Version 1
: Received: 27 February 2024 / Approved: 5 March 2024 / Online: 5 March 2024 (06:44:45 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 31 May 2024 / Approved: 31 May 2024 / Online: 3 June 2024 (08:29:24 CEST)
Version 3
: Received: 5 November 2024 / Approved: 5 November 2024 / Online: 6 November 2024 (10:05:33 CET)
How to cite:
Dambi, F. Kinematics of Balls and Light Versus the Theory of Special Relativity. Preprints2024, 2024030218. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202403.0218.v3
Dambi, F. Kinematics of Balls and Light Versus the Theory of Special Relativity. Preprints 2024, 2024030218. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202403.0218.v3
Dambi, F. Kinematics of Balls and Light Versus the Theory of Special Relativity. Preprints2024, 2024030218. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202403.0218.v3
APA Style
Dambi, F. (2024). Kinematics of Balls and Light Versus the Theory of Special Relativity. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202403.0218.v3
Chicago/Turabian Style
Dambi, F. 2024 "Kinematics of Balls and Light Versus the Theory of Special Relativity" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202403.0218.v3
Abstract
The study of the emission, propagation, and reflection of balls leads to the mechanical ballistic law that applies to balls with and without mass. A natural extension of the ballistic law is to encompass massless entities such as light. According to ballistic law, a ball or light emitted by a source inherits the velocity of the source in the absolute frame. The phenomenon described by the ballistic law works in the absolute frame which acts as the background of inertial frames and governs the kinematics of balls and light in each inertial frame. It explains why the speed of emitted, propagated, and reflected light is the universal constant c in any inertial frame in which sources and mirrors are at rest, why the laws of physics have the same form in any inertial frame, and why no experiment in such a frame can prove its motion. By understanding the kinematics of light, we can understand the multiple issues rooted in Lorentz’s transformation and Einstein’s special relativity. For example, the theory of special relativity misapplies the symmetry observed in some phenomena to two inertial frames. Thus, it duplicates a physical phenomenon from one inertial frame considered stationary, to another. The Lorentz transformation imposes the speed of light c in the moving and opposite direction of the inertial frame. Simultaneously, it varies in any other direction converging to infinite. The time contraction in the moving direction of the inertial frame is different from the time dilation in the opposite direction, and both times are different from those in any other direction. Thus, each direction requires a ruler and time synchronization. Lorentz’s transformation has no length contractions to support this fundamental concept of special relativity. These unacceptable conclusions prove that the theory of special relativity is self-negating.
Keywords
kinematics of balls; kinematics of light; ballistic law; emission of light; propagation of light; reflection of light; speed of light; observation of light; Lorentz’s transformation; special relativity
Subject
Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
