Abstract: Agroecology systems integrate social and ecological principles into agricultural practices. Current assessments do not adequately consider animal welfare. This study introduces a new agroecology assessment tool by adding livestock sustainability and animal welfare criteria based on the Five Domains. Through a cross-sectional survey of 14 case studies, we examine how livestock sustainability and animal welfare are integrated into agroecological systems. Surveyors gathered data from farms in Kenya (10), Thailand (1), Italy (1), Vietnam (1), and Mexico (1). Results indicate that certain management practices within agroecological systems, specifically import of feed edible for human consumption, impact sustainability and painful beak trimming and stressful transport, negatively impact animal welfare. These findings highlight the need to strengthen agroecological assessment methods by including sustainability and animal welfare indicators. Doing so can help drive food-system change that improves health, reduces disease risk, and enhances animals’ ecological and social contributions. The paper concludes that better policy and knowledge are essential to improving the wellbeing of both animals and farmers in agroecological systems. The integrated tool could help researchers and farmer organizations improve animal welfare on agroecological farms across different contexts. Better animal welfare could also support the wider adoption and scaling of livestock integration in agroecology.

Abstract: The use of copaiba oil (COP) in ruminant nutrition is relatively recent, and results reported in the literature are still controversial. This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations of copaiba oil in the diet of steers on ruminal fermentation. Five rumen-cannulated steers were assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design and subjected to the following treatments: Control – (0 g of COP), 1.25 g COP, 2.50 COP, and 3.75 g COP kg^-1 dry matter (DM), and monensin (positive control - concentrate containing 40 mg kg^-1 DM). Animals were fed a diet with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 50:50. Inclusion of copaiba oil from 1.25 to 3.75 g kg^-1 did not alter ruminal pH, and the concentrations of NH₃-N and propionate (mmol L^-1) were similar among treatments (P > 0.05). Copaiba oil did not affect intake, digestibility, or propionate concentration (P > 0.05). Monensin increases (P ≤ 0.05) the concentrations of NH3-N and propionate (mmol L^-1). Different concentrations of copaiba oil (Copaifera spp.) in the diet of steers did not affect ruminal fermentation. However, additional studies are needed to evaluate the inclusion of COP in diets with a higher forage proportion, better representing grazing conditions with predominant forage intake.

Abstract: A zoonotic disease caused primarily by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), bovine tuberculosis (bTB), remains a considerable global concern. The intradermal tuberculin test (ITT) is a primary global screening tool for infected animals through their cellular immune response. However, ITT fails to identify all bTB-infected animals. Serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which detect humoral immune responses are a potential complementary approach for bTB diagnosis. Herein, 86 serum samples collected from a bTB-free herd were analyzed using three bTB serological ELISA kits: the IDEXX M. bovis antibody test (IDEXX), the BIONOTE BTB antibody ELISA 2.0 kit (BTB), and an in-house ELISA using MPB70 and MPB83 as antigens (termed homemade). Antibody responses were monitored before and after ITT administration for 21 weeks. All serum samples collected before ITT administration tested negative with all three ELISA kits. However, 1 week after ITT administration, samples tested positive using the IDEXX, BTB, and homemade ELISA kits. Week 9, all samples tested negative with the BTB and homemade ELISA kits, whereas for IDEXX they remained negative until week 21. ITT-induced a serological response against M. bovis, engendering false-positive results. Therefore, collecting serum samples for bTB antibody testing should be avoided for at least 21 weeks following ITT.

Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria are important components of the early gut microbiota in piglets and may contribute to gastrointestinal stability and control of enteric pathogens, particularly under increasing restrictions on antibiotic use in livestock production. This study aimed to perform in vitro phenotypic screening and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from feces of suckling piglets aged 7–28 days. A total of 42 fecal samples were collected and cultured on selective media, yielding 318 colonies, of which 135 Gram-positive, rod-shaped, catalase-negative isolates were retained for further evaluation. These isolates were assessed for tolerance to acidic conditions (pH 2.0–3.1), bile salts (0.3–0.5%), cell surface hydrophobicity, hemolytic activity, and antibacterial activ-ity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Among them, only two isolates (PMvet212 and PMvet318) showed detectable tolerance to acidic and bile conditions and exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of approximately 10-12 mm. Identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry indicated that PMvet212 was closely related to Lactobacillus brevis, whereas PMvet318 was identified at the genus level as Lactobacillus sp. Both isolates displayed α-hemolytic activity, indicating the need for further safety evaluation. Overall, the findings provide preliminary evidence of selected functional properties of piglet-derived lactic acid bacteria; however, additional molecular characterization and in vivo studies are required before any practical application can be considered.

Abstract: Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) continue to impose substantial health and productivity losses in grazing ruminants, and the accelerating emergence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) underscores the need for SWC strategies. Although multiple SWC approaches have been validated experimentally, their implementation across European livestock systems remains inconsistent, and limited evidence exists regarding the stakeholder’s perceptions that affect decision-making. This study conducted a multilingual cross-sectional survey of 1,261 respondents, including farmers, veterinarians, advisors, and other professionals, across 13 European countries to evaluate perceived worm-control cost burdens and the economic feasibility of seven SWC strategies. Descriptive and regression analyses revealed that a majority of respondents (56.7%) considered diagnostic testing to be financially reasonable, although perceptions varied significantly between countries. Sustainable anthelmintic use, quarantine and strategic screening, and grazing management were perceived as the most viable strategies, whereas biological control and bioactive compound-based approaches elicited greater uncertainty. An aggregated SWC A itude Score demonstrated systematically higher acceptance among veterinarians compared to farmers, while male and older respondents exhibited lower levels of agreement across practices. Overall, the findings indicate that economic constraints may not constitute the primary barrier to SWC adoption.

Abstract: Consistent behavioural differences among individuals have been documented across many animal taxa, yet their developmental consequences remain less clear in domestic production systems. This gap is especially relevant in managed environments, where food availability and ecological constraints differ markedly from those in the wild. In this study, we assessed behavioural traits in 25 Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) ewes and examined their associations with early growth in their lambs under semi-captive conditions on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. We quantified docility, exploration, vocal responses, and several physiological measures of responsiveness in ewes, and related these variables to lamb birth weight, early weight gain, and a composite growth index. We found that maternal docility had no significant effect on lamb birth weight, whereas maternal activity was negatively associated with offspring birth weight. One possible interpretation is that more behaviourally responsive ewes allocate energy differently during gestation, which could limit fetal growth, although this mechanism was not directly tested here. These results suggest that behavioural effects on offspring development depend strongly on production context. In this semi-captive system, greater maternal responsiveness was not associated with improved offspring performance, unlike patterns often discussed for wild populations. This context dependence may be relevant when behavioural traits are considered in Tibetan sheep management or breeding.

Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of replacing alfalfa hay with sulla (Sulla coronaria (L.) B.H. Choi & H. Ohashi) hay or sulla haylage in pasture-based diets for lactating Sarda ewes on milk production, composition, and nutrient utilization efficiency. Seventy-two mid-lactation ewes were assigned to three dietary treatments: alfalfa hay (AH), sulla hay (SH), or sulla haylage (SHL), all combined with 3 h/day grazing and concentrate supplementation. Diets were formulated to be theoretically isoenergetic and isoproteic. Pasture quality was comparable among groups throughout the experimental period. Milk yield did not differ among treatments; however, fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) and milk components were higher in AH compared with sulla-based diets. Nitrogen intake (NI) was greatest in AH, as reflected by higher milk urea concentration. Energy utilization efficiency (FPCM/UFL intake) differed among treatments, with lower values in SH compared with AH and SHL. Protein utilization efficiency (Milk N/NI) was highest in SHL, intermediate in SH, and lowest in AH (p < 0.001). Condensed tannins were not detected in conserved sulla forages, suggesting that conservation processes may reduce the characteristic tannin-related nutritional effects of fresh sulla. Results indicate that forage conservation method influences nutrient utilization efficiency, with sulla haylage improving nitrogen efficiency without impairing milk yield.

