Abstract: The role of oxidants and antioxidants in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been actively explored since the early 198Os, starting with the role of the respiratory burst of neutrophils and ischemia in bowel pathology. Since that time the enzymatic components contributing to the pool of reactive oxygen species including , superoxide, H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides and the counteracting antioxidants, catalase, glutathione peroxidases (GPX), peroxiredoxins (PRDX), superoxide dismutases and others have been fleshed out. My perspective on IBD is from the role of the balance or imbalance of enzymatic oxidant sources and enzymatic antioxidants in the inflammatory process. I will present evidence on the involvement of oxidant and antioxidant processes in IBD, based as much as possible, on my experiences with GPXs. This will be about both the immune system and local bowel oxidant and antioxidant systems. As GPXs are generally selenium-dependent, possible deficiencies in selenium uptake in active IBD and the impact on GPX expression is explored. The more recently introduced ferroptosis, an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation based pathological process, will be reviewed for its possible involvement in IBD.

Abstract:

Background/Objective; In-vivo diabetes detection of glucose were sought using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW), with bismuth-immobilized carbon nanotube paste electrode (BCE). Methods:The optimum analytical results indicated sensitive peak signals on the BCE. The raw voltammogram was approached within the 1mgL-1-14mgL-1 and 10ugL-1-140 ugL-1, detection limits with preconcentration times of 100 and 200 sec. Results:The relative standard deviation was 0.02 % (n=15) of 10.0 mgL-1 under optimum conditions. The analytical detection limit (S/N) was attained at 8 ugL-1. The handmade microsensor was directly used in vivo on the living fish brain and human urine. Conclusion: The method was applied at real time in vivo, without requiring any pretreatment and other ionic electrolyte solutions. It can be used for medicinal and other materials requiring biological-fluid detection in real time. This study was designed to be suitable for real-time unmanned remote diagnosis and therapeutic drug injection into the body, micro-needle long-term administration, wearable artificial skin tattoo sensor, and real-time control. In addition, the glasses monitor was designed to be suitable for multitasking and multi-user control.

Abstract: VE-cadherin (VE-cad) membrane stability and localization regulates adhesion formation and actin cytoskeleton dynamics in angiogenesis and vascular remodeling and requires the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, Syndecan-4 (Sdc4). This study characterizes the interactions of the heparin receptor, Transmembrane protein-184A (TMEM184A), and Sdc4 in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAOECs) and the regenerating Zebrafish (ZF) caudal fin and measures the effect of siRNA TMEM184A KD (siTMEM) and TMEM184A overexpression (TMEM OE) on VE-cad levels and localization in confluent and sub-confluent cultured BAOECs. Additionally, we examined the effect of siTMEM on key Rab GTPase trafficking regulators and migrating BAOECs in scratch wound healing assays. We demonstrated that TMEM184A and Sdc4 colocalize in BAOECs and that Sdc4 pulls down TMEM184A in cell lysate, while both Tmem184a and Sdc4 cooperate synergistically in ZF fin angiogenic and tissue repair. We also showed that siTMEM decreases VE-cad membrane and cytoplasmic levels, while increasing scratch wound migration rates. Whereas TMEM OE cells show increased vesicle formation and VE-cad trafficking and membrane recovery. These findings characterize TMEM184A-Sdc4 cooperation in angiogenesis and indicate a dual function of TMEM184A in signaling and trafficking in vascular cells that promotes VE-cad recovery and membrane localization.

