The urban heat island effect (UHI) is among the major challenges of urban climate, which is continuously intensifying its impact on urban life and functioning. Against the backdrop of increasingly prolonged heatwaves observed in recent years, practical questions about adaptation measures in cities are growing - questions that traditional meteorological monitoring can hardly answer adequately. On the other hand, UHI has long been in focus of research interest, but due to the technological complexity of providing accurate spatially referenced data at high spatial resolution and the requirement to survey at strictly defined parts of the day, information provision is becoming a major challenge. This is one of the main reasons why UHI research results are less often used directly in urban spatial planning. However, advances in geospatial technologies, including unmanned aerial systems (UAS), are providing more and more reliable tools that can be applied to achieve better and higher quality information resources that adequately characterize the UHI phenomenon. This paper presents a developed and tested methodology for the rapid and efficient assessment and mapping of the effects of surface urban heat island (SUHI). It is entirely based on the integrated use of data from unmanned aerial systems (UAS)-based remote sensing methods, including thermal photogrammetry and GIS-based analysis methods. The study is following the understanding that correct SUHI research depends on a proper understanding of the urban geosystem its spatial and structural heterogeneity, as its functional systems, which in turn can only be achieved only by supporting the research process with accurate and reliable information resources. In this regard, the possibilities offered by the proposed methodological scheme for efficient geospatial registration of SUHI variations at the microscale, including the calculation of intra-urban SUHI intensity, are discussed in detail. The methodology builds on classical approaches for using Local Climate Zoning (LCZ), adding capabilities for precise delineation of individual zone types and for geostatistical characterization of the urban surface heat island (SUHI). Finally, the proposed scheme is based on state-of-the-art technological tools that provide flexible and automated capabilities to investigate the phenomenon at microscales, including by enabling flexible observation of its dynamics in terms of heat wave manifestation and evolution. Results are presented from a series of sequential tests conducted on the largest residential area in Bulgaria's capital city, Sofia, in terms of area and population, over a relatively long period from 2021 to 2024.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a complex additive manufacturing process that requires precise control of thermal conditions to ensure the quality and reliability of produced parts. The main challenge lies in accurately predicting the thermal behavior during SLM, which is influenced by rapid heating and cooling cycles, high thermal gradients, and temperature-dependent material properties. This study addresses this challenge by developing a comprehensive thermal model for the SLM process of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Abaqus. The model incorporates temperature-dependent material properties and phase transformations to simulate the temperature distribution and thermal history during SLM. To validate the model, experimental studies were conducted using custom-designed argon chambers and stainless-steel powder. The experimental results showed strong agreement with the simulated melt pool dimensions and thermal histories, confirming the model's accuracy. Key findings include the model's ability to predict the effects of varying processing parameters such as laser power and scanning speed on thermal behavior and melt pool characteristics. This validated model serves as a valuable tool for optimizing SLM processing parameters, enhancing the un-derstanding of thermal phenomena in additive manufacturing, and improving the quality and reliability of manufactured parts. Due to budget constraints, experimental validation was initially performed only on 316L SS. This approach allowed for the tuning of the finite element model before extending its application to Ti6Al4V. The successful validation with 316L SS provides a solid foundation for applying the model to more challenging materials like Ti6Al4V, ensuring cost-effectiveness and safety in initial experimentation. The novelty of this research lies in its detailed and validated thermal model, which bridges the gap between experimental and numerical approaches in SLM. By accurately simulating and validating the thermal processes involved in SLM, this study contributes to the advancement of additive manufacturing technologies and offers practical insights for industrial applications.