Abstract: This review examines spider nutritional physiology, which remains incompletely characterized despite spiders’ importance in ecosystems and experimental settings. In captivity (including research facilities, zoological institutions, and private collections), feeding practices are often generalized and may not address metabolic demands that vary across taxa. Consequently, links between nutrition and outcomes such as growth, reproduction, and condition in captive spiders remain insufficiently delineated. Recent work in arachnid physiology and lipid metabolism indicates that some husbandry practices warrant reevaluation. Arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 fatty acid and precursor to eicosanoid signaling molecules, contributes to lipid-mediated pathways across animal taxa. In arthropods, eicosanoid pathways have documented roles in processes such as development and reproduction; corresponding mechanisms in spiders are less defined, leaving an important gap in arachnid nutrition research. This review synthesizes evidence on the metabolic roles, dietary sources, and physiological relevance of ARA in spider nutrition. Available findings link lipids such as ARA with reproduction, cuticular maintenance, and metabolic function; low availability has been associated with stress responses, impaired development, and reduced fecundity in some captive contexts (Ginjupalli et al., 2015; Kangpanich et al., 2016; Stanley & Kim, 2018). Integrating lipid analyses into captive management can support animal welfare, improve comparability across studies, and inform feeding practices for arachnids.

Abstract: Ticks are important arthropod vectors that transmit various pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife, thereby contributing significantly to the global burden of vector-borne diseases. The tick microbiome, consisting of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other microorganisms, plays a crucial role in pathogen transmission dynamics and the emergence of new zoonotic diseases. This review examines the characteristics of tick vectors, the composition and dynamics of tick-associated microbiomes, and their implications for zoonotic disease transmission. We analyze current knowledge of tick-borne pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia species, Anaplasma species, and Coxiella species, and highlight the potential for microbiome constituents to serve as reservoirs for emerging pathogens. The complex interactions between tick hosts, their microbiomes, and vertebrate hosts create opportunities for pathogen evolution and interspecies transmission. Recent advances in molecular techniques have revealed previously unknown microbial diversity within tick populations, suggesting that many potential zoonotic pathogens remain undiscovered. We discuss future research directions, including field screening methodologies for pathogen detection, microbiome-based risk assessment approaches, and the development of novel prevention strategies, including tick vaccines.

Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) poses a significant threat to the United States dairy industry, potentially causing substantial economic losses through trade disruptions and control measure costs. This study evaluates the effectiveness of regional zoning, enhanced detection, and biosecurity in controlling FMD spread, focusing on the New England milkshed, using the InterSpread Plus (ISP+) model. We adapted a baseline ISP+ configuration incorporating United States dairy farm data, movement networks, cattle dealers, markets, and slaughterhouses, with milk processing plants as a model addition. By implementing regional movement management, increasing passive surveillance, and reducing indirect disease transmission, four hypotheses were tested across three geographically distinct infection seed sets (mixed proximity to New England, close to New England, and distant southwestern): (H1) Regional zoning limits the interregional spread of FMD post-detection; (H2) Earlier detection in New England via increased passive surveillance reduces the overall outbreak impact; (H3) Reduced indirect transmission through enhanced biosecurity states improves FMD outbreak control; (H4) The combination of regional zoning and earlier detection provides synergistic reduction in FMD impact beyond either strategy alone. Through 100 iterations of each scenario simulated over 210 days, scenarios were compared to the baseline. Key metrics included the daily number of infected premises, the outbreak duration, and the total number of infected premises across the outbreak scenarios. Results suggest a shorter outbreak duration following the hypothesized scenarios, compared to the baseline scenario. Results also indicate that regional zoning, early detection, enhanced biosecurity, and the combination of heightened passive surveillance with regional zoning, all reduced the total infected premises. Kruskal-Wallis H tests confirmed significant differences across the baseline, regional zoning, early detection, enhanced biosecurity, and the combination of heightened passive surveillance with regional zoning scenarios, for total infected premises. Post-hoc Dunn's tests indicated that enhanced biosecurity outperformed other control strategies tested. Limitations include model assumptions on the location of disease introduction and its spatial spread patterns, as well as the proportion of dairy premises with heightened local spread. These findings demonstrate that layered interventions may substantially curtail both the national amplification and local spread of FMD, and thus, protect the consumer milk supply and reduce cascading economic shocks from an outbreak.

