Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of the NAD+-dependent deacetylases, plays a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation related to aging. As the most extensively studied sirtuin, SIRT1 influences numerous cellular processes including metabolism, DNA repair, and cell survival, by deacetylating both histone and non-histone proteins. Epigenetic modifications in SIRT1, such as DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications, have profound effects on gene expression and chromatin structure, contributing to age-related pathologies including metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. SIRT1 also interacts with several transcription factors such as p53 and FOXO, regulating stress responses and cellular senescence. Its activity is modulated by factors such as NAD+ availability and specific activators like resveratrol, which have been explored for their potential to delay aging processes. The role of SIRT1 in promoting longevity is linked to its involvement in the regulation of key pathways like calorie restriction, a well-established method for extending lifespan in various species. Understanding SIRT1's epigenetic mechanisms offers promising therapeutic avenues for addressing aging and associated diseases.

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a critical global health concern, ranking as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, with an estimated 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths in 2020. The primary etiological factor for CC is infection with high-risk strains of the Human papillomavirus (HPV), which often goes unrecognized due to the immune system's ability to clear the virus. Emerging evidence suggests that the vaginal microbiome (VMB) plays a pivotal role in modulating the immune response, influencing oncogenesis, and impacting HPV clearance. This review discusses the dynamics of the VMB, emphasizing its diversity and how various factors, such as hormonal fluctuations and ethnicity, shape its composition. A balanced VMB, characterized by a predominance of Lactobacillus species, is crucial for maintaining local immune defenses and preventing dysbiosis, which can lead to chronic inflammation and increase the risk of CC. Conversely, dysbiotic conditions with reduced Lactobacillus and increased anaerobic bacteria have been correlated with HPV persistence and disease progression. The potential of probiotics to restore a healthy VMB and enhance immune responses offers a promising avenue for CC prevention and management. Further research into the VMB's role in HPV pathogenesis is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate CC risk.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is a severe and potentially fatal form of leishmaniasis, a disease classified under Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). VL primarily affects the internal organs, with symptoms ranging from chronic fever and weight loss to hepatosplenomegaly and anemia. The disease is transmitted by sandflies, with Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum being the primary pathogens. Despite various treatment options like liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine, challenges remain due to drug toxicity, high costs, and limited availability. Alternative therapeutic approaches, particularly those involving phytocompounds, offer promising potential for overcoming these limitations and improving outcomes for affected populations.