Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes that affects a significant proportion of diabetic patients worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of DPN involves axonal atrophy and demyelination, the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Current research has predominantly focused on neuronal damage, overlooking the potential contributions of Schwann cells, which are the predominant glial cells in the peripheral nervous system. Schwann cells play a critical role in neurodevelopment, neurophysiology, and nerve regeneration. This review highlights the emerging understanding of the involvement of Schwann cells in DPN pathogenesis. This review explores the potential role of Schwann cell plasticity as an underlying cellular and molecular mechanism in the development of DPN. Understanding the interplay between Schwann cell plasticity and diabetes could reveal novel strategies for the treatment and management of DPN.

Diabetes mellitus is the global epidemic of the 21st century affecting millions worldwide. Usually, patients with long-standing type one diabetes (T1D) or type two diabetes (T2D) tend to develop complications. A common complication is the degenerative of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This complication is known as distal symmetric polyneuropathy or just diabetic neuropathy. A variety of symptoms can be experienced with this complication, including pain and numbness. One characterization of this complication is the sensory loss that begins in the lower extremities and spreads substantially to the fingers and hand. There is no clear mechanism for how this happens in diabetic patients. Studies have shown that nerve damage from this complication can be due to oxidative stress, sorbitol accumulation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Some of the most common medications being provided for diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) include amitriptyline and desipramine. Other medications also include gabapentin and duloxetine. There are noninvasive options, such as acupuncture, that could provide beneficial data if rigorous studies are conducted. A number of new studies are being completed to identify more effective treatments for this condition.