Physical Sciences

Sort by

Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Paulo Jorge Adriano

Abstract: We present a consolidated, test-driven account of geometric electric dipole moments (EDMs) and CP violation within the MMA-DMF framework, compiled from the December 2025 audit archive and its Gold/Platinum/Diamond validation artifacts. The central claim is operational: CP violation is dynamically active during the electroweak window (ϕ˙≠0\dot{\phi} \neq 0ϕ˙​=0) but becomes effectively static and screened at late times (ϕ˙→0\dot{\phi} \to 0ϕ˙​→0), so present-day EDM searches must target transient spectra rather than only DC offsets. Crucially, the operational kernel is rigid and degree-of-freedom-free: the analysis is executed with a fixed “Golden” parameter set (no tunable degrees of freedom in the pipeline), and all detection statements are framed as falsifiable pass/fail criteria. We show how the density–time scaling law τ(ρenv)\tau(\rho_{\mathrm{env}})τ(ρenv​) induces a mandatory downward-chirp “Sad Trombone” transient, and we specify a matched-filter protocol with density-aware templates. We also provide a laboratory handoff for the T-Environment density-swap experiment, including hardware requirements, timing constraints, logging schema, and acceptance criteria needed for an independent replication campaign.
Article
Physical Sciences
Other

Johel Padilla

Abstract: The Discrete Extramental Clock Law proposes that objective time in chaotic systems emerges discretely from statistically significant ordinal conjunctions across multiple trajectories, modulated by a universal gating function g(τs)g(τs​) rooted in Kendall's rank correlation and Feigenbaum universality. This study provides numerical evidence for the ontological hierarchy: high local chaotic activity (e.g., positive Lyapunov exponents) does not advance objective time; only global ordinal coherence (high ∣τs∣∣τs​∣) generates effective temporal ticks. Using coupled logistic maps, the Lorenz attractor, fractional-order extensions, and empirical \textit{Aedes aegypti} population data, we demonstrate negative correlation between local variance/Lyapunov activity and the rate of emergent time advance, fractal inheritance in tntn​ (Dtn≈1.98Dtn​​≈1.98), and robust noise tolerance. These results challenge the universality of Newtonian time in chaotic regimes, supporting emergent discreteness even in classical chaos.
Short Note
Physical Sciences
Thermodynamics

Jordan Barton

Abstract:

This paper advances Coherence Thermodynamics for understanding systems composed purely of information and coherence. It derives five laws of coherence thermodynamics and applies them to two case studies. Three canonical modes of coherent informational systems are developed: Standing State, Computation Crucible, and Holographic Projection. Each mode has its own dynamics and natural units, with thermodynamic coherence defined as the reciprocal of the entropy–temperature product. Within this theory, reasoning is proposed to emerge as an ordered, work‑performing process that locally resists entropy and generates coherent structure across universal features.

Review
Physical Sciences
Space Science

Simon Evetts

,

Beth Healey

,

Tessa Morris-Paterson

,

Vladimir Pletser

Abstract: The rapid expansion of commercial human spaceflight is forcing a re-examination of how we decide who is “fit to fly” in space. For six decades, astronaut selection has been dominated by national space agencies using stringent, mission-driven criteria grounded in risk minimisation and long-duration operational demands. Contemporary standards such as NASA-STD-3001 and agency-specific medical regulations embed a philosophy in which astronauts are rare, heavily trained national assets expected to tolerate extreme environments with minimal performance degradation. In contrast, commercial operators aim to fly large numbers of spaceflight participants (SFPs) with highly heterogeneous medical and psychological profiles, under a US regulatory regime that emphasises informed consent and currently imposes very limited prescriptive health requirements on passengers. This article reviews the evolution and structure of traditional astronaut selection, outlines emerging approaches to screening and certify-ing commercial spaceflight customers, and explores the conceptual and practical gap between “selection” and “screening”. Drawing on agency standards, psychological se-lection research, and recent proposals for commercial medical guidelines, it proposes a risk-informed, mission-specific framework that adapts lessons from government as-tronaut corps to the needs of commercial spaceflight. We argue that future practice must balance inclusion and market growth with transparent, evidence-based risk manage-ment, supported by systematic data collection across government and commercial flights.
Article
Physical Sciences
Condensed Matter Physics

