Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract: We review recent experimental progress in charmed baryon physics achieved by the Belle and Belle~II experiments, with an emphasis on measurements reported since 2022. Using large $e^{+}e^{-}$ data samples collected at or near the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance, Belle and Belle~II have delivered a series of precision results on hadronic weak decays of anti-triplet charmed baryons, providing critical inputs for testing flavor-symmetry approaches and dynamical models. We summarize new and improved branching fraction determinations for $\Xi_c^{0}$, $\Xi_c^{+}$, and $\Lambda_c^{+}$ decays, including channels with neutral hadrons in the final state and the first measurements of several singly Cabibbo-suppressed modes. We also highlight the first determination of the decay asymmetry parameter in $\Xi_c^{0}\to \Xi^{0}\pi^{0}$. In addition, we review the first Belle~II measurements of $CP$ asymmetries in three-body singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays of $\Xi_c^{+}$ and $\Lambda_c^{+}$, and discuss their implications for U-spin sum rules and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. Finally, we look forward to exploiting the Belle~II data set to perform more stringent tests of decay dynamics.

Abstract: Current quantum computing platforms, primarily based on Z₂-graded qubits, suffer from fragility against decoherence and limited error correction thresholds. Here, we propose a topological quantum computing architecture founded on the finite-dimensional 19-dimensional Z₃-graded Lie superalgebra and its emergent discrete 44-vector vacuum lattice—a minimal, closed geometric realization of ternary symmetry in 3D embedding space. The lattice supports stable non-Abelian anyonic excitations encoded as native qutrits, with triality-protected braiding offering intrinsic topological error correction and enhanced coherence times. We derive universal gate operations from graded bracket closure, estimate fault-tolerance thresholds exceeding 1.5% noise (significantly surpassing conventional surface code thresholds of ∼0.7–1%), and outline near-term experimental pathways in photonic lattices, cold atoms, and superconducting circuits. This Z₃ framework provides a promising candidate for scalable, decoherenceresistant quantum computation, potentially resolving current bottlenecks in qubit-based platforms while bridging algebraic unification with practical quantum hardware.

Abstract: We propose that the dimensionality of spacetime should be treated as a renormalized quantity rather than a fixed kinematical input. Within a unified framework spanning quantum cosmology and string theory, we analyze how effective spacetime dimension can vary with physical scale through mechanisms such as compactification, holographic duality, and geometric coarse-graining. Geometric structures including Calabi - Yau manifolds, Klein bottles, and Möbius strips are employed as illustrative models for dimensional reduction and transition. We derive key relations linking energy scales, characteristic lengths, and fundamental constants, clarifying how dimensional flow emerges in both quantum mechanical and quantum gravitational regimes. The role of time as a dynamical dimension is emphasized, together with implications for cosmic geometry, holography, and the large scale structure of the universe. Our results suggest that dimensionality itself admits a renormalization group like description, with fixed points corresponding to distinct physical regimes.

Abstract: Electromagnetic induction forces produced by moving magnets near conductors are frequently approximated as either conservative stiffness (magnetostatics) or viscous damping (eddy-current loss). Both are controlled limits of a stricter statement: Maxwell--Faraday induction plus finite magnetic energy storage generates a \emph{causal, passive mechanical memory kernel}. This paper develops that kernel viewpoint in a hierarchy of models of increasing physical fidelity. We begin with a dipole--lumped-loop system, where the exact small-signal dynamic stiffness is $K_{\mathrm{em}}(s)=G^2 s/(R+sL)$, mechanically identical to a Maxwell element with stiffness $G^2/L$ and dashpot coefficient $G^2/R$. We then move beyond single-pole phenomenology by treating real conductors as distributed eddy-current continua. For a magnetic dipole oscillating normal to a conducting half-space, we derive an exact quasi-static frequency-domain kernel using Hankel (Sommerfeld) spectral methods. The resulting stiffness is an explicit passive branch-cut (diffusion) function of $s$ governed by the dimensionless parameter $\Omega=s\,\mu\sigma h^2$, where $h$ is the dipole height and $\mu\sigma$ sets magnetic diffusion. Low- and high-frequency asymptotes recover viscous and image-spring limits, while the intermediate regime reflects the continuous relaxation spectrum of diffusion. Finally, for superconducting rings we incorporate fluxoid quantization $Li+\Lambda(x)=n\Phi_0$ and show that flux jumps (phase slips) create discrete-state hysteretic magnetomechanical memory beyond any linear kernel.