Abstract: Atherosclerosis is accompanied by inflammation that underlies cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its vascular manifestations, including acute stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral artery disease, the leading causes of morbidity/mortality worldwide. The monolayer of endothelial cells formed on the luminal surface of arteries and veins regulates the vascular tone and permeability, which supports the vascular homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction, the first step in the development of atherosclerosis, is caused by mechanical and biochemical factors which disrupt vascular home-ostasis and induce inflammation. Together with increased plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, infectious microorganisms, and genetic factors, epidemiological studies established that dysregulated metabolism of homocysteine (Hcy) causing hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with CVD. Patients with severe HHcy exhibit severe CVD and die prematurely due to vascular complications. Biochemically, HHcy is characterized by elevated levels of Hcy and related metabolites such as Hcy-thiolactone, and N-Hcy-protein, seen in genetic and nutritional deficiencies in Hcy metabolism in humans and animals. The only known source of Hcy in humans is methionine released in the gut from dietary protein. Hcy is generated from S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) and metabolized to cystathionine by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and to Hcy-thiolactone by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Hcy-thiolactone, a chemically reactive thioester, modifies protein lysine residues generating N-homocysteinylated (N-Hcy)-protein. N-Hcy-proteins lose their normal native function, and become cytotoxic, auto-immunogenic, proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and proatherogenic. Accumulating evidence, discussed in this review, shows that these Hcy metabolites can promote endothelial dysfunction, CVD and stroke in humans by inducing pro-atherogenic changes in gene expression, upregulating mTOR signaling, and inhibiting autophagy through epigenetic mechanisms involving specific mi-croRNAs, histone demethylase PHF8, and methylated histone H4K20me1. Clinical studies, also discussed in this review, show that cystathionine and Hcy-thiolactone are associated with myo-cardial infarction and ischemic stroke by influencing blood clotting. These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, CVD, and stroke, and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Abstract: Alginate hydrogels are integral of many cell-based models in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As a natural biomaterial, the properties of alginates can vary and be widely adjusted through the gelation process, making them versatile additives or bulk materials for scaffolds, microcarriers or encapsulation matrices in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The requirements for alginates used in biomedical applications differ significantly from those for technical applications. Particularly, the generation of novel niches for stem cells requires reliable and predictable properties of the resulting hydrogel. Ultra-high viscosity (UHV) alginates possess alginates with special physicochemical properties, and thus far, numerical simulations for the gelation process are currently lacking but highly relevant for future designs of stem cell niches and cell-based models. In this article, the gelation of UHV alginates is studied using a microscopic approach for disc- and sphere-shaped hydrogels. Based on the collected data, a multiphase continuum model was implemented to describe the cross-linking process of UHV alginate polysaccharides. The model utilizes four coupled kinetic equations based on mixture theory, which are solved using finite element software. A good agreement between simulation results and experimental data was found, establishing a foundation for future refinements in the development of an interactive tool for cell biologists and material scientists.

Abstract: Vitamin D (VD) plays a crucial role in age-related diseases, and its influence on cellular senescence (CS) could help clarify its function in aging. Considering VD’s pleiotropic effects and the heterogeneity of CS, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to explore these dynamics across multiple tissues. We analyzed three murine tissue datasets (bone, prostate, and skin) obtained from public repositories, enriching for senescent gene signatures. We then inferred gene regulatory networks (GRNs) at the tissue and cell-type levels and performed two cell communication analyses: one for senescent cells and another for interactions between senescent and non-senescent cells. VD supplementation significantly decreased senescence scores in the skin (p = 3.96e-134) and prostate (p = 1.56e-34). GRN analysis in the prostate revealed an altered macrophage-fibroblast regulatory relationship. In bone, distinct aging-related modules emerged for different bone lineages. In skin, contrary differentiation patterns between suprabasal and basal cells were observed. The main VD-modulated pathways were involved in inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, protein metabolism, and translation. VD reduced fibroblast-macrophage interactions in the prostate and skin but increased overall cellular crosstalk in bone. Our findings demonstrate that VD alleviates CS burden across tissues by modulating inflammation and metabolic processes and promoting differentiation. Key aging-related genes modulated by VD were linked to anabolism and cellular differentiation, suggesting VD’s potential for therapeutic interventions targeting age-related diseases.

