The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of an artificial magnetic monopole and to introduce new electromagnetic equations by altering an electric field and a magnetic field vectors.As a principle device, a cylindrical condenser is prepared, and a superconducting loop is inserted into it. By this conduction, radial electric fields take a role as the centripetal force and both counterclockwise and clockwise motions are induced. As a result, a stationery wave is formed in which the nodes take a part in creating a monopole as follows.First, employing the Lorentz conservations and because node of the stationary wave has no phases, the momentum k and the vector potential A vanish and instead a magnetic potential appears in order to maintain the Lorentz conservation. This magnetic potential has relationship with an electric potential, and thus consequently, a dependent relationship is obtained between an electric field and a magnetic field vectors. Using this conclusive dependent relationship, we can derive new Maxwell equation assembly which are created by altering the electric field and the magnetic field vectors. In this process, we derive a divergent equation of magnetic fields which is not zero, i.e., the existence of a magnetic monopole. Employing these newly derived Maxwell equation, an electromagnetic wave is derived whose speed is the same as one the existing Maxwell equations provide. As a monopole configuration, this paper discusses the energy gap of the vacuum, which is a result of the Dirac equation and describes a monopole as pairs between two Cooper pairs (i.e. four electrons) whose interaction is a photon. As mentioned, because the total momenta and phases are zero, this paper defines the wave function as the Dirac function and demonstrate the condensation, employing the Bloch’s theorem. Moreover, using the macroscopic basic equations, we retrace the creation of the divergent magnetic field in view of macroscopic phenomenon., which provides results in this paper.In Result section in this paper, we succeeded in demonstrating the distribution of the divergent magnetic field of monopole in terms of both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Furthermore, Discussion section describes properties a magnetic monopole should follow.

This paper aims to outline the effectiveness of modern universal gate quantum computers when utilizing different configurations to solve the B-SAT(Boolean Satisfiability) problem. The quantum computing experiments are performed using Grover’s Search algorithm to find a valid solution. The experiments are performed under different variations to demonstrate their effects on the results. Changing the number of shots, qubit mapping, and using a different quantum processor are all among the experimental variables. The study also branches into a dedicated experiment highlighting a peculiar behavior that IBM quantum processors exhibit when running circuits with a certain number of shots.

Neurological disorders have been reported in a large number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, suggesting that this disease may have long-term adverse neurological consequences. COVID-19 occurs from the infection by a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The membrane fusion protein of SARS-CoV-2, the spike protein, binds to its human host receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to initiate membrane fusion between the virus and host cell. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 contains the furin protease recognition site and its cleavage enhances the infectivity of this virus. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor has been shown to downregulate ACE2, thereby increasing the levels of pathogenic angiotensin II (Ang II). The furin protease cleaves between the S1 subunit of the spike protein with the binding domain toward ACE2 and the S2 subunit with the transmembrane domain that anchors to the viral membrane, and this activity releases the S1 subunit into the blood circulation. The released S1 subunit of the spike protein also binds to and downregulates ACE2, in turn, increasing the level of Ang II. Considering that a viral particle contains many spike protein molecules, furin-dependent cleavage would release many free S1 protein molecules each of which can downregulate ACE2, while the infection with a viral particle only affects one ACE2 molecule. Therefore, the furin-dependent release of S1 protein would dramatically amplify the ability to downregulate ACE2 and produce Ang II. We hypothesize that this amplification mechanism that the virus possesses, but not the infection per se, is the major driving force behind COVID-19 associated neurological disorders.

Aim: To evaluate the impact of applying alternative diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during the COVID-19 pandemic on GDM prevalence, obstetrical and perinatal outcomes, and costs, as compared to the standard diagnostic method. Methods: A cohort of pregnant individuals undergoing GMD screening with the alternative GDM method, which uses plasma glucose (fasting or non-fasting) and HbA1c, was compared with a cohort of pregnant individuals undergoing the standard GDM screening method. Both cohorts were obtained from 6 hospitals across Catalonia, Spain, from April 2020 to April 2022. The primary outcome was large for gestational age rate at birth. Secondary outcomes were composite adverse outcomes including pregnancy complications, delivery complications, and neonatal complications. Cost differences between screening methods were also evaluated. A similar analysis was performed in the subgroup diagnosed with GDM. Results: Data were collected from 1,543 pregnant individuals in the standard screening group and 2,197 in the alternative screening group. The standard screening group had a higher GDM diagnostic rate than the alternative screening group (10.8% vs 6.9%, respectively; p<0.0001). The primary outcome (large for gestational age rate) was similar between groups: 200/1543 (13.0%) vs 303/2197 (13.8%). The adjusted OR for this outcome was 1.74 (95% CI: 0.74-4.10). An adjusted analysis showed no differences between groups in composite adverse outcomes for pregnancy complications (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.91-1.36), delivery complications (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.75-1.19), and neonatal complications (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.94-1.75). Among individuals diagnosed with GDM, the large for gestational age rate was similar between groups: 13/166 (7.8 %) vs 15/151 (9.9 %). The OR adjusted for this outcome was 1.24 (95% CI: 0.51-3.09). An adjusted analysis showed no differences in composite adverse outcomes for pregnancy complications (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 0.84-2.98), delivery complications (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.63-2.35), and neonatal complications (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 0.61-3.04). The mean cost (which included expenses for consumables, equipment and personnel) of the alternative screening method was 46.0 euros (22.3 SD), as compared to 85.6 euros (67.5 SD) for the standard screening method. Conclusions: In this Spanish population during the COVID-19 pandemic, GDM prevalence was lower in the alternative screening group than in the standard screening group. After adjusting for GDM risk factors, outcomes related to obstetrics, delivery, and neonatal complications were comparable between both groups. Finally, the alternative screening method was cheaper than the standard screening method.

High-frequency circuit performance is significantly impacted by impedance variations, particularly within the low-resistance regime. Traditional Ohm’s Law based modeling approaches often fail to accurately predict circuit behavior in these conditions, leading to design inaccuracies and potential system failures. The Standard Ohm’s Law based model’s prediction of infinite current as resistance approaches zero is physically unrealistic and hinders its application in practical scenarios. Despite the recognition of these limitations, existing models have not comprehensively addressed the complex impedance behavior observed in high-frequency circuits. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a modified version of the Ohm’s Law incorporating an exponential correction term. The Modified Ohm’s Law’s accuracy was evaluated through simulated experiments across a wide frequency range (1kHz to 1GHz) using various electronic components. The findings demonstrate the superior performance of the modified model in predicting currents under low-resistance and high-current conditions compared to the Standard Ohm’s Law model. By providing finite and accurate current values, the proposed model effectively mitigates the unrealistic infinite current predictions of the standard approach. The enhanced predictive capabilities of the Modified Ohm’s Law hold significant implications for high-frequency circuit design and analysis. Its application can lead to improved performance and reliability in power electronics, telecommunications, and other high-frequency systems. By incorporating non-linear impedance behavior, the model offers a more accurate representation of real-world circuit conditions. Future research should focus on refining the exponential term’s parameters to optimize the model's accuracy across a broader range of applications. Additionally, real-time implementation and hardware validation are essential to assess the model's practical utility in complex circuit environments.