Abstract: We present a complete and self-consistent framework for the unification of all fundamental forces, matter, and the cosmological sectors of the universe derived from the symmetry of a 4-dimensional complex spacetime (GL(4,C)). To preserve unitarity and ensure the theory is entirely free of ghosts (negative-norm states), we enforce a physical stratification based on a Cartan decomposition. We demonstrate that the spontaneous symmetry breaking at the Big Bang (GL(4,C) -> U(4)) initiates a "Radiative Waterfall" that deterministically derives all physical constants—including the Higgs mass (125.190 +/- 0.032 GeV) and the top quark mass (172.68 +/- 0.22 GeV)—with sub-percent accuracy. Crucially, the framework provides a zero-parameter resolution to current cosmological tensions through first-principles predictions rather than phenomenological fits. The theory identifies the dark sector as a structural requirement of the GL(4,C) manifold, predicting the existence of Cosmic Threads as 1-dimensional topological solitons of shear that form the macroscopic scaffolding of the universe. These structures are mathematical necessities of the 10-5-1 partition of the coset GL(4,C)/U(4) and align with the structural ordering and "scaffolding" observed in the 2026 COSMOS-Webb high-resolution mapping. The dark sector is further resolved into a dual-natured system that is simultaneously attractive and repulsive, comprising an ultra-light dark scalar (m_phi approx 2.3 meV) and a massive dark vector (m_Omega approx 332 MeV). The scalar mediates long-range attraction for web formation, while the vector’s "geometric stiffness" generates short-range repulsion to resolve the galactic core-cusp problem. Finally, the model analytically derives an interaction constant beta = 3/(128pi) approx 0.00746 (corresponding to xi approx 0.0225) governing energy transfer between dark energy and dark matter. This prediction resolves the 5-sigma Hubble tension (H_0 approx 72.8 +/- 0.7 km/s/Mpc) and the S_8 structure tension (S_8 approx 0.764), providing a rigorous geometric foundation for the evolving dark energy signatures recently reported by the DESI collaboration.

Abstract: We propose a composite model of electroweak unification in which the , , photon, and Higgs boson emerge as bound states of massless Dirac preons. The framework is founded on a relativistic wave equation in the center-of-mass frame, with an effective spin–spin exchange interaction derived from an internal symmetry. This dynamics generates a composite mass matrix for vector and scalar preon–antipreon states. Diagonalization of this matrix, with weak interaction effects treated as perturbative corrections, yields precise predictions for electroweak observables. The model predicts the Weinberg angle as , matching the experimental value to within 0.16%. The W/Z mass ratio is predicted as , versus the measured , a 0.03% deviation. The Higgs boson arises as a scalar preon–antipreon bound state, with a predicted mass of , agreeing within 0.04% of the observed . Unlike the Standard Model, this approach requires no fundamental scalar field or spontaneous symmetry breaking. It provides a unified, minimal, and testable compositional origin for all electroweak bosons and offers a new pathway toward deeper unification of forces.

Abstract: We construct a family of positive but not completely positive linear maps acting on $M_4(\mathcal{C})$, obtained as a natural extension of Kye’s indecomposable maps defined for $M_3(\mathcal{C})$. We rigorously prove positivity of these maps on 'X' states and employ them to identify a one-parameter family of bipartite quantum states living in the vicinity of maximally mixed state to be entangled even though states are positive under partial transposition (PPT). This provides an explicit example of a family of quantum states with both bound entangled states and free entangled states in $4 \otimes 4$ systems, a regime that remains less characterized compared to lower-dimensional cases. The proposed maps detect entanglement and reveal new structural features of the PPT entangled region in higher dimensions. Our results extend the applicability of positive-map–based entanglement detection and contribute to the systematic understanding of bound entanglement beyond the $3\otimes 3$ and $2 \otimes 4$ systems. In addition, we show that generalized Choi maps simply can not detect well known PPT entangled states for $2 \otimes 4$ systems.

Abstract: This paper presents a complete Unified Field Theory of Xuan-Liang, constructing a comprehensive the-oretical framework from fundamental physical concepts to cosmology and emergent gravity. Starting from the basic definition of Xuan-Liang X = 1/3 mv3, through rigorous mathematical-physical derivation, we establish the unified equation of Xuan-Liang theory: R M h 1/2 X ∧ ⋆X + αR Ω ∧ ⋆X + ⟨ΨX, DΨX ⟩Ω i = χ(M)ρmin X R M Ω + β R ∂M Φobs This theoretical framework contains two core aspects: Xuan-Liang fluid theory achieves unified description of dark matter and dark energy, and the emergent gravity mechanism reveals the natural origin of Einstein’s field equations from Xuan-Liang fluid dynamics. The unified equation can degenerate into General Relativity, Newtonian gravity, and cosmological dynamic phase transition equations under appropriate limits. Main innovative contributions include: 1. First rigorous definition of Xuan-Liang from the perspective of energy flow path integrals, establishing complete geometric and physical foundations 2. Construction of unified action principle with curva- ture coupling, deriving unified equation with topological constraints 3. Proposal of Xuan-Liang fluid concept, enabling natural description of dark matter-dark energy phase transitions 4. Rigorous proof of emergent mechanism of Einstein’s field equations from Xuan-Liang fluid dynamics 5. Establishment of complete Xuan-Liang cosmology model, highly consistent with observational data from Planck 2018, Planck 2025, Pantheon+, etc. 6. Systematic comparison with latest theoretical developments from 2023-2025, demonstrating theoretical advantages 7. Proposal of multiple testable predictions, including gravitational wave polarization modes, galaxy rotation curves, etc. Numerical simulations show that Xuan-Liang theory is highly compatible with key observational data such as CMB powerspectra, BAO observations, and supernova distance moduli (χ2 red = 1.02), outperforming the ΛCDM model (χ2 red = 1.08). The theoretically predicted phase transition redshift zt = 0.65 ± 0.08 provides clear targets for future observational tests.

Abstract: A teleparallel framework is presented in which electromagnetism admits a geometric realization alongside gravitation. In this construction, gravity and electromagnetism arise as complementary dynamical sectors of a single tetrad field, rather than as independent structures. The electromagnetic potential is not introduced as an internal gauge field appended to spacetime, but is identified with the dynamical structure of the temporal tetrad. In this parametrization, the electromagnetic potential arises as part of the geometric decomposition of the temporal coframe, while U(1) gauge symmetry appears as a redundancy in the representation of temporal geometry rather than as an independently postulated internal symmetry. The electromagnetic field strength emerges from temporal torsion, while the U(1) gauge symmetry is realized as a geometric equivalence relation among different representations of temporal geometry. Local Lorentz covariance is preserved throughout.Standard electromagnetic dynamics are recovered without additional assumptions: the homogeneous Maxwell equations follow as geometric identities, while the inhomogeneous equations, charge conservation, and the Lorentz force law arise from a unified action principle. Flat Minkowski spacetime remains a stable vacuum solution, and classical configurations such as the Coulomb field admit a direct interpretation as spatial variations of temporal geometry. Electromagnetic backreaction is understood as an intrinsic change of the underlying geometric structure rather than as an external source.Beyond formal consistency, the framework allows direct contact with observations. In particular, the pulsar braking index problem is revisited from a geometric perspective. A drift component of the tetrad encodes a geometric vorticity of spacetime, leading to an additional torque linear in the angular velocity. Deviations of the braking index from the standart value n=3 then arise as a direct geometric effect, without invoking phenomenological torque corrections or detailed magnetospheric modeling.

Abstract: We propose a new mechanism for generating cosmological relics—black holes, gravitational waves (GWs), and possibly dark matter (DM)—in a bouncing Universe. Relics arise through two channels: (i) compact objects and GWs produced during pre-bounce collapse that remain super-horizon and re-enter after the bounce, and (ii) dark-matter halos formed during collapse that exit the horizon and collapse into black holes upon re-entry. Unlike inflationary primordial black holes, these relic black holes originate from nonlinear structure formation during collapse. We derive the particle-horizon and horizon-crossing conditions in bouncing cosmology and show that perturbations or compact objects larger than \( \sim 90 \) m survive the bounce. The resulting population of relic black holes and GWs spans a wide mass range, offering a unified origin for dark matter, gravitational-wave backgrounds, and the early growth of supermassive black holes and galaxies.

Abstract: In this note, we show that the methodology used by the DESI collaboration and others for extracting cosmological parameters from 2-point galaxy correlations is fundamentally flawed. The problem with that method is that it is based on the use of a fiducial cosmology to determine the comoving coordinates of galaxies, which are then used to fix parameters, but the mdthod is circular, and is guaranteed to return the fiducial parameters as the optimal solution no matter what model or set of parameters is used. We also point out several arguments against the existence of baryonic acoustic oscillations on large scales, and a significant problem with the FRW model when the latter is used to investigate events at the time of recombination

Abstract: We investigate several equivalence notions arising in the study of Calabi-Yau manifolds and their interactions with ideas from string theory. The focus is on bimeromorphic equivalence in complex geometry, Morita equivalence in noncommutative geometry, and twisted K-theory as a receptacle for D-brane charges in backgrounds with flux. Using tools from derived categories, Fukaya categories, and operator K-theory, we analyze how these equivalences appear across geometric, categorical, and physical frameworks. Particular attention is given to Fujiki class C manifolds, Hilbert C*-modules, and the role of homological mirror symmetry in relating these structures. Several examples and applications are discussed, illustrating how string-motivated constructions provide a unifying perspective on equivalence phenomena in Calabi-Yau geometry.

Abstract: This new frame work of thermodynamics consists of four parts:（1）The traditional thermodynamics (a brief one), relating to all the thermodynamical processes we meet in our life，work and ordinary research, covering an extremely immense scope. Numerous and numerous human practices confirm that all these processes are irreversible, and entropy tends to increase, never decreases; (2）The thermodynamics of thermal electrons in a magnetic field. The thermal electrons here are emitted at room temperature from two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs emitters, A and B (work function 0.8eV) in a vacuum tube. The tube is applied by a static magnetic field parallel to A and B, bending the trajectories of the electrons, resulting in a weak asymmetry in their thermal motion（to left or to right）. Emitter A, losing some net electrons, is charged positively; and emitter B, getting some net electrons, is charged negatively. An electric potential between A and B is formed, enabling the tube outputs a continuous tiny but macroscope current to an exterior load, e.g., a resistor, or a storage battery. Reverse the direction of the magnetic field, the output current also reverses. Due to the ceaseless output of electric energy, the internal energy of the tube should decrease slightly, and the whole tube follows to cool down slightly. The slightly cooled tube can automatically absorb waste heat from the ambient air (that is always kept at a constant room temperature) to compensate its output electric energy. The experiment converts the waste heat from the ambient air to electric energy, directly violating the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. Two short nice experiment videos are included in this article. (3）Cosmic thermodynamics. The authors approve of the idea that the universe is gravitationally closed, and naturally, there should be an extremely immense ocean of thermal radiation in the central part of the closed universe. The 2.73K microwave background radiation discovered in 1965 should just be this immense heat ocean. Due to the big bang, all the more than 2ⅹ1012 galaxies are now flying outward fiercely. When they reach their individual far-most positions in the closed universe，they will turn back one after another, fly towards the central region of the universe, passing through it, until reach their individual far most positions on the other side of the closed universe. Then they turn back once again ……, and keep shuttling with extremely great amplitudes in the closed universe ceaselessly. There are numerous stars and many black holes in every galaxy. A black hole annexes any celestial body that it encounters. The directions of the shuttling of the galaxies are different in the 4p solid angle, so in a long, long duration, the more than 2×1012 galaxies have numerous chances to meet each other in the central region of the universe. When a black hole encounters a star or another black hole in the central region in the shuttling, annexation happens. All the matter scattered to the extremely vast space by the big bang will thus be collected step by step, until finally assemble to be a single extraordinary immense black hole, a central black hole. On the other hand, the big bang and all its subsequent processes are all huge irreversible processes. They produce and eject immense amount of light and thermal radiation into the vast cosmic space. The light and thermal radiation are also impossible to fly off the closed universe, shuttling ceaselessly in the closed universe with much, much greater amplitudes. After a long, long relaxation time, by interchange heat with the rare cosmic electrons, protons, atoms, molecules, dusts, rocks, etc. (they are all at 2.73K) in the metagalaxy region, the shuttling light and thermal radiation will finally mingle into the 2.73 heat ocean. The central black hole, containing all the real matter of the universe, has an extremely immense event horizon, will take in continuously and monotonically the thermal radiation from the 2.73K heat ocean with an extraordinarily great power, leading eventually to a new big band. A big band followed by a big assembling forms a big cycle. All the matter and the energy in the universe are involved in the big cycle. (4）The new theoretical system of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is still energy conservation. Energy is conserved in amount wherever and whenever. It is a law of the universe. The new second law of thermodynamics is energy cycle. All the matter and energy are involved in a big cycle in the closed universe. Entropy is possible to be produced, it is also possible to be eliminated. The general increase and general decrease of entropy in the universe in a big cycle match each other. Clausius’ Heat Death is an excessive anxiety.

Abstract: General Relativity predicts a physical singularity at the center of black holes, where density and spacetime curvature diverge to infinity. This paper proposes a resolution to the singularity paradox by introducing a high-order repulsive potential (n=11) that becomes dominant at the atomic scale (10^-10 m). We demonstrate that this modification—termed the "Atomic Seed'' model—preserves standard Schwarzschild dynamics at macroscopic scales, maintaining strict consistency with the 43'' per century perihelion precession of Mercury. By arresting gravitational collapse at a finite radius, the model provides a testable prediction for secondary gravitational wave echoes. For a 30 solar mass binary merger, we calculate a characteristic echo frequency of 20 Hz, offering a specific pathway for observational verification via LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data.

Abstract: Bell tests and Bell's theorem used to interpret the test results opened the door to quantum information processing, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Based on the erroneous interpretation of the test results, quantum information processing contradicts a well-established mathematical fact in point-set topology. In this study, the feasibility of quantum computation and quantum communication is investigated. The findings are as follows. (a) Experimentally confirmed statistical predictions of quantum mechanics are not evidence of experimentally realized quantum information processing systems. (b) Physical carriers of quantum information coded by quantum bits (qubits) do not exist in the real world. (c) Einstein's ensemble interpretation of wave-function not only will eliminate inexplicable weirdness in quantum physics but also can help us see clearly none of quantum objects in the real world carry quantum information. The findings lead to an inevitable conclusion: Without carriers representing quantum information, physical implementations of quantum information processing systems are merely an unrealizable myth. Examples are given for illustrating the reported results. For readers who are unfamiliar with point-set topology, the examples may alleviate difficulty in understanding the results.