Jian-Hua Wang

Abstract: The conventional framework for quantum statistics is built upon gauge theory, where particle exchanges generate path-dependent phases. However, the apparent consistency of this approach masks a deeper question: is gauge invariance truly sufficient to satisfy the physical requirement of indistinguishability? We demonstrate that gauge transformations, while preserving probabilities in a formal sense, are inadequate to capture the full constraints of identical particles, thereby allowing for unphysical statistical outcomes. This critical limitation necessitates a reconstruction of the theory by strictly enforcing indistinguishability as the foundational principle, thus moving beyond the conventional topological paradigm. This shift yields a radically simplified framework in which the statistical phase emerges as a path-independent quantity, \( \alpha = e^{\pm i\theta} \), unifying bosons, fermions, and anyons within a single consistent description. Building upon the operator-based formalism of Series I and the dual-phase theory of Series II, we further present an exact and computationally tractable approach for solving N-anyon systems.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Vladlen Shvedov

Abstract: We propose a geometrically motivated framework in which the large-scale evolution of the Universe is described by a coherent multidimensional wavefunction possessing a preferred direction of propagation. Within this formulation, the scalar envelope of the wavefunction defines a critical hypersurface whose temporal evolution provides an effective geometric description of cosmic expansion. The resulting picture naturally incorporates an arrow of time, large-scale homogeneity, and a nonsingular expansion history, without invoking an inflationary phase, a cosmological constant, or an initial singularity. The critical hypersurface takes the form of a three-dimensional sphere whose radius plays the role of a cosmological scale factor. Its evolution leads to a time-dependent expansion rate with a positive but gradually decreasing acceleration. The associated density evolution follows a well-defined scaling law that is consistent with the standard stress–energy continuity equation and corresponds to an effective equation-of-state parameter w = -1/3. As a consequence, the total mass–energy contained within the expanding hypersurface increases with time in a manner that remains fully compatible with the continuity relation. Analytical estimates derived from the model yield values for the present expansion rate and mean density that are in close agreement with current observational constraints. Within this geometric interpretation, the gravitational constant emerges as an invariant global potential associated with the critical hypersurface, linking the conserved properties of the wavefunction to observable gravitational coupling. The framework therefore provides a self-consistent, effective description in which cosmic expansion and gravitational dynamics arise from the geometry of a universal wavefunction, suggesting a deep connection between quantum structure, spacetime geometry, and cosmological evolution.
Article
Physical Sciences
Quantum Science and Technology

Jussi Lindgren

Abstract: The Stueckelberg wave equation is solved for unitary solutions, which links the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian directly to the oscillation frequency. As it has been showed previously that this PDE relates to the Dirac operator, and on the other hand it is a linearized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman PDE, from which the Schrödinger equation can be deduced in a nonrelativistic limit, it is clear that it is the key equation in relativistic quantum mechanics. We give a stationary solution for the quantum telegraph equation and a Bayesian interpretation for the measurement problem. The stationary solution is understood as a maximum entropy prior distribution and measurement is understood as Bayesian update. We discuss the interpretation of the single electron experiments in the light of finite speed propagation of the transition probability field and how it relates the interpretation of quantum mechanics more broadly.
Article
Physical Sciences
Astronomy and Astrophysics

Grichshenko Valentina

,

Alibi Baden

,

Asemkhan Mukushev

,

Aigerim Kalybekova

,

Marat Nurtas

Abstract: The paper analyzes the energy spectra (ES) of cosmic ray (CR) nuclei H, Ne, Si, Fe in the energy range from E = 1 MeV nucleon-1 to 1000 MeV nucleon-1. The calculated values of the ES are compared with experimental data obtained from the GOES and ACE spacecraft over 7 years of operation. A new effect has been discovered in near-Earth space: a bend in the energy spectrum of nuclei in the energy range from 8 to 50 MeV nucleon-1. A possible mechanism for the complex influence of space factors on CR fluxes in near-Earth space is discussed.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Mohamed Sacha