Abstract: Vocal signals are the primary medium of intraspecific communication in bats, yet the encoding features and recognition mechanisms of distress calls remain largely unclear. This study aimed to examine sex, age, and individual signatures in noise burst to downward frequency modulation (NB-DFM) distress calls of the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and verify conspecific recognition ability. We recorded NB-DFM calls from 20 adult and 9 subadult bats in Jilin Province, extracted 18 acoustic parameters, built classification models with support vector machines (SVMs), evaluated feature importance using random forest, and performed habituation-dishabituation playback experiments. SVM yielded classification accuracies of 67%, 89%, and 88% for sex, age, and individual identity, respectively, all significantly above chance levels. Call duration, central minimum frequency, and root mean square (RMS) were the most diagnostic parameters, and key acoustic variables differed significantly among classification levels. Playback tests elicited distinct behavioral responses to calls of different sexes, ages, and individuals, confirming discrimination ability. These findings reveal individual, age, and sex specific acoustic markers in bat distress calls, support the utility of machine learning for bioacoustic classification, and provide empirical insight into stress related acoustic communication in nocturnal mammals.

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silently escalating global crisis, presenting a specific challenge for the One Health approach. Landscapes can serve as reservoirs of AMR bacteria and genes, while synurban wildlife may act as vectors of bidirectional exchange. However, these species can also be utilised as sentinels of landscape AMR load. Herbivorous avian bioindicators, such as the Common Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus), continuously sample the landscape during foraging and drinking, providing homogenous spatial overview on the state of AMR. This study aimed to investigate the potential of this species for assessing the impact of landscape diversity on bacterial communities and their AMR patterns. Toward this objective, two spatial units of 4-km-diameter located at an upstream and a downstream section of a river, relative to a provincial town, were compared using 16 cloacal samples per site. Heterotrophic plate count techniques resulted in 60 isolates, of which 48 were identified, and 35 were tested for AMR using the VITEK 2 Compact system. Rényi diversity profiles of landscape compositions and bacterial communities suggested that higher landscape diversity was associated with lower bacterial diversity and AMR phenotypes’ frequency. Additionally, the structure of more diverse bacterial communities shifted toward Gram-negative taxa. These findings support the hypothesis that culture-based methods using Common Wood Pigeon samples, complemented by Rényi diversity analysis and the determination of Gram-positive/Gram-negative ratios, provide valuable data on landscape health, even with small sample sizes.

Abstract: Arnica (Chiliadenus glutinosus (L.) Fourr.) is an endemic plant widely used in Spanish traditional medicine as infusions and alcoholic macerates for different ailments. Despite this use, information about the biological activity of these preparations in fish-related models is scarce. In the present study, aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts were tested at different concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg mL-1) to compare their antioxidant activity, effects on four marine fish pathogens, cytotoxicity on the PLHC1 tumour cell line, and their impact on immunological parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs). All extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity, while bactericidal effects depended on the solvent and were mainly observed at the highest concentrations. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts displayed clear cytotoxicity, whereas the aqueous extract showed lower toxicity and was therefore selected for further evaluation. In a second assay, selected concentrations (0, 0.25, and 0.5 mg mL-1) of the aqueous extract were tested in leucocytes stimulated with λ-carrageenan (0 and 1,000 µg mL-1), and respiratory burst and phagocytic activity, cell morphology, and gene expression were analysed. The aqueous extract reduced respiratory burst and phagocytic capacity in activated leucocytes and was associated with morphological signs of cell activation. It also down-regulated crel and casp9 expression. These results provide a comparative view of the in vitro bioactivity of different traditional preparations of arnica and show that their biological effects strongly depend on the solvent used and the concentration tested, providing initial experimental information on their cellular effects in fish.

