A hemostatic sponge prototype was successfully synthesized from fish gelatin as an alternative to mammalian gelatin, which was mixed with alginate in certain combinations and double cross-linking of calcium ions and gamma irradiation at a dose of 20 kGy to improve the characteristics and effectiveness of its function as a local hemostatic agent. There was an improvement in the physicochemical and mechanical properties, porosity index, absorption capacity, biodegradation properties, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility of the FGAS prototypes compared with the pure fish gelatin sponge. Hemostatic activity tests showed that the means of clotting time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were shorter in the FGAS prototype than in the negative control, and there was no significant difference compared with the commercial gelatin sponge. The hemostatic mechanism of the FGAS prototype combined a passive mechanism as a concentrator factor and an active mechanism through the release of calcium ions as a coagulation factor in the coagulation cascade process.

Hemorrhagic shock is the primary cause of death in patients with severe trauma, and the development of rapid and efficient hemostatic methods is of great significance in promoting the life-saving of trauma patients. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membrane was prepared by electrospinning technology. The PCL-PDA loading system was developed by modifying the surface of polydopamine (PDA) inspired by mussel adhesion protein, and the efficient and stable loading of thrombin (TB) was realized on the premise of ensuring the bioactivity of TB. The new thrombin loading system overcomes the disadvantages of harsh storage conditions, poor strength, easy to fall off, and can use thrombin to start rapid coagulation cascade reaction, which has the characteristics of fast hemostasis, good biocompatibility, high safety and wide range of hemostasis. The physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of PCL-PDA-TB membrane were verified by scanning electron microscopy, cell proliferation test, cell adhesion test and extract cytotoxicity test. Red blood cell adhesion, platelet adhesion, dynamic coagulation time and animal models all verified the coagulation effect of PCL-PD-TB membrane. Therefore, PCL-PDA-TB membrane has great potential in wound hemostasis.

Hemorrhage is a detrimental event present in traumatic injury, surgery, and disorders of bleeding, that can become life-threatening if not properly managed. Moreover, uncontrolled bleeding can complicate surgical interventions, altering the outcome of surgical procedures. Therefore, to reduce the risk of complications and decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with hemorrhage, it is necessary to use an effective hemostatic agent that ensures immediate control of bleeding. In recent years, there have been increasingly rapid advances in developing novel generation of biomaterials with hemostatic properties. Nowadays, a wide array of topical hemostatic agents is available, including chitosan-based biomaterials that have shown outstanding properties such as: antibacterial, antifungal, hemostatic, analgesic activity, in addition to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wound-healing effects. This review provides an analysis of chitosan-based hemostatic and discusses the progress made in their performance, mechanism of action, efficacy, cost, and safety in recent years.

In this study, a novel absorbable hemostatic agent was developed using carrageenan (CRG) as a natural polymer and cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs).  CRG-CeO2-0.5 and CRG-CeO2-1 composites were prepared by compositing CRG and CeO2 at a weight ratio of 200:1 and 100:1, respectively. Physio-chemical and structural properties of these compounds were studied and compared with pristine CRG. Upon incorporation of CeO2 nanoparticles into the CRG matrix, significant reductions in hydrogel degradation were observed. In addition, it was noted that CRG-CeO2 exhibited better antibacterial and hemostatic properties than CRG hydrogel without CeO2.The biocompatibility of the materials was tested using the NIH 3T3 cell line and all samples were found to be nontoxic. Particularly, CRG-CeO2-1 demonstrated superior hemostatic effects, biocompatibility, and a lower degradation rate since more CeO2 Nps were present in the CRG matrix. Therefore, CRG-CeO2-1 has the potential to be used as a hemostatic agent and wound dressing.

The genus Ajuga (Lamiaceae family) comprises approximately 300 species. Species within this genus are widely used in traditional medicine and are known for their diaphoretic, antiseptic, hemostatic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, they are scarcely used in official medicine. Therefore, the study of one of the most common species, Ajuga reptans L., holds promise for developing new medicinal products for clinical and pharmaceutical applications. In aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts of A. reptans herb, 8 organic acids, 16 amino acids, 20 phenolic compounds, 10 volatile substances, and 9 phytosterols were identified. The assay of the main groups of biologically active substances in the obtained extracts was determined. Experimental results demonstrated that A. reptans herb extracts are practically non-toxic, exhibit hepatoprotective activity in experimental carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatitis, moderate anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced oedema models, and possess significant local hemostatic and wound-healing properties. The most significant reduction in bleeding was caused by applying the aqueous extract, reducing bleeding time by 40.6%. The aqueous-ethanolic A. reptans extract (50% ethanol) demonstrated complete wound healing after 9 days of its local administration. This extract also has the most pronounced hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. A. reptans extracts are capable of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and showing higher activity against gram-positive bacteria. Notably, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts increases in direct correlation with the ethanol concentration as an extracting agent. A. reptans herb extracts are promising agents for implementation in official medicine as wound healing and hepatoprotective remedies.