Globalization and industrialization have significantly disturbed the environmental ecosystem, leading to critical challenges such as global warming, extreme weather events, and water scarcity. Forecasting temperature trends is crucial for enhancing the resilience and quality of life in smart sustainable cities, enabling informed decision-making and proactive urban planning. This research specifically targets Ahmedabad city in India and employs the Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous factors (SARIMAX) model to forecast temperatures over a ten-year horizon using two decades of real-time temperature data. The stationarity of the dataset was confirmed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) method helped identify the optimal seasonal parameters of the model, ensuring a balance between fidelity and predictive accuracy. The model achieved an RMSE of 1.0265, indicating high accuracy within the typical range for urban temperature forecasting. This robust measure of error underscores the model’s precision in predicting temperature deviations, which is particularly relevant for urban planning and environmental management. The findings provide city planners and policymakers with valuable insights and tools for preempting adverse environmental impacts, marking a significant step towards operational efficiency and enhanced governance in future smart urban ecosystems. Future work may extend the model's applicability to broader geographical areas and incorporate additional environmental variables to refine predictive accuracy further.

The results of numerical experiments with the chemistry-climate model of the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Russian State Hydro-Meteorological University (INM-RSHU CCM) in comparison with the MERRA2 reanalysis data are presented. To assess the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on stratospheric processes and the ozone layer, numerical experiments were carried out for scenarios corresponding to the El Niño and La Niña Southern Oscillation phases. It is shown that the El Niño phase contributes to the enhancement of heat and mass transfer to the polar stratosphere, which strengthen the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the flux of wave activity that affect the zonal wind. As a result, during El Niño, the probability of sudden stratospheric warming increases and the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) weakens, re-sulting in an increase in total polar stratospheric ozone. The La Niña phase, on the contrary, is accompanied by a weakening of heat and mass transfer from the troposphere to the stratosphere, as a result of which the stratospheric polar vortex strengthens and the total column ozone decreases. It is shown that the effect associated with the Southern Oscillation is more pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Numerical experiments were also carried out for scenarios in which the sea surface temperature was set corresponding to the early 1980s, and the results were compared with calculations in which the SST was set corresponding to the late 2010s. This allowed us to assess the influence of the multiyear trend in the SST increase on stra-tospheric processes and the ozone layer. It was shown that the SST increase is most pronounced in the Arctic, which corresponds to the phenomenon of "Arctic amplification", and therefore, the heat and mass transfer to the stratosphere increases in the Northern Hemisphere, which contributes to some weakening of the SPV and increase of the total column ozone. But, compared to the Southern Oscillation, the influence of the SST trend on the SPV and total column ozone is much weaker and is observed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.

In the implementation of thermal enhanced oil recovery (TEOR) techniques, the temperature impact on relative permeability in oil - water systems is of special concern. Hence, developing a fast and reliable tool to model the temperature effect on two-phase oil - water relative permeability is still a major challenge for precise studying and evaluation of TEOR processes. To reach the goal of this work, two promising soft-computing algorithms, namely Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) were employed to develop reliable, accurate, simple and quick to use paradigms to predict the temperature dependency of relative permeability in oil - water systems (K_rw and K_ro). To do so, a large database encompassing wide-ranging temperatures and fluids/rock parameters, including oil and water viscosities, absolute permeability and water saturation, was considered to establish these correlations. Statistical results and graphical analyses disclosed the high degree of accuracy for the proposed correlations in emulating the experimental results. In addition, GEP based correlations were found to be the most consistent with root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.0284 and 0.0636 for K_rw and K_ro, respectively. Lastly, the comparison of the performances of our correlations against those of the preexisting ones indicated the large superiority of the introduced correlations compared to previously published methods. The findings of this study can help for better understanding and studying the temperature dependency of oil - water relative permeability in thermal enhanced oil recovery processes.

Experiments to measure a single molecule/particle, i.e. an individual molecule/particle, at room temperature or under physiological conditions without immobilization, for example on a surface, or without significant hydrodynamic flow have so far failed. This failure has given impetus to the underlying theory of Brownian molecular motion towards its stochastics due to diffusion. Quantifying the thermodynamic jitter of molecules/particles inspires many and forms the theoretical basis of single-molecule/single-particle biophysics and biochemistry. For the first time, our simulation results for a live cell (cytoplasm) show that the tracks of individual single molecules are localized in Brownian motion, while there is fanning out in fractal diffusion (anomalous diffusion).

Large values and gradients of stresses and deformations, triggering concentrations of stresses and deformations, arise in the corner areas of a structure. The action of forced deformations, leading to the finite rupture of the contact between the elements of a structure, also triggers the concentration of stresses, while the rupture reaches an irregular point, a line on the area boundary. The theoretical analysis of the stress-strain state (SSS) of areas with angular cutouts in the boundary under the action of discontinuous forced deformations is reduced to the study of singular solutions to the homogeneous problem of the elasticity theory that has power-related features. The calculation of stress concentration coefficients in the domain of a singular solution to the elastic problem makes no sense. It is experimentally proven that the zone, that is close to the vertex of the angular cutout in the area boundary, has substantial deformations, rotations, and it corresponds to rising values of the first and second derivatives of displacements along the radius in cases of sufficiently small radii in the neighbourhood of the irregular point of the boundary. For such areas, it is necessary to consider the plane problem of the elasticity theory, taking into account the geometric nonlinearity under the action of forced deformations. This will allow analyzing the effect of relations between orders of values of deformations, rotations, and forced deformations on the form of the equation of equilibrium. The purpose of this work is to analyze the effect of relations of deformation orders, rotations, forced deformations on the form of the equilibrium equation in the polar coordinate system for a V-shaped area under the action of forced temperature-induced deformations with regard for the geometrical non-linearity and physical linearity.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) with periodic outbreaks of cold sores caused by virus reactivation in the TG and subsequent replication in the oral mucosa. While antiviral therapies can provide relief from cold sores, they are unable to eliminate HSV-1. We provide experimental results that highlight non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a new alternative therapy for HSV-1 infection that would resolve cold sores faster and reduce the establishment of latent infection in the TG. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the use of NTP as a therapy that can both treat and prevent human viral infections. We investigated the antiviral effect of NTP using an in vitro model for HSV-1 cold sores, involving the application of NTP from two separate devices to cell-free HSV-1, HSV-1-infected cells, and uninfected cells. We found NTP reduced the infectivity of cell-free HSV-1, reduced viral replication in HSV-1-infected cells, and diminished the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HSV-1 infection. This triad of antiviral mechanisms of action suggest the potential of NTP as a therapeutic agent effective against HSV-1 infection.

This paper studies the evaporative heat transfer characteristics of R744 at low temperatures in a horizontal smooth tube as a cascade refrigeration system (CRS) among hybrid cascade refrigeration systems (HCRSs). There is a lack of research on the low-temperature evaporative heat transfer characteristics of R744 under the operating conditions of evaporators used in actual CRSs used in supermarkets. Therefore, this study aims to provide basic data on the evaporative heat transfer characteristics of R744 in the evaporators of refrigerators used in supermarkets. The tube used in the evaporation experiment conducted herein was a smooth horizontal copper tube with an inner diameter and length of 11.46 mm and 8000 mm, respectively. The experimental pa-rameters were as follows: heat fluxes of 12–21.5 kW/m2, mass fluxes of 75–225 kg/(m2·s), and saturation temperatures of −50–−30 °C. The main results are summarized as follows. (1) When designing the R744 evaporator, the mass and heat fluxes must be maximized within the operating conditions, and the saturation temperature must be designed to be as low as possible. (2) The evaporative heat transfer coefficient of R744 can be predicted well by using the correlation formula of Chen at the evaporation temperature of −40 °C in the CRS.

Melting phase relations of the diamond-forming system olivine (Ol) – jadeite (Jd) – diopside (Di) – (Mg, Fe, Ca, Na)-carbonates (Carb*) – (C-O-H-fluid) are studied in experiments at 6.0 GPa in the polythermal section Ol74Carb*18.5(C-O-H)7.5 - Omp74Carb*18.5(C-O-H)7.5, where Ol = Fo80Fa20, Omp (omphacite) = Jd62Di38 and Carb* = (MgCO3)25(FeCO3)25(CaCO3)25(Na2CO3)25. Peritectic reaction of olivine and jadeite-bearing melt with formation of garnet has been determined as a physico-chemical mechanism of ultrabasiс-basiс evolution of the diamond-forming system. In the process CO2-component of the supercritical C-O-H-fluid can react with silicate components to form additional carbonates of Mg, Fe, Ca and Na. Solidus temperature of the diamond-forming system is depressed to 1000-1020°C by joint effect of the H2O-fluid and carbonate constituents thereof. The experimentally recognized peritectic mechanism of ultrabasiс-basiс evolution of the diamond-forming system explains the origin of the associated paragenetic inclusions of peridotite and eclogite minerals in diamonds as well as the xenoliths of diamond-bearing peridotites and eclogites of the kimberlitic deposits of diamond. The diamond-forming systems have formed with the use of material of the upper mantle native peridotite rocks. In this case the capacity of the rocks to run the peritectic reaction of olivine was transmitted with silicate components to the diamond-forming systems.

The effects of photon inertia on the determination of its trajectory were verified and the representation of a displacement mass characterized by the flow of the number of wavefronts and the decomposition of photon inertia into parts associated with translation and rotation motions was considered. It was found that with the relativistic increase of the photon's resistance to change its directional properties, it inhibits the relativistic trajectory of the second torque, of Minkowski, in an angular range of incidence. After synchronizations, in the OAM inversions, there are reductions of the inertia associated to the translational part that assumes classical predominance, where the relativistic trajectory is allowed while the photon offers less resistance to changes in its directional properties. The classical-relativistic variability of the photon inertia characterizes the classical or relativistic profile of the energy distribution in forms of motion, where adjustments of the rotational and translational parts can be performed as a function of the refractive index rate, temperature and angle of incidence. It was found that with increasing temperature of the refringent medium, the synchronizations displacement in the sense of the normal incidence. A specific vacuum temperature for the refringent medium was characterized, where the photon exhibits a classical-relativistic synchronization under all angles of incidence, characteristic of its immaterial state in vacuum.

Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several studies have examined the possibility of correlating the virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, to the climatic conditions of the involved sites; however, inconclusive results have been generally obtained. Although either air temperature or humidity cannot be independently correlated with virus viability, a strong relationship between SARS-CoV-2 virulence and the specific enthalpy of moist air appears to exist, as confirmed by extensive data analysis. Given this framework, the present study involves a detailed investigation based on the first 20–30 days of the epidemic before public health interventions in 30 selected Italian provinces with rather different climates, here assumed as being representative of what happened in the country from North to South, of the relationship between COVID-19 distributions and the climatic conditions recorded at each site before the pandemic outbreak. Accordingly, a correlating equation between the incidence rate of the pandemic and the average specific enthalpy of atmospheric air was developed, and an enthalpy-based seasonal virulence risk scale was proposed as a tool to predict the potential danger of COVID-19 spread due to the persistence of weather conditions favorable to SARS-CoV-2 viability. For practical applications, a conclusive risk chart expressed in terms of coupled temperatures and relative humidity (RH) values was provided, showing that safer conditions occur in case of higher RH at the highest temperatures, and of lower RH at the lowest temperatures. The proposed risk scale was in agreement with the available infectivity data in the literature for a number of cities around the world.

High temperature (HT) geothermal wells can provide green power 24h a day 7 days a week. Harsh environmental and operational conditions, long-term durability requirements of such wells require special cementitious composites for well construction. This paper reports a comprehensive assessment of geothermal cement composites in cyclic pressure function laboratory tests, field exposures in an HT geothermal well (300-350oC) as well as a numerical model to complement the experimental results. Performances of calcium-aluminate-cement (CAC)-based composites and calcium free cement were compared against reference Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)/silica blend. The stability and degradation of the tested materials was characterized by crystalline composition, thermo-gravimetric, and elemental analyses, morphological studies, water-fillable porosity, and mechanical properties measurements. All CAC-based formulations outperformed the reference blend both in the function and exposure tests. The reference OPC/silica lost its mechanical properties during the 9-month well exposure through extensive HT carbonation, while properties of the CAC-based blends improved over that period. The Modified Cam-Clay (MCC) plasticity parameters of several HT cement formulations were extracted from triaxial and Brazilian tests and verified against the experimental results of function cyclic tests. These parameters can be used in well integrity models to predict field-scale behavior of the cement sheath under geothermal well conditions.

Cloth wearing seems so natural that everyone is self-deemed knowledgeable and has some expert opinions about it. However to clearly explain the physics involved, and hence to make predictions for clothing design or selection, turns out as demonstrated below to be quite challenging even for experts. Cloth is a multiphased, porous and anisotropic material system and usually in multilayers. Unlike ordinary engineering heat transfer problems, the human body acts as an internal heat source in a clothing situation, thus forming a temperature gradient between body and ambient, and the sign of this gradient often changes as the ambient temperature varies. Our body also perspires and the sweat evaporates, an effective body cooling process via phase change. To bring all the variables into analysis quickly escalates into a formidable task. This work attempts to unravel the problem from a physics perspective, focusing on several rarely noticed yet critically important mechanisms involved so as to offer a clear and accurate depiction of the principles in clothing thermal comfort.

Noninvasive in-situ monitoring of viscoelastic characteristics of corneal tissue at elevated temperatures are pivotal for mechanical property-informed refractive surgery techniques, including thermokeratoplasty and photorefractive keratectomy, requiring precise thermal modifications of the corneal structure during these surgical procedures. This study harnesses Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy as a biosensing platform to non-invasively probe the viscoelastic properties of ovine corneas across a temperature range of 25 - 70°C. By submerging the tissue samples in silicone oil, consistent hydration is maintained, allowing for their accurate sensing of temperature-dependent mechanical behaviors. We identify significant phase transitions in the corneal tissue, particularly beyond 40°C, likely due to collagen unfolding, marking the beginning of thermal destabilization. A subsequent transition, observed beyond 60°C, correlates with collagen denaturation. These phase transformations highlight the cornea's sensitivity to both physiologically reversible and irreversible viscoelastic changes induced by mild to high temperatures. Our findings underscore the potential of Brillouin biosensing technique for real-time diagnostics of corneal biomechanics during refractive surgeries to attain optimized therapeutic outcomes.

A simple line of reasoning, based on the most fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, yields some intriguing results for a better understanding of the processes occurring in the observable Universe. Gravitational mass must be continuously generated within an expanding thermodynamic system for this system to remain closed. The Second Law is a direct consequence of this production of mass. Simple expressions for the entropy and temperature of the Universe were obtained and the results agree well with observable values. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the conservation laws within the Universe are independent of its energy density. Based on the solution for the quantum state of the Universe, it is conjectured that the Second Law is incomplete and must be complemented to a conservation law, which takes into account the growth of the amount of information within the Universe. Once the Second Law is complemented to a conservation law, the importance of mass generation within the Universe becomes well pronounced – not only gravitational effects play the role of an organising force, but also the amount of mass within the Universe defines both the amount of information within the Universe and the level of the Universe’s complexity.

In regions with low-temperature action transverse cracks can appear in asphalt pavements as a result of thermal stresses that exceed the fracture strength of materials used in asphalt layers. To better understand thermal cracking phenomenon, strength properties of different asphalt mixtures were investigated. Four test methods were used to assess the influence of bitumen type and mixture composition on tensile strength properties of asphalt mixtures: tensile strength using the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) and the Uniaxial Tension Stress Test (UTST), flexural strength using the Bending Beam Test (BBT) and fracture toughness using the Semi-Circular Bending Test (SCB). The strength reserve behavior of tested asphalt mixtures was assessed as well. The influence of cooling rate on strength reserve was investigated and correlations between results from different test methods were also analyzed and discussed. It was observed that the type of bitumen is a factor of crucial importance to low-temperature properties of the tested asphalt concretes. This conclusion was proved by all test methods that were used. It was also observed that the level of cooling rate influences the strength reserve and, in consequence, resistance to low-temperature cracking. It was concluded that reasonably good correlations were observed between strength results for the UTST, BBT and SCB test methods.

Most astrophysicists today believe that the present universe was produced in a big bang. This article explores the big cycle of matter and energy in the universe, with the big bang as an important part of the cycle.The authors approve of the idea that the universe is gravitationally closed. That is, its average density is higher than the critical value. All the matter and radiation cannot fly out the closed universe.The 3k background radiation is a vast heat ocean in the closed universe, stable and eternal. It is not the afterglow of the thermal radiation of the decoupled fire ball, 380,000 years after the big bang, as many people believed so far. The big bang and the following big expansion drove the matter of more than 2×10¹² galaxies to the remote space. Their potential energies become higher and higher, while their huge kinetic energies that they derived from the big bang become smaller and smaller until drop down to zero. The galaxies will then return back one after another, passing the central region of the universe with tremendously great kinetic energies. They of course cannot all return back directly to their start point of the big bang and restore to the state of the original cosmic core. They will rush to pass the central region and fly to the other sides of the universe, and shuttle around the central part ceaselessly. From the big bang to the following expansion, to the numerous galaxies, to the more than 2×10²³ stars, and to the stars releasing huge nuclear energy due to their internal nuclear fusion each for about 10¹⁰ years, all these enormous processes are irreversible, resulting in enormous increase in entropy. These processes produce large amount of light and other radiations and pour them into the extremely vast heat ocean. These light and other radiations will also be shuttling ceaselessly in the vast heat ocean until, by their interaction with the rare dusts in the galaxies, they mingle into the 3K thermal radiation of the heat ocean. In all the galaxies, there are various black holes. Every black hole, since its birth, ceaselessly extracts the matter and radiation that approach it, and gets larger. In the above mentioned shuttling of all the galaxies, numerous stars and black holes in these galaxies have many chances to approach even meet each other. A black hole can annex other celestial bodies that it meets, including annex other black holes. All these processes carry on and on ceaselessly, resulting in the matter of these celestial bodies to concentrate again and again. The number of all the celestial bodies including the black holes reduces ceaselessly, and the mass of the survived black holes become larger, and their shuttling amplitudes become shorter. The larger black holes and the shorter amplitudes result in the rate of concentration of mass to be faster. Eventually, all the matter in the universe will be concentrated to form a tremendously large central black hole. The central black hole has an astonishingly large Schwarzschild sphere, absorbing the thermal radiation from the vast heat ocean very rapidly and ceaselessly until some threshold value of its internal energy is exceeded, and a new big bang breaks out. The black holes provide a way in the Universe to re-concentrate matter and energy again. Black holes are Maxwell’s demons in the Nature.

The formation and propagation of cracks occurs through irreversible dislocation movements at notches, material defects and grain boundaries. Since this process is partly thermally controlled, the resistance to dislocation movements at low temperatures increases. This slows both fatigue initiation and fatigue crack propagation. From recent experimental data, it can be seen that fatigue crack growth is accelerated below the fatigue transition temperature (FTT) that correlates with the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) found by well-known fracture mechanics tests, i.e., Charpy impact, fracture toughness, and CTOD. Hence, this study investigates the relation between FTT and DBTT in S500 high-strength steel base material and welded joints at low temperatures using fatigue crack growth, fracture toughness tests as well as scanning electron microscopy. From the tests, an almost constant decrease in fatigue crack propagation rate is determined with decreasing test temperature even below the DBTT.

This article explores the intersection of innovative leadership and climate change, aiming to provide outstanding contributions to the existing body of knowledge in this field. The article identifies the critical role of innovative leadership in driving sustainable solutions and strategies for addressing climate change. It examines the defining characteristics and behaviors of innovative leaders and explores how their transformative leadership approaches can create a positive impact on climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. The article also highlights the importance of fostering innovation within organizations and societies to tackle the complex challenges posed by climate change. Through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and case studies, this article presents novel insights, theoretical frameworks, and practical implications for policymakers, organizations, and individuals involved in climate change leadership.

This paper explores the Wilsonian renormalization group of probe-D-branes, focusing on the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action. The analysis involves deriving the constant of motion and formulating the Wilsonian renormalization group equation. The study extends to the infrared regime, considering both zero and non-zero temperatures. Additionally, thermodynamic aspects related to the functional form of the grand potential are discussed. The investigation provides insights into the renormalization of probe-D-branes and their thermodynamic properties.

This work is a physical review, with elements of additions and thinning, on the methods of theoretical studies of nonlinear electrophysical phenomena in crystals with ion-molecular chemical bonds (CIMB). Crystals of this class include ionic dielectrics (characterized by high ionic conductivity), layered crystals, a special case of which are hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC), defined as proton semiconductors and dielectrics (PSD).A scientific review (comparative analysis and justification of various approximations) was carried out on the methods of constructing and solving a generalized quasi-classical kinetic equation describing the mechanism of nonlinear relaxation polarization and conductivity processes in dielectric materials with ion-molecular chemical bonds (a special case is hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC)) in a wide temperature range (1-1550 K) and polarizing field strengths (0.1-1000 V/m) at alternating field frequencies of the order of 1 kHz - 1000 MHz. The most important variant of the equations of the kinetic theory of dielectric relaxation in this work is the generalized non-linear by polarizing field quasi-classical kinetic equation of ionic (in HBC, proton) relaxation, based on the particle number balance equation (conductivity ions) in potential wells and having (in these models) the meaning of the ion current continuity equation (in HBC, protons), solved by the method of successive approximations by decomposition into infinite power series by degrees of a small dimensionless comparison parameter. It was found that in the area of ​ ​ weak fields (0.1-1 MW/m) at temperatures T = 50 - 550 K, for a number of ionic dielectrics (including HBC and similar dielectric properties and lattice structure) the generalized quasi-classical kinetic equation transforms to the linearized Fokker – Planck equation and, in the region of low (50-100K) and higher temperatures (250-550 K) begin to manifest non-linear polarization effects due to respectively proton tunneling (in the case of HBC) and volume charge relaxation (in the case of the HBC and for a wider class of ionic dielectrics). At ultra-low (1-10 K) temperatures in the region of weak fields (0.1-1 MW/m) and ultra-high temperatures (550-1550 K) in the region of strong fields (10-1000 MW/m), the contribution of this kind of effects to polarization is significantly enhanced. The effect of nonlinearities on relaxation times for microscopic acts of proton transitions across a potential barrier (assumed to be parabolic) is investigated. Nonlinear effects at volume-charge polarization in the hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC) in alternating electric field, in radio frequency range are investigated. From the solution of the system of nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations (macroscopic kinetic equation) and Poisson, with blocking electrodes, using Fourier series, a recurrent (convenient for use in any approximation of perturbation theory) expression is constructed for complex amplitudes of relaxation modes of volumetric charge. Complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) is calculated as a series decomposition over even frequency harmonics of a variable field. The effect of quantum proton transitions and polarizing field parameters (strength, frequency) on the nonlinear properties of proton semiconductors and dielectrics has been established.

This paper delves into the intricate nature of the different essence interactions that shape our perceived reality, leveraging a blend of existing empirical data and original experiments. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing quantum mechanics, general physics, metaphysics, philosophy, and spiritualism, it seeks to elucidate the fundamental interplays governing phenomena such as gravity, mass, electromagnetism, force, motion, and quantum mechanics. This exploration promises a reexamination and unification of these principles, offering novel perspectives on the extraordinary phenomena that underpin our reality. By comprehending and manipulating these interactions, the potential arises to orchestrate reality towards desired ends. This study not only unveils compelling avenues for scientific advancement but also proposes transformative technologies and concepts, including light-speed transportation, remote viewing, communication with the deceased, alchemy, and the realization of what is commonly perceived as magic. These visionary notions not only push the boundaries of current understanding but also provide a captivating glimpse into the future possibilities that may await humanity.