Viral infections leading to inflammation have been implicated in several common diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Of note, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) has been reported to be associated with AD. We sought to identify the transcriptomic changes due to HSV-1 infection and anti-viral drug (acyclovir, ACV) treatment of HSV-1 infection in dissoci-ated cells from human cerebral organoids (dcOrgs) versus stem cell-derived pancreatic islets (sc-islets) to gain potential biological insights into the relevance of HSV-1-induced inflammation in AD and T1D. We observed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HSV-1-infected sc-islets were enriched for genes associated with several autoimmune diseases, most significantly T1D but also rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, whereas DEGs in HSV-1-infected dcOrgs were exclusively enriched for genes associated with AD. ACV treatment of sc-islets did not rescue transcript expression of autoimmune disease-associated genes. Finally, we identified gene ontology categories that were enriched for DEGs that were in common across, or unique to, viral treatment of dcOrgs and sc-islets, such as categories involved in the transferase complex, mitochondrial and autophagy function. Collectively, this studies pro-vide insight to the molecular effects of inflammation in AD and T1D.

The theory of Ismail's non-extensive maximum entropy solution (NME) is described in detail. It is used as an inductive inference technique for heavy-tailed queues with a non-robust mean queue length and a non-extensive "long-range" interaction. In our novel method, we substitute the non-robust mean queue length for the conventional Pollaczeck-Khinchin mean queue length. In other words, the new non-extensivity parameter q will be included in the resulting state probability function. Numerical portraits are provided to capture the influential effect of the derived formalism, , on the stable M//1 queue with heavy tails. More potentially, some applications of Hurst Exponent to social computing and connected health are provided. Conclusion with some challenging open problems and possible future research pathways are given.

Many industrial processes, several natural processes involving non-living matter, and all the processes occurring within living organisms take place in solution. This means that the molecules playing active roles in the processes are present within another medium, called solvent. The solute molecules are surrounded by solvent molecules and interact with them. Understanding the nature and strength of these interactions, and the way in which they modify the properties of the solute molecules, is important for a better understanding of the chemical processes occurring in solution, including possible roles of the solvent in those processes. Computational studies can provide a wealth of information on solute-solvent interactions and their effects. Two major models have been developed to this purpose: a model viewing the solvent as a polarizable continuum surrounding the solute molecule, and a model considering a certain number of explicit solvent molecules around a solute molecule. Each of them has its advantages and challenges, and one selects the model that is more suitable for the type of information desired for the specific system under consideration. These studies are important in many areas of chemistry research, from the investigation of the processes occurring within a living organism to drug design and to the design of environmentally benign solvents meant to replace less benign ones in the chemical industry, as envisaged by the green chemistry principles. The paper presents a quick overview of the modelling approaches and an overview of concrete studies, with reference to selected crucial investigation themes.

This work is the result of a two-year research leave (French CNRS delegation) with field research in France, India and England, based on a total of 36 interviews in the three countries. The aim of this publication is to discuss how the laws of different countries deal with gender and what representations the laws reveal about gender roles in the societies they regulate through discourses. For example, France, England and India have laws that are more or less specific about gender roles in society: the language used to express the laws also fulfils gender roles while affecting people’s everyday lives. The whole issue of gender and rights is about the presumed and desired equality of rights for women and men, and the way in which this corresponds to the reality of women’s and men’s lives. Indeed, laws are necessary to regulate human relations in society. For example, anti-discrimination laws exist to protect and regulate these relationships in a common space, to regulate and combat abuse. The emphasis on gender – including gender roles – and LGBTQ+ people shows that this phenomenon is understood and experienced differently in global practice. Our examples in this publication focus on France and India.

We present a novel method for interpolating univariate time series data. The proposed method combines multi-point fractional Brownian bridges, a genetic algorithm, and Takens’ theorem for reconstructing a phase space from univariate time series data. The basic idea is to first generate a population of different stochastically interpolated time series data, and secondly, to use a genetic algorithm to find the pieces in the population which generate the smoothest reconstructed phase space trajectory. A smooth trajectory curve is hereby found to have a low variance of second derivatives along the curve. For simplicity, we refer to the developed method as PhaSpaSto-interpolation, which is an abbreviation for phase-space-trajectory-smoothing stochastic interpolation. The proposed approach is tested and validated with a univariate time series of the Lorenz system, five non-model data sets and tested against a cubic spline interpolation and a linear linear interpolation. We find that the criterion for smoothness guarantees low errors on known model and non-model data. Finally, we interpolate the discussed non-model data sets, and show the corresponding improved phase space portraits. The proposed method is useful for interpolating low-sampled time series data sets for, e.g., machine learning, regression analysis, or time series prediction approaches.

Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) are crucial for the efficient operation of financial markets. However, studies focusing on Chinese FMIs are limited. Following the release of a draft regulation on Chinese FMIs in December 2022, this study, building on Zhang and Yin (2023), provides an updated analysis. It introduces non-central bank affiliated FMIs with the latest data, explores the evolution of regulatory reforms, and examines the newly-released regulations. In particular, it offers a critical review of specific regulations and their implications for China's recent policy shift towards prioritizing security and establishing financial dominance. Finally, the study outlines a research agenda for future investigations.

This research article provides an unconditional proof of an inequality proposed by \textit{Srinivasa Ramanujan} involving the Prime Counting Function $\pi(x)$, \begin{align*} (\pi(x))^{2}<\frac{ex}{\log x}\pi\left(\frac{x}{e}\right) \end{align*} for every real $x\geq \exp(547)$, using specific order estimates of the \textit{Mertens Function}, $M(x)$. The proof primarily hinges upon investigating the underlying relation between $M(x)$ and the \textit{Second Chebyshev Function}, $\psi(x)$, in addition to applying the meromorphic properties of the \textit{Riemann Zeta Function}, $\zeta(s)$ with an intention of deriving an improved approximation for $\pi(x)$.