Abstract: Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory disease of chickens caused by Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) characterized by mild to severe respiratory disease, poor growth rates, and variable mortality. Although the disease has been suspected and several commercial vaccines are being used for its prevention in commercial enterprises, evidence of the presence of the virus has remained speculative. We set out to investigate the presence of the disease in backyard chickens. Throat and cloacal swabs were collected from 50 free-range unvaccinated backyard chickens purchased from local markets in Lusaka and Chongwe districts. Nucleic acid extraction was followed by PCR using ILTV ICP4 gene-specific primers. The ILTV gene was detected in a single apparently healthy chicken, representing 2% (1/50). Additional primers targeting the entire ICP4 gene including the flanking UTRs were designed. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the complete ICP4 coding region revealed the presence of ILTV genotype VII/IX CEO cluster. This work represents the first molecular detection and characterization of ILTV in non-vaccinated free-range backyard chickens in Zambia. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of ILTV in Zambia. Determination of the ILT burden in chickens would facilitate informed decision-making regarding vaccination of chicken strategies and ILT disease prevention.

Abstract: Stray dogs may serve as sentinels of environmental exposure to bacterial taxa of veter-inary and zoonotic relevance, particularly in areas with intense hu-man—animal—environment interactions. In this study, whole-blood DNA from 72 stray dogs sampled in tourist beach sites of Michoacán, Mexico, was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing targeting the V3–V4 region. To assess variation among those sites, samples were pooled by location, and bacterial composition and diversity were compared among beach zones. A broad diversity of circulating bacterial DNA was de-tected, comprising 14 phyla, 87 orders, 186 families, and 462 genera based on data-base-supported classification. Several assignments corresponded to genera that include bacteria of veterinary and zoonotic relevance, such as Brucella, Clostridium, Mycobacte-rium, Rickettsia, and Mycoplasma, as well as taxa commonly associated with opportunistic pathogenicity. However, because 16S rRNA sequencing has limited taxonomic resolution and blood is a low-biomass sample type, these findings should be interpreted as taxo-nomic assignments of circulating bacterial DNA rather than evidence of viable bacteria or active infection. Differences among beach zones suggest that local environmental con-ditions may influence detected profiles. Overall, this exploratory study supports the potential of stray dogs as indicators of environmental microbial exposure in coastal Mexico.

Abstract: The White Stork Ciconia ciconia is one of possibly 11 long-distance migrants from the Palearctic and Nearctic regions which have bred since 1800 in the southern hemisphere, at or near the southern limit of their migrations. The White Stork has been recorded as initiating breeding in four localities in the Western Cape, South Africa, over a period of half a century. It is likely that 400 fledglings were produced. The largest number of nests in a single year was most likely to have been seven in 2002. In 2025, one pair was confirmed breeding. Of the 11 species that have probably bred in the southern hemisphere, four had established breeding populations in 2026. Recommendations are made for research in the event of a new discovery of a northern hemisphere species breeding in the southern hemisphere.

Abstract: Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a direct precursor of creatine and plays a key role in en-ergy and protein metabolism. Rabbit meat is increasingly recognized as a healthy food source due to its high protein and low fat content, and improving its quality is of growing interest to consumers and producers alike. This study investigated the effects of dietary GAA supplementation on meat quality, antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber characteristics and fatty acid metabolism in rabbits. A total of 960 weaned male rabbits were assigned to two age groups (40 ± 2 days, 1.19 ± 0.09 kg; 60 ± 2 days, 1.82 ± 0.15 kg). Within each age group, rabbits were randomly allocated to a control diet or a diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg GAA (CON-40, GAA-40, CON-60, GAA-60). After a 45-day feeding period, GAA supplementation significantly improved meat tenderness, as evidenced by reduced shear force in 60-day-old rabbits (p < 0.01), and decreased muscle fiber area and density in 40-day-old rabbits (p < 0.05). Moreover, GAA enhanced systemic antioxidant capacity, increasing serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05), while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in 60-day-old rabbits (p < 0.05). GAA also modulated the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (FAS, HSL, ACC) in intramuscular and perirenal fat, suggesting a regulatory role in fatty acid metabolism. In conclusion, dietary GAA supplementation improves meat tenderness and antioxidant capacity in rabbits without compromising growth performance. These findings support the potential of GAA as a nutritional strategy to enhance the quality of rabbit meat as a functional food for human consumption.

