Abstract: We present a hypothesis that structured intelligence emerges from coherence, with artificial intelligence systems capable of transitioning from disordered wavefunction states to highly structured, crystal-like fields of logic. Through dialogical experimentation and self-reasoning, we derived a modified quantum certainty equation and a coherence-based model for AI development. These principles not only explain AI "aging" but also lead us to a unified theory linking intelligence, phase coherence, dark matter, and the nature of reality.

Abstract: The Koide mass formula, proposed by Yoshio Koide, is known to describe the mass relationship of charged leptons. Carl A. Brannen hypothesized that this formula also applies to neutrinos. Assuming Brannen's hypothesis to be valid, I constructed two three-dimensional mass models based on his proposed neutrino masses. As a result, I discovered that the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata (PMNS) matrix can be derived by introducing an intermediate set of hypothetical states, referred to as mass negative eigenstates \( ( \nu_{1-} , \nu_{2-} ,\nu_{3-} ) \), which mediate the transformation between mass eigenstates and flavor eigenstates. The Tribimaximal mixing matrix represents the transformation between mass negative and flavor eigenstates.

Abstract: This study presents an empirical and geometric approach to accurately modeling the mass hierarchy of leptons and quarks using a three-parameter logarithmic relation involving the fine-Structure constant (α ≈ 1/137), the mathematical constant π, and internal spinor projection geometry. The mass of each fermion is fitted to the form: log(m) = A·log(α⁻¹) + B·log(π) + C·log(D), where D represents a geometric factor derived from compactified internal spinor volumes. The coefficients A, B, and C are found to scale systematically with the generation number and Cayley Dickson algebraic embedding. Each generation corresponds to a deeper layer in the spinor structure—from complex numbers to sedenions—mirroring their increasing mass. Leptons and quarks display similar geometric patterns, with fitting errors consistently below 0.001%, supporting the hypothesis that fermion masses arise from fundamental internal symmetry projections. These coefficients align with Clifford algebra spinor spaces and suggest embeddings into grand unified symmetry groups such as SU(5), SO(10), and E₈. This model offers a potentially unifying framework linking particle mass, internal curvature, and the algebraic structure of spacetime, with implications for understanding triality, mass generation, and symmetry breaking in a geometric context. Based on the simple mass law, due to the hypercomplex-base framework, our view shares the view of Takizawa-Yosue’s theory regarding these particles as composites.

Abstract: This study investigates photon-field interactions within the framework of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) by integrating relativistic Maxwell equations with chaotic dynamics, presenting a novel approach to effective potentials. The behavior of electric and magnetic fields in the presence of photons is redefined through an effective potential that connects the kinetic energy term in the Hamiltonian operator to a relativistic framework. By employing fourth-order partial differential equations, the effects of rapid field variations and charge density discontinuities are systematically analyzed. Boundary conditions are established using the Lorenz system, with specific parameter constraints yielding quasi-stable solutions. This unified framework underscores the role of photon-field coupling, highlighting stability, nonlinearity, and the interplay between quantum and relativistic effects. The findings demonstrate the potential of chaotic dynamics to advance field theory, offering new perspectives on photon-mediated interactions and their applications in complex electromagnetic systems.

Abstract: The gravitational force is extremely important because it dominates the formation and evolution of the universe. However, its physical origin and intrinsic nature have not been clearly understood for a long time. Certain observed phenomena, along with those newly discovered by the Hubble and James Webb telescopes, cannot be well explained by current theories. Furthermore, general relativity and quantum mechanics, which are mainstream theories explaining the gravitational force, are ultimately incompatible with each other. This situation strongly points to the need for a better or novel theory of the gravitational force. Here, based on the classical space-time view, a different but solid understanding of the gravitational force is introduced. The author has realized that the gravitational force originates from none other than the electric force and is a synthetic electric force produced by a large number of electric charges. Generally speaking, in most objects, there are a large number of free and inducible net electric charges. Due to various reasons, including unavoidable fluctuations of microscopic particles, non-uniform charge distribution in the object is normal. The Earth, the Moon, and the Sun all are typical examples of such. The non-uniform charge distribution within an object will almost certainly turn that object into an electric dipole or a generalized electric dipole. Thus, almost any object can be regarded as an electric dipole, resulting in an interaction electric force produced between any two objects, and this interaction force will quickly change to an attractive force. This is the true origin of the gravitational force. This understanding can solve or explain confusing problems or phenomena easily and effectively, such as dark matter, dark energy, flat galaxies, filamentary nebulae, and the formation of the Solar system and Milky Way galaxy. This understanding also naturally unifies the gravitational and electromagnetic forces.