Glaucoma is one of the primary causes of blindness worldwide. Canal opening surgery, a type of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) applied in cases of mild to moderate glaucoma, has gained increasing popularity in recent years due to its efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure, its safety profile, the simplicity of its technique, and the reduced likelihood of compromised vision. Nevertheless, the existing body of histopathological studies remains insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of post-surgical wound healing. Consequently, debates persist among researchers regarding the mechanism through which Schlemm’s canal opening surgery reduces intraocular pressure, as well as the surgical techniques that may impact the outcomes and the factors influencing surgical success. As the history of MIGS is relatively short and lacks sufficient systemic reviews or meta-analysis evaluating the influence of individual factors, this review was conducted to illuminate disparities in the researchers’ opinions at the current stage of research.

The colpodellids consist of free-living predatory protists phylogenetically related to pathogenic Apicomplexan parasites such as Plasmodium species, Cryptosporidium sp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Among the colpodellids, Colpodella species prey on bodonids, algae, and ciliates. Voromonas pontica preys on Percolomonas species. In the past decade, Colpodella species have been reported to cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals, and having the potential for zoonotic infections in humans due to the presence of Colpodella species in ticks. In the reported cases, transmission and pathogenic stages of Col-podella were not identified by light microscopy. In the colpodellid V. pontica, cyst stages of both the pred-ator and its prey Percolomonas cosmopolitus have not been identified by light microscopy. In this study we evaluated the dye components used for Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome staining, from different major vendors to determine the consistency and reproducibility of the staining protocol to aid the use of the staining proto-col for diagnosis. We show that although slight variations in the color of the stained cells are obtained, life cycle stages of Colpodella ATCC 50594 could be clearly identified, regardless of the vendor used. For the first time, Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome staining series, could identify cysts of V. pontica and its prey, demonstrating that the staining protocol can identify life cycle stages of other colpodellids. Sam-Yellowe's trichrome staining will aid molecular diagnosis of infections caused by colpodellids in human and ani-mals, identify colpodellids in ticks and flies and from environmental samples, when used for staining.

In this paper, two double Jordan-type inequalities are introduced based on the papers [1]-[5]. These inequalities generalize the inequalities obtained in [1]-[5]. As a result, some new upper and lower bounds of the sinc function are obtained. This extension of Jordan’s inequality is enabled by considering the corresponding inequalities through the concept of stratified families of functions elaborated in [6]. Based on this approach, some optimal approximations of the sinc function are derived by determining corresponding minimax approximants, also described in the paper [6].

This paper presents an in-depth study of the stress wave behavior propagating in a Rayleigh–Love rod with a sudden cross-sectional area change. The analytical solutions of stress waves are derived for the reflection and transmission propagation behavior at the interface of the cross-sectional area change in the rod, considering inertia and Poisson’s effects. Examples solved by the finite element method are provided to verify the correctness of the analytical results. In addition to the forward analysis of Rayleigh–Love wave propagation in rods impacted by a striker rod, a nondestructive testing method is proposed to conduct the defect assessment in the rod type of the structure component with a sudden cross-sectional area change within a cover medium by using the measured signals at the measurable zone of the rod to be inspected.

The quinoline derivative, N-(7-chloro-4-morpholinoquinolin-2-yl)benzamide, was synthesized in a conventional three-step procedure from 4,7-dichloroquinoline using N-oxidation reaction/C2-amidation reaction/C4 SNAr reaction sequence. The structure of the compound was fully characterized by FT-IR, 1H‐, 13C-NMR, DEPT-135°, and ESI-MS techniques. Its physicochemical parameters (Lipinski’s descriptors) were also calculated using the online SwissADME database. Such derivatives are relevant therapeutic agents exhibiting potent anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties.

This paper is devoted to an accurate determination of the London dispersive and polar free energy of adsorption, the two Lewis acid γs+ and base γs- components of polar surface energy γsAB of 2D single-crystalline and polycrystalline covalent organic frameworks such as TAPPy-TPA-COFs. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution was used to quantify the different surface parameters of the different materials. From IGC measurements, one determined the net retention time of the adsorption of n-alkanes and several polar solvents on single-crystalline and polycrystalline covalent organic frameworks. The free surface Gibbs energy of adsorption was obtained for the various organic molecules at different temperatures from their net retention volume values. The separation between the London dispersive energy and the polar energy of adsorbed molecules was carried out by using a new thermodynamic parameter PSX chosen as new indicator variable and taken into account the deformation polarizability and the harmonic mean of the ionization energies of solvents and solid materials, derived from London dispersion equation. The obtained results are very promising for the accurate determination of the surface thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of organic solvents on solid surfaces.

Circles, semicircles and its derived circular sectors are ubiquitous both in human creations and in the natural realm. However, mathematically speaking they have always represented a certain level of enigma or even mysticism since ancient times for being such a perfect shape that enclosed the irrational value that we now call π. Such figure was relatively unknown until the seventeenth century; polymaths like Guarini even equated it, after so many centuries, to the Archimedes fraction of 22/7 or sometimes 25/8 which, giving a value 3.125 introduces a considerable degree of error; Eventually, Lambert had to demonstrate, well advanced the eighteenth century that π was actually an irrational number. In recent years, the author has worked with sections of spheres and other curved bodies as related to radiative heat transfer and applied to the finding of form factors pertaining to such special geometries, to the point of defining new postulates. The main theorems so far enunciated refer to the radiative exchange between circles and half disks, but recently the possibility to treat circular sectors has arrived, thanks to the research already conducted in which, by virtue of Cabeza-Lainez first postulate, we are able to know the form factor of any spherical segment over itself, discarding in this way, the former uncertainties that appeared when dealing with the inner side of spherical surfaces. As it is known, to find the exact expression of the configuration factor by integration alone is mostly a tedious task and the results are not readily available as it has been frequently proved. In the said problem of the circular sectors, the author could integrate the first two steps of the basic formulation for radiant exchange. Subsequently, the novelty of the procedure lies in introducing a finite differences approximation for the third and fourth integrals which still remain unsolved, once that we have been able to find the first and second integrals of the form factor. This possibility had not been identified by former research. This sole output provides us with an ample variety of scenarios previously unforeseen. As a consequence, we would be able to analyze with more precision but freely, the spatial transference of radiant heat for figures composed of circular sectors such as spherical sectors like quarters or octaves of spheres. Many architectural, industrial or aircraft modules and objects fall into this category. We already know that spherical shapes cannot be discretized with any accuracy as there are no spherical tiles of the same size, therefore we hope to overcome with our finding a persistent extent of error. In this situation we are able to reduce a considerable amount of hindrances in the progress of thermal radiation science, due to the advances hereby presented. As the new formulations found can be adapted for algorithms, they will be integrated in simulation procedures with significant avail. Our achievement may be considered timely in the effort invested to square the elements of mathematics for radiative transfer. Important sequels are already being derived for radiation in the entrance to tunnels, aircraft design, low-energy building construction and also lighting and HVAC industries to cite just a few.