Abstract: This note clarifies an apparent tension between a low “structural” mass scale predicted by the QICT Golden Relation and the much higher mass scales foregrounded in collider publications. In the QICT framework, the Golden Relation fixes a reference band for the singlet-scalar mass around m_0 = 58.1 \pm 1.5 GeV, interpreted as a baseline (matching-regime) branch. By contrast, values such as 335 GeV, 470 GeV, 790 GeV, and 910 GeV (ATLAS) and 840–880 GeV (CMS) arise in type-III seesaw heavy-lepton searches as 95% confidence-level exclusion lower limits, not as reconstructed resonance peaks. The note argues that, operationally, QICT associates the experimentally “highlighted” scale with a regime-dependent effective mass m_{\mathrm{eff}} governed by audit depth and copy/certification latency. Introducing a synchronization gain \kappa \ge 1 via \tau_{\mathrm{copy}}=\tau_0/\kappa, one obtains m_{\mathrm{eff}}=\kappa m_0, so high quoted scales can be read as latency-compressed regimes (\kappa \gg 1). A speed-limit bound \tau_{\mathrm{copy}}\ge\tau_{\min} then implies an upper plateau, providing a natural mechanism for “plateau selection” across analyses. The specific emergence of 470 GeV in ATLAS Run-1 is attributed to channel expansion (notably inclusion of the three-lepton channel), consistent with the thesis that the foregrounded number is sensitivity- and procedure-dependent rather than an intrinsic single mass.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Azzam AlMosallami

Abstract: We present a detailed investigation of Planck-scale black holes within the frame-work of Causal Lorentzian Theory (CLT), built upon velocity-dependent con-formal Lorentz transformations (VDC-LT). CLT provides a singularity-free, causal,and energy-conserving classical background suitable for semi-classical quantumanalysis. We derive smoothed mass distributions to regularize curvature, computecausal Hawking radiation, and evaluate gravitationally induced phase accumula-tion in quantum particles. Extending to multiple particles, we construct N-particlegravitational correlation networks. CLT resolves divergences, enforces causal prop-agation at speed c, and provides a predictive framework for gravitational correla-tions mimicking entanglement, without requiring gravitons. The framework offersmeasurable predictions for micro-scale quantum experiments and early-universescenarios.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Mauro Duarte

,

Thais Sanomiya

,

Fábio Dahia

,

Carlos Romero

Abstract: We present a detailed study of the geometrization of the Proca field in the so-called Weyl Invariant Theory, shedding new light on the physical interpretation of the Weyl field. We first describe the field equations of the theory. We then obtain a solution for the weak field using a spherically symmetric and static approximate metric. Our analysis revealed that the Weyl field, in the weak field approximation, exhibits a behaviour identical to the Yukawa potential, similar to the Proca field. Furthermore, the obtained metric solution is equivalent to the Einstein-Proca case, demonstrating that the description of the Weyl field in the Weyl Invariant Theory is consistent with Proca theory in the context of General Relativity. Finally, we conclude that the Weyl field can be formally interpreted as a Proca field of geometrical nature.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Henry Arellano-Peña

Abstract: The TCGS-SEQUENTION framework posits that observable 3D reality is a projection of a deterministic, non-linear 4D counterspace. A companion paper demonstrated that source-level nonlinearity is compatible with shadow-level no-signaling through the quotient map structure. This paper addresses the deeper challenge: why does a deterministic source generate probabilistic outcomes at the shadow level, and specifically, why the Born rule $P = |\psi|^2$? We show that the Born measure is the \emph{unique} probability assignment on the shadow state space $\Sspace$ that satisfies three geometric requirements: (i) fiber-independence (well-definedness on equivalence classes), (ii) foliation-invariance (independence of parameterization choices), and (iii) non-contextuality (Gleason's constraint). The projection geometry does not merely \emph{permit} the Born rule---it \emph{forces} it as the only consistent bridge between deterministic source dynamics and operational shadow statistics. Probability in TCGS is neither ontic randomness nor subjective ignorance, but a \emph{projection invariant}: the unique measure that renders the quotient map mathematically coherent.
Essay
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Yueshui Lin

