Scientists observe, discover, justify and eventually share their findings with the scientific community. Dissemination is an integral aspect of scientific discovery since discoveries which go unnoticed have no or little impact on science. Today, peer-review is part of this process of scientific dissemination as it contributes proactively to the quality of a scientific article. As the numbers of scientific journals and scientific articles published therein are increasing steady, processes such as the single-blind or double-blind peer review are facing a near collapse situation. In fact, these traditional forms of reviewing have reached their limits and, because of this, are also increasingly considered as unfair, sloppy, superficial and even biased. In this manuscript we propose forms of Post Publication Public Peer Review (P4R) as valuable alternatives to the traditional blind peer review system. We describe how the journal Sci has explored such an approach and provide first empirical evidence of the benefits and also challenges such a P4R approach is facing.

The terms 'open' and 'openness' are widely used across the current higher education environment particularly in the areas of repository services and scholarly communications. Open-access licensing and open-source licensing are two prevalent manifestations of open culture within higher education research environments. As theoretical ideals, open-licensing models aim at openness and academic freedom. But operating as they do within the context of global neoliberalism, to what extent are these models constructed by, sustained by, and co-opted by neoliberalism? In this paper, we interrogate the use of open-licensing within scholarly communications and within the larger societal context of neoliberalism. Through synthesis of various sources, we will examine how open access licensing models have been constrained by neoliberal or otherwise corporate agendas, how open access and open scholarship have been reframed within discourses of compliance, how open-source software models and software are co-opted by politico-economic forces, and how the language of 'openness' is widely misused in higher education and repository services circles to drive agendas that run counter to actually increasing openness. We will finish by suggesting ways to resist this trend and use open-licensing models to resist neoliberal agendas in open scholarship.

For dental implant treatment to be successful, esthetics, functionality, and cleanability are all required of the superstructure, the final prosthesis. Screw fixation and cementation have been the conventional methods of choice for the crown prosthesis of implants, but these individual methods cannot fulfill all the requirements. As a solution to this problem, we have devised a new implant superstructure restoration method (inlay covering esthetic technique) using computer-aided design / computer-aided manufacturing inlays. This involves the placement of an inlay covering the access hole in a highly translucent partially stabilized zirconia crown. This technique expands the indications for implant treatment and improves the oral quality of life of patients.

This brief report investigates the potential correlation between manual labor and opioid addiction, focusing on contributing factors such as chronic pain, regular exercise, healthcare access, and housing stability. Although manual labor is associated with higher rates of work-related injuries and chronic pain, the review finds no strong, direct correlation between manual labor and increased opioid addiction rates. The relationship is complex and influenced by a range of socio-economic factors. The findings highlight the need for further research, particularly longitudinal studies, to explore these dynamics in depth and develop targeted interventions for at-risk populations.

In response to growing industrial demands, necessitated by larger ships and increased cargo volumes, many port authorities worldwide are undertaking a significant expansion of their infrastructure to increase their capacity. Significant expansion raises challenges such as potential congestion and environmental concerns, especially for port located in urban area as the case study explored in this paper. To address these issues, the study employs a combination of scenario analysis developed in collaboration with the port authority and logistic system simulation. This approach assesses the capacity of existing access gates to handle the increased trucking traffic and optimizes the unloading process of construction trucks at a new terminal. Key findings suggest that while the current gate capacities are adequate, optimizing unloading times at the new terminal is critical to prevent road congestion in urban area before the gate and reduce negative impacts such as sound and atmospheric pollution. The study advocates for an appointment system during peak hours to manage traffic flow effectively and underscores the importance of collaboration between the city and port authorities in managing truck traffic to mitigate congestion on the city side. Nonetheless, the study recognizes certain constraints, including the incomplete evaluation of the influence of intermodal transport on truck traffic. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for future research to consider the correlation between vehicle numbers and service levels, aiming to effectively adjust the time in the system.

The study analyzed Ecuador's presence in the Web of Science (WoS) post-pandemic from a multivariate dynamic, highlighting a significant transformation in scientific communication towards open access (OA). The methodology integrated multivariate statistical techniques, using R and specialized tools, to process 9,085 relevant articles, 52% of the Ecuadorian publications in WoS between 2019 and 2021 were open access. This movement reflects a commitment to quality research and accessibility, showing an increase in publications and citations under OA. The research underscores the importance of establishing robust national OA policies in Ecuador to promote scientific collaboration and an equitable distribution of knowledge. Despite funding challenges and the lack of specific regulations, educational institutions in Ecuador have maintained a constant scientific output, adapting to the global environment and the demand for transparent information. The study concludes that there is an urgent need for a holistic approach to OA in the country, recognizing the progress made despite the difficulties.

