The measurement of corporate governance takes into account not only the profitability and solvency of the companies, but also the degree of information provided: its transparency. Corporate governance has become particularly relevant in recent years and one of the main problems is how to measure it properly. It is usually measured privately, either through audits or private verification companies. However, the public and mandatory information issued by these companies is rarely valued. This is where this research is new. The aim of this article is to develop a CGRI (Corporate Governance Ratio Index) to evaluate the transparency of corporate governance of companies using public and mandatory information. For this purpose, it is applicable to companies listed on the Spanish continuous market. This paper applies the index to the 35 most relevant companies in the Spanish continuous market. Subsequently, the paper asses the interrelation of the index with the main factors of corporate governance such as remuneration, monitoring and governance structure. By using a publicly available index, this study contributes to the transparency and accessibility of CG assessment, providing valuable insights into the effective corporate governance practices and thus the index helps to identify areas for improvement in the company itself and to observe the actions of its competitors.

In Norway, 78% of publicly funded general practitioners (GPs) are self-employed, remunerated through a mix of capitation and fee-for-service, while 22 % are salaried. GPs register consultations and procedures using nationally standardized fees for health services, which allows for variations in earnings. Our study aims to examine whether high and low earning GPs also differ in their earnings per list patient and, if so, identify the specific fees that contribute to this difference. Additionally, we aim to compare practice characteristics between high and low earning GPs. We analyse national registry data from 2021 for all GPs with at least 100 working days (N=2546) and calculate annual earnings from capitation and fees. High earning GPs (upper quartile) have 55% more listed patients than low earning GPs (lower quartile), yet they earn 40% more from fees per patient (average €178 versus €127). Nearly half of the earnings difference per patient can be attributed to high earning GPs more frequently conducting consultations with patients. Still, patients of high earning GPs receive less minutes in consultations yearly (average 35 versus 38 min), due to high earners’ shorter consultation duration (average 15 versus 20 min). The remaining earning difference comes from higher utilization of procedure fees among high earners (average 5.6 versus 3.9 procedures per patient). Prolonged consultation, medication review, and talking therapy are some of the fees that contribute most to this difference. The findings highlight that considerable earning variations are linked to fee utilization and practice styles among GPs.

This study investigates resource adequacy and renewable energy integration in the United States, European Union, and Pakistan amid global energy market liberalization and greenhouse gas re-duction efforts. It explores how these regions are adapting to the surge in renewable sources like wind and solar, which, despite their financial and environmental benefits, challenge resource adequacy and the economic viability of traditional energy sources. In the US and EU, significant improvements have been introduced in wholesale electricity markets and capacity accreditation mechanisms, which enhanced the large-scale deployment of renewables. This shift has prompted a reevaluation of resource adequacy, leading to increased deployment of battery storage and demand response. Presently, gas-based generation is largely upholding resource adequacy, however, future trends indicate a move towards greater consumer participation, energy efficiency, and utility-scale storage, with a decline in fossil fuel use. Pakistan aims to adopt a liberalized market structure by balancing competitive markets with legacy contracts. Public pressure is driving a shift from costly fossil-based generation to renewables. Similarly, a trend in the rise of behind-the-meter solar generation can be witnessed. In future, Pakistan may also experience resource adequacy challenges. It will likely need to implement battery storage, demand response, and modern capacity accreditation tools, by drawing lessons from developed markets.