Abstract:

Primary parasitism, endoparasite could be solitary and gregarious, as so ectoparasitic. Ectoparasites could be hyperparasitoid, superparasite, then those are: 1) polymorphic, panmictic populations; from beginning: wasps Dinarmus acutus (Chalc.: Pteromalidae) (called Oedaulae sp. at 2006 when study begun) and Eupelmus urosonus as well as Eupelmus vesicularis (Chalc.: Eupelmidae). 2) further reduction of gene flow between host races until the diverging populations, sympatric and panmictic. The prey-larvae system. These are the ones that make the final circle, the smallest: family: Eulophids (Tetrastichus sp. and Aprostocetus sp.). That would be: i) Larvae of seed beetle in the Legume pod ii) Pteromalid or Eupelmids- primary ones iii) On theirs’s larvae there’s hyper and supers: Eurytomid and Braconid. iv) Theirs solitary ecto’s are one of those: Tetrastichus sp. and Aprostocetus sp.; they are also like other pairs almost symbionts, when you look at some circumstances: Adults leave seed-pods in the same decades, March and April, in the spring, and September-October-November, in the fall. So, Eurytomidae: Chalcids are not herbivores, like superparasitoids (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) – all circle is made of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary - 4+1 = 2+2+1= 5 (five ranges of parasitoids in eco-niches). But nothing is sure as an event which is not obligatory in these systems.

Abstract: Non-pathogenic natural and recombinant strains of human Enteroviruses are the subject of ongoing study, with some strains having been approved for use as anticancer agents. The efficacy of on-colytic virotherapy is dependent upon the identification of the receptor utilized by a specific strain for cell entry and the presence of this receptor on the surface of cancer cells. Accordingly, a rapid and straightforward approach for determining the enteroviral receptors is necessary for the de-velopment of effective patient-specific virus-based cancer therapy. To this end, we created a panel of seven lines with double knockouts on the background of the HEK293T cell line, which lacks the IFNAR1 gene. In these lines, the main viral receptor genes, including PVR, CXADR, CD55, ITGA2, SCARB2, ICAM1, and FCGRT, were knocked out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. A panel of lines was validated on a set of 12 Enteroviruses, providing a basis for studying the molecular mechanisms of enterovirus entry into cells and developing new therapeutic strains.

Abstract:

The article reviews the literature on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that exhibit unique antimicrobial mechanisms, such as broad-spectrum activity, low development of antimicrobial resistance, and the ability to modulate the immune response of the host organism. Information is provided on the significant potential of AMPs in the fight against pathogens threatening human health and food safety. Enrichment of the human diet with biologically active peptides obtained using the proteolytic activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is proposed as a simple, accessible, and viable alternative to antibiotics that does not have a harmful side effect. The review briefly covers the methods for obtaining AMPs and features of the LAB proteolytic system responsible for producing bioactive peptides in the environment. It has been shown that using various LAB strains makes it possible to produce high-quality whey-based beverages with different directions of antagonistic activity against opportunistic pathogens and helps optimize the gastrointestinal microbiota. It is assumed that such drinks can reduce the dose of antimicrobials in combined therapy of various infectious diseases and be a preventive measure against contagion and the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract: In recent years there has been a resurgent interest in plant products as substitutes for animal-derived food products, in which legumes, including pea, feature highly. Here, we report on a set of Pisum sativum L. (pea) near-isolines, comprising 24 unique mutants at five loci, where the impact of the mutations on the corresponding enzymes of the starch pathway confer a wrinkled-seeded phenotype. Together with a set of round-seeded mutants impacted at a sixth locus, all 27 mutants show variation for starch composition and protein content. The mutations have been mapped onto three-dimensional protein models to examine potential effects on the corresponding enzyme structures and their activities, and to guide targeted mutagenesis. The mutant lines represent a unique suite of alleles for rapid introduction into elite pea varieties to create new materials for the food and feed markets, and industrial applications.