Background: Food insecurity is an ongoing problem in the U.S. with implications for health problems and social disadvantages. Past food insecurity intervention studies have targeted barriers to accessing healthy food. Although, information barriers have not been adequately addressed by food insecurity interventions. Methods: This qualitative study involved testing a text message as an informational nudge through interviews among adults in the southwest U.S. (n = 10). Interview questions focused on the message content, persuasiveness, relevancy, clarity, and details that participants liked and disliked. A qualitative content analysis of interview responses then highlighted any necessary modifications to the text message. Results: Interview responses highlighted that the message conveyed details about how to access food assistance resources. The message was perceived as informative, clear, and friendly. Participants highlighted the need for better spacing in the message layout, more details about the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and why SNAP is relevant. Conclusion: Text message readability and informativeness were common concerns raised during interviews. Participant-informed modifications to the text message were applied in preparation for using the message in a food insecurity intervention. Future food insecurity research efforts should similarly test novel interventions to ensure the intervention is acceptable for the target population.

(1) Background: The 2002 Budapest Open Access Initiative recommended on self-archiving of scientific articles in open repositories as the “green road” to open access. Twenty years later, only one part of the researchers deposits their publications in open repositories; moreover, one part of the repositories’ content is not based on self-archived deposits but on mediated nonfaculty contributions. The purpose of the paper is to provide more empirical evidence on this situation and to assess the impact on the future of the green road. (2) Methods: We analyzed the contributions on the French national HAL repository from more than 1,000 laboratories affiliated to the ten most important French research universities, with a focus on 2020, representing 14,023 contributor accounts and 166,939 deposits. (3) Results: We identified seven different types of contributor accounts, including deposits from nonfaculty staff and import flows from other platforms. Mediated nonfaculty contribution accounts for at least 48% of the deposits. We also identified difference between institutions and disciplines. (4) Conclusions: Our empirical results reveal a transformation of open repositories from self-archiving and direct scientific communication towards research information management. Repositories like HAL are somewhere in the middle of the process. The paper describes data quality as the main issue and major challenge of this transformation.

Due to resource constraints, most Diamond Open Access journals publish less than 25 articles per year, and 75% of journals are not able to provide their content in XML and HTML, primarily providing only PDFs (Bosman et al., 2021, p. 7-8). In order to keep up with larger commercial publishers, a high degree of automation and streamlining of processes is necessary. The Open Source Academic Publishing Suite (OS-APS) project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research aims to achieve this. OS-APS automatically extracts the underlying XML from Word manuscripts and offers optimization and export options in various formats (PDF, HTML, EPUB). The professional corporate design, e.g., of the PDFs, is managed automatically by using templates or creating one's own using a Template Development Kit. OS-APS will also connect to scholarly-led and community-driven publishing platforms such as Open Journal Systems (OJS), Open Monograph Press (OMP), and DSpace: the software will be able to be integrated into a wide range of publication processes, whether at small, low-resource commercial Open Access Publishers, or institutional and Diamond Open Access Publishers. References: Bosman, J., Frantsvåg, J. E., Kramer, B., Langlais, P.‑C., & Proudman, V. (2021). Oa Diamond Journals Study. Part 1: Findings. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558703

Consistent data is seldom available for whole-catchment flood modelling in many developing regions, thus this study demonstrates how the complementary strengths of open and readily available geospatial datasets and tools can be leverage to map flood risk within acceptable levels of uncertainty for flood risk management. Available fragmented remotely-sensed and in situ datasets (including hydrological data, altimetry, digital elevation model, bathymetry, aerial photos, optical and radar imageries) are systematically integrated using 2-dimensional CAESAR-LISFLOOD model to quantify and recreate the extent and impact of the historic 2012 flood in Nigeria. Experimental modelling, calibration and validation is undertaken for the whole Niger-South hydrological catchment area of Nigeria, then segmented into sub-domains for re-validation to understand how data variability and uncertainties impact on the accuracy of model outcomes. Furthermore, aerial photos are applied for the first time in the study area for flood model validation and to understand how different physio-environmental properties influence synthetic aperture radar flood delineation capacity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Modern organizations have migrated from localized physical offices to work-from-home environments. This surge in remote work culture has exponentially increased the demand and usage of Virtual Private Network (VPN), which permits remote employees to access corporate offices effectively. However, the technology raise concerns including security threats, latency, throughput, and scalability, among others. These Newer generation threats are more complex and frequent, which makes the legacy approach to security ineffective. The research paper gives an overview of contemporary technologies used across enterprises including VPN and Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA), Proxy Servers, Secure Shell (SSH) Tunnels, Software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN), and Secure Access Service Edge (SASE). This paper also presents a comprehensive cybersecurity framework named Zero Trust VPN (ZTVPN), which is a VPN solution based on Zero Trust principles. The proposed framework is aimed to enhance IT security and privacy for modern enterprises in remote work environments and addresses concerns of latency, throughput, scalability, and security. Finally, the paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework in various enterprise scenarios, highlighting its ability to prevent data leaks, manage access permissions, and provide seamless security transitions. The findings underscore the importance of adopting ZTVPN to fortify cybersecurity frameworks, offering an effective protection tool against contemporary cyber threats. This research serves as a valuable reference for organizations aiming to enhance their security posture in an increasingly hostile threat landscape.