Abstract: We show time reversal asymmetry in quantum mechanics by isolating a single, solitary hydrogen atom in a black body, deriving from it the diagonalized Hamiltonian matrix in continuous time, and using it to visualize the irreversibility of the emission and absorption of radiation. Graphic evidence in support of the model is obtained from experiments performed with the simplest quantum system, an electron cyclotron. The experimental evidence is used to obtain equations of motion to describe time asymmetry with respect to the energy-time conjugate variables in linear time which complement the time symmetric equations of motion in position-momentum coordinates given with respect to cyclical time. Theoretical arguments by Feynman and Einstein are shown to support time reversal asymmetry.

Abstract: The paper reexamines Stevenson’s technique for solving Schrödinger’s “Kepler problem” in a spherical space in terms of formally complex hypergeometric polynomials. A certain advantage has been achieved by reformulating the genetic 'dual principal Fro-benius solution’ (d-PFS) problem as the Dirichlet problem for the given second-order or-dinary differential equation (ODE) rewritten in its 'prime' form. It was demonstrated that the cited polynomials match Askey’s hypergeometric expressions for the re-al-by-definition Romanovski/pseudo-Jacobi polynomials (‘Romanovski-Routh’ polyno-mials in our terms). The formulated Dirichlet problem was then reduced to the two more specific cases representing the Sturm-Liouville problems (SLPs) with infinite and respec-tively finite discrete energy spectra. The exact solvability of the former SLP (with the Li-ouville potential represented by the ‘trigonometric Rosen-Morse’ potential) was proven by taking into account that the Romanovski-Routh polynomial of degree n must have exactly n real zeros (with no upper bound for the eigenvalues). As the direct consequence of this proof, we then found that the mentioned d-PFS problem in general and therefore the second SLP with the finite discrete energy spectrum are exactly solvable via qua-si-rational solutions (q-RSs) composed of the Romanovski/Routh polynomials with de-gree-dependent indexes.

Abstract: The quantum tunneling phenomenon has long been explained by quantum mechanics using abstract concepts such as probability waves and wave function collapse. However, the essence of its microscopic physical mechanism—how and why a particle can traverse a classically forbidden region—has never been clearly elucidated, leading to a schism between the physical laws governing the micro- and macro-worlds. Based on the Great Tao Model and the Unified Theory of Atomic and Molecular Structure, this paper, for the first time, constructs a complete, self-consistent, and quantifiable framework for a classical physical explanation. The core of this framework clarifies the microscopic physical mechanisms of "local weakening of the Existence Field" and "formation of a directional field channel", reducing the tunneling process to a deterministic sequence of events: "information coupling → field weakening → channel formation → classical penetration". The study rigorously derives the quantitative relationships between the field strength weakening coefficient, the field channel width, and the penetration probability. Its mathematical form is compatible with the empirical formula of quantum mechanics, but its physical connotation is fundamentally different. Case studies demonstrate that this theory can uniformly explain the atomic-scale resolution of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the deterministic energy release in α-decay, and the physical necessity for the impossibility of macroscopic object tunneling. Starting from the first principles of classical physics, this paper provides a new paradigm for understanding tunneling that aligns with physical intuition, has a clear mechanism, and is subject to experimental verification, achieving a logical unification of micro- and macro-physical laws.

Abstract: We present a physically intuitive and mathematically rigorous framework for deriving the relativistic quantum wave equations, dynamics, and topological structures of bosons and fermions in 1+1-dimensional spacetime. Starting from a simple flip-flop dual-component system that models internal oscillations, we show how first-order linear rate equations naturally give rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. For bosons, the system leads to the familiar Klein-Gordon equation, while for spin-½ fermions—augmented by an internal clock degree of freedom—the Dirac equation emerges in 1+1D. The topological distinction between bosons and fermions is revealed through their rotational symmetry: bosons follow a 360° closed loop structure, while fermions are represented by a Möbius band, requiring a 720° rotation to return to their original state. We also introduce two distinct Lorentz transformation structures: hyperbolic (sinh–cosh) for bosons and trigonometric (sin–cos) for fermions. This approach provides a clear, unified, and pedagogical interpretation of relativistic quantum dynamics and internal particle structure.