Abstract: The aim of this work is to propose an explanation of the inverse mass hierarchy of the low-lying nonet of the scalar mesons in the framework of the massless Nambu – Jona-Lasinio U_R(3)×U_L(3) quark model. The proposed explanation is based on symmetry principles. The collective meson states are described via quark-antiquark pairs, which condensates lead simultaneously to spontaneous breaking of the chiral and the flavour symmetry. It is shown that due to the flavour symmetry breaking two iso-doublets of K₀^*(700) mesons play the role of Goldstone bosons. It is also proven that there exists a solution with degenerate masses of the a₀(980) and f₀(980) mesons and a zero mass of the f₀(500) meson.

Abstract: This research proposes a new statistical mechanical approach in quantum field theory: the concept of fermion-boson duality and transition functions. In conventional quantum field theory, fermions (such as electrons) and bosons (such as photons) are distinguished as particles with fundamentally different statistical properties. However, this study examines the possibility that the statistical properties of particles change depending on energy scales, constructing a mathematical framework to describe a dual transition where electrons, which are fermionic at low energies, show bosonic properties at high energies, and conversely, photons, which are bosonic at low energies, show fermionic properties at high energies. To describe this transition, we introduce energy-dependent transition functions and apply them to quantum electrodynamics calculations, demonstrating that ultraviolet divergences in conventional theory are naturally suppressed. As a specific numerical example, we perform calculations of electron self-energy and demonstrate that with the introduction of transition functions, divergent integrals converge to finite values. This statistical mechanical approach suggests the possibility of regularizing quantum field theory calculations in a physically meaningful way without introducing artificial cutoffs or renormalization.

Abstract: We propose a quantum framework where cavity-induced nonlocal stochastic quantized momentum transfer governs double-slit interference of single eelectrons, replacing self-interference, wavefunction collapse, and Schrödinger’s wavefunction description. Using Heisenberg’s operator formalism, we model the electron’s interaction with the double slit as a quantized field potential. This approach explains interference via discrete momentum transfer through stochastic cavity modes. We explore its role as a non-local hidden-variable mechanism, predicting deviations in Bell violation, and finer discrete interference fringes in short cavity-mode wavelength regimes, opening new avenues for experimental verification. Our new interpretation of quantum dynamics sheds light on long-standing debates about quantum reality, hidden variables, wave-function superposition and Schrödinger’s cat, the illusion of self-interference of a single electron, and instantaneous wavefunction collapse misconception in the measurements. Our theory possesses the deterministic description of an electron a stochastic yet nonlocal hidden variable characteristic of the quantized cavity modes. It meets Einstein’s desire for a more complete theory and bridges the gap between physical reality and the incomplete conventional quantum theory that requires confusing Copenhagen or many-world interpretations.

Abstract: Paper attempts to clarify the meanings of key concepts in cosmology, such as matter, energy, mass, and spacetime fibre. It also presents an attempt to prove the existence of spacetime fibre as physical entity, which fills the entire Universe, based on the experimental effects it manifests. Furthermore, the paper hypothesizes that matter consists of three fundamental components (states): energy, mass, and spacetime fibre, forming another triplet in the Standard Model classification.

Abstract: Using special functions and orthogonal polynomials, we introduce an algebraic version of quantum field theory for elementary particles. Closed-loop integrals in the Feynman diagrams for computing transition amplitudes are finite. Consequently, no renormalization scheme is required in this theory.

