Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract: Quantum cryptography continues to be an area of significant research and educational interest. Here, a straightforward and reliable approach to both the experimental and theoretical aspects of quantum key distribution is presented, tailored for senior undergraduate students. Focusing on illustrating the essential concepts of the B92 protocol through a combination of optical experiments and custom-developed computational tools, this work offers a thorough exploration of quantum cryptography by B92 protocol’s principles.

Abstract: We demonstrate that black holes likely have an energy or mass gap, E_g/c^2=m_g, that is of the order m_g = m_p^2/M_BH. Interestingly, the mass of the black hole divided by the mass gap seems closely related to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and thereby potentially leads to a quantization of black holes. Even if mathematically trivial, this could be a potentially important step toward better understanding the potential to quantize black holes. Our focus is mainly on Schwarzschild black holes, but we also briefly discuss Reissner-Nordström black holes. It is also important that this results in minimal gravitational acceleration, creating a gravitational gap that could potentially eliminate dark matter.

Abstract:

The High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) is a significant national science and technology infrastructure project, constructed by IMP, to provide primary and radioactive intense beams for nuclear and related research. Large aperture, high-precision, and warm-ion superconducting dipole magnets are extensively utilised to achieve high beam intensities. However, the traditional Hall point measurement platform faces limitations such as magnet volume, measurement environment, and the range of good field regions in the measurement of large dipole magnets, especially huge superconducting dipole magnets, leading to poor operability, low measurement efficiency, and significant errors in secondary positioning accuracy. This paper introduces a new magnetic field mapping measurement system, which introduces ultrasonic motors capable of operating under strong magnetic fields (<7T), and can realize portable, efficient and high-precision magnetic field measurement. After system debugging, the SRing dipole magnet prototype was measured. The system's accuracy and efficiency were verified through comparison with traditional Hall probe measurement systems. On this basis, magnetic field distribution and integral excitation curve measurements of all 11 HFRS warm-iron superconducting dipole magnets and 3 HFRS anti-irradiation dipole magnets were carried out and completed, achieving the testing objectives.

Abstract: Resorting to microcanonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulations, we study the geometric 1 and topological properties of the state space of a model of network glass-former. This model, a 2 Lennard-Jones binary mixture, does not crystallize due to frustration. We found, at equilibrium and 3 at low energy, two peaks of specific heat, in correspondence with important changes of local ordering. 4 These singularities are accompanied by inflection points of geometrical markers of the potential 5 energy level sets, namely the mean curvature, the dispersion of the principal curvatures and the 6 variance of the scalar curvature. Pinkall’s and Overholt’s theorems closely relate these quantities to 7 the topological properties of the accessible state-space manifold. Thus, our analysis provides strong 8 indications that the glass transition is associated with major changes of the topology of the energy 9 level sets. This important result suggests that this phase transition can be understood through the 10 topological theory of phase transitions.

Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract:

A covariant classical theory of gravity is given assuming absolute flat spacetime and the strong equivalence principle (SEP). It is shown that adherence to these postulates requires that the gravitational field “dimensionally perturb” all physical objects at a location universally. Such perturbations are referred to as “gravity shifts,” and it is found that all gravitational phenomena may be given in terms of them. Two classes of observers emerge in “gravity shift theory”—“natural observers” using gravity shifted instruments as is, applicable for all presently available observations, and “absolute observers” that correct for the gravity shifting applied to instruments. Absolute observers accurately measure quantities, including the absolute spacetime metric as it actually is. Natural observers do not accurately measure quantities, but their system of measurement is observationally consistent, yielding a curved “natural metric” to characterize spacetime. When a local gravitational system is surrounded by a “background system” with negligible curvature effects, its gravity shifting induces a diffeomorphism applied to the local system, yielding satisfaction of the SEP for natural observers. Using the naturally observed inertial form of physical law in free-fall frames, covariant formulation in all coordinates establishes the natural metric as the universally coupled “gravitational metric” in physical law. The unique field equation determining gravity shifts, and therefore the natural metric, is developed. The resultant bimetric theory is parameterless, complete, and self-consistent. The field equation yields the observed post-Newtonian natural metric and linearizes to the predictive linearized Einstein equation, which, along with SEP satisfaction, results in successful prediction of a wide variety of observed gravitational phenomena. A supplement is provided that extends the range of predictions to include low post-Newtonian order radiation cases, and also the strong-field cases consisting of the properties of black and neutron stars plus any nearby matter and light, where in all cases, the predictions are shown to be consistent with observations.

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce generalized entropy, acceleration of its entropy and its partial entropy. We assume that generalized entropy can be represented as a second-order polynomial by applying the idea of logistics function to its entropy. Besides, we show that the inverse of partial entropy can represent Newton's gravity, which is an inverse square law. By applying these concepts, we attempt to explain that 1) gravity become constant within small distance with some conditions. It is possible that gravity have 5-states within small enough distance. There exists possible anti-force, which is the opposite of Newton's gravity among 5-states. Furthermore, within small distance, we show the possibility that gravitational potential and Coulomb potential can be treated in the same way, that 2) the rotation speed of the galaxy does not depend on its radius if the radius is within the size level of the universe. (The galaxy rotation curve problem), and that 3) gravitational acceleration toward the center may change at long distance compared to Newton's gravity. We show that it become an expansion of Newton's gravity, and that the possibility of the existence of some constants which controls gravity and the speed of galaxies, and that gravity may relate on entropy. It also describe the relationship between Yukawa-type potential and negative partial entropy. Using equations proposed in this paper, it attempt to compare the ratios of size of the fundamental 4-forces in nature (strong force, electromagnetic force, weak force and gravity). Furthermore, it suggests that there may exists new forces, and that gravitational constant $G$ can fluctuate if entropy changes. Thermodynamics, quantum, gravity, electromagnetic and ecology may be unified through entropy.

Abstract: We do not know how the earliest musical instruments -such as idiophones and aerophones- were played, but their acoustic properties can provide valuable clues. As a first step, we present here dissonance curves for a sound of a given spectrum. These curves show the relative dissonance that results for all intervals of a given instrument. This then leads to the association of spectra and scales, which are related because the dissonance curve has minima in the intervals that define the scale. A computational method for calculating dissonance curves is presented and several examples of its use in practical cases, both for Western and Eastern musical instruments, are given and interpreted. These results allow us to explain from a physical point of view the existence of well-known modern twelve note scales, as well as some uncommon but documented scales for various instruments in early musical history.

Abstract:

A Berry geometrical phase is identified in a strongly metastable system containing dynamically responsive clathrate hydrate structures within a crystal-fluid material. High energy degeneracy in the associated chemistry produces local stability and false vacuum conditions that lead to non-extensive and non-additive contributions in the fundamental thermodynamic relation. Application of Ginzburg-Landau theory and the scaling laws reveals a coherence length (3.05 m) and a penetration depth (2.2 m) that characterize a macro-scale dual superconductor. The coherence length describes a magnetic condensate whilst its inverse gives the Higgs mass (0.33 kg) and non-extensive volume changes (± 0.5 l). The penetration depth determines the extent of QCD vacuum suppression whilst its inverse gives an effective vector boson mass (≤ 0.46 kg), resulting in non-additive hyperbolic curvature. Simultaneous emergence of the Ginzburg-Landau superconducting phase transition is consistent with gauge-invariant coupling of the scalar field (≤ 3.6 ks^-1) to the Yang-Mills action in QCD. The discovery of an energy gap in the gradient energy term of the system Lagrangian is associated with a critical correlation length (3.05 m) revealed in the transition from a gapped to a gapless superconducting state. Together with the emergence and absorption of the Higgs-like scalar field, a mechanism for describing a renormalized QCD mass gap arises. The phenomena reported are only relevant to a coordinated U(2) symmetry group having scale-invariance across micro- and macro-scale QCD dual superconductivity. Under normal, non-critical conditions the symmetry is broken and separated into SU(2) Abelian condensed matter and SU(3) non-Abelian QCD elements that are effectively isolated. Energy and momentum cannot be transferred across the QCD mass gap and TeV confinement energies dominate where the conservation of energy and momentum are confined to each individual symmetry group. It is proposed that where these symmetries are decomposed and coordinated then the QCD mass gap with associated TeV threshold dissipates.