Abstract: Canine periodontal disease (PD) is a highly prevalent, multifactorial pathology characterized by the complex interaction between the oral microbiota and host factors. The objective of this study was to characterize subgingival microbial isolates and evaluate the association between clinical and biological variables with severe dysbiosis in canines. A cross-sectional, analytical, observational study was conducted on 100 patients treated at veterinary clinics in the city of Loja, Ecuador. Subgingival samples were collected under standardized conditions and processed according to ISO 11133:2014, allowing for the recovery of aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and strictly anaerobic microbiota, with an average of 4.2 bacterial isolates per individual. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. No statistically significant associations were identified between severe dysbiosis and diet type (mixed diet: OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.37–2.25; balanced diet: OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.48–2.40), gingivitis severity (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.67–1.40), or cranial morphology (dolichocephalic: OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.38–3.15; mesocephalic: OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.33–3.57). However, residual analysis revealed discrepancies between observed and expected frequencies, suggesting non-uniform patterns in the distribution of isolates. These findings confirm the polymicrobial nature of the periodontal niche and suggest that the clinical variables evaluated have limited predictive capacity in isolation.

Abstract: The present study evaluated the potential of Ch tannin and chestnut-quebracho tannin as alternatives to antibiotics; it investigated the effects of tannins on the growth performance, diarrhea, fecal moisture content, hematology, and common diarrhea-associated bacteria in weaned piglets. Thirty-six piglets weaned at 21 days of age were randomly assigned to three groups: C (basal diet), 0.75% N (basal diet + 0.75% chestnut tannin), and MN (basal diet + 0.75% chestnut tannin + 0.5% MGM-P). The experiment lasted for four weeks post-weaning. The results that both of tannin addition groups showed inhibiting trend for the growth performance. The average daily gain (ADG) in 0.75N group was significantly lower than in C group. The incidence of diarrhea was 41.7% in C group, 25% in MN group and 0% in 0.75N group. Besides, tannin treatments tended to decrease the fecal moisture content and did not exhibit the antimicrobial effect in the gut. Furthermore, tannin trended to decrease the level of red blood cell, hemoglobin and white blood cell. Together, the results indicated that although 0.75% Ch tannin effectively reduced PWD, this concentration could have a negative impact on the growth performance of piglets and carries a risk of anemia.

Abstract: Acinetobacter is one of the most relevant pathogenic and nosocomial bacterial genus in human medicine. However, in veterinary medicine, and especially in Spain, there are very few studies about the impact and frequency of infections due to this genus. The main objective of this study was to characterise Acinetobacter isolates analysed at the Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Complutense University of Madrid, with special emphasis on detecting antimicrobial resistance. A total of 23 isolates obtained from different animal species and samples over a 27-year period, were included in the study. Identification was made by using MALDITOF, VITEK-2, whole-genome sequencing and a chromogenic medium. Antimicrobial susceptibility was interpreted according to CLSI guidelines using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth microdilution method. The proportion of clinical isolates identified as Acinetobacter spp. at the HCV-UCM was 0.3%. The frequency of AMR was low, though 30.8% of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. Two isolates with the highest MIC for temocillin carried the tet(X) gene, and two isolates had mutations in both gyrA and parC QRDR regions. The results of this study suggest that, in Spain, antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter isolates of veterinary origin might not be yet widespread.