BACKGROUND: Scoliosis is a widespread musculoskeletal disorder of bending and twisting of spine. In this medical ailment, spine curves to the side and even in severe cases it can twist and can take several bends. For the diagnosis and treatment of scoliotic patients, the Cobb’s angle is a critical marker of the body’s curvature. OBJECTIVE: There are many researches that have been conducted to automate the manual measurement of the angle and every investigation has their own limita- tions. METHODS: This paper presents a method for precisely measuring the Cobb’s an- gle using deep learning based techniques. Mainly it comprises of feature enhance- ment of augmented dataset, a bespoke code for landmark estimation on the spine, segmentation model based on the U-Net architecture and a custom code for Cobb’s angle measurement. These measured angles are then compared to the given angles for the segmentation on biomedical (X-ray) images. RESULTS: The findings demonstrate that the proposed technique offers an auto- mated and impartial way for precisely measuring this angle with an overall accu- racy of 97% and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 4.99, which can lower the variability, facilitate early detection, accurate diagnosis, and monitoring of scolio- sis progression. Additionally, it aids in the treatment planning and evaluating treat- ment outcomes. CONTRIBUTION: By leveraging the applications of Cobb’s angle measurement, healthcare professionals can enhance the quality of care and can improve long-term outcomes for individuals with scoliosis.

At the beginning of our observations, humanity believed that the Earth was the center of the uni-verse and that the sun was spinning around the Earth. Claude Ptolémée (100-168) made a mistake by modelling the movements in the geocentric referential, the model of the sun and planet move-ments was an illusion and all Humanity was wrong. Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) showed the illusion and simplified the system by moving from the geocentric referential to the heliocentric referential. In the present paper, I would like to discuss about the possibility of making mistakes with quantum theory because we are all in the wrong classical referential. In my interpretation, the decoherence problem and wave function collapse do not exist at all, because we are the illusion, we are living in a quantum illusion, in a mirage. It is impossible to observe the quantum world as it is, in our classical referential, and we see the quantum world with a false vison of quantum reality be-cause we are not yet in the universal quantum referential whose I postulate the existence. As we are quantum illusions when seen from this universal quantum referential, Schrödinger’s cat paradox is a non-sense as life and death are illusions. We must be very humble with quantum theory and we should not put ourselves in the center of the quantum world again particularly with our lives and deaths. We will thus be collectively able to reach the universal quantum referential by changing our vision of life and quantum world. This will be our Big Bang.

A time interval only description necessarily needs its own independent definitions, without one moment time coordinates to it. In this paper derived are time interval only set properties, including commutation relations, addition, multiplication and derivatives. Time interval only set commutation relations, consistent with one moment time set properties, are introduced by defining correspondence relations for these sets. Time development and equilibrium within the time interval description depend on the well-known ‘mean velocity theorem’ and the time interval version of the Legendre transform. In contrast, usually applied is only the traditional vector and one moment time coordinate kinematic approach from Newton’s laws. The main results of this paper are correspondences and time interval only set commutation relations. All other properties are derived from these results, while for the time interval only set, different from the one moment time set the canonical property is not valid. The time interval only description can be applied assuming spherical symmetric star-source radiation propagation, with finite time intervals for realistic measurement events. From time development with (a-)symmetry of time intervals, and from Curie’s principle, change can be described with a set theoretic approach. Time interval only set properties include the time interval only version of Noether charges and structure constants. A time interval only description for wave propagation, including group-velocity, for zero and non-zero mass wave particles, relates to the properties of the time interval only set. A second result in terms of the time interval only description is propagation wave energy equivalence with gravitation energy, derived from time interval only set commutation relations. A time interval approach, however including one moment time description dependence, was introduced in earlier publications of this author. In part 1 investigated are the time interval only set and its properties, a forthcoming part 2 to application of the time interval only description to specific groups of stars as emission sources.

The poly lactic acid (PLA) is one of the most used bio-derived thermoplastic polymers in 3D and 4D printing applications. The determination of PLA surface properties is of capital importance in 3D/4D printing technology. (1) Background: The surface thermodynamic properties of PLA polymer were determined by using the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique at infinite dilution. The determination of the retention volume of polar and non-polar molecules adsorbed on the PLA particles filling the column allowed us to obtain the dispersive, polar, and Lewis’s acid-base surface properties at different temperatures from 40 °C to 100 °C. (2) Methods: the applied surface method was based on our recent model that used the London dispersion equation and the new chromatographic parameter function of the deformation polarizability and the harmonic mean of the ionization energies of the PLA polymer and organic molecules. (3) Results: The application of this new method led to the determination of the dispersive and polar free surface energy of adsorption of molecules on the polymeric material, as well as the glass transition and the Lewis acid-base constants. (4) Conclusions: four interval temperatures were distinguished showing four zones of the variations of the surface properties of PLA as a function of the temperature before and after the glass transition.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the therapies of AD with anti-amyloid1-42 (Aβ) monoclonal antibodies are associated with the vascular complications of brain edema, hemorrhage, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) termed amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs). The neuropathology of normal and AD brains demonstrates that monocyte/macrophages (MMs) are critical in successful brain clearance in healthy brain by up-loading, transporting, and degrading Aβ but fail degradation and clearance in AD patients by releasing Aβ into vessels at the blood-brain barrier, causing vasculitis and ARIAs. The naturally-formed epoxides (EpFAs) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s), including arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids, may repair degradation of Aβ by regulating Aβ-degrading enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and unfolded protein response (UPR) to endoplasmic reticulum stress in a homeostatic fashion. EpFAs are, however, degraded by the soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme (sEH) but are protected by the sEH inhibitor (sEHI) TPPU. In the cultures of AD patients’ macrophages, TPPU with the epoxide EEQ, and the cGAS/STING inhibitor H-151 increased uptake of Aβ at 2 hours and degradation of Aβ at 24 hours. In conclusion, the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor TPPU with omega-3 fatty acids and the cGAS/STING inhibitor H-151 increase Aβ uptake and degradation in macrophages of AD patients, and potentially enhancing Aβ clearance in the AD brain.