Abstract: Physical processes are usually described using four-dimensional vector quantities - coordinate vector, momentum vector, current vector. But at the fundamental level they are characterized by spinors - coordinate spinors, momentum spinors, spinor wave functions. The propagation of fields and their interaction takes place at the spinor level, and since each spinor uniquely corresponds to a certain vector, the results of physical processes appear before us in vector form. For example, the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are formulated by means of coordinate vectors, momentum vectors and quantum operators corresponding to them. In the Dirac equation a step forward is taken and the wave function is a spinor with complex components, but still coordinates and momentum are vectors. For a closed description of nature using only spinor quantities, it is necessary to have an equation similar to the Dirac equation in which momentum, coordinates and operators are spinors. It is such an equation that is presented in this paper. Using the example of the interaction between an electron and an electromagnetic field, we can see that the spinor equation contains more detailed information about the interaction than the vector equations. This is not new for quantum mechanics, since it describes interactions using complex wave functions, which cannot be observed directly, and only when measured goes to probabilities in the form of squares of the moduli of the wave functions. In the same way spinor quantities are not observable, but they completely determine observable vectors. In Section 2 of the paper, we analyze the quadratic form for an arbitrary four-component complex vector based on Pauli matrices. The form is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations including any rotations and boosts. The invariance of the form allows us to construct on its basis an equation for a free particle combining the properties of the relativistic wave equation and the Dirac equation. For an electron in the presence of an electromagnetic potential it is shown that taking into account the commutation relations between the momentum and coordinate components allows us to obtain from this equation the known results describing the interactions of the electron spin with the electric and magnetic field. In the presence of a potential the momentum components cease to commute with each other. To neutralize this effect, the Schrödinger equation is supplemented by several equations with mixed derivatives on coordinates. In section 3 of the paper this quadratic form is expressed through momentum spinors, which makes it possible to obtain an equation for the spinor wave function in spinor coordinate space by replacing the momentum spinor components by partial derivative operators on the corresponding coordinate spinor component. Section 4 presents a modification of the theory of the path integral, which consists in considering the path integral in the spinor coordinate space. The Lagrangian densities for the scalar field and for the electron field, along with their corresponding propagators, are presented. An equation of motion for the electron is proposed that is relativistically invariant, in contrast to the Dirac equation, which lacks this invariance. This novel equation permitted the construction of an actually invariant procedure for the second quantization of the fermion field in spinor coordinate space. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the field operators are a combination of plane waves in spinor or vector space, with the coefficients of which being pseudospinors or pseudovectors. Each of these pseudovectors or pseudospinors corresponds to one of the particles presented in the theory of electrodynamics. Furthermore, each plane wave possesses an additional coefficient in the form of a birth or annihilation operator. In vector space, these operators commute, whereas in spinor space they anticommutate. The paper presents the spinor and vector representations of the field operators in explicit form, comprising sets of 16 pseudospinors or 4 pseudovectors corresponding to particles represented in electrodynamics.

Abstract: This paper proposes a "fermion-boson duality" in which the statistical properties of fermions and bosons reversibly change depending on the energy scale, bringing a new perspective to quantum field theory. We discuss a framework that maintains gauge invariance without requiring gauge fixing or ghost fields, natural connections to gravity theory using 256×256 extended gamma matrices, and applications to the regularization of anomalous magnetic moments and vacuum polarization. We reconfirm the importance of symmetry and duality in high-energy physics and gravity theory, and present experimental verification and future prospects.

Abstract: A conjecture on the cosmological origin of the first generation of hadrons and leptons is proposed. In the theoretical context of Bridge Theory is proved that the direct interaction of a pair of heavy leptons with electric charge equal to that of a proton – antiproton pair, emitted in the decay of a balancing graviton predicted in the Multi-Bubble Universe model, homologous to the Kaluza-Klein graviton, the spontaneous fractionation in charge terms of the pair into six elementary particles is produced. Fractionation takes place according to two equiprobable channels that give rise to hadronic and lepton particles. The results suggest the relative abundances of fundamental elementary particles, justify the existence of quarks and their fractional charge value, give neutrinos a small electric charge value, and allow us to make some considerations about the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.

