INTRODUCTION: While postmenopausal osteoporosis management evolved in recent years, it nonetheless remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Given that general practitioners are the keystone of patient screening and referral in France, the present study was conducted to assess their professional positioning in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: The present is a qualitative study based on semi-directed interviews, carried out between July 2020 and February 2021, with randomly chosen Alsatian general practitioners. Interviews were conducted until data saturation. Consolidated criteria for qualitative research reporting grid was used as well as Nvivo software to categorize the datas. RESULTS: Twenty-three general practitioners (GPs) were interviewed. Study participants recognized that the investigation and treatment of osteoporosis begins at a primary care level, typically with the GP. While some initiated screening by prescribing bone mineral density (BMD) assessments, only few prescribed the associated laboratory assessment and spinal X-rays in search of curable osteopathy or vertebral fracture. For those GPs who do take the opportunity to initiate treatments for patients, there is an understanding that first line options often include calcium and vitamin D, at a “preventive” level. The interviewed physicians interacted mainly with gynecologists and rheumatologists. Fracture liaison services were widely acclaimed. Several barriers were identified in their care management. The absence of a defined role between specialists and the lack of communication between the latter were an additional highlighted barrier. CONCLUSION: This study sheds further light on the discrepancy between the means available to treat osteoporosis, and the modest impact of the care observed.

Background: General Practitioners (GP) have an important role in the prevention of suicidal behavior. The purpose of this study was to explore their views and experiences of identifying and assessing suicidal ideation. Methods: Ten GPs were recruited through convenience sampling, based on accessibility, interest and willingness to participate. In-depth interviews were carried out and results transcribed ver-batim. Aspects of experiences with suicidal patients emerged through the thematic analyses process. Results: The GPs described the varied clinical picture when patients presented in their office. How they identified depressive symptoms apart from originally somatic complaints, formed a trusting relationship and addressed suicide ideation. They described customized interventions as well as obstacles and factors that facilitated communication: time, own personal traits, pa-tient’s disclosure and organizational barriers. Conclusions: The levels of the suicidal process among patients in general practice vary greatly. GPs adjust their appraisals to profundity understand and intervene in order to prevent a crisis to escalate into subsequent suicidal behavior.

Background/Objectives: Rehabilitation helps reduce disability in dementia. The Australian National Dementia Action Plan identifies a gap in clear treatment pathways post-diagnosis, affecting the quality of life for those with dementia. This study assessed the impact of a one-day dementia training course and follow-up on GPs' and practice nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and confidence regarding dementia rehabilitation. Methods: The training, led by two experienced GPs and an academic physiotherapist, covered dementia diagnosis, allied health roles, care planning, and referrals. The follow-up involved applying the learnt material and completing a reflective task. Three longitudinal surveys (Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale - DKAS, General Practitioners’ Attitudes and Confidence towards Dementia Survey - GPACS-D, and Dementia Rehabilitation Scale) and Likert-scale statements were conducted pre-course, post-course, and at 4-month follow-up, alongside a focus group. Descriptive and regression analyses were applied to survey data, and content analysis was used for focus group data. Results: Seventeen participants (14 GPs, 3 nurses) completed the pre-post course survey, with eight (6 GPs, 2 nurses) participating in follow-up and focus group discussions. Post-course, DKAS scores increased by 12.1%, GPACS-D by 10.1%, and the dementia rehabilitation scale by 9.4%. Likert-scale statements improved by 8-79%. At the four-month follow-up, there was a slight, non-significant decline in most measures. Focus groups highlighted the training’s impacts, useful components, barriers, and suggestions for improvement. Conclusion: Training GPs and practice nurses in dementia rehabilitation enhances knowledge, awareness, and confidence. Ongoing efforts are needed to sustain benefits and address referral barriers for better access to dementia rehabilitation services.

In Norway, 78% of publicly funded general practitioners (GPs) are self-employed, remunerated through a mix of capitation and fee-for-service, while 22 % are salaried. GPs register consultations and procedures using nationally standardized fees for health services, which allows for variations in earnings. Our study aims to examine whether high and low earning GPs also differ in their earnings per list patient and, if so, identify the specific fees that contribute to this difference. Additionally, we aim to compare practice characteristics between high and low earning GPs. We analyse national registry data from 2021 for all GPs with at least 100 working days (N=2546) and calculate annual earnings from capitation and fees. High earning GPs (upper quartile) have 55% more listed patients than low earning GPs (lower quartile), yet they earn 40% more from fees per patient (average €178 versus €127). Nearly half of the earnings difference per patient can be attributed to high earning GPs more frequently conducting consultations with patients. Still, patients of high earning GPs receive less minutes in consultations yearly (average 35 versus 38 min), due to high earners’ shorter consultation duration (average 15 versus 20 min). The remaining earning difference comes from higher utilization of procedure fees among high earners (average 5.6 versus 3.9 procedures per patient). Prolonged consultation, medication review, and talking therapy are some of the fees that contribute most to this difference. The findings highlight that considerable earning variations are linked to fee utilization and practice styles among GPs.

Remimazolam was derived from its parent compound by adding an ester linkage into its structure, so that the drug becomes a substrate for ester metabolism. As a result, it undergoes organ independent ester hydrolysis, although the clinical benefits in terms of shorter recovery are not uniformly observed in clinical practice. Remimazolam is mainly tested in procedural sedation. In comparison to propofol, the current gold standard for procedural sedation, its proposed attractiveness is shorter wake-up times and a clear-headed recovery Its clear advantage over propofol is better hemodynamic stability, lack of pain on injection and availability of a reversal agent in the form of flumazenil. Data on patient and proceduralist’s satisfaction are lacking. Remimazolam is also used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in Japan (where it is approved for this purpose). In this scenario, it is not clear if it can achieve the same degree of lack of recall as propofol. The use of remimazolam in obstetrics, pediatrics and in high-risk population is an emerging area.

In this paper, I investigate Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stabilities of the general quintic functional equation and the general sextic functional equation.

Blazars are a subclass of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) having relativistic jets aligned within a few degrees of our line-of-sight and form the majority of the AGN detected in the TeV regime. The Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) is a pair-conversion telescope, sensitive to photons having energies between 20 MeV-2 TeV, and is capable of scanning the entire gamma-ray sky every three hours. Despite the remarkable success of the Fermi mission, many questions still remain unanswered, such as the site of gamma-ray production and the emission mechanisms involved. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) is a high cadence all sky survey system optimized to be efficient for finding potentially dangerous asteroids, as well as in tracking and searching for highly variable and transient sources, such as AGN. In this study, we investigate possible correlations between the \textit{Fermi}-LAT observations in the 100 MeV-300 GeV energy band and the ATLAS optical data in the R-band, centered at 679 nm, for a sample of 18 TeV-detected northern blazars over 8 years of observations between 2015-2022. Under the assumption that the optical and gamma-ray flares are produced by the same outburst propagating down the jet, the strong correlations found for some sources suggest a single-zone leptonic model of emission.

Mental Health Care Users (MHCUs) are admitted in general wards with medical and surgical conditions where non-psychiatric nurses are allocated to render services for medical and surgical conditions. Non-psychiatric nurses are expected to care for MHCUs in general wards regardless of their knowledge and skills which is against the Mental Health Care Act. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the experiences of non-psychiatric nurses in car-ing for MHCUs admitted in general wards in Limpopo Province. Qualitative approach using explorative, descriptive, and contextual design was adopted for the study. Methodology included the setting, population, sampling, ethical con-siderations, and the measures to ensure trustworthiness. The study was conducted in four general hospitals of Limpopo Province, South Africa with mental health care wards, medical ward and surgical ward which were selected through simple random sampling. Semi structured Individual interviews were used to collect data from twenty professional nurses until data saturation. Data was analysed using Tesch’ s method. Ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. Themes that emerged after data analysis were: Managing MHCUs, Types of patient’s behaviour. The study concluded that professional nurses without psychiatry caring for MHCUs in general wards need training to provide holistic care.

This paper gives both a general canonical quantum gravity theory and the general canonical quantum gravity theories of the Universe and general black hole, and discovers the relations reflecting symmetric properties of the standard nonlinear gravitational Lagrangian, which are not relevant to any concrete metric models. This paper concretely shows the general commutation relations of the general gravitational field operators and their zeroth, first, second and third style, respectively, of high order canonical momentum operators for the general nonlinear system of the standard gravitational Lagrangian, and then has finished all the four styles of the canonical quantization of the standard gravity.

Some well-known metrics used as models of static non-rotating black holes are considered. These are the Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter, Bardeen-Kiselev and McVittie models. A significant difference between them in how adequately they can describe or be the basis for describing observed astronomical objects is demonstrated. A simple method for constructing new models of static non-rotating black holes is presented. It has been shown that a region of gravitational repulsion may exist around the horizon of a Bardeen-Kiselev black hole.

The recent Planck Legacy release confirmed the presence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra. Notably, this amplitude is higher than that estimated by the lambda cold dark matter model (ΛCDM), which endorses a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level greater than 99%. Although General Relativity (GR) performs accurately in the local/present Universe where spacetime is almost flat, its lost boundary term, incompatibility with Quantum Mechanics and the necessity of dark matter/energy could indicate its incompleteness. By utilising the Einstein–Hilbert action, this letter presents extended field equations by considering the pre-existing/background curvature and the boundary contribution. The extended field equations consist of Einstein field equations with a conformal transformation feature in addition to the boundary term, which can remove singularities, satisfy a conformal invariance theory and facilitate its quantisation.

The Schwarzschild metric encompasses both exterior and interior regions, with a reversal of signature upon transition from one to the other when using Schwarzschild coordinates. In the interior region, the radial spacelike coordinate transforms into a timelike radius, introducing a time-dependent scale factor on the interior metric's angular term. Though the interior metric is a Kantowski-Sachs type metric, by examining the geometry in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates, we find that the interior geometry must be spatially isotropic and homogeneous. The azimuthal term of the metric is describing the 'spin' of a reference frame relative to the surrounding shell and it is this spin that goes to infinity at the singularity, not the density of the 2-sphere. After detailed analyses supporting these hypotheses, we investigate why the interior Schwarzschild and FRW metrics, which are both spatially homogeneous and isotropic metrics, treat space and time so differently.

The purpose of this paper is to show a new approach to unify the theory of general relativity and quantum physics. For this, we rely on thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and the theory of information. We will then see that the Shannon entropy, Boltzmann and Von Neumann can be the source of gravity, which would be a form emerging. For this, we will study at first what is lacking for the unification of general relativity and physics. Secondly, we will explain the concept of entropic gravity by introducing calculations Erik Verlinde. Then we will explain the concept of entropy Boltzmann, Shannon, Von Neumann and the links between them. Then, we will modify Einstein's equations by transforming the tensor of perfect fluid in terms of entropy. Finally, we will link our theory with experience already carried out as part of a link between gravity and quantum theory.

One application of the Cosmological Gravitational Lensing in General Relativity is the measurement of the Hubble constant H_0 using the time delay Delta t between multiple images of lensed quasars. This method has already been applied, obtaining a value of H_0 compatible with that obtained from the SNe 1A, but non compatible with that obtained studying the anisotropies of the CMB. This difference could be a statistical fluctuation or an indication of new physics beyond the Standard Model of Cosmology, so it desirable to improve the precision of the measurements. At the current technological capabilities it is possible to obtain H_0 to a percent level uncertainty, so a more accurate theoretical model could be necessary in order to increase the precision about the determination of H_0. The actual formula which relates Delta t with H_0 is approximated; in this paper we expose a proposal to go beyond the previous analysis and, within the context of a new model, we obtain a more precise formula than that present in the Literature.

The workforce crisis of primary care is reflected in the increasing number of general medical practices (GMP) with vacant general practitioner (GP) position, and the GPs’ ageing. Our study aimed to describe the association between this crisis and premature mortality. Age-sex-standardized mortality for 18-64 years old adults were calculated for all Hungarian GMPs annually in the period from 2006 to 2014. The relationship of premature mortality with GPs’ age and vacant GP position were evaluated by standardized linear regression controlled for list size, urbanization, geographical location, clients’ education, and type of the GMP. The clients’ education was the strongest protective factor (beta=-0175; p<0.001), followed by urban residence (beta=-0.149; p<0.001), and the bigger list size (beta1601-2000=-0.054; p<0.001; beta2001-X=-0.096; p<0.001). The geographical localization influenced significantly also the risk. Although, GMP with a GP aged older than 65 years (beta=0; p=0.995) did not affected the risk, GP vacancy was associated with higher risk (beta=0.010; p=0.033), but the corresponding number of attributable cases was 23.54 for 9 years. The vacant GP position is associated with significant but hardly detectable increased risk of premature mortality without considerable public health importance. Nevertheless, employment of GPs aged more than 65 does not impose premature mortality risk elevation.

I review some aspects related to the influence of planets on the evolution of stars before and beyond the main sequence. Some processes include the tidal destruction of a planet on to a very young main sequence star, on to a low mass main sequence star, and on to a brown dwarf. This process releases gravitational energy that might be observed as a faint intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT) event. I then summarize the view that some elliptical planetary nebulae are shaped by planets. When the planet interacts with a low mass upper asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star it both enhances the mass loss rate and shapes the wind to form an elliptical planetary nebula, mainly by spinning up the envelope and by exciting waves in the envelope. If no interaction with a companion, stellar or sub-stellar, takes place beyond the main sequence, the star is termed a Jsolated star, and its mass loss rates on the giant branches are likely to be much lower than what is traditionally assumed.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard of treatment for symptomatic gallstone disease. The aim of this study is to determine if postoperative opiate use is reduced with trans-versus abdominus plane (TAP) and rectus sheath (RS) regional anaesthetic blocks compared to port site local anaesthetic (LA) infiltration. A prospective, randomised cohort study was con-ducted of adult patients who underwent an emergency LC between 25 April 2022 and 25 May 2023. 40mls of 0.375% ropivacaine was infiltrated as either TAP and RS blocks or to port sites. Patient demographics, operative data and postoperative opioid use were collected from the med-ical record. 138 patients were enrolled in this study; 73 patients allocated to the LA to port sites cohort (52.9%) and 65 patients in the TAP and RS cohort (43.5%). The most common indication for surgery was acute cholecystitis. The average amount of opiate analgesia use was 115.2mg in the LA group compared to 61.2mg in the TAP and RS group (p

This paper examines radially infalling worldlines in both Schwarzschild and Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates. A new Schwarzschild coordinate chart is presented which emphasizes the curvature of both the time and space coordinates and makes clear not only the mechanism by which the inertial observer is accelerated relative to the rest observers, but also clearly shows the light-like nature of the inertial worldline at the event horizon. The light-like nature of the falling frame is then supported by examining the falling worldlines in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates. The effect of length contraction in the falling frame is also analyzed in both Schwarzschild and Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates.

Background Although the management of the majority of patients with IBS is dealt with by General Practitioners, randomized clinical trials and treatment guidelines are developed mostly in academic settings. Probiotics are one of the most investigated treatment modality for this condition. Scarce information is available as regards GPs attitude in this regard. Methods A literature search was performed to identify papers specifically dealing with probiotic treatment of IBS in the general practice setting. Moreover, the preliminary results of a survey on this topic conducted by the authors among general practitioners in a province in northern Italy are reported. Results Five papers specifically addressing probiotic treatment of IBS in general practice were found. The response rate varied from 4 to 100%. The prescription rate of probiotics by GPs in IBS varied from <10 to 46%, regardless of the patients’ bowel habits. Physicians’ satisfaction with this treatment varied from 20 to 93%. The variability of these results probably depends on factors such as differences in the interpretation of the available data on probiotics use in IBS and traditional/ cultural differences. Moreover, compliance with patient satisfaction, may play a role. Conclusions The reported data on the treatment of IBS with probiotics in general practice is scarce and inhomogeneous, thus it does not allow firm conclusions. It is suggested that the involvement in research on the use of probiotics in IBS of physicians working in general practice would be useful in order to pursue more reliable and useful results, since the majority of the IBS population is followed in general practice and may differ from the one represented in academic clinical trials.

Disk galaxies have a typical dimension of few tens of thousands of light years. It follows from the theory of general relativity that any signal originating from the galactic center will be noticed at the outskirts of the galaxy only tens of thousands of years later. This retardation effect is absent in modelling used to calculate rotation curves throughout the entire galaxy and its external gas. The considerable differences between Newtonian action at a distance predictions and observed velocities are currently removed either by assuming dark matter or by suggesting various modifications to the laws of gravity, MOND being a long standing alternative to Newtonian gravity. In previous papers we have shown that applying general relativity in a rigorous fashion without mindlessly neglecting retardation, one can explain the radial velocities of galactic matter without modifying gravity or adding unseen matter. Moreover, it was shown that dark matter effects as they appear in gravitational lensing, the Tully-Fisher relation, and mass estimations based on the virial theorem could also be explained as retarded-gravity effects. In the original main paper on the subject only one galaxy (M33) was analysed in detail. This was later amended somewhat with a published study of eleven galaxies. Here we give a more comprehensive retardation analysis of 143 galaxies of different types from the SPARC Galaxy collection. We show that in most cases we obtain an excellent fit without postulating dark matter or modifying general relativity.

We carry out a systematic study on the motion of test particles in the region inner to the naked singularity of a quasi–hyperbolically symmetric γ-metric. The geodesic equations are written and analyzed in detail. The obtained results are contrasted with the corresponding results obtained for the axially symmetric γ-metric, and the hyperbolically symmetric black hole. As in this latter case, it is found that test particles experience a repulsive force within the horizon (naked singularity), which prevents them to reach the center. However in the present case this behavior is affected by the parameter γ which measures the departure from the hyperbolical symmetry. These results are obtained for radially moving particles as well as for particles moving in the θ−r subspace. Possible relevance of these results in the explanation of extragalactic jets, is brought out. .

The celebrated geodesic congruence equation of Raychaudhuri, together with the resulting singularity theorems of Penrose and Hawking that it enabled, yield a highly general set of conditions under which a spacetime (or, more generically, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold) is expected to become geodesically incomplete. However, the proofs of these theorems traditionally depend upon a collection of assumptions about the continuum spacetime (and, in the physical case, the stress-energy distribution defined over it), including its global structure, its energy conditions, the existence of trapped null surfaces and the various volume/intersection properties of geodesic congruences, that are inherently difficult to translate to the case of discrete spacetime formalisms, such as causal set theory or the Wolfram model. Some, such as the discrete analog of Raychaudhuri's equation for the volumes of geodesic congruences, are subtle to formulate due to intrinsic differences in the behavior of discrete vs. continuous geodesics; for others, such as the definition of a trapped null surface, no appropriate translation is known for the general discrete case due to a lack of a priori coordinate information. It is therefore a non-trivial question to ask whether (and to what extent) there exist equivalently general conditions under which one expects discrete spacetimes to become geodesically incomplete, and how these conditions might differ from those in the continuum. This article builds upon previous work, in which the conformal and covariant Z4 (CCZ4) formulation of the Cauchy problem for the Einstein field equations, with constraint-violation damping, was defined in terms of Wolfram model evolution over discrete (spatial) hypergraphs for the case of vacuum spacetimes, and proceeds to consider a minimal extension to the non-vacuum case by introducing a massive scalar field distribution, defined in either spherical or axial symmetry. Under appropriate assumptions, this scalar field distribution admits a physical interpretation as a collapsing (and, in the axially-symmetric case, uniformly rotating) dust, and we are able to show, through a combination of rigorous mathematical analysis and explicit numerical simulation, that the resulting discrete spacetimes converge asymptotically to either non-rotating Schwarzschild black hole solutions or maximally-rotating (extremal) Kerr black hole solutions, respectively. Although the assumptions used in obtaining these preliminary results are very strong, they nevertheless offer hope that a more general, perhaps ultimately ``Penrose-like'', singularity theorem may be provable in the discrete spacetime case too.

A technique devised some years ago permits to study a theory in a regime of strong perturbations. This translate into a gradient expansion that, at the leading order, can recover the BKL solution. We solve exactly the leading order equations in a spherical symmetric case and we show that the 4-velocity in such a case is multiplied by an exponential warp factor when the perturbation is properly applied. This factor is always greater than one. We will give a closed form solution of this factor for a simple case. Some numerical examples are also given.

In this work, we try to find a way to describe the physical law of micro-world under the frame of a space-time theory. By introducing the scalar fields $\mathcal{D}\left( x\right)$ and $\zeta\left( x\right) $, we rewrite the action of conventional field theory and the Lagrangian describing the motion of the particle, where a modified space-time relation is obtained. To test the correctness of this attempt, we demonstrate the Klein-Gordon equation by the Hamilton-Jacobi method in four dimensional form and present a time delay for the ground state of hydrogen atom.

In this paper, the 1st level general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order are defined and investigated for the first time. We start with a generalization of the Sonin condition for the kernels of the general fractional integrals and derivatives and then specify a set of the kernels that satisfy this condition and posses an integrable singularity of power law type at the origin. The 1st level general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order are integro-differential operators of convolution type with the kernels from this set. They contain both the general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order of the Riemann-Liouville type and the regularized general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order considered in the literature so far. For the 1st level general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order, some important properties including the 1st and the 2nd fundamental theorems of Fractional Calculus are formulated and proved.

Radio loud active galactic nuclei are composed of different spatial features, each one characterized by different spectral properties in the radio band. Among them, blazars are the most common class of sources detected at gamma-rays by \fermi, and their radio emission is dominated by the flat spectrum compact core. In this contribution, we explore the connection between emission at high energy revealed by \fermi\ and at radio frequency. Taking as a reference the strong and very highly significant correlation found between gamma rays and cm-$\lambda$ radio emission, we explore different behaviours found as we change the energy range in gamma rays and in radio, therefore changing the physical parameters of the zones involved in the radiation emission. We find that the correlation weakens when we consider (1) gamma rays of energy above 10 GeV (except for high synchrotron peaked blazars) or (2) low frequency radio data taken by the Murchison Widefield Array; on the other hand, the correlation strengthens when we consider mm-$\lambda$ data taken by ALMA.

In relativity, the Newtonian concepts of velocity and acceleration are observer-dependent quantities that vary with the chosen frame of reference. It is well established that in the comoving frame, cosmic expansion is currently accelerating; however, in the rest frame, this expansion is actually decelerating. In this paper, we explore the implications of this distinction. The traditional measure of cosmic acceleration, denoted by q, is derived from the comoving frame and describes the acceleration of the scale factor a for a 3D space-like homogeneous sphere. We introduce a new parameter q_E representing the acceleration experienced between observers within the light cone. By comparing q_E to the traditional q using observational data from Type Ia supernovae (SN) and the radial clustering of galaxies and quasars (BAO)—including the latest results from DESI2024—our analysis demonstrates that q_E aligns more closely with these data. The core argument of the paper is that Λ—regardless of its origin—creates an event horizon that divides the manifold into two causally disconnected regions analogous to conditions inside a black hole’s interior, thereby allowing for a rest-frame perspective q_E in which cosmic expansion appears to be decelerating and the horizon acts like a friction term. Such a horizon suggests that the universe cannot maintain homogeneity outside. The observed cosmological constant Λ can then be interpreted not as a driver of new dark energy or a modification of gravity but as a boundary term exerting an attractive force, akin to a rubber band, resisting further expansion and preventing event horizon crossings. This interpretation calls for a reconsideration of current cosmological models and the assumptions underlying them.

In recent years retarded gravity has explained many of the mysteries surrounding the "missing mass" related to galactic rotation curves, the Tully-Fisher relations, and gravitational lensing phenomena. Indeed a recent paper analyzing 143 galaxies, has demonstrated that retarded gravity will suffice to explain the galaxies rotation curves without the need to postulate dark matter for multiple types of galaxies. Moreover, it also demystified the "missing mass" related to galactic clusters and elliptic galaxies in which excess matter wad derived through the virial theorem. Here we give a mathematical criterion which specifies the cases for which retardation is important for gravity (and when it is not). The criterion takes the form of an "uncertainty" relation.

We elucidate the versatility of intriguing symmetry and asymmetry phenomena outside and inside black holes. For description of the test particle (planet and photon) motion it is used the Kerr-Newman metric of the rotating and electrically charged black hole. In particular, it is demonstrated the symmetry and asymmetry of the one-way Einstein-Rosen bridge inside black hole toward and through the plethora of endless and infinite universes.

Galaxies are rather big physical systems having a typical size of tens of kilo parsecs. Thus any change at the center of the galaxy will affect the outskirts only tens of thousand of years afterwards. Retardation seems to be neglected in current calculations of rotational velocities in the far edges of the galaxy and its surrounding gas. The differences between the velocities predicted by Newtonian theory and observational derivations are accommodated by either assuming "dark matter" or by introducing modifications to the laws of gravity in which MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is one of the typical examples, celebrating now forty years since its inception. We show that there are overlapping conditions for retardation corrections in the weak approximation to general relativity and the low acceleration conditions for MOND corrections. We will also show that MOND interpolation formula is useful for calculating retardation effects provided an appropriate interpolation function is chosen.

Anesthetic management for pregnant suffering from airway pathology poses unique challenges. The presence of bilateral vocal cord granuloma adds further complexity to the management, as it can potentially cause airway compromise and respiratory distress. This case presents a pregnant patient with bilateral vocal cord granuloma who underwent anesthesia using high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygenation and oxygen reserve index (ORi) monitoring. A 33-year-old pregnant woman, who had undergone intubation six month ago, experienced hoarseness and was ultimately diagnosed with bilateral granuloma. Due to the significant airway obstruction, neither intubation nor ventilation was feasible, thereby requiring a surgical intervention. Before the surgical removal, the patient’s oxygenation was ensured using HFNC oxygenation. After confirming sufficient oxygenation of the patient with ORi of 0.38, the operation commenced and as it lasted approximately 3 minutes, the patient was able to tolerate the brief period without additional oxygen supply. Post-surgical excision, mask bagging and HFNC oxygenation was resumed, driving ORi to 0.39, then the operation was resumed. Throughout the procedure, SpO2 remained above 98. The combination of HFNC and ORi ensured adequate oxygenation and allowed for early detection of hypoxemia during the procedure. This approach may be a good option for managing granuloma.

The general theory of relativity (GR) is symmetric under smooth coordinate transformations also known as diffeomorphisms. The general coordinate transformation group has a linear subgroup denoted the Lorentz group of symmetry which is maintained also in the weak field approximation to GR. The dominant operator in the weak field equation of GR is thus the d'Alembert (wave) operator which has a retarded potential solution. Galaxy Clusters are huge physical systems having dimensions of many hundreds of millions of light years. Thus any change at the cluster center will be noticed at the rim only hundreds of millions of years later. Those retardation effects are neglected in present day cluster modelling and in particular are neglected in virial calculations used to relate mass and velocities on the cluster. The significant differences between the predictions of Newtonian instantaneous action at a distance and observed velocities are usually explained by either assuming dark matter or by modifying the laws of gravity (MOND). In this paper we will show that taking general relativity seriously without neglecting retardation effects one can explain the velocities in a galactic cluster without postulating dark matter. It should be stressed that the current approach does not require that velocities, $v$ are high, in fact the vast majority of cluster bodies are substantially subluminal. In other words, the ratio of $\frac{v}{c} \ll 1$. Typical velocities in galaxies are less than ~1000 km/s, which makes this ratio $0.01$ or smaller. However, one should consider the fact that every gravitational system even if it is made of subluminal bodies has a retardation distance, beyond which the retardation effect cannot be neglected. Every natural system such as stars and galaxies and even galactic clusters exchange mass with its environment. For example, the sun losses mass through the solar wind and galaxies accrete gas from the intergalactic medium. This means that all natural gravitational systems have a finite retardation distance. The question is thus quantitative, how large is the retardation distance? The change of mass of the sun is quite small and thus the retardation distance of the solar system is quite large allowing us to neglect retardation effects within the solar system. However, for galaxies and galaxy clusters the retardation distance is within the system itself and cannot be neglected.

The standard Cosmological model (LCDM) assumes that the expanding spacetime around us is infinite, which is inconsistent with the observed cosmic acceleration unless we include Dark Energy (DE) or a Cosmological Constant ($\Lambda$). But the observed cosmic expansion can also be explained with a finite mass $M$, inside a uniform expanding sphere, with empty space outside. An object with mass $M$ has a gravitation radius $r_S=2GM$. When $M$ is all contained within $r_S$, this is a Black Hole (BH). Nothing can escape from $r_S$, which becomes a boundary for the inside dynamics. In the limit where there is nothing outside, the inside corresponds to a local isolated Universe. The $r_S$ boundary condition corresponds to an effective force which is mathematically equivalent to $\Lambda=3/r_S^2$. We can therefore interpret cosmic acceleration as a measurement of the gravitational boundary of our Universe, with a mass $M = \frac{c^2}{2G}\sqrt{3/\Lambda} \simeq 6 \times 10^{22} M_{\odot}$. Such BH Universe (BHU) is observationally very similar to the LCDM, except for the very large scale perturbations, which are bounded by $r_S$.

In classical General Relativity, White Holes (WH) refer to the time reverse Schwarzschild (SW) Black Hole (BH) solution of a point mass $M$ and gravitational radius $r_S=2GM$. The SW metric is static so that a time reverse WH solution simply corresponds to a violation of causality. The WH solution does not make any physical sense here. For a more physical model, such as the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) metric with finite mass inside $r_S$, we show that both the expanding and collapsing solutions correspond to a BH and not to a WH.

In paper I, we showed that the observed (LCDM) Universe can be modeled as a local Black Hole (BH) Universe (BHU) of fixed mass M, without Dark Energy (DE): cosmic acceleration is caused by the BH event horizon rS=2GM. %The same BHU solution can be used to model the interior of a stellar or galactic BHs. Here, we propose that our BHU could form from the hierarchical free-fall collapse of regular matter. We argue that the singularity could be avoided with a Big Bounce explosion, caused by neutron degeneracy pressure (Pauli exclusion principle). This happens at GeV energies, like in core collapse supernova, well before the collapse reaches Planck energies (1E19 GeV). If our universe formed this way, there is no need for cosmic Inflation or a singular start (The Big Bang). Nucleosynthesis and recombination follow a hot expansion, like in LCDM, but cosmological measurements, which are free parameters in LCDM, could be estimated from first principles. Dark Matter could be made up of a wide mass range of primordial compact objects (BHs and Neutron stars), remnants of the collapse and bounce, which can provide a faster start for galaxy formation. We present a simple prediction to explain the observed value of Lambda and the coincidence problem.

We propose that the Big Bang does not have a singular start, but that it originates from gravitational collapse of a low density cloud that collapsed 25 Gyrs ago to form a Black Hole (BH) of mass M ≃ 6 × 1022M⊙. The collapse continued inside the BH for 11Gyrs until the density achieves neutron degeneracy and the collapse bounces into expansion like a core collapse supernova. From observations today, this model is very similar to the standard Big Bang cosmology but there is no need for Inflation or Dark Energy (DE). The observed cosmological constant Λ is not a new form of DE, but results from the dynamics of the Big Bang expansion inside the BH event horizon rS = 2GM = √3/Λ. Why our Universe has such a large mass M (or small Λ value)? If τO(≃ 10Gyr) is the astronomical timescale needed for observers like us to exist, we find a simple anthropic prediction, based only on gravitational collapse from Gaussian fluctuations, that the maximum probability for M is MO < M < 3MO where MO = τO/3G. This agrees well with the measured values for τO and M in our Universe.

In a previous paper we have shown that superluminal particles are allowed by the general relativistic theory of gravity provided that the metric is locally Euclidean. Here we calculate the probability density function of a canonical ensemble of superluminal particles as function of temperature. Although only the Lorentzian metric is stable for normal matter density, an Euclidian metric can be created under special gravitational circumstances and persist in a limited region of space-time consisting of the very early universe which is characterized by extremely high densities and temperatures. Superluminal particles also allow attaining thermodynamic equilibrium at a shorter duration and also suggest a rapid expansion of the matter density, thus making mechanism such as inflation (which demands invoking and ad-hoc scalar field) redundant. This is in accordance with Occam’s razor.

The standard model of cosmology assumes that our Universe began 14 Gyrs (billion years) ago with a hot Big Bang expansion out of nothing. It can explain a vast range of different astrophysical data from a handful of free cosmological parameters. However successful this model is, we have no direct evidence or fundamental understanding of some key assumptions: low entropy start, Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Here we present a simpler and more physical explanation for the same observations that do not require such assumptions or new laws of Physics. It is based on the evidence that we live inside a Black Hole (BH) of mass $ M \simeq 5 \times 10^{22} M_{\odot}$, which we observed as cosmic acceleration. How did the Big Bang end up inside such a BH? We propose that 25 Gyrs ago, a very low density dust cloud collapsed and form such BH. As there was no pressure support, the collapse continued inside until it reached neutron energy densities (GeV). Causal regions of solar mass size rebound by neutron degeneracy, like a supernovae, producing the Big Bang expansion and compact dark matter remnants. During collapse, perturbations exit the horizon to re-enter during expansion, given rise to the observed universe. We review the evidence for such BH Universe.

There is a need for multimodal strategies to keep research participants informed about study results. Our aim was to characterize preferences of genomic research participants from two institutions along four dimensions of general research result updates: content, timing, mechanism, and frequency. Methods: We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey that was administered from 6-25-2018 to 12-5-2018. Results: 397 participants completed the survey, most of whom (96%) expressed a desire to receive research updates. Preferences with high endorsement included: update content (brief descriptions of major findings, descriptions of purpose and goals, and educational material); update timing (when the research is completed, when findings are reviewed, when findings are published, and when the study status changes); update mechanism (email with updates, and email newsletter); and update frequency (every three months). Hierarchical cluster analyses based on the four update preferences identified four profiles of participants with similar preference patterns. Very few participants in the largest profile were comfortable with budgeting less money for research activities so that researchers have money to set up services to send research result updates to study participants. Conclusion: This work provides evidence of a need for funders to incentivize researchers to communicate results to participants.

Innovation in general education governance is one of the development trends not only in Vietnam but also in the world. This is also an important measure to change and improve the quality of education, especially expand autonomy of high schools and universities. The paper focuses on some main contents: overview of general education; the experiences of some countries in the implementation of the school administration model towards the school autonomy model so that give lessons for Vietnam’s education can be learned in the context of development conditions nowadays. The results in this work would be used to classify the schools into the various groups. The data also analysts on decision-making capability, on what we called an “index of school autonomy”, expressed the possible level of school-level decision-making.

In this paper, we investigate how Rindler observer measures the universe in the ADM formalism. We compute his measurements in each slice of the space-time in terms of gravitational red-shift which is a property of general covariance. In this way, we found special relativity preferred frames to match with the general relativity Rindler frame in ADM formalism. This may resolve the widely known incompatibility between special relativity and general relativity on how each theory sees the red-shift. We found a geometric interpretation of the speed of light and mass.

This paper is to summarize the involvement of the stress energy tensor in the study of fluid mechanics. In the first part we will see the implication that carries the stress energy tensor in the framework of general relativity. In the second part, we will study the stress energy tensor under the mechanics of perfect fluids, allowing us to lead third party in the case of Newtonian fluids, and in the last part we will see that it is possible to define space-time as a no-Newtonian fluids.

We received an Honorable Mention at the Gravity Research Foundation 2018 Awards for Essays on Gravitation by showing that a correct general relativistic interpretation of the Mössbauer rotor experiment represents a new, strong and independent, proof of Einstein's general theory relativity (GTR). Here we correct a mistake which was present in our previous computations on this important issue by deriving a rigorous computation of the additional effect of clock synchronization. Finally, we show that some recent criticisms on our general relativistic approach to the Mössbauer rotor experiment are incorrect, by ultimately confirming our important result.

Steganography is the branch of cryptology that deals with concealing information inside another information. it’s prefer over cryptography as it hides a message inside another innocent looking message, while cryptography shows scrambled message that might arouse attention of an attacker, however the challenges in steganography is the modification of carrier that causes some abnormalities which is detectable and often the methods are not optimize. This paper presents a novel approach in cryptography and steganography, which utilizes mathematical concept of bits combination to optimize time of transmission using sets of multiple transmitter, and receiver’s addresses where each abstractly represents a bits combination without itself modified. In addition, the paper introduces a concept of dynamical clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation of bits combination over addresses after every transmission to reinforce resistivity against steganalysis.

The fact that real dissipative (entropy producing) processes may be detected by non–comoving observers (tilted), in systems that appear to be isentropic for comoving observers, in general relativity, is explained in terms of the information theory, in analogy with the explanation of the Maxwell's demon paradox.

Astronomical X-ray polarimetry was first explored in the end of the 60's by pioneering rocket instruments. The craze arising from the first discoveries on stellar and supernova remnant X-ray polarization led to the addition of X-ray polarimeters on-board of early satellites. Unfortunately, the inadequacy of the diffraction and scattering technologies required to measure polarization with respect to the constraints driven by X-ray mirrors and detectors, coupled to long integration times, slowed down the field for almost 40 years. Thanks to the development of new, highly sensitive, compact X-ray polarimeters in the beginning of the 2000's, the possibility to observe astronomical X-ray polarization is rising again and scientists are now ready to explore the high energy sky thanks to modern X-ray polarimeters. In the forthcoming years, several X-ray missions (both rockets, balloons and satellites) will open a new observational windows. A wind of renewal blows over the area of X-ray polarimetry and this paper presents for the first time a quantitative assessment, all based on scientific literature, of the growth of interest for astronomical X-ray polarimetry.

Using four field equations, a recently proposed theory that covers the phenomenology of classical physics at the level of the Maxwell and Einstein Field Equations (M&EFEs) but then goes further by unifying electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena in a fundamentally new way is reviewed. Predictions of the field equations are shown to be consistent with those of the M&EFEs through specific solutions; a particle-like solution representing a point charge, and two radiative solutions representing electromagnetic and gravitational waves. A unique feature of the full set of field equations is that charge and mass are treated as dynamic fields instead of being introduced as external parameters as is done with the classical M&EFEs, a feature that enables a procedure for quantizing the mass, charge and angular momentum of particle-like solutions. Finally, antimatter is naturally accommodated by the theory and definite predictions regarding the interactions of matter and antimatter with gravitational fields are made.

In this paper, two types of the general fractional derivatives of distributed order as well as a corresponding fractional integral of distributed type are defined and their basic properties are investigated. The general fractional derivatives of distributed order are constructed for a special class of the one-parametric Sonin kernels with a power law singularities at the origin. The conventional fractional derivatives of distributed order based on the Riemann-Liouville and the Caputo fractional derivatives are particular cases of the general fractional derivatives of distributed order introduced in this paper.

In this paper, we will describe the general theory of relativity. The special theory of relativity is based on the ideal inertial frames. These ideal inertial frames are assumed to exist in every event in space-time. In contrast, in the general theory of relativity, we do not have to make that assumption. Additionally, the space-time is considered to be part of the solution to the motion. Moreover, interpretation of geometrical quantities is introduced.

Facial artificial intelligence (AI) skincare applications offer patients simple and effective means of obtaining quantitative information regarding their skin characteristics. Advances in AI may facilitate dermatologic assessments by providing accurate and reliable scores for common skin concerns. The objective of our study was to assess the effect of different lighting on facial characteristic scores produced by an iPad-based AI skin analysis system. Participants were recruited from dermatology clinics. Images were captured using an AI skincare app in different lighting settings: below average lighting (L1), standard room lighting (L2), and enhanced studio lighting (L3). Raw scores produced for twenty facial characteristics were recorded. Higher raw scores indicated better skin health. Scores were compared between the three lighting conditions. Below average lighting had the highest mean raw scores for facial characteristics (79.67 ±10.56). Mean raw scores were lowest for enhanced studio lighting conditions (74.43 ±10.24). The difference in scores produced by the different lighting conditions was not statistically significant (p=0.79). Enhanced studio lighting did not appear necessary as scores were similar without the additional lighting. The application used in our study may serve as a cost-effective and convenient tool both within and outside clinical settings allowing enhanced quantitative analysis of facial characteristics.

The definition of patients with Special Needs (SN) is used in the literature to refer to individuals with mental and physical disorders for whom the usual perioperative pathways are not applicable due to lack of cooperation, regardless of age. Studies in the literature recognize the appropriateness of general anesthesia for performing day surgery dental care in this type of patient. The present retrospective, single-center, observational study involved 41 uncooperative patients aged between 3 and 17 undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia. The main objective was to assess the possible incidence of difficult airway management, understood as difficulty ventilating and/or intubating the patient. A secondary objective was to highlight the influence of general anesthesia on patient outcomes by testing the incidence of perioperative complications. Tracheal intubation was successfully completed in all of the patients considered, and in no case did the patient have to be woken up because of difficulty in airway management. No perioperative complications attributable to anesthesia were found in any patients. From the present experience, it can be concluded that general anesthesia is a suitable option for performing dental care in pediatric subjects with special needs, and that although the peculiar peri-operative management of these patients might increase the risk of possible anesthesia-related side effects, no complications have been encountered in any case.

This paper introduces a Unified Field Theory through the generalization of General Relativity, following the methodology outlined by Einstein for incorporating complex metrics in the pursuit of a comprehensive Unified Field Theory.

By developing the previously proposed method of combining continuum mechanics with Einstein Field Equations, it has been shown that the classic relativistic description, curvilinear description, and quantum description of the physical system may be reconciled using the proposed Alena Tensor. For a system with an electromagnetic field, the Lagrangian density equal to the invariant of the electromagnetic field was obtained, vanishing four-divergence of canonical four-momentum appears to be consequence of the Poyinting theorem, and explicit form of one of gauges of the electromagnetic four-potential was introduced. The proposed method allows for further development with additional fields.

In this paper, we extend the Merton model of investment in discrete time to the cases when there is a finite number of investors and the market is with frictions represented by convex penalty functions defined for each investor. In the main result of this paper, we proved the existence of optimal strategy of investment by using a new approach based on the formulation of an equivalent general equilibrium economy model.

In this study, we analyzed the optical observations of a subluminous Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2017fzw, which exhibited high photospheric velocity (HV) at B-band maximum light. The absolute B-band peak magnitude was determined to be M^B_max = -17.77  0.10 mag, similar to 91bg-like SNe Ia. The decline rate of the B-band light curve was estimated to be Dm15(B) = 1.60  0.06 mag. The spectra of SN 2017fzw were similar to those of 91bg-like SNe Ia, with prominent Ti II and Si II l5972 features at early phases, gradually transitioning to spectra resembling normal (mainly HV subclass) SNe Ia at later phases, with a stronger Ca II NIR feature. Notably, SN 2017fzw exhibited spectral evolution features similar to those of HV SNe Ia at all phases, with a maximum-light Si II l6355 velocity of 13, 786  414 km s

Emotional intelligence and educational level are commonly associated with success in life and well-being. While multiple studies have explored these concepts independently, few studies have examined the impact of educational level on emotional intelligence and associated variables, such as well-being. A total of N = 202 participants were recruited online. Participants completed measures of emotional intelligence, well-being (i.e., happiness, self-esteem, personal growth). Overall, participants who previously obtained a bachelor’s degree displayed higher levels of emotional intelligence, happiness, self-esteem, and personal growth compared to those without an undergraduate degree. However, no differences were observed on any variable between individuals currently enrolled in a university and non-students. The results suggest that, while completing a university degree increases emotional intelligence and well-being, the stress of being a student may negatively impact the benefits obtained from attending university. Limitations and possible directions for future research are discussed.

In this research article, we are going to study the concept of the theory of relativity and after extracting the essential information, we will try to find a relation between the theory of relativity and the results we are obtaining through contemporary physics experiments. It has been investigated that traveling in time is not a dream anymore and time can pass at a different rate for some people.

The classical uncertainty principle inequalities were imposed as a mathematical constraint over the general relativity geodesic equation. In this way, the uncertainty principle was reformulated in terms of the proper space-time length element, Planck length and a geodesic-derived scalar, leading to a geometric expression for the uncertainty principle (GeUP). This re-formulation confirmed the necessity for a minimum length for the space-time line element in the geodesic, dependent on a geodesic-derived scalar which made the expression Lorentz-covariant. In agreement with quantum gravity theories, GeUP required the imposition of a perturbation over the background Minkowski metric unrelated to classical gravity. When applied to the Schwarzschild metric, a geodesic exclusion zone was found around the singularity where uncertainty in space-time diverged to infinity.

The recent Planck Legacy release confirmed the presence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra, which prefers a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level exceeding 99%. In this study, the pre-existing curvature is incorporated to extend the field equations where the derived wavefunction of the Universe is utilised to model Universe evolution with reference to the scale factor of the early Universe and its radius of curvature upon the emission of the CMB. The wavefunction reveals both positive and negative solutions, implying that matter and antimatter of early Universe plasma evolved in opposite directions as distinct Universe sides, corroborating the axis of CMB. The wavefunction indicates that a nascent hyperbolic expansion away from early plasma is followed by a first phase of decelerating expansion during the first 10 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion in reverse directions, whereby both sides free-fall towards each other under gravitational acceleration. The predicted conformal curvature evolution demonstrates the fast orbital speed of outer stars owing to external fields exerted on galaxies as they travel through conformally curved space-time. Finally, the wavefunction predicts an eventual time-reversal phase comprising rapid spatial contraction that culminates in a Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic Universe. These findings show that early plasma could be separated and evolved into distinct sides of the Universe that collectively inducing its evolution, physically explaining the effects attributed to dark energy and dark matter.

Three different approaches show that, contrary to a longstanding conviction older than 160 years, the advance of Mercury perihelion can be achieved in Newtonian gravity with a very high precision by correctly analysing the situation without neglecting Mercury's mass. General relativity remains more precise than Newtonian physics, but Newtonian framework is more powerful than researchers and astronomers were thinking till now, at least for the case of Mercury. The Newtonian formula of the advance of planets' perihelion breaks down for the other planets. The predicted Newtonian result is indeed too large for Venus and Earth. Therefore, it is also shown that corrections due to gravitational and rotational time dilation, in an intermediate framework which analyzes gravity between Newton and Einstein, solve the problem. By adding such corrections, a result consistent with the one of general relativity is indeed obtained. Thus, the most important results of this paper are two: i) It is not correct that Newtonian theory cannot predict the anomalous rate of precession of the perihelion of planets' orbit. The real problem is instead that a pure Newtonian prediction is too large. ii) Perihelion's precession can be achieved with the same precision of general relativity by extending Newtonian gravity through the inclusion of gravitational and rotational time dilation effects. This second result is in agreement with a couple of recent and interesting papers of Hansen, Hartong and Obers. Differently from such papers, in the present work the importance of rotational time dilation is also highlighted. Finally, it is important to stress that a better understanding of gravitational effects in an intermediate framework between Newtonian theory and general relativity, which is one of the goals of this paper, could, in principle, be crucial for a subsequent better understanding of the famous Dark Matter and Dark Energy problems.

J. C. Maxwell, B. Riemann and H. Poincar$\acute{e}$ have proposed the idea that all microscopic particles are sink flows in a fluidic aether. Following this research program, a previous theory of gravitation based on a mechanical model of vacuum and a sink flow model of particles is generalized by methods of special relativistic continuum mechanics. In inertial reference frames, we construct a tensorial potential which satisfies the wave equation. Inspired by the equation of motion of a test particle, a definition of a metric tensor of a Riemannian spacetime is introduced. Applying Fock's theorem, generalized Einstein's equations in inertial systems are derived based on some assumptions. These equations reduce to Einstein's equations in case of weak field in harmonic reference frames. There exist some differences between this theory and Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Economic theory states that incineration and landfill taxation can effectively diminish the environmental impacts of pollution and resource use by reducing their associated pollutants while stimulating the reuse and recycling of materials, and therefore, fostering a circular economy. The aim of this research is to assess the economic and environmental effects of these taxes in Spain under different scenarios with a detailed dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, as there are no studies analyzing this in detail. We focus on the economic impact on GDP and sectorial production and the environmental impact on different categories: global warming potential, marine eutrophication potential, photochemical ozone formation potential, particulate matter, human toxicity (cancer and noncancer), ecotoxicity, and depletion of fossil resources. We find in all scenarios that these taxes have a limited economic impact while reducing all of the environmental impact categories analyzed. The study reinforces the theory that policy makers need to impose taxes on landfill and incineration to reinforce the circularity of the economy and reduce environmental burdens, but also demonstrates that they can improve their design without additional costs.

In the present paper we investigate the conservative conditions in Quadratic Gravity. It is shown explicitly that the Bianchi identities lead to the conservative condition of the left-hand-side of the (gravitational) field equation. Therefore, the total energy-momentum tensor is conservative in the bulk (like in General Relativity). However, in Quadratic Gravity it is possible to have singular hupersurfaces separating the bulk regions with different behavior of the matter energy-momentum tensor or different vacua. They require special consideration. We derived the conservative conditions on such singular hypersurfaces and demonstrated the very possibility of the matter creation. In the remaining part of the paper we considered some applications illustrating the obtained results.

In this work, we study the existence of strange star in the background of f(T,T) gravity in the Einstein spacetime geometry, where T is the torsion tensor and T is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. The equations of motion are derived for anisotropic pressure within the spherically symmetric strange star. We explore the physical features like energy conditions, mass-radius relations, modified TOV equations, principal of causality, adiabatic index, redshift and stability analysis of our model. These features are realistic and appealing to further investigation of properties of compact objects in f(T,T) gravity as well as their observational signatures.

In Vietnam, general education includes primary education, lower secondary education (the period of basic education) and upper secondary education (the period of vocational orientation education). In particular, primary education is compulsory for all children from 6 to 14 years old, is implemented in 5 school years, from first grade to fifth grade. The age of students entering first grade is six years old. Primary education aims to help students form the initial foundations for proper and long-term development of morality, intelligence, physicality, aesthetics and basic skills for students to continue high school. Secondary education is conducted in four school years, from grade six to grade nine. Students entering sixth grade must have an elementary school diploma. Secondary education aims to help students consolidate and develop the results of primary education; have basic secondary education and initial knowledge about technology and career to continue high school, vocational high school, vocational training or enter a working life. High school education is conducted in 3 school years, from grade ten to grade twelve. Students entering tenth grade must have a junior high school diploma. High school education is aimed at helping students consolidate and develop the outcomes of lower secondary education, complete high school education and common knowledge about technology and career guidance for further college education, college, professional secondary school, apprenticeship or enter the working life. Thus, the term general education is a term with broad connotation including primary education, lower secondary education (basic education period) and upper secondary education (education period) career orientation. Within the scope of this research, we use the term school governance used to mean a mode of action, which is directed toward the goal of being accomplished effectively, by and through others. Governance activities are indispensable activities that arise when people work together to accomplish goals.

Watching the international COVID-19 epidemics unfold during February and early March 2020, we began to highlight how outbreaks in care homes were inevitable, given the vulnerable patients in close proximity, and pressures on social care to help relieve pressure on the NHS. We suggested public health measures would significantly impact on care homes. Specifically we felt all homes would have multiple individuals isolated within days of introduction of guidance requiring isolation of new cough (or fever), and that a clear definition of an outbreak would be needed that differentiated COVID19 from influenza. We share the experiences of a GP practice looking after 900 nursing or dual registration care homes in the London Borough of Ealing in the early stages of the COVID19 Pandemic 2020. We believe that the altered presentation of cases of COVID19 in care homes contributed to the size of outbreaks, and that keeping COVID19 out of homes is the only way to manage this disease, with early isolation and complete segregation of positive and negative cases. We have seen over 300 suspected cases resulting in four fold (n=175) average monthly death rates, three fold usual issue of anticipatory medications, and approximately 32% mortality rate (up to 43% in over 90’s). Discharge pathways from hospital and admissions to care homes must be clear and robust. COVID19 naïve patients should not be admitted to units with outbreaks and COVID19 positive patients should not be admitted to anything other than a designated “hot” home until risk of contagion is passed. Some patients are testing positive at over 30 days since initial mild symptoms.

On 25 May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)Article 17, the Right to Erasure (‘Right to be Forgotten’) came into force making it vital for organisations to identify, locate and delete all Personally Identifiable Information (PII) where a valid request is received from a data subject to erase their PII and the contractual period has expired. This must be done without undue delay and the organisation must be able to demonstrate reasonable measures were taken. Failure to comply may incur significant fines, not to mention impact to reputation. Many organisations do not understand their data, and the complexity of a hybrid cloud infrastructure means they do not have the resources to undertake this task. The variety of available tools are quite often unsuitable as they involve restructuring so there is one centralised data repository. This research aims to demonstrate compliance with GDPR’s Article 17 Right to Erasure (‘Right to be Forgotten’) is achievable in a Hybrid cloud environment by following a list of recommendations. However, 100% retrieval, 100% of time will not be possible, but we show that small organisations running an ad-hoc Hybrid cloud environment can demonstrate that reasonable measures were taken to be Right to Erasure (‘Right to be Forgotten’) compliant.

A dark region and a bright part of accretion disk are viewed on the first image of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87 obtained by the Event Horizon Telescope. We demonstrate that a viewed dark region is a silhouette of the black hole event horizon, while the outline (contour) of this silhouette is an equator of the event horizon globe. A dark silhouette of the black hole event horizon is placed within the expected position of the black hole shadow, which is not revealed on the first image. We calculate numerically a relation between the viewed position of the black hole silhouette and the brightest point in a thin accretion disk in dependence of the black hole spin. A spin of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87, derived from this relation, is $a=0.75\pm0.15$.

We consider the conjecture of the relationship between the entanglement entropy of spacetime, matter and the action in Einstein's general relativity. Our analysis suggests the possibility of regarding the entanglement entropy of spacetime and matter as the dimensionless action in general relativity by using Planck units. In this case, the action principle originates from the maximization of the entanglement entropy. We also show that the fundamental property of entanglement entropy leads to attractive characteristic of gravitational force for classical particles.

The first group to build artificial general intelligence or AGI stands to gain a significant strategic and market advantage over competitors, so companies, universities, militaries, and other actors have strong incentives to race to build AGI first. An AGI race would be dangerous, though, because it would prioritize capabilities over safety and increase the risk of existential catastrophe. A self-regulatory organization (SRO) for AGI may be able to change incentives to favor safety over capabilities and encourage cooperation rather than racing.

Binary star DataBase (BDB) is the database of binary/multiple systems of various observational types. BDB contains data on physical and positional parameters of 260,000 components of 120,000 stellar systems of multiplicity 2 to more than 20, taken from a large variety of published catalogues and databases. We describe the new features in organization of the database, integration of new catalogues and implementation of new possibilities available to users. The development of the BDB index-catalogue, Identification List of Binaries, is discussed. This star catalogue provides cross-referencing between most popular catalogues of binary stars. We describe ideas and methods for reliable cross-identification of different entities (systems, pairs, components) in binary and multiple stellar systems.

In this paper we discuss whether Einstein’s initial expectations before he developed the theory of general relativity were fulfilled and whether general relativity fully satisfied him in this respect. Einstein employed the equivalence principle as a guiding principle in the development of general relativity. We follow Einstein’s historical reasoning on the equivalence principle by adopting a dynamical approach to relativity and question the theory of general relativity he arrived at in terms of his initial expectations. The key issue here is related to the interpretation of gravitational and inertial “fields” in the equivalence principle. Einstein spoke of the identity of these two notions. This reveals that his intention was to unify gravitation and inertia. In fact, the issue is also related to the extent of generalisation provided by general relativity. Einstein demands a strong generalization in general relativity that requires the equality of all frames, including accelerating frames, in the same way that the relative character of velocity provides in special relativity. However, general relativity does not provide such a strong generalisation as expected from it. Furthermore, in general relativity, the gravitational field is reduced to inertia, but the two are not fully unified. We therefore argue that Einstein’s initial expectations of general relativity were not met and that the theory did not fully satisfy him. Nevertheless, we show that there is a satisfactory way out. On the basis of some heuristic arguments, we demonstrate that if gravitational and non-gravitational interactions are unified into a single elementary interaction at the most fundamental level in nature, then inertia and gravitation are fully unified and the strong generalisation being sought can be obtained. We speculate that Einstein was well aware of this fact and one of his motivations (perhaps the most important one) in his long search for a unified field theory was an attempt to fulfill his initial expectations about general relativity.

The artificial general intelligence (AGI) industry, represented by ChatGPT, has impacted social order during its development, and also brought various risks and challenges such as ethical concerns in science and technology, attribution of liability, intellectual property monopolies, data security, and algorithm manipulation. The development of AI is currently facing a crisis of trust. Therefore, the governance of AGI industry must be prioritized and the opportunity of the implementation of the Interim Administrative Measures for Generative Artificial Intelligence Services should be taken. It is necessary to enhance the norms for the supervision and management of scientific and technological ethics within the framework of the rule of law. Additionally, it is also essential to continuously improve the regulatory system for liability, balance the dual values of fair competition and innovation encouragement, and strengthen data security protection systems in the field of AI. All of these will enable coordinated governance across multiple domains, stakeholders, systems, and tools.

We proposed an equation of motion as a constraint condition on the gauge degree of freedom in general relativity theory based on a co-moving framework. This constraint equation transformed the gauge degree freedom of general relativity theory into an natural equation of motion, and provide an explicit theoretical understanding on the Mach's principle and rotating bucket experiment. The galaxy rotation curves is derived directly from general relativity theory under this constraints equation. This work may inspires different understanding on dark matter, dark energy, and the quantization of gravity.

Abstract: Experiments conducted to date to verify the relativistic gravitational time dilation have limited scientific significance because the basic postulate of Einstein’s relativistic GR that the same time (t0) is measured in all non-inertial frames of reference, because all non-inertial frames of reference must be equal, has not yet been verified by time measurements. According to Einstein's relativistic GR, a correlation between time and different gravitational potentials must be the result of a relative relation between non-inertial frames of reference and must not the result of any other physical influence. An experiment that can differentiate between a causal correlation (relative relation) and an apparent correlation (relativistic relation) between time and gravitational potentials is still outstanding. The expressions "relative" and "relativistic" are often used as synonyms. However, Einstein's GR is a relativistic theory. In the case of general relativity, relativistic means that time depends only on the relative relation between non-inertial frames of reference and not on other physical factors. The author proposes an easy-to-realize experiment that is able to distinguish between a causal correlation (relative relation) and an apparent correlation (relativistic relation) between time and gravitational potentials, which can confirm or falsify Einstein's relativistic GR. .

In this paper, we establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for solving a dual split quaternion matrix equation AXB=C, and present the general solution expression when solvability is achieved. As an application, we delve into the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of Hermitian solution to this equation by using a newly defined real representation method. Furthermore, we obtain the solutions for the dual split quaternion matrix equations AX=C and XB=C. Finally, we provide a numerical example to demonstrate the findings of this paper.

The Theory of differences between elements explains the reasons for the differences in physical concepts between different elements, such as quantum physics and the Theory of general relativity, being explained through observations. Thus, it is possible to conclude from the observations that the differences are motivated by the reactions between the elements, by the composition of the elements, and by the influence of the spaces that promote losses and gains of characteristics; therefore, there is no general similarity between quantum physics and the general Theory of relativity. The study aims to understand the elements and their physical concepts that make up the Universe.

We study the problem of a spherically-symmetric distribution of a perfect relativistic fluid accreting onto a (potentially spinning) black hole within a fully discrete spacetime setting. This problem has previously been studied extensively in the context of continuum spacetimes, beginning with the purely analytic work of Bondi in the spherically-symmetric Newtonian case, Michel in the spherically-symmetric general relativistic case, and Petrich, Shapiro and Teukolsky in the axially-symmetric general relativistic case relevant for spinning black holes. However, the purpose of the present work is to determine the effect of discretization of the underlying spacetime upon the mass/energy and momentum accretion rates, the overall morphology and characteristics of the accretion flow, and the drag force exerted on the black hole in the case of non-zero spin. In order to achieve this, we first develop a novel formulation of the equations of general relativistic hydrodynamics that is more directly amenable to rigorous analysis within a discrete spacetime setting, and we then proceed to implement this formulation into the \textsc{Gravitas} computational general relativity framework. Through a combination of mathematical analysis and explicit numerical simulation in \textsc{Gravitas}, we discover that the mass/energy and momentum accretion rates both decrease monotonically as functions of the underlying spacetime discretization scale, with this effect becoming more pronounced for higher values of the black hole spin parameter, higher fluid temperatures, and stiffer equation of state parameters. We also find that the exerted drag force is highly sensitive to the value of the underlying discretization scale in the case of spinning black hole spacetimes, with certain instabilities becoming significantly more pronounced at certain critical values of the discretization parameter. We discuss some potentially observable consequences of these results, as well as some directions for future theoretical investigation.

Coupling the Maxwell tensor to the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor is shown to lead to a geometricized theory of electrodynamics. While this geometricized theory leads directly to the classical Maxwell equations, it also extends their physical interpretation by giving charge density, mass density and the four-velocity that describes their motions geometric definitions. Assuming the existence of a conserved energy-momentum tensor, all solutions to the geometricized theory of electrodynamics developed here are shown to be consistent with the emergence of gravity obeying the General Relativity field equation augmented by a term that mimics the properties of dark matter and/or dark energy. Finally, due to the symmetries of the theory, the properties and phenomenology of antimatter emerge in solutions.

Positive recurrence for a single-server queueing system is established under generalised intensity conditions of service which does not assume existence of the density distribution function of service but a certain integral type lower bound as a sufficient condition. Positive recurrence implies existence of the invariant distribution and a guaranteed slow convergence to it in the total variation metric.

In this paper, we investigate an exact Universe which is observational viable and filled with binary mixture of perfect fluid and cosmological constant $\Lambda$. Owning the non-uniform expansion of cosmos, we have considered redshift drift $\dot{z} = -(1+z)H_{0}+H(z)$ and performed statistical test to obtain the best fit value of model parameters of derived Universe with its observed values. Here $H_{0}$ and $z$ denote the present value of Hubble constant and redshift respectively. We estimate the best fit values of Hubble constant and density parameters are $H_{0} = 68.58 \pm 0.84$ km/s/Mpc, $(\Omega_{m})_{0} = 0.26 \pm 0.010$ and $(\Omega_{\Lambda})_{0} = 0.71 \pm 0.025$ by bounding the derived model with latest observational Hubble data (OHD) while with joint Pantheon data and OHD, its values are $H_{0} = 71.93 \pm 0.58$ km/s/Mpc, $(\Omega_{m})_{0} = 0.272 \pm 0.06$ and $(\Omega_{\Lambda})_{0} = 0.74 \pm 0.09$. The analysis of deceleration parameter and jerk parameter show that the Universe in derived model is compatible with $\Lambda$CDM model.

The primary concept of time in special and general relativity (SR, GR) and quantum mechanics (QM) is coordinate time t. Here I show: SR and GR are mathematically correct, but physically t has an issue. It takes an observer as the center of time, just as the geocentric model takes Earth as the center of space. In Euclidean relativity (ER), the roles of t and proper time τ have switched. Time dilation is interpreted differently: In ER, an observed clock is slow with respect to an observer in his proper flow of time (not in its proper flow of time as in SR/GR). All energy is moving through 4D Euclidean space (ES) at the speed c. All four dimensions are distance, and “cosmic time” t is the total distance covered in ES divided by c. Unlike in previous ER models, an observer’s reality is only created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper 3D space and to his proper flow of time. The Lorentz factor and gravitational time dilation are recovered in ER. So, ER predicts the same relativistic effects as SR and GR. Yet ER outperforms SR in solving time’s arrow and the c² in mc². ER also outperforms a GR-based cosmology in explaining the data from high-redshift supernovae while declaring cosmic inflation, expansion of space, dark energy, and quantum gravity redundant. ER even improves our understanding of QM: It solves the wave–particle duality and quantum entanglement while declaring non-locality redundant. I conclude: The true pillars of physics are ER and QM.

Background: Articles published in scholarly journals form part of the scientific evidence base. It is the responsibility of the scientific community to maintain its integrity. In 2011 the BMJ commissioned a feature article to draw attention to an article that had appeared in another journal- The Lancet 13 years previously. The Lancet had already retracted the article. These actions exemplify the best traditions of scientific record-keeping. Objective: This submission examines whether the main claims summary made in the BMJ were factual. Method: We examine what was published in the Lancet against what was published in the BMJ and verify against the findings in the GMC hearings transcripts and verdict of the UK High Court. Results: The 6 points highlighted in BMJ had errors and need to be corrected. Conclusions: There are significant differences between what was reported in the Lancet paper and what was alleged to be there by the BMJ. This article aims only to point to errors in the BMJ article, to set the record straight. It does not show there was a causal association between MMR vaccination and autism.

In this note, we provide some effective treatments of a general linear model with adding-up restrictions via algebraic operations of given vectors and matrices in the model, including analytic expressions of the well-known ordinary least-squares estimator (OLSE) and the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) of the unknown parameters in the model.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in anterior knee laxity (AKL), stiffness, general joint laxity (GJL), and genu recurvatum (GR) during the menstrual cycle in female non-athletes and female athletes with normal and irregular menstrual cycles. Participants were 19 female non-athletes (eumenorrhea, n=11; oligomenorrhea, n=8) and 15 female athletes (eumenorrhea, n=8; oligomenorrhea, n=7). AKL was measured as the amount of anterior tibial displacement at 67 N - 133 N. Stiffness was calculated as change in (Δ)force/Δ anterior displacement. The Beighton method was used to evaluate the GJL. The GR was measured as the maximum angle of passive knee joint extension. AKL, stiffness, GJL, and GR were measured twice in four phases during the menstrual cycle. Stiffness was significantly higher in oligomenorrhea groups than in eumenorrhea groups, although no significant differences between menstrual cycle phases were evident in female non-athletes. GR was significantly higher in the late follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases than in the early follicular phase, although no significant differences between groups were seen in female athletes. Estradiol may affect the stiffness of the periarticular muscles in the knee, suggesting that GR in female athletes may change during the menstrual cycle.

The present work studies a swelling porous-elastic system with viscoelastic damping. We establish a general and optimal decay estimate which generalizes some recent results in the literature. Our result is established without imposing the usual equal-wave-speed condition associated with similar problems in literature.

Background: The COVID-19 among humans is spreading heavily and is largely impacting the mental health of the general population, students, and health care workers worldwide. Hence, this review aims to summarize the literatures addressing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the general population, students, and health care workers. Methods: Published articles concerning mental health of the general population, students, and health care workers related to the COVID-19 outbreak have been considered and reviewed. Results and Discussion: Mental health symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression are common psychological reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population, students, and health care workers. This collectively influences daily behavior, economy, prevention strategies and decision making from policy makers and health organizations, weakening the strategies of COVID-19 control leading to more morbidity and mental health needs at the global level. Conclusion: There is a need for more evidence-based research from other affected countries, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children and adolescents, people of lower socioeconomic status, and those residing in rural areas, so that valid strategies can be developed and COVID-19 and outbreaks of similar types in the near future can be prevented.

Study background and aims: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed interventions in departments of general surgery. One of the most important aims in achieving perioperative stability of these patients is diminishing the impact of general anesthesia on the hemodynamic stability and the optimization of anesthetic drug doses based on the individual clinical profile of each patient. The objective of this study is the evaluation of the impact monitoring the depth of anesthesia through Entropy (state entropy – SE and response entropy -RE) has on the hemodynamic stability and on the doses of volatile anesthetic. Material and Methods: This is a prospective, observational, randomized, monocentric study carried out between January 2019 and December 2019 in the Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care from the “Pius Brînzeu” Emergency County Hospital in Timișoara, Romania. The patients included in the study were divided in two study groups; patients in Group A (target group) received multimodal monitoring that included monitoring of standard parameters and of Entropy (SE and RE), while patients in Group B (control group) only received standard monitoring. Anesthetic dose in group A were optimized to achieve a target entropy of 40-60. Results: 68 patients met the inclusion criteria and were allocated to one of the two study groups, Group A (N=43) and Group B (N=25). There were no statistically significant differences identified between the two groups for both demographical and clinical data (p>0.05). Statistically significant differences have been identified for the number of hypotensive episodes (p = 0.011, 95% CI 0.1851 to 0.7042) and for the number of episodes of bradycardia (p < 0.0001, 95% CI 0.3296 to 0.7923). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the Sevoflurane consumption between the two study groups (p = 0.0498, 95% CI -0.3942 to 0.9047). Conclusions: The implementation of the multimodal monitoring protocol that includes the standard parameters and the measurement of Entropy for determining the depth of anesthesia (SE and RE) lead to a considerable improvement in perioperative hemodynamic stability. Optimizing the doses of anesthetic drugs based on the individual clinical profile of each patient leads to a considerable decrease in drug consumption as well as to a lower incidence of hemodynamic side-effects.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the energy, by an arbitrary value.

