Current spacecraft mass are mostly fuel, this is dictated by the lack of fueling stations in space and also by the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation which defines the mass ratio needed to escape earths gravity. The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation gives a relationship between the mass ratio and the final velocity in multiples of the exhaust speed, and dictates a high mass ration for current exhaust speeds. A relativistic motor exchanging momentum and energy with the electromagnetic field may mitigate such considerations, enabling efficient interplanetary travel. In this paper we will discuss the advantages and challenges of this novel mover for space transportation.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of fluctuations in the solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field parameters observed by Solar Orbiter and WIND spacecraft at different scales, ranging from ~10^3 to 10^7 km. We investigated two long observation intervals when the spacecraft were near the Sun-Earth line, during which the distance between the spacecraft was 0.1 and 0.5 AU respectively. It is analyzed how the fluctuation properties in different types of SW, associated with quasi-stationary and transient solar phenomena, transform on the way from the Sun to the Earth. It is shown that the time series behavior of the bulk speed subject to the least change even at the large distance between the observation points, while the time series of the IMF magnitude, components and proton density were significantly transformed even at the relatively short distance. Regardless of the assumed change in the absolute value of the parameters, the conducted statistical analysis shows that the characteristics of their fluctuations (including the level of intermittency) remains near constant regardless of the distance between the observation points and depends mostly on the type of the solar wind.

Academic credential fraud poses a real challenge to the global academic and labour market. Fraudulent credentials devalue the legitimacy of bona fide certificates. The Global Academic Record and Verification based on Blockchain and Interplanetary File Systems (GARV-BI) framework was implemented and offers a holistic, privacy-preserving, immutable, secure, and interoperable system for managing academic records. Using advanced blockchain technology, it proposes zkEVM for smart contracts that enables verification of credentials without exposing the underlying data. It also integrates the use of Decentralized IDentifiers (DID) to standardize registration and identity management without relying on centralized entities. A key feature of GARV-BI is that it features a dual blockchain, which separates public and private information, allowing for greater efficiency and privacy of transactions. It also uses the interplanetary File System (IPFS), which allows for decentralized and secure storage of related documents. The result is an open-source solution that is easily integrated, as it uses a standardized Application Programming Interface (API). Extensive testing has shown that it can successfully manage transactions securely, privately, and at a lower cost than solutions based on Ethereum mainnet environments. GARV-BI is innovative in its combination of blockchain technologies, decentralized storage, and globally unique identifiers to achieve higher levels of interoperability, security, and privacy. GARV-BI will transform academic credential management with a platform that is accessible, adaptable, and robust for use by institutions around the world to maintain the integrity of academic qualifications and enable global student mobility.

The spectra and global distributions of the X-ray emissions generated by the solar wind charge-exchange (SWCX) process in the terrestrial magnetosheath are investigated based on a global hybrid model and a global geocoronal hydrogen model. The solar wind O6+ ions which are the primary charge state for oxygen ions in solar wind are considered. The line emissivity of the charge-exchange born O5+ ions are calculated by Spectral Analysis System for Astrophysical and Lab oratory (SASAL). It is found that the emission lines from the O5+ ranges from 105.607 to 118.291 eV with the strong line at 107.047 eV. We then simulated the magnetosheath X-ray emission intensity distributions with a virtual camera at two positions of north pole and dusk at six stages during the passing of a perpendicular interplanetary shock combined with a tangential discontinuity structure through the Earth’s magnetosphere. During this process, the X-ray emission intensity increases with time, and the maximum value is 27.11 keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1 on the dayside, which is 4.5 times that before the solar wind structure reaches the Earth. A clear shock structure can be seen in the magnetosheath and moves earthward. The maximum emission intensity seen at dusk is always higher than that seen at north pole.