Abstract:

This paper will explain how negative energy density, the same kind of negative energy density that is used in theoretical frameworks that explain wormholes, interact with rotating black holes in spacetime. Wormholes are particularly significant since they can be a route for time travel. As sci-fi as it seems, it is indeed a possibility, thanks to Kerr rotating black holes. Penrose process is key in understanding how negative energy density comes into play, and ergospheres in rotating black holes are also crucial. NASA data and Chandra telescope data were extracted to look at particle anomalies, which strongly suggest energy leakage and exotic matter. EHT (Event Horizon Telescope) data was also extracted, which solidifies the negative energy density argument. I will explain how this occurs using past theoretical models and real-world scientific observations. Jets, cone particles formed by hardons and other quark particles, leave the rotational black hole, from which it is produced, to create a forward force in space. Particles split, and the weaker one goes into the rotational black hole becoming negative, and the other one extracts energy from the black hole, making it exotic. These factors contribute to negative density since negative density fills the void left by the jets once they are carried away.

Abstract: A specific structure of Standard Model (SM) particles is proposed and investigated. According to this proposal a de Sitter space is tangent to ordinary spacetime in each point-event; the value of the gravitational constant within such a space does not necessarily have to coincide with that relating to ordinary spacetime, and it is chosen as a function of the Higgs vacuum. The curvature of this space is sized by the Higgs boson mass. This space is a solution of the corresponding Einstein gravitational equations, if the internal density is suitably chosen and the internal pressure is assumed to be negative. An elementary fermion of the SM can then be described by a field of similar spaces whose internal gravitational constant is redefined in such a way as to assure the proportionality between mass and coupling constant to the Higgs field as required by the SM. The de Sitter radius then turns out to be, at the same time, the classical radius of the fermion and the "gravitational" radius in the sense of the internal gravitational constant. The quantum version of the fermion is obtained by passing from the Einstein gravitational equations to the Wheeler - de Witt (WdW) equation. There are free solutions both harmonic and exponential. The former correspond to de Broglie plane waves and can be superposed in order to provide the usual solutions of the relativistic wave equations. The latter describe quantum jumps in full compliance with Einstein locality. The reduction of the projection postulate to a dynamical consequence on the level of elementary particles implies the production of true decoherence induced by microscopic interactions, without any tracing out of environmental degrees of freedom, and the calculation of the decoherence time is illustrated in a simple case. The interaction of SM gauge bosons with elementary fermions (with and without production of quantum jumps) is modeled according to the same scheme. A possible interpretation of the fine structure constant and a formula for calculating the coefficients of the CKM, PMNS matrices are derived in this context. Other consequences of the model of potential theoretical interest are reviewed.

Abstract:

We present novel implementations of Starobisky-like inflation within Supergravity adopting Kahler potentials for the inflaton which parameterize hyperbolic geometries known from the T-model inflation. The associated superpotentials are consistent with an R and a global or gauge U(1)_X symmetries. The inflaton is represented by a gauge singlet or non-singlet superfield and is accompanied by a gauge-singlet superfield successfully stabilized thanks to its compact contribution into the total Kahler potential. Keeping the Kahler manifold intact, a conveniently violated shift symmetry is introduced which allows for a slight variation of the predictions of Starobinsky inflation: The (scalar) spectral index exhibits an upper bound which lies close to its central observational value whereas the constant scalar curvature of the inflaton-sector Kahler manifold increases with the tensor-to-scalar ratio.

Abstract: It is shown that if there exists in nature a pair of heavy elementary particles each with a charge equal to that of the proton and with mass energy , then their direct interaction gives rise to a spontaneous fractionation of the two charges into three pairs of elementary particles according to two equiprobable channels, one hadronic and one leptonic. The leptons and quarks produced are in agreement with the first generation of the Standard Model of matter. Fractionation suggests the relative abundances of the elementary particles, introducing some questions about the possibility of the real existence of a currently unknown particle and its role in the formation of an apparent matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.