Some physicists surmise that gravity lies outside of quantum mechanics. Thus theories like the standard semiclassical theory of quantum to gravity coupling (that of Rosenfeld and Møller) are possible real models of interaction, rather than a mere approximation of a theory of quantum gravity. Unfortunately, semiclassical gravity creates inconsistencies such as superluminal communication. Alternatives by authors such as Diósi, Martin, Penrose, and Wang often use the term 'stochastic' to set themselves apart from the standard semiclassical theory. These theories couple to fluctuations caused by for instance continuous spontaneous localization, hence the term 'stochastic'. This paper looks at stochastic gravity in the framework of a class of emergent or ontological quantum theories, such as those by Bohm, Cetto, and de Broglie. It is found that much or all of the trouble in connecting gravity with a microscopic system falls away, as Einstein's general relativity is free to react directly with the microscopic beables. The resulting continuous gravitational wave radiation by atomic and nuclear systems does not, in contrast to Einstein's speculation, cause catastrophic problems. The small amount of energy exchanged by gravitational waves may have measurable experimental consequences. A very recent experiment by Vinante et al. performed on a small cantilever at mK temperatures shows a surprising non-thermal noise component, the magnitude of which is consistent with the stochastic gravity coupling explored here.

We explore the possibility of using the external regions of galaxy clusters to measure their mass accretion rate (MAR). The main goal is to provide a method to observationally investigate the growth of structures on the nonlinear scales of galaxy clusters. We derive the MAR by using the mass profile beyond the splashback radius, evaluating the mass of a spherical shell and the time it takes to fall in. The infall velocity of the shell is extracted from N-body simulations. The average MAR returned by our prescription in the redshift range z=[0, 2] is within 20-40% of the average MAR derived from the merger trees of dark matter haloes in the reference N-body simulations. Our result suggests that the external regions of galaxy clusters can be used to measure the mean MAR of a sample of clusters.

The discovery by the Large Area Telescope on board Fermi of variable gamma-ray emission from radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxies revealed the presence of a possible third class of AGN with relativistic jets in addition to blazars and radio galaxies. Considering that NLSy1 are usually hosted in spiral galaxies, this finding poses intriguing questions about the nature of these objects and the formation of relativistic jets. We report on a systematic investigation of the gamma-ray properties of a sample of radio-loud NLSy1, including the detection of new objects, using 7 years of Fermi-LAT data with the new Pass 8 event-level analysis. In addition we discuss the radio-to-very-high-energy properties of the gamma-ray emitting NLSy1, their host galaxy, and black hole mass in the context of the blazar scenario and the unification of relativistic jets at different scales.

High redshift blazars are among the most powerful objects in the Universe. Although they represent a significant fraction of the extragalactic hard X-ray sky, they are not commonly detected in gamma-rays. High redshift (z>2) objects represent <10 per cent of the AGN population observed by Fermi so far, and gamma-ray flaring activity from these sources is even more uncommon. The characterization of the radio-to-gamma-ray properties of high redshift blazars represents a powerful tool for the study of the energetics of such extreme objects and the Extragalactic Background Light. This contribution will present results of multi-band campaigns, from radio to gamma-rays, on PKS 0836+710, PKS 2149-306, and TXS 0536+145. The latter is the highest redshift detection of a flaring gamma-ray blazar so far. At the peaks of their respective flares these sources reached an apparent isotropic gamma-ray luminosity of about 10^50 erg/s, which is comparable with the luminosity observed from the most powerful blazars. The physical properties derived from the multi-wavelength observations of these sources are then compared with those shown by the high redshift population.

This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein's research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Dual generalized commutative quaternions have broad application prospects in many fields. Additionally, the matrix equation AXB = C has important applications in mathematics and engineering, especially in control systems, economics, computer science, and other disciplines. However, research on the matrix equation AXB = C over the dual generalized commutative quaternions remains relatively insufficient. In this paper, we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the dual generalized commutative quaternion matrix equation AXB = C. Furthermore, we provide the general solution expression for this matrix equation, when it is solvable. Finally, a numerical algorithm and an example are provided to confirm the reliability of the main conclusions.

Alena Tensor is a recently discovered class of energy-momentum tensors that provides mathematical framework in which, as demonstrated in previous publications, the description of a physical system in curved spacetime and its description in flat spacetime with fields are equivalent. The description of a system with electromagnetic field based on Alena Tensor can be used to reconcile physical descriptions. 1) In curvilinear description, Einstein Field Equations were obtained with Cosmological Constant related to the invariant of the electromagnetic field tensor, which can be interpreted as negative pressure of vacuum, filled with electromagnetic field. 2) In classical description for flat spacetime, three densities of four-forces were obtained: electromagnetic, gravity, and the force responsible for the Abraham-Lorentz effect (radiation reaction force). Obtained connection of Einstein tensor with gravity and radiation reaction force, after transition to curvilinear description, excludes black hole singularities. There was obtained Lagrangian density and generalized canonical four-momentum, containing electromagnetic four-potential and a term responsible for other two forces. In this description charged particles cannot remain at complete rest and should have spin, their energy results from the existence of the energy of the magnetic moment and the density of this energy is part of the Poyting four-vector. The distribution of charged matter was expressed as polarization-magnetization stress-energy tensor, what may explain why gravity is invisible in QED. 3) In quantum picture, QED Lagrangian density simplification was obtained, and the Dirac, Schrödinger and Klein-Gordon equations may be considered as approximations of the obtained quantum solution. Farther use of Alena Tensor in unification applications was also discussed.

We present a study of the radio variability of bright, $S_{1.4}\geq100$ mJy, high-redshift quasars at $z\geq3$ on timescales up to 30--40 years. The study involved simultaneous RATAN-600 measurements at frequencies of 2.3, 4.7, 8.2, 11.2, and 22.3 GHz in 2017--2020. In addition, data from the literature were used. We have found that the variability index $V_S$ of the quasars ranges from 0.02 to 0.96, with about half of the objects in the sample showing a variability index in the range of 0.25--0.50, which is comparable to that of the blazars at lower redshifts. The distribution of $V_S$ at 22.3 GHz is significantly different from that at 2.3--11.2 GHz, which may be attributed to the fact that a compact AGN core dominates at the source's rest frame frequencies greater than 45 GHz, leading to higher variability indices obtained at 22.3 GHz (the $V_S$ distribution peaks around 0.4) compared to the lower frequencies (the $V_S$ distribution peaks around 0.1--0.2). Several source groups with distinctive variability characteristics were found using cluster analysis of quasars. We propose 7 new candidates for gigahertz peaked-spectrum (GPS) sources and 5 new megahertz peaked-spectrum (MPS) sources based on their spectrum shape and variability features. Only 6 out of 23 sources previously reported as GPS demonstrate a low variability level typical of classical GPS sources ($V_{S} < 0.25$) at 4.7--22.3~GHz. When excluding the highly variable peaked-spectrum blazars, we expect no more than 20\% of the sources in the sample to be GPS candidates and no more than 10\% to be MPS candidates.

We considered the hypothesis that the sources of dark energy (DE) could be black holes (BHs) or more exotic objects, such as naked singularities or gravastars. We proposed a definition of the presence of DE in the Universe and a criterion for what can be considered the source of this dark energy. It is based on the idea of the accelerated expansion of the Universe, which requires antigravity caused by large negative pressure. A recently proposed hypothesis was examined that mass of BHs increases with time according to the same law as the volume of the part of the Universe containing it and the population of BHs can mimic DE. We demonstrate the reasons why it cannot be accepted, even if all the assumptions on which this hypothesis is based are considered true.

This is the second in a series of two articles introducing the Gravitas computational general relativity framework, in which we now focus upon the design and capabilities of Gravitas's numerical subsystem, including its ability to perform general 3+1 decompositions of spacetime via the ADM formalism, its support for the definition and construction of arbitrary Cauchy surfaces as initial data, its support for the definition and enforcement of arbitrary gauge and coordinate conditions, its various algorithms for ensuring the satisfaction of the ADM Hamiltonian and momentum constraints, and its unique (totally-unstructured) adaptive refinement algorithms based on hypergraph rewriting via Wolfram model evolution. Particular attention will be paid to the seamless integration between Gravitas's symbolic and numerical subsystems, its ability to configure, run, analyze and visualize complex numerical relativity simulations and their outputs within a single notebook environment, and its capabilities for handling generic curvilinear coordinate systems and spacetimes with general (and often highly non-trivial) topologies using its specialized and highly efficient hypergraph-based numerical algorithms. We also provide illustrations of Gravitas's functionality for the visualization of hypergraph geometries and spacetime embedding diagrams in two and three dimensions, the ability for Gravitas's symbolic and numerical subsystems to be used in concert for the extraction of gravitational wave signals and other crucial simulation data, and Gravitas's in-built library of standard initial data, matter distributions and gauge conditions. We conclude by demonstrating how the numerical subsystem can be used to set up, run, visualize and analyze a standard yet nevertheless reasonably challenging numerical relativity test case: a binary black hole collision and merger within a vacuum spacetime (including the extraction of its outgoing gravitational wave profile).

Discussing quantum theory foundations, von Neumann noted that the measurement process should not be regarded in terms of a temporal evolution. A reason for his claim is insurmountability of the gap between reversible and irreversible processes. The time operator formalism that goes beyond such a gap is adequate framework for elaboration of the measurement problem. It considers signals to be stochastic processes, whether they correspond to variables or distribution densities. Signal processing like that utilizes statistical properties to perform its tasks, which is the definition of statistical signal processing. A hierarchy of the measurement process is indicated by crossing between states and devices, which implies an evolution in the temporal domain. The concept has generalized to an open system by the use of duality in frame theory.