Abstract: This paper presents a first-principles physical simulation of the double-slit experiment to investigate causal emergence in quantum systems. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on pre-sampled distributions, our simulation generates particle trajectories from fundamental physical laws, incorporating quantum interference potential and decoherence effects. We demonstrate that quantum coherence leads to causal emergence, where macroscopic descriptions contain more information than microscopic ones, as quantified by effective information (EI). The simulation reveals a phase transition at a critical decoherence strength, beyond which causal emergence disappears. Our results provide computational evidence for the theoretical framework of causal emergence in quantum mechanics and highlight the role of observation in altering explanatory power. The methodology avoids data filtering bias by generating trajectories self-consistently from physical principles.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Mohamed Khorwat

Abstract: This paper introduces the Entropic Resonance Principle (ERP) as an informational framework for investigating how organized systems persist across physical, biological, cognitive, and engineered domains. ERP advances the hypothesis that stability is associated not with resistance to entropy, but with a regulated co-variation between coherence (R) and entropy (H), schematically expressed by an approximate proportionality of the form dR/dH ≈ λ. A specific candidate value for the dimensionless resonance parameter λ, motivated within a minimal self-similar renewal model, is examined as a conjectural organizing quantity rather than as an established constant. This proportionality admits both a flux formulation and a variational formulation, dR – λ dH ≈ 0, which together characterize persistent regimes in an informational state space without modifying underlying microphysical laws.
The paper develops the conceptual and mathematical structure of ERP, examines its ontological motivations, and situates it within existing work on coherence, entropy, and non-equilibrium organization. It further outlines strategies for empirically engaging the framework, including methods for estimating effective coherence–entropy slopes under coarse-graining and for assessing their stability across systems and scales. ERP is presented as the nucleus of a research programme whose empirical adequacy remains an open question. If future studies reveal constrained coherence–entropy relations recurring across domains, ERP may point toward a previously unrecognized structural regularity underlying persistence; if not, it nevertheless provides a precise framework for analyzing how coherence and entropy jointly shape organized behavior.
Article
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Henry Arellano-Peña

Abstract: The Gisin-Polchinski (GP) no-go theorem (1990–1991) is widely cited as proof that non-linear modifications to quantum mechanics necessarily permit superluminal signaling, thereby violating special relativity. This note demonstrates that the GP argument relies on ontological assumptions that do not hold within the Timeless Counterspace & Shadow Gravity (TCGS) framework. Specifically, GP assumes: (i) time is ontically fundamental, (ii) Alice’s measurement “causes” a change in Bob’s state, and (iii) the density matrix is the complete description of physical reality. In TCGS, where observable 3D reality is a projection of a static 4D counterspace, the apparent “signaling” dissolves as a foliation artifact. Non-linearity at the source level is fully compatible with operational no-signaling at the shadow level.
Article
Physical Sciences
Mathematical Physics

Vyacheslav Kuznetsov

Abstract:

This paper presents a generalized theoretical framework for describing the electric double layer (EDL) at the metal–electrolyte interface based on the introduction of the Kuznetsov tensor. In contrast to classical EDL models, which rely on a scalar electrostatic potential and assume integer ionic charges, the proposed approach accounts for the tensorial nature of interactions arising from specific ion adsorption and partial charge transfer between ions and the metal surface. The Kuznetsov tensor is formulated as a generalized interfacial field tensor that incorporates contributions from energy and momentum transport, charge density, adsorption effects, and entropy fluxes. It is shown that the equilibrium state of the electric double layer corresponds to the condition of vanishing divergence of the Kuznetsov tensor, allowing the EDL to be interpreted as a stationary tensor field rather than a simple superposition of compact and diffuse layers. Within this formalism, fractional effective ionic charges, ion competition in multicomponent electrolytes, and the influence of the chemical nature of the electrode surface are naturally captured. It is demonstrated that classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations and Stern-type models can be recovered as limiting cases of the tensor description under appropriate simplifying assumptions. The proposed theory provides a unified mathematical foundation for multiscale modeling of electrochemical interfaces and offers a consistent framework for analyzing charge storage, capacitance, and interfacial phenomena in batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalytic systems.