Platelets have long been associated with sustaining the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets, however, are also involved in a wide range of biological activities, including inflammation, immunology, wound healing, cancer biology, and angiogenesis. Platelets' diverse roles are mediated by the expression of various adhesive and immune receptors and the secretion of a diverse array of bioactive proteins, ions stored in granules, and several lipid mediators. Platelets also release pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic factors and shed microparticles into the bloodstream. The challenge for therapeutic intervention in non-hemostatic disease is identifying the factors that primarily inhibit specific targets implicated in platelets' complicated contribution to inflammation or tumor growth while leaving their hemostatic function intact. In addition, blood platelets are involved in infection and innate and adaptive immunity by mediating complicated vascular homeostasis via specialized receptors and granule release, RNA transfer, and mitochondrial secretion. Anti-platelet drugs/bioactive compounds are developed based on their platelet anti-aggregatory properties; however, very little information is available on their effects on non-hemostatic function. Therefore, a better understanding of the impact of the anti-platelet bioactive on the platelets' diverse roles and mechanisms may help develop new strategies and prevent CVD and other diseases. In this review, a comprehensive overview of platelet multifunctional roles in CVD and other diseases and dietary factors' modulatory effects are described.

For over a decade, endoscopic hemostatic powders have been used to manage upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Various preclinical benchtop and animal models have been developed to evaluate these devices. Multiple companies have released hemostatic powders to market, assessing their safety and efficacy using an established porcine gastric vessel bleed model. This model simulates an aggressive arterial bleed, allowing prototypes to be tested under challenging conditions. It requires a surgeon to insert an artery segment into the gastric lumen and puncture it to produce a bleed. In our study, we tested a control group not included in prior research. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between intragastric pressure and bleed severity by injecting gas used to deliver hemostatic powder to the bleed site, without administering hemostatic powder. Our results indicate that elevated intragastric pressures alone can cause bleed cessation. Additional findings suggest that other factors in the model can lead to false positive hemostasis. This study highlights flaws in the porcine gastric vessel bleed model and underscores the need to develop more robust models for testing hemostatic devices, as no valid endoscopic bleed model currently exists. These experiments stress the importance of vetting preclinical models before acquiring efficacy data.

Diabetes mellitus – type 2 (DM2) is a hypercoaguable state with enhanced platelets (PLTs) activation and increased clotting factor production. Simultaneously, the fibrinolytic cell system is inhibited due to formation of clots with high resistance to fibrinolysis. The stages of PLTs "activation" have been well-characterized microscopically, morphometrically and nanomechanically (by light microscope, transmisiion electron microscope - TEM, scanning electron microscope - SEM and atomic force microscope - AFM). Thrombocytes in "acivated" (pro-coagulant) state play central role in two main biological processes: hemostasis and repair of vascular vessels. Pro-coagulant PLTs participate in generation of thrombin and in development of fibrin fibers in the clot matrix. Enhanced PLTs reactivity in dibetic- (diabetes mellitus - DM2) patients is considered as a "pro-thrombotic" state. In the retrospective- and prospective- studies on the topic, the higher are the PLTs' hematometrical indices: PLTs (count), MPV (mean platelet volume), PDW (platelet distribution width), PCR (plateletcrit), as well as PLTs/Ly ratio. The PLТs parameters/indices are usefull biomarkers in early diagnosis and prognosis of DM2. The precise studies of PLTs' state of activation during DM2 might be useful for creation of new diabetes (DM2) treatment strategies and effective medicines. Using the amount of blood glucose, attached to hemoglobin (HbA1c values) as markers of glycemic control in diabetic patients, researchers have observed association between MPV and medications as Insulin, Metformin, sulphonyl ureas. Computational modellng of PLTs' activation in DM2 is also a controlling factor for thrombocyte distribution and margination in bood vessels, associated with micro- and macrovascular disease in DM2. PLTs-derived miRNAs are novel molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of DM2, insulin resistance and diabetes complications. We have proposed (2010) oleic acid (OA) as a substance suppressing "PLT hyperactivation" and inhibiting “thrombocyte aggregation”. Antiplatelet agents, natural plant products including, could be effective in the prevention and the secondary treatment of micro- and macrovascular complications in the type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Our proposal on following up of a combination of hematological-, hemorheological- and hemostatic parameters (indices) as a new way in diagnosis, treatment, predicting and management of DM2 and its related vascular complications, probably could be more explored in future studies.