1) Background: Capturing patients’ medical histories significantly influences clinical decisions. Errors in this process lead to clinical errors, increase costs and dissatisfaction among physicians and patients. Physicians in developing countries are overloaded with patients and cannot always follow the proper history-taking procedure. The challenges are acknowledged; however, a comprehensive understanding of the status and the remedies remained unexplored. 2) Objective: This paper aims to investigate the workload, history-taking challenges, and the willingness of the physicians to accept digital solutions. 3) Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on 104 physicians across Bangladesh, featuring 22 questions regarding their professional environment, workload, digitization status of health records, challenges in history-taking, and attitudes toward adopting digital solutions for managing patient histories; 4) Results: 92.67% of the physicians face workloads, 88.46% struggle in medical history-taking, and only 4.81% use digital medical records. About 70% struggle to complete the necessary history-taking steps, emphasizing the urgent need for solutions. An AI-based Smart Health Gantt Chart (SHGC) system has been introduced for their instant feedback. 93.27% of physicians expressed their willingness to use such a system. 5) Conclusions: The proposed SHGC has the potential to enhance healthcare efficiency in developing nations, benefit physicians, and improve patient-centered care.

This paper explores the Wilsonian renormalization group of probe-D-branes, focusing on the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action. The analysis involves deriving the constant of motion and formulating the Wilsonian renormalization group equation. The study extends to the infrared regime, considering both zero and non-zero temperatures. Additionally, thermodynamic aspects related to the functional form of the grand potential are discussed. The investigation provides insights into the renormalization of probe-D-branes and their thermodynamic properties.

The dispersive and polar properties of materials, and especially of polymers and copolymers play an important role in several engineering applications implying their surfaces and interfaces. The surface energetic properties of poly(styrene-co-butadiene) have never been studied. We proposed in this study an accurate determination of such properties by using the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. Background: The IGC surface technique led to the dispersive and polar properties of poly(styrene-co-butadiene) rubber (SBR) by adsorption of organic solvents at various temperatures. Methods: Our new methodology based on the thermal Hamieh model and the London dispersion interaction energy was used to determine the London dispersion surface energy, the polar acid-base surface energy, and the Lewis acid-base properties of the copolymer. Results: The different surface energy parameters of the SBR were obtained as a function of temperature from the chromatographic measurements. Conclusions: The dispersive and polar free energies of adsorption of the various n-alkanes and polar molecules on poly(styrene-co-butadiene) were determined at different temperatures. A decrease of the London dispersive surface energy and the polar Lewis acid-base surface energies of SBR was highlighted when the temperature increased. It was showed a Lewis amphoteric character of poly(styrene-co-butadiene) with a highest basic constant 10 times larger than its acidic constant.

In mammals, Tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins modulate the immune response by coordinating pro-inflammatory related processes such as antiviral restriction, cellular autophagy and inflammasome activation. In fish, TRIM proteins have been reported mainly in cyprinids (e.g., carp, zebrafish) and salmonids (rainbow trout). However, their molecular mechanisms and functions are still being described these animals. Our study focused on characterizing novel TRIM proteins involved in the innate immune response of gill cells from rainbow trout stimulated with LPS or poly(I:C). Also, a fish trial was performed to detect TRIM proteins of rainbow trout after a challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, a salmonid bacterial pathogen. At in vitro level, the results showed that, among several TRIM proteins, OmTRIM25 triggered an LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α2 and IL-1β), suggesting a potential local modulatory function. Moreover, in the fish trial, while OmTRIM25 and finTRIM2 were up-regulated in the gills two days post infection (dpi), IL-1β and TNF-α2 reached their peaks of expression at four- and six-dpi. Finally, after delving into the function of OmTRIM25 by RNA interference (RNAi) gene-silencing, we propose that TRIM proteins such as OmTRIM25 are needed to induce the pro-inflammatory response in the gills of rainbow trout, which confirms their immunomodulatory function.

This research paper explores the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics, with a focus on the Equivalence Principle, Mass, and Gravitational Dynamics. Volume 1 of this study re-examines the classical equivalence principle, which maintains the equivalence of inertial mass and gravitational mass (also referred to as gravitating mass) and extends this concept to incorporate new findings related to both illuminating (baryonic) matter and dark matter. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Matter Mass (Mᴍ) and Gravitating Mass (Mɢ) and their roles within the extended framework. It introduces the concept of Apparent Mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ), a negative mass component that influences Effective Mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ), in alignment with the research by A.D. Chernin et al. on dark energy and the structure of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies. Additionally, the paper reinterprets Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation by integrating Apparent Mass, leading to a revised understanding of gravitational potential. The study demonstrates how the interaction between Matter Mass and Negative Apparent Mass contributes to a redefined concept of Gravitating Mass. These extensions enhance classical mechanics by incorporating modern scientific insights, including the gravitational effects of dark matter and the alignment of Apparent Mass with the negative effective mass of dark energy.

The increasing rearrangement is a rewarding instrument in financial risk management. In practice, risk must be managed in different perspectives. A common example is portfolio risk which often can be seen from at least two perspectives: market value and book value. Different perspectives that is different distributions can be coupled by increasing rearrangement. One distribution is regarded as underlying, and the other distribution can be expressed as increasing rearrangement of the underlying distribution. Then, the risk measure for the latter can be expressed in terms of the underlying distribution. Our first objective is to introduce the increasing rearrangement for application in financial risk management and apply the increasing rearrangement to the class of distortion risk measures. We derive formulas to compute risk measures in terms of the underlying distribution. Afterwards, we apply our results to a series of special distortion risk measures, namely Value at Risk, Expected Shortfall, Range Value at Risk, Conditional Value at Risk, Wang's risk measure. Finally, we present the connection of increasing rearrangement to inverse transform sampling, Monte Carlo simulation, and cost-efficient strategies. Butterfly options serve as illustrative example for the method.

The surface thermodynamic properties of polymers and copolymers modified by supramolecular structures are very used in several industrial processes, such as selective adsorption, paints, coatings, colloids, and adhesion applications. Background: Inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution was proved to be the best technique to determine the surface properties of solid surfaces by studying the adsorption of some model polar and non-polar organic molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces by varying the temperature. Methods: The retention volume of adsorbed solvents is a precious parameter to obtain the London dispersive and polar free energies and the London dispersive surface energy of styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer modified by supramolecular structure of melamine using the Hamieh thermal model and our new methodology consisting in the separation of the two polar and dispersive free energy of interaction. This led to the determination of the polar acid and base surface energy, and the Lewis’s acid-base constants of the various solid materials. Results: all surface energetic properties of styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer modified by melamine at different percentages were determined as a function of temperature, following our new methodology. Conclusions: It was observed that the styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer exhibited the highest London dispersive surface energy which decreased when the melamine percentage increased. All materials presented higher Lewis’s basicity and this Lewis’s basicity increased with the percentage of melamine.

Porter's diamond model was used because it is an index in the field of competitiveness and increasing the index of competition in the international arena. In order to measure actions in the field of commerce and marketing trends and its compliance with Porter's diamond model, an organization named Isfahan Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture was selected from among the existing non-governmental organizations in Iran. This non-governmental organization, having different departments has members and subgroups related and influential in the field of commerce and marketing. In order to answer the question raised in this research, that is, to determine the position of the Isfahan Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture in Porter's diamond model, by referring to this organization in person, the available documents, information and data available in a descriptive-survey manner. It was reviewed until October 2022. All key activities and works performed in this organization in the period from March 2019 to March 2022 were identified and separated according to the internal factors of Porter's Diamond model. Finally, the credibility and effectiveness of this non-governmental organization as a link between the private sector and the government was measured in the Porter's diamond model.

We propose a novel framework for understanding quantum phenomena through the lens of a modified electromagnetic spacetime governed by Einstein field equations. By assuming the existence of an electromagnetic spacetime that adheres to these modified geodesic and Einstein field equations, provided the field equations satisfy the Coulomb force law in weak-field approximations, we explore the derivation of Maxwell’s equations and highlight the necessity of incorporating spin to validate these equations. We derive the wave equation for the normalized transverse metric and establish its equivalence with the de Broglie wave proposition, suggesting a relationship between this metric and the particle's wavefunction. This approach offers a classical explanation for several quantum phenomena, including the double-slit experiment, entanglement, tunneling, non-locality, and wavefunction collapse. Additionally, it posits a method to visualize atomic orbital structures in line with quantum mechanical predictions. These findings suggest that the foundational principles of quantum mechanics can be interpreted as linearized approximations of general relativity applied to electromagnetic spacetime. While this theory does not yet extend to the correlations between general relativity, quantum electrodynamics (QED), and quantum chromodynamics (QCD), it provides a valuable visualization tool for physicists and advances our understanding of the unresolved challenges linking quantum mechanics with general relativity.

Aim: This study aims to analyze the collaborative structure of Intestinal Behçet’s Disease (IBD) research by examining co-authorship networks in publications indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection from 2000 to 2023. The goal is to identify key researchers, institutions, and collaboration patterns that have shaped the field over the past two decades. Method: This study utilized network analysis techniques to evaluate 484 publications related to IBD research indexed in the WoS Core Collection between 2000 and 2023. The analysis was conducted using Python (Version 3.10.5) in the PyCharm development environment (Software Version 2022.1.3). The co-authorship networks were assessed using macro-level indicators such as network density (the ratio of actual to possible connections), clustering coefficient (degree of node clustering), number of components (distinct connected subgroups), and average path length (average distance between nodes). Micro-level indicators including degree centrality (importance based on the number of connections), closeness centrality (proximity to other nodes), and betweenness centrality (frequency of a node on the shortest paths between others) were also analyzed.Result: From 2000 to 2009, the co-authorship network was highly fragmented with a low network density of 0.0114 and 84 distinct components, indicating limited collaboration. Key contributors during this period included Kim, Won Ho, and Cheon, Jae Hee (South Korea), who played central roles in connecting disparate research clusters. In the following decade (2010-2019), network density decreased slightly to 0.0086, and the number of components increased to 113, reflecting continued fragmentation despite growing research output. However, from 2020 to 2023, network density increased to 0.0171, and the number of components decreased to 73, indicating a trend towards greater integration and collaboration. Notable researchers in this period included Emmi, Giacomo (Italy), and Hatemi, Gulen (Turkey), who emerged as central figures, highlighting a shift in research leadership from Asia to Europe..Conclusion: The co-authorship network analysis of IBD research reveals an evolving collaborative landscape with increasing network density and decreasing fragmentation over time, particularly in the most recent period. From 2000 to 2019, Japanese and Korean researchers were prominent contributors, highlighting the significance of Asia in the global research arena. However, since 2020, researchers from Italy and Turkey have gained significant international prominence, suggesting a shift in the research focus from Asia to Europe. This transition may be attributed to changes in the incidence rates of IBD, where rapid increases were observed in Asian countries like Japan, Korea, and China until 2020, followed by stabilization or decline, while incidence rates have been increasing in European countries such as Italy and Turkey. These findings underscore the importance of expanding international collaborations to enhance the understanding of IBD. Fostering global partnerships could further advance the field, promoting more integrated and innovative research efforts, and addressing the shifting dynamics of IBD prevalence across regions.

The thermal surface properties of graphenes and carbon materials are of crucial importance in chemistry of materials, chemical engineering, and many industrial processes. (1) Background: The determination of these surface properties is carried out using inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution which leads to the retention volume of organic solvents adsorbed on solid surfaces. This experimental and fundamental parameter actually reflects the surface thermodynamic interactions between injected probes and solid substrates. (2) Methods: The London dispersion equation and the Hamieh thermal model were used to quantify the London dispersive and polar surface energy of graphenes and carbon fibers as well their Lewis acid-base constants by introducing the coupling amphoteric constant of materials. (3) Results: The London dispersive and polar acid-base surface energies, the free energy of adsorption, the polar enthalpy and entropy, and the Lewis acid-base constants of graphenes and carbon materials were determined. (4) Conclusions: it was showed that graphene exhibited the highest values of London dispersive surface energy, polar surface energy, and Lewis’s acid-base constants. These highest characteristics of graphene justify its great potentiality and uses in many industrial applications.

It has been theorized that black holes are surrounded by firewalls, although there is not universal agreement concerning this. We first review basic concepts pertaining to Schwarzschild black holes and Hawking radiation. Then we discuss the anticipation of Hawking radiation initially by R. C. Tolman and shortly thereafter with P. Ehrenfest, albeit for non-black holes. We compare evaporation into a vacuum at absolute zero (0 K) of black holes with that of non-black holes, and show that not only black holes but also non-black holes evaporate in finite time. Next, we show that (i) if firewalls exist, they can originate via Hawking radiation at the minimum possible ruler distance (the Planck length) beyond the Schwarzschild horizon, where it has not suffered any gravitational redshift, or, alternatively, suffered maximal gravitational blueshift and (ii) the firewall temperature is on the order of the Planck temperature, independently of the mass and hence also of the Schwarzschild radius of a Schwarzschild black hole. We then explain the exponential nature of the gravitational frequency shift as a function of the gravitational potential. Next, we consider the firewall-mass problem, and provide an at least prima facie tentative resolution thereto based on: (i) the mass of a firewall being canceled by the negative gravitational mass = (negative gravitational energy)/c² accompanying its formation, (ii) the unchanged observations of a distant observer upon formation of a firewall, and (iii) Birkhoff’s Theorem (actually first discovered by Jørg Tofte Jebsen). We then consider one aspect of thermodynamics in gravitational fields, showing that equilibrium relativistic gravitational temperature gradients cannot be exploited to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The study of the emission, propagation, and reflection of balls in Newtonian mechanics, applying the laws of conservation of momentum and energy when the mass of the balls converges to zero, concludes that the kinematics of light are like those of massless balls. The kinematics of light explain why the speed of light is the constant c in each inertial frame in which the light source and reflective mirror are at rest, why the laws of physics have the same form in each inertial frame, and why any light experiment in an inertial frame cannot prove the motion of that inertial frame. The following law of mechanics governs the kinematics of balls and electromagnetic radiation: Each inertial frame drags at its velocity the balls and electromagnetic radiation emitted by bodies at rest in that inertial frame. The theory of special relativity misapplies the symmetry observed in phenomena to two inertial frames; therefore, it duplicates a physical phenomenon from one inertial frame, which is considered stationary, into another. There are multiple issues rooted in Lorentz's and Einstein's transformations. For example, transformations offer the speed of light at the constant c in the moving and opposite directions of the inertial frame. At the same time, it is variable in any other direction, converging to infinity. Time contraction in the moving direction of the inertial frame is different from time dilation in the opposite direction. It requires a ruler and time synchronization in each direction. There are no length contractions in Lorentz's and Einstein's transformations to support the fundamental concept of length contraction in special relativity. With these unacceptable conclusions, the theory of special relativity is self-negating.