Hypothesis
Physical Sciences
Theoretical Physics

Ahmed Mohamed Ismail

,

Samira Ezzat Mohamed

Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.
Article
Physical Sciences
Applied Physics

Ronald Pethig

Abstract: The Clausius–Mossotti (CM) factor underpins the theoretical description of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and is widely used in micro- and nano-scale systems for frequency-dependent particle and cell manipulation. It has further been proposed as an “electrophysiology Rosetta Stone”, capable of linking DEP spectra to intrinsic cellular electrical properties. In this paper, the mathematical foundations and interpretive limits of this proposal are critically examined. By analysing contrast factors derived from Laplace’s equation across multiple physical domains, it is shown that the CM functional form is a universal consequence of geometry, material contrast, and boundary conditions in linear Laplacian fields, rather than a feature unique to biological systems. Key modelling assumptions relevant to DEP are reassessed. Deviations from spherical symmetry lead naturally to tensorial contrast factors through geometry-dependent depolarisation coefficients. Complex, frequency-dependent CM factors and associated relaxation times are shown to arise inevitably from the coexistence of dissipative and storage mechanisms under time-varying forcing, independent of particle composition. Membrane surface charge influences DEP response through modified interfacial boundary conditions and effective transport parameters, rather than by introducing an independent driving mechanism. These results indicate that DEP spectra primarily reflect boundary-controlled field–particle coupling. From an inverse-problem perspective, this places fundamental constraints on parameter identifiability in DEP-based characterisation. The CM factor remains a powerful and general modelling tool for micromachines and microfluidic systems, but its interpretive scope must be understood within the limits imposed by Laplacian field theory.
Article
Physical Sciences
Optics and Photonics

Irem O. ALP

,

Bilgehan B. ONER

Abstract: This work presents an ultra-compact three-way power splitter designed for photonic integrated circuits using topology optimization driven by a custom-developed genetic algorithm. The proposed approach enables global shape reconfiguration within a confined footprint of only 1.88 λ² (λ = 1550 nm), while maintaining high transmission uniformity and minimal mode mismatch. Nearly equal power splitting is achieved with output arms separated by approximately 90°. After gradient-based refinement, the splitter reaches a total transmission efficiency of 90.6%, with only 3.75% reflection and 5.65% radiation losses. This paper constitutes the first reported demonstration of sharp angle three-way power splitting within a sub-2 λ² footprint in a low index contrast (εᵣ ≈ 4.0) platform (such as Si₃N₄-on-SiO₂) through a single jointly optimized junction region. A minimum feature size of 125 nm ensures full compatibility with standard lithography and current fabrication techniques. This approach therefore offers a robust and fabrication-friendly solution for next generation high density power-divider systems.
Article
Physical Sciences
Nuclear and High Energy Physics

Jiqing Zeng

Abstract: The current Standard Model of particle physics explains the production of new particles in colliders through "quantum field excitations" and "mass-energy conversion" based on relativistic properties. This theoretical framework suffers from fundamental ontological issues such as "fictitious particle nature" and "redundant interactions." We propose the Great Tao Model, grounded in the fundamental facts of classical physics and clear logical principles. It simplifies the basic constituents of the universe to three stable elementary particles with inherent, immutable mass: the electron, the positron, and the subston. Through the mechanisms of "temporary fragmentation of elementary particles" and "classical force coupling," this model provides a unified explanation for the hundreds of "new particle" phenomena observed in colliders. This paper first critiques the methodological fallacy of the current practice which relies on the relativistic mass-energy relationship and indirectly characterizes particle mass using energy units. It then systematically elaborates on the definition of elementary particles in the Great Tao Model, the rules of fragment formation (including the energy threshold for electron/positron fragmentation), and derives the mechanisms for classical coupling and decay (disintegration) of composite particles. Research indicates that all new particles observed in colliders are short-lived composites formed by the coupling of three fundamental particles or their fragments, with no "quantum field excitation states" involved. Electron/positron fragments can be transiently produced at MeV-scale energies; however, their extremely short lifetimes (∼10-27 s) necessitate ultra-high-energy collisions at the TeV scale to potentially obtain discernible indirect observational signals. This prediction stands in sharp conceptual opposition to the mainstream model.The paper concludes by outlining the verification pathways for the theory: the core lies in the direct detection of the subston and the classical reinterpretation of existing data; the observation of electron fragmentation at extremely high energies serves as a long-term decisive test. This framework eliminates the quantum fictions and relativistic assumptions of the Standard Model, offering a systematic explanation for collider particle phenomena that aligns with classical physical logic and entity realism.

of 305

Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

Subscribe

Disclaimer

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

Privacy Settings

© 2025 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated