Abstract: In this paper, based on the novel generalized Hamilton-real (GHR) calculus, we propose for the first time a quaternion Nesterov’s accelerated projected gradient algorithm for computing the dominant eigenvalue and eigenvector of quaternion Hermitian matrices. By introducing momentum terms and look-ahead updates, the algorithm achieves a faster convergence rate. We theoretically prove the convergence of the quaternion Nesterov’s accelerated projected gradient algorithm. Numerical experiments show that the proposed method outperforms the quaternion projected gradient ascent method and the traditional algebraic methods in terms of computational accuracy and runtime efficiency.

Abstract: As the most potential new reflective display technology, electrowetting display (EWD) has the advantages of simple structure, fast response, high contrast and rich colors. However, due to the hysteresis effect, gray-scales of EWD cannot be accurately controlled, which seriously restricts the industrialization process of this technology. In this paper, the oil movement process in an EWD pixel cell was simulated, and the influence of oil viscosity on hysteresis effect was studied based on the proposed simulation model. Firstly, the cause of hysteresis effect was analyzed through hysteresis curve of EWD. Then, based on COMSOL Multiphysics simulation environment, the oil movement process in an EWD pixel cell was simulated by coupling the phase field of laminar two-phase flow and electrostatic field. Finally, based on the simulation model, the influence of oil viscosity on hysteresis effect in an EWD pixel cell was studied. The experimental results showed that the maximum hysteresis difference of hysteresis effect increased with the increase of oil viscosity, and decreased with the decrease of oil viscosity. The oil viscosity had little effect on the maximum aperture ratio of EWD. The pixel on response time and pixel off response time increased with the increase of oil viscosity.

Abstract: This work presents a mathematical framework formalizing philosophical insights about the cyclic nature of time and universal evolution. Drawing from ancient philosophical traditions and modern physical theories, we develop a quantum geometric approach that treats time as an active field shaping cosmic evolution. By employing a minisuperspace approximation incorporating temporal degrees of freedom, we demonstrate how this framework naturally explains dark energy through graviton propagation in temporal dimensions. Our approach maintains consistency with current observational constraints from DES Y3 and gravitational wave observations, while offering new insights into the quantum nature of spacetime. The theory makes specific predictions for next-generation experiments including Euclid, the Einstein Telescope, and pulsar timing arrays, providing multiple avenues for empirical verification of these fundamental ideas about the nature of time and reality.

Abstract: We present a reformulation of fundamental physics from an enumeration of independent axioms into the solution of a single optimization problem. Any experiment begins with an initial state preparation, involves some physical operation, and ends with a final measurement. Working from this structure, we maximize the entropy of a final measurement relative to its initial preparation subject to a measurement constraint. Solving this optimization problem for the natural constraint --the most permissive constraint compatible with said problem-- identifies an optimal physical theory. Rather than existing as a collection of postulates, quantum mechanics, general relativity, and the Standard Model gauge symmetries emerge within a unified theory. Notably, mathematical consistency further restricts valid solutions to 3+1 dimensions only. This reformulation reveals that the apparent complexity of modern physics, with its various forces, symmetries, and dimensional constraints, emerges as the solution to an optimization problem constructed over all experiments realizable within the constraint of nature.

Abstract: The experimental discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) nickelates La_n+1Ni_nO_3n+1 (n = 2, 3, 4) under pressure, as well as the observation of a state with zero resistance at T ~10 K in thin films of (La,Pr)_n+1Ni_nO_3n+1 (n = 2) at ambient pressure initiated a wide range of experimental and theoretical studies aimed at clarifying the nature of the occurrence of the superconducting state in RP nickelates. The upper critical field, B_c2(T), is one of two fundamental fields of any type II superconductor which can be used to extract some of the main parameters of a given superconductor. Recently, Peng et al (arXiv:2502.14410) reported in-plane, and out-of-plane temperature dependent upper critical field datasets measured at wide temperature ranges in La4Ni3O10-d single crystals pressurized at P = 48.6 GPa and P = 50.2 GPa. Here, the reported B_c2(T) data were analyzed, and it was found that the compressed nickelate La₄Ni₃O_10-δ exhibits two-band s-wave superconductivity. Derived parameters showed that both gaps are almost isotropic. The larger gap has a moderate level of coupling strength (with a gap-to-transition temperature ratio 3.7 < 2Δ_L/k_BT_c < 4.3). The smaller gap has the ratio of 1.0 < 2Δ_S/kBTc < 1.1. Deduced ratios are in the same ballpark as those in ambient pressure MgB₂.

Abstract:

This article began when icy balls that may be a new kind of star were observed in space. They seem to have the contradictory characteristic of being cold enough to have abundant ice, but also possess infrared emission like a hot star. The contradiction could be resolved using a mathematics called vector-tensor-scalar geometry which is based on a paper published by Albert Einstein. This geometry presents new ways of looking at formation of planets, stars, and black holes as well as the Higgs boson/field and every other subatomic particle. A Cosmological Entanglement that’s based on the Holographic Principle and is not dependent on temperatures near absolute zero or any experiments in laboratories is introduced. Spacetime-exploring “topological propulsion” and totally emission-free “topological manufacturing / transportation” are proposed as later developments of quantum entanglement being a fuel for car engines, fusion reactors, and possibly in the Sun and stars. Then the alternative of describing certain phenomena with either advanced / retarded waves or Complex (Real + Imaginary) numbers is presented. Chaos theory states there is hidden order in randomness and apparent disorder. This has implications for the way Brownian motion and quantum mechanics are viewed - possibly giving rise to the concept of quantum certainty or the principle of determinacy. Penultimately, the article looks at a) dark matter and dark energy as intimately related processes divorced from the concept of universal expansion (or contraction), b) space-time travel and planet Mercury’s precession in the light of the Riemann hypothesis, and c) coding waves. Finally are thoughts about the wavefunction of the unified multiverse / universe, origin of life, John Wheeler’s participatory universe, quantum computers, and imaginary computers. The epilogue applies this article’s perspective on the universe’s nature with a few more sentences on entanglement actually being a localised phenomenon - followed by a paragraph each about Artificial Intelligence, the cosmological constant problem where quantum field theories predict a value for the fundamental energy of space that is about 120 orders of magnitude too large, and the cosmic microwave background’s Hemispherical Power Asymmetry.

Abstract:

The wrong theory of impedance matching theory has dominated microwave absorption research for a long time because it was believed that the theory was supported by experimental reports over the years and transmission line theory which is fundamental in electromagnetism. Thus, when the correct wave mechanics theory for microwave absorption opposing impedance theory was recently developed, pointed out that the wrong theory involved a misunderstanding of transmission line theory, and in fact the published experimental data disproved the theory rather than supporting it, the wrong theory still dominates the field and material scientists are reluctant to acknowledge the new theory. Further evidence is demonstrated here that in contrast to impedance matching theory, the new wave mechanics theory rediscovers the real microwave absorption mechanism that had already been revealed by transmission line theory and now has been developed further with many new concepts. This work also reveals that theoretical research is important to correct the wrong conclusions obtained from experimental observations.

Abstract: Biosensor technologies in medicine, as in many other areas, are replacing labor-intensive methods of monitoring human health. In this paper, the results of experimental studies of label-free sensors based on hollow-core microstructured optical waveguide (HC-MOW) for human blood serum analysis obtained. The HC-MOWs with a hollow core of 247,5 µm in diameter were manufactured and used in our work. These parameters make it possible to fill the hollow core with high-viscosity solutions due to the capillary properties of the fiber waveguide. Calculations of the spectral properties of HC-MOW fiber were carried out and experimentally confirmed. 21 blood serum samples from volunteers were examined using standard photometry (commercial kits) and an experimental biosensor. The obtained transmission spectra were processed by the principal component analysis method and conclusions were drawn about the possibility of using this biosensor in point-of-care medicine. A significant difference was shown between the blood serum of patients with normal and abnormal blood levels. Algorithms for spectra processing using the Origin program are presented..

Abstract:

The dynamic behavior of heterogeneous materials, such as semiconductor materials, under impact loading is one of the experimental studies to improve the material properties. However, the non-uniformity of the material, such as grains and defects, is around 100 microns, which requires high-spatially resolved and high-dimensional measurement methods. In this paper, an area array fiber optic probe with 100-micron spatial resolution is designed, and the two-dimensional continuous measurement of the free surface velocity of heterogeneous materials is realized on the light gas gun platform with DISAR velocimetry technology. The dynamic behavior change process under different positions is obtained, which provides experimental data for the study of the impact response of polycrystalline materials.

Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract:

We present a novel approach to the dark sector phenomena in cosmology and astrophysics—the Cosmic Gravitational Field (CGF) theory. This framework introduces a gravity amplification field that enhances the standard gravitational interaction without requiring dark matter. We demonstrate that a simplified version of this theory, referred to as the Simple CGF model, successfully explains galaxy rotation curves while maintaining connections to cosmological acceleration. Using rotation curve data from 20 galaxies, we perform a comprehensive statistical comparison between the Simple CGF model and the standard ΛCDM paradigm. Our analysis shows that the Simple CGF model provides statistically comparable fits to ΛCDM, as quantified by the Akaike Information Criterion, while requiring fewer free parameters. These results suggest that the CGF approach offers a compelling alternative to the standard cosmological model, providing a unified explanation for phenomena traditionally attributed to both dark matter and dark energy, while maintaining consistency with fundamental physical principles.

Abstract: The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (abbreviated: SDGs) for the period 2015–2030 have now just passed the midterm, and thus, the efforts of scientists in this direction should be clearly visible. A bibliometric analysis of the papers enlisted in the Clarivate Web of Science (WoS) may enlighten the efforts by researchers in the field of superconductivity. To conduct such an analysis, there are new filters added to theWoS, which classify a given paper via the micro citation topics for the various SDGs. In this contribution, we present a thorough analysis of the field of superconductivity and its applications as well as the performance of selected authors. The results obtained point directly to a big problem the research on superconductivity is facing: The list of keywords to qualify for SDGs does not represent the field in a way it deserves as most of papers in the field of superconductivity carry the mico citation topic ”critical current density”, which is not recognized for the SDGs. This is especially visible when analysing individual authors, especially those working at companies in the field. Thus, it is obvious that there must be a change to give superconductivity the role within the SDGs it deserves.

Abstract: The Leggett-Garg inequalities (Phys. Rev. Lett., 1985) involving multi-time correlation functions are widely considered as the touchstone for what is defined as Macro-Realism of the physical world, which constitutes two main criteria: a) a macro-real system is in one of the possible definite discrete physical states at any given time, and b) the possibility of measurements without altering a physical state. There are continuing experimental investigations supposedly testing the consequences of macro-realism, reflected in the Leggett-Garg inequalities. I prove the surprising universal result that the Leggett-Garg inequalities are violated by all dynamical physical systems that respect fundamental conservation laws, and not merely by microscopic and macroscopic quantum systems. Hence, the inequalities are guaranteed to be violated by any conceivable physical system irrespective and independent of the covering theory. The Leggett-Garg inequalities have no place in the real world where ensemble-averaged expectation values and correlation functions bridge the probabilities of microscopic quantum mechanics and the conservation constraints of the macroscopic world.

Abstract: The meridian astrometry in the XVIII century was performed both in Rome on the Clementine Gnomon (1702, Francesco Bianchini) and in Bologna at the Heliometer in S. Petronio Basilica (1655, Giovan Domenico Cassini). These two pinhole-meridian lines are cornerstones in the his-tory of the solar astrometry. The “solar theory” is the celestial mechanics of the Earth’s orbit combined with the multiperiodical motions of the Earth’s axis; it must include the atmospheric refraction, from 20° to 67° of altitude, the lowest and the highest meridian altitude of the Sun in Bologna, which Cassini published in 1656. Dedicated observations realized at the Clementine gnomon between 2018 and 2025, in various meteorological conditions, contribute to the debate on the solar diameter during and after the Maunder minimum, recently based on the analysis of data collected by Eustachio Manfredi (1736) on the Cassini's meridian line since 1655. The stellar meridian transits, once observed in S. Maria degli Angeli, were ancillary data to the solar transits. Two decades before the discovery of stellar aberration in 1727, Francesco Bianchini measured its effect on the Polaris. A comparison between the meridian diameters measured by Bianchini in the winter solstices of 1701-2 and the ones of the present observational campaign 2018-25 is made to detect differences in the solar diameter from the end of Maunder minimum to the present maximum of solar cycle XXV. The first repetition of the stellar transits at the meridian line is presented.

Abstract: The role of the structure of matter in physics is considered. It is shown that it is impossible to construct an evolutionary picture of the world without taking into account the structure of matter. An explanation of how to construct the physics of evolution based on the equation of motion of a structured body is offered. An explanation of how this equation follows from the condition of invariance of the total energy represented by the sum of the energy of motion and the internal energy of the body is given. It is shown how a deterministic mechanism of irreversibility follows from this equation, as well as the infinite divisibility of matter. It is shown how taking into account the role of the structure of elements of matter in their dynamics leads to the elimination of the contradiction between mechanics, statistical physics and thermodynamics. An analysis of physical problems is carried out, for the solution of which it is necessary to take into account the structure of matter. In particular, it is considered how the condition of infinite divisibility of matter can be reflected in the interpretation of some provisions of quantum mechanics.

Abstract: The social organization of microorganisms has long been a fascinating and challenging subject in both biology and sociology. In these organisms, the role of the individual is far less dominant than that of the community, which functions as a superorganism. The coordination is achieved through a communication mechanism known as quorum sensing. When the community is healthy, quorum sensing enables it to regulate the development of potentially harmful individuals. This study employs an agent-based quorum sensing model to explore the relationship between metabolic functions and social behavior. It also examines how a polyculture responds to variations in the metabolic characteristics of its components. Finally, we identify a particularly stable condition in which the components cooperate to maximize the overall health of the colony. We refer to this state as resonance for life.

Abstract: Distinguishing galaxies as either fast or slow rotators plays a vital role in understanding the processes behind galaxy formation and evolution. Standard techniques, which are based on the λR-spin parameter obtained from stellar kinematics, frequently face difficulties to classify fast and slow rotators accurately. These challenges arise particularly in cases where galaxies have complex interaction histories or exhibit significant morphological diversity. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) on classifying galaxy rotation kinematics based on stellar kinematic maps from the SAMI survey. Our results show that the optimal CNN architecture achieves an accuracy and precision of approximately 91% and 95% on the test dataset, respectively. Subsequently, we apply our trained model to classify previously unknown rotator galaxies for which traditional statistical tools have been unable to determine whether they exhibit fast or slow rotation, such as certain irregular galaxies or those in dense clusters. We also used Integrated Gradients (IG) to reveal the crucial kinematic features that influenced the CNN’s classifications. This research highlights the power of CNNs to improve our comprehension of galaxy dynamics and emphasizes their potential to contribute to upcoming large-scale Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) surveys.

Abstract: Extended short-wave infrared (eSWIR) detectors operating at high temperatures are widely utilized in planetary science. A high-performance eSWIR based on pBin InAs/GaSb/AlSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) grown on a GaSb substrate was demonstrated. It achieves the optimization of the device's optoelectronic performance by adjusting the p-type doping concentration in the AlAs₀.₁Sb₀.₉/GaSb barrier. Experimental and TCAD simulation results demonstrate that both the device's dark current and responsivity grow as the doping concentration riseing. Here, the bulk dark current density and bulk differential resistance area was extracted to calculate the bulk detectivity for evaluating the photoelectric performance of the device. When the barrier concentration is 1×1017 cm-3, the bulk detectivity is 2.1×1011 cm•Hz1/2/W, which is 256% higher than the concentration of 2×1018 cm-3. Moreover, at 300K (-10 mV), the 100% cutoff wavelength of the device is 1.9 μm, the dark current density is 9.48×10-6 A/cm2, and the peak specific detectivity is 7.59×1010 cm•Hz1/2/W (at 1.6 μm). The eSWIR detectors with low operating bias and low dark current density hold promise for being developed into high-performance imagers.

Abstract: Consider one particle (which could be an atom, molecule, Brownian particle, etc.) in thermodynamic equilibrium with a heat reservoir at temperature T. This particle can be in a low-potential-energy well L whose energy floor is EL and whose degeneracy is GL or in a higher- (or at least equally high) potential-energy well H whose energy floor is EH and whose degeneracy is GH. L and H are separated by a barrier B, which the particle can traverse. The Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that the ratio of the probability of this particle being in H to that of it being in L, i.e., the equilibrium constant Keq corresponding to its dissemination between the two wells L and H, is in accordance with the Boltzmann (or canonical) distribution: Keq = (GH/GL)exp[−(EH – EL)/kT]. Given thermodynamic equilibrium this indeed always obtains if transits between L and H occur only via thermal excitation of our particle. But we show that despite thermodynamic equilibrium this does not obtain if transits between L and H occur both via thermal excitation and via tunneling. Implications concerning the Second Law of Thermodynamics are discussed. We then provide general remarks pertaining to catalysis versus epicatalysis, followed by concluding remarks.

Abstract: (1) Background: The accelerating universe’s mechanisms remain unresolved, prompting new cosmological frameworks beyond dark energy and static dark matter. (2) Methods: This paper redefines E=mc2 as E/m=d2/t2, introducing Energy-Mass, and derives its implications using Maxwell’s equations and the FLRW metric to model spacetime and expansion dynamics. (3) Results: A feedback loop drives variable, accelerating expansion as cold-mass, identified as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs; m2≈1.78×10−25 kg), absorbs CMB energy near Gp, creating spacetime detectable as cold spots (ΔT∼−70μK, m3∼1039 kg) and hot spots (ΔT∼+170μK, m3∼1036 kg), approaching E=0 equilibrium. (4) Conclusions: This framework links Energy-Mass to quantum properties, offering a testable alternative to prevailing cosmological models.