and self-organization of water-protein systems in the intercellular fluid sensitize the brain to effects of ℵ-forms and ℵγ. The hemisphere of the arachnoid cerebrospinal fluid layer focuses the night flow of ℵγ onto pineal gland [Kholmanskiy, 2004], while the condensation of ℵγ in EFs activates biosynthesis of the hormone melatonin [Kholmanskiy, 2018; 2019; 2018a]. It is known [Temur’yants, 1998; Selmaoui, 2021] that yield of melatonin biosynthesis depends on the effect of alternating magnetic fields on the pineal gland, both external and from a mobile phone. It was established in animals that melatonin, through the hypothalamic-pituitary system, regulates the development of the reproductive system and, above all, the trophism of the testes and ovaries [Semicheva, 2000; Khabarov, 2022], in which there is a high probability of mutagenesis of the human genome [Kholmanskiy, 2024].

4. Conclusions

Analysis of changes in solar activity, geophysics and meteorological parameters of the hydrosphere and biosphere after impact of Shoemaker-Levy comet on Jupiter in 1994 showed the integrity of the solar system magnetic field, which can be disturbed by random impacts of extra-systemic space objects, as well as rhythmic magnetic-tidal effects of planets (cycles of ~11 years) and the galactic environment. The influence of the latter is manifested on Earth by regular global events of biota extinction with a periodicity of ~63 Myr. A feature of the current Sixth Global Extinction (6GE) is the synergism of regular abiogenic and anthropogenic factors in the destabilization of Earth’s ecosystem. Human consumer parasitism on the biosphere has accelerated the loss of biodiversity in the wild and exacerbated climate disasters. The demographic problems that have arisen in the human ecosystem and the globalization of digital technologies together with artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the stagnation of the process of sapientation. Given the natural magnetism of the human brain, it was assumed that in the process of 6GE, the mutation of the human genome will lead to the formation of the gene of reason, while the instinct of reproduction will remain under the control of AI.