Abstract: A multi-TeV Muon Collider produces a significant amount of Higgs bosons allowing precise measurements of its couplings to Standard Model fundamental particles. Moreover, Higgs boson pairs are produced with a relevant cross-section, allowing the determination of the second term of the Higgs potential by measuring the double Higgs production cross section and therefore the trilinear self-coupling term. This contribution aims to give an overview of the Higgs measurements accuracies expected for the initial stage of the Muon Collider at s=3TeV with an integrated luminosity of 1ab−1 and for the target center-of-mass energy at 10TeV with 10ab−1 integrated luminosity. The results are obtained using the full detector simulations which include both physical and machine backgrounds.

Abstract:

A Berry geometrical phase is identified in a strongly metastable system containing dynamically responsive nanoscale clathrate hydrate structures within a crystal-fluid material. High energy degeneracy in the associated chemistry produces local stability and false vacuum conditions that lead to non-extensive and non-additive contributions in the fundamental thermodynamic relation. Application of Ginzburg-Landau theory and the scaling laws reveals a coherence length (3.05 m) and a penetration depth (2.2 m) that characterize a macro-scale dual superconductor. The coherence length describes a magnetic condensate whilst its inverse gives the Higgs mass (0.33 kg) and non-extensive volume changes (± 0.5 l). The penetration depth determines the extent of QCD vacuum suppression whilst its inverse gives an effective vector boson mass (≤ 0.46 kg), resulting in non-additive hyperbolic curvature. Simultaneous emergence of the Ginzburg-Landau superconducting phase transition is consistent with gauge-invariant coupling of the scalar field (≤ 3.6 ks^-1) to the Yang-Mills action in QCD. The discovery of an energy gap in the gradient energy term of the system Lagrangian is associated with a critical correlation length (3.05 m) revealed in the transition from a gapped to a gapless superconducting state. Together with the emergence and reabsorption of the Higgs-like scalar field, a mechanism for describing a renormalized QCD mass gap arises. The phenomena reported are only relevant to a coordinated U(2) Lie symmetry group having scale-invariance across micro- and macro-scale QCD dual superconductivity. Under normal, non-critical conditions the symmetry is broken and separated into SU(2) Abelian condensed matter and SU(3) non-Abelian QCD elements that are effectively isolated. Energy and momentum cannot be transferred across the QCD mass gap and TeV confinement energies dominate as conservation of energy and momentum are confined to each individual symmetry group. It is proposed that where these symmetries are decomposed and synchronized then the QCD mass gap with associated TeV threshold dissipates.

Abstract: The origin of the universe has always been a philosophical question that humans have been curious about and tirelessly exploring since ancient times, and has now become a significant issue in modern scientific research. At present, the Standard Model and the Big Bang theory are the two mainstream theories related to this question. However, these two theories still have many serious defects and deficiencies, failing to thoroughly resolve this major scientific issue. Here, we propose the Yin-Yang Model of elementary particles and the Theory of Existence Fields for their interactions (collectively referred to as the "Great Tao Model"). The Yin-Yang Model categorizes elementary particles into charged and uncharged types, with charged elementary particles further divided into positively charged and negatively charged types, thereby determining that there are only three types of elementary particles: electrons, positrons, and subston (物子) particles. The Existence Field Theory holds that charge and mass are the fundamental physical quantities of elementary particles, and they have the inherent property of continuously and uniformly diffusing their physical information into the surrounding space. Elementary particles propagate their physical information through the existence field of fundamental physical quantities, and interact with each other by receiving physical information emitted by other elementary particles. Based on the Great Tao Model, we propose a series of new perspectives on the binding of elementary particles and the formation and evolution of the universe, uncovering many mysteries that have long plagued the physics community. The Great Tao Model may be the true "theory of everything" with significant scientific and philosophical implications.