Here, using the theory of electrical modelling of the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electrical generator, we will begin the path to demonstrate that the interactions of electromagnetic forces, weak force and strong force that are part of the standard model, can be described by a single electromagnetic force interaction, in other words: SU(3) x SU(2) --> U(1). We will also hypothesize two particles that would give rise to gravitons. It is the interactions of the quarks (U, Û, D, ^D) that dominate the dynamics; They are responsible for the origin of bosons (photons, gluons, W⁺, W⁻, Z⁰, gravitons and Higgs boson).

We are going to demonstrate the origin of dark energy, using a Hardwire similarity, a test that is carried out in terrestrial seismic with vibroseis in the search for gas and oil. In the first instance, we are going to analyse the mathematical function of Dirac's delta and compare it with the detonation of an explosive that is carried out in the search for gas and oil. Let's understand that in both cases a frequency spectrum is produced. We will also explain the meaning of a non-causal, zero-phase system; a causal system, of minimum phase, in order to determine the mathematical behaviour that corresponds to the Big Bang. Next, following the line of seismic, we will analyse a Hardwire Similarity to demonstrate that a vibroseis source, which generates a sweep, produces, in addition to the ideal sweep of fundamental frequencies, spurious harmonic frequencies and additional noise. We will show that this additional energy generated by the spurious harmonic frequencies and additional noise adds to the energy of the fundamental frequency sweep in analogy as dark energy does.

Here, using the theory of electrical-quantum modelling of the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electrical generator, we will analyse the proton decay and the inverse neutron decay and determine the following subatomic particles, Dproton, Protoniu, Dneutron and Neutroniumd.

Neurodegeneration is a major problem in neuroscience and medicine as it causes and worsens many neurological and psychiatric disorders. It involves gradual loss of neurons at different levels of the brain, affecting cognition, emotion, behavior, consciousness, and attention. Understanding the causes and consequences of neurodegeneration is crucial for identifying the risk factors, biomarkers, and treatments. However, the current therapies are mostly symptomatic and ineffective. Therefore, new and innovative methods, such as noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), are needed to modulate brain activity and plasticity in a safe and reversible manner. This field is rapidly developing, with a focus on exploring new clinical applications, mechanisms, and combinations of NIBS and drugs. This special issue covers the latest progress and challenges in the study of neurodegeneration in cognitive impairment and mood disorders from the experimental, clinical, and translational perspectives. It addresses the complexity and diversity of these conditions, the lack of disease-modifying treatments, the ethical and practical issues of conducting research in vulnerable and diverse populations, the integration and interpretation of data from multiple sources and modalities, and the development and validation of novel methods such as NIBS, artificial intelligence, and drug repurposing. Collaborative efforts among various stakeholders are needed to improve our knowledge and treatment of neurodegeneration underlying cognitive impairment and mood disorders.

Here we will electrically-quantum model the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electric generator, for this, we will use the theory of three-phase electric generators and vector or phasor diagrams. We will use this model to hypothesize how the quarks that form neutrons and protons with a combined mass of 10 MeV/c², can generate, through quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions, a mass of 939.56 MeV/c² for the neutron and a mass of 938.27 MeV/c² for the proton. Using quantum mechanics and the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time we will calculate the number of quarks-antiquarks-gluons and gravitons inside a neutron. We will also analyse βˉ decay using vector diagrams, we will calculate the tension of the string T₀ and the length of the string ℓs between quarks-antiquark and finally, we will model a black hole using a neutron equivalent model. In version 2 of this article, we will update the vector diagrams of the βˉ decay and theoretically calculate the energy of the W⁻ boson, the Z⁰ boson, and the Θ angle, Θ = arc cos (W⁻/Z⁰). We will demonstrate, through vector diagrams, that quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions are the cause of the origin of the W⁻ boson and the Z⁰ boson. We will also demonstrate how the fine structure constant α originates. It is important to make clear, in future updates, we will describe the relationship that exists between the theory described in this paper and the Isospin theory, flavour and colour theory

Here, applying the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time, we will model the mechanism by which elementary particles are formed. We will determine the relationship between gravity and each of the elementary particles that form the standard model following analogies to that of stellar bodies. In order to achieve our goal, we will propose new models for photons, quarks and gluons; with this, we will demonstrate why there are stable and unstable elementary particles; why the first family of elementary particles forms hadrons and why the second and third families cannot form hadrons; why the fermions comply with the Pauli exclusion principle and why the bosons do not comply with the Pauli exclusion principle, etc. Finally, we will analyse the generalization of the ADS/CFT correspondence and propose a theory of everything (T.O.E.).

We mathematically derived a comprehensive theoretic framework “Asymmetry Theory”, based solely on the well-established principle of “the constancy of the velocity of light” without any other assumptions, like the ether. This paper proves that Asymmetry Theory encompasses all results of Special Relativity (STR) as a special case when the observer moves perpendicularly to the “source-observer” line. It explains everything STR does but extends beyond it, offering novel and groundbreaking insights. The longstanding controversies surrounding STR arise from its application outside its intended special case, hence, they are all resolved in Asymmetry Theory. Asymmetry Theory is supported by all experiments supporting STR, like Kaufmann, Ives-Stilwell, muon lifetime, nuclear reaction…., and those contradicting STR, like the Lunar range and GPS tests of light speed and the lack of transverse Doppler shift. Despite its mathematical rigorousness and all experimental evidence, we propose two new experiments to decisively test predictions from both theories.The mathematically derived Asymmetry Theory is a more comprehensive theoretical framework covering STR as a special case. It is self-consistent and theoretically proved by Maxwell’s equations. It does not contradict any established physical observations but instead resolves century-old controversies by providing a unified, mathematical and paradox-free explanation of key phenomena. Furthermore, its groundbreaking results offer a unified perspective across various distinct laws of physics, including: A formula for light velocity mathematically explains the Sagnac effect, one-way light speed, stellar aberration, Michelson-Morley, Hafele-Keating and Optic clocks. Electrodynamics formulas encompass particle acceleration, Mass-Energy and matter wave. A unified formula for all cases of classical and transverse Doppler effects covers time-varying Doppler effect, cosmological redshift, and Cherenkov radiation. A generalized form of Maxwell's equations for moving observers directly derives the formulas for light speed, Doppler effect and Sagnac effect.

Here we will explain the correlation between the Kerr-Newman diagram and the theory: RLC electrical modelling of a black hole and the early universe. We will develop a black hole model that describes and explains both theories. In the development of our analysis, we will emphasize the following conditions: M² > Q² + a², M² = Q² + a² and M² < Q² + a² and we will also analyse the condition in which the mass of a black hole reaches its critical mass M = Mc. We will demonstrate that the interpretation of the Kerr-Newman diagram is equivalent to the interpretation of the theory: RLC electrical modelling of a black hole and the early universe. Finally, we will generalize the proposed model for a black hole and propose a black hole model formed by negative particles, neutroniumd, which after reaching critical conditions of mass, pressure, volume, temperature, density, etc.; decays into a positively charged black hole, protoniu. Let us remember that both models are formed by charged particles of matter (they do not contain antimatter), but their vector configuration means that the net charges of both proposed black holes are zero.

Information geometry (IG) seeks to characterize the structure of statistical geodesic models from a differential geometric point of view. By considering families of probability distributions as manifolds with coordinate charts determined by the parameters of each individual model, the tools of differential geometry, such as divergences and metric tensors, provide effective means of studying their characteristics. The research undertaken in this paper presents a novel approach to the modelling study of information geometrics of a queueing system. In this context, the manifold of a stable M/G/1queue is characterised from the viewpoint of IG. The Fisher Information matrix (FIM) as well as the inverse of (FIM), (IFIM) of stable M/G/1 queue manifold are devised. In addition to that, new results that uncovered the significant impact of stability of M/G/1 queue manifold on the existence of (IFIM) are obtained. The Kullback’s divergence (KD), and J-divergence (JD).New result has been devised on the significant impact of both server utilization and squared coefficient of variation of the underlying M/G/1 queue manifold on both (KD) and (KD) are devised. Also, it is revealed that stable M/G/1 QM is developable (i.e., has a zero Gaussian curvature) and has a non-zero Ricci Curvature Tensor (RCT). Novel stability dynamics of M/G/1 queue manifold is revealed by discovering the mutual dual impact between the behaviour of (RCT) and the stability and the instability phases of the underlying M/G/1 queue manifold. Furthermore, a new discovery that presents the significant impact of stability of M/G/1 queue manifold and the continuity of the unique representation between M/G/1 queue manifold and Ricci Curvature Tensor (RCT). The information matrix exponential (IME) is devised. It is also shown that the obtained (IME) is unstable. Also, it is shown that stability of the devised (IME) enforces the instability of M/G/1 queue manifold. Unifying IG with Queueing Theory enables the study of dynamics of queueing system from a novel Riemannian Geometric (RG) point of view, leading to the analysis of the stable M/G/1 queue, based on the Theory of Relativity (TR).Extending the study over two new additional divergence measures, namely and together with a complete illustrative numerical results for all these measures including KD, JD. This links Queueing theory, IG with deep machine learning and metric learning. Furthermore, this reveals the revolutionary approach of queue learning. Full analytic study of Gaussian curvatures subject to both Angular and Monge techniques together with the overall stability dynamics impact on these curvatures. Full analytic study of Einestein Tensor and Stress Energy Tensor together with the overall stability dynamics impact on these curvatures. The inclusion of the definitions of Gaussian and Ricci, Ricci scalar curvatures and Einstein Tensor together with their physical interpretations; The proposed novel approach for the pioneer visualization of queueing systems via computational information geometry. The determination of new important links between classical queueing theory and other mathematical disciplines, such as IG, matrix theory Riemannian geometry and the THEORY OF RELATIVITY by providing for first time i) The full detailed derivations of the Gaussian curvature ii) The Ricci curvature tensor and iii) The full physical as well as the geometric interpretation of these new results. The provision of a novel link between Ricci Curvature (RCT) and the stability analysis of the stable M/G/1 QM. The full investigation of the newly introduced QT-IG unifiers together with the impact of stability/ instability of the underlying M/G/1 QM on them. The full investigation of the newly introduced (QIGU) unifiers together with the impact of stability/ instability of the underlying M/G/1 QM on them.

The use of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) for the treatment of patients with malignant haematological diseases has become a well-established application, for conditions such as refractory or relapsed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), B cell lymphomas (BCL), and multiple myeloma (MM). Nearly 35,000 patients have received autologous CAR-T cells for the treatment of these conditions only in the USA. Since their approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017, over 1200 clinical trials have been initiated globally and there are at least 10 different CAR-T cells with approval by different regulatory agencies around the globe. In the USA the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 6 commercial CAR-T cells that are widely distributed worldwide. At the time of this writing, several clinical trials have been performed in patients with solid tumours such as glioblastoma, renal and pancreatic cancer, as well as in patients with autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM), and systemic sclerosis (SS). There are also several studies showing the potential benefit of CAR-T cells for other non-malignant diseases such as asthma and even fungal infections. In this review, without pretending to cover all the current areas of treatments with CAR-T cells, we offer a brief summary of some of the most relevant aspects of the use of CAR-T cells for some of these conditions.

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spike RBD epitopes in complex with spike (S) -protein D614G mutations now predominate globally and increase infectivity by assembling more functional S proteins into the virion. On average, homeopathic medicine contains less than one molecule per dose on average. Single variable SphericalHarmonicY, LaguerreL, WhittakerM, SphericalBesselJ, LegendreP, LegendreQ, LaguerreL, ChebyshevT, and Hypergeometric1F1 Functions pFqarise in connection with the power series solution of the Schrodinger equation or in the summation of perturbation expansions in quantum mechanics. A quantum interpretation of the homeopathic method is presented here through a novel algebraic topology approach to supersymmetry and symmetry breaking in quantum fields and quantum gravity theory with the aim of developing a wide range of physical-based drug design applications in a Small Molecule Quantized Water Memory Network suggesting that the Hidden Black Hole Paradox of Information Loss might be solved under suitable conditions.