Background: Although cervical cancer (CC) is highly preventable through appropriate screening methods like the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, which enables early detection of malignant and precancerous lesions, access to such screening has not been equitable across social groups. Sex workers and people with records of incarceration are among the most under-screened populations in Ontario. Little is known about the acceptability and feasibility of HPV self-sampling (HPV-SS) as an alternative cervical cancer screening method for these groups. This online, community-based mixed-methods pilot study aimed to address this knowledge gap. Methods Eighty-four under- and never-screened sex workers and ex-prisoners aged 25–69 years and residing in the Greater Toronto Area, were recruited by community peer associates. Participants completed an online survey and viewed short videos about CC and screening with Pap and HPV-SS. Those who opted for HPV-SS conducted the test at one of two collaborating organizations. Results The median age of participants was 36.5 years. Most had limited knowledge about CC and screening. Approximately 13% identified as non-binary, and 5% as two-spirit or trans men, with the majority having completed secondary education. Of participants, 88% chose HPV-SS, and one-third tested positive for high-risk HPV types. The ability to self-sample without judgment from healthcare providers was noted as a key advantage. However, there was a need for training on proper HPV-SS techniques. Conclusion To improve cervical cancer screening among sex workers, increasing awareness through participatory community co-creation of sexual health education is essential. Additionally, offering HPV-SS as a screening option is crucial, given its demonstrated acceptability and feasibility within this population, many of whom lack a primary care provider and face discriminatory attitudes in healthcare settings.

Micro-invasive therapeutic approaches in endodontics differentiate between different modified types of access cavities: occlusal via a smaller occlusal opening (15 ° access angle), medial (via the caries defect) for premolars and molars (30 ° access angle) and cervical with wedge-shaped defects or root caries on anterior teeth and single-rooted premolars (45 ° access angle). Therefore, the aim of this work was (i) to create an in-vitro model for the clinical simulation of these three different modified access types, (ii) to assess the biomechanics of the instrumentation and (iii) to measure the volumetric substance loss of four different preparation systems. Material and Method: Simulated S-shaped root canals with a high degree of obliteration (ISO 10) in acrylic polymer bodies with canal entrance angles of 15 °, 30 ° and 45 ° were shaped with NaOCl (3%) irrigation under clinical simulation at body temperature (37 ° C) in randomized blinded sequences (n = 7) according to manufacturer's instructions: 1. Conventional geometry, not heat treated, up to 35 / .04 (F360, Komet) 2. Conventional geometry, heat-treated, spark-eroded up to 40 / .04 (Hyflex EDM, Coltene Hyflex) 3. Spiral geometry, heat treated, up to 36 / .03 (TruNatomy, DentsplySirona) 4. Distinctive spiral geometry, heat-treated (XP-Endo Shaper, FKG) The vectorization (AutoCAD) of the root canals was performed before and after preparation in the apical, middle and coronal third of the root canal. The volumetric loss of substance in cubic millimeters was recorded and statistically evaluated using an independent two-sided t-test. Clinical demonstrations include three cases of micro-invasive access cavities as final proof of principle of fast and safe root canal treatment. Results The total loss of volume at 15 ° entry angles is significantly lowest with TruNatomy and XP Endo. With an access angle of 30 °, the total loss remains low and increases with F360 and Hyflex .. At a 45 ° access angle, the group differences remain: TruNatomy (6.5 mm3) and XP Endo (6.4 mm3) versus F360 (8.3 mm3) and Hyflex (8.4 mm3). This difference in loss of simulated root dentin is highly significant. Conclusions Conventional instruments achieve optimal shape of apical third of root canals at all entrance angles only with higher substance loss in coronal and middle thirds . In contrast, the spiral instrument geometry contributes to dentin protection and supports the concept of minimally invasive endodontics for lifelong tooth preservation as shown in four clinical cases.

This analysis investigates health outcomes by cause and income group across European and African countries, highlighting significant disparities tied to economic status. Low and lower-middle-income countries in Africa face a greater burden of disease, particularly in acute lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, bacterial infections, HIV/AIDS, and maternal conditions. This is primarily due to limited access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare services. In contrast, high-income African countries exhibit better health outcomes. European countries show variations: lower-middle-income nations suffer more fro4m acute respiratory infections and HIV/AIDS, while high-income countries report higher incidences of cancer and bacterial infections. These differences reflect disparities in healthcare quality and social determinants. The study emphasizes the need for targeted policy initiatives to address these disparities by focusing on socioeconomic factors and improving healthcare access and quality across all income groups.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have increasingly become integral to multi-access edge computing (MEC) due to their flexibility and cost-effectiveness, especially in the B5G and 6G eras. This paper aims to enhance the Quality of Experience (QoE) in large-scale UAV-MEC networks by minimizing the shrinkage ratio through optimal decision-making in computation mode selection for each user device (UD), UAV flight trajectory, bandwidth allocation, and computing resource allocation at edge servers. However, the interdependencies among UAV trajectory, binary task offloading mode, and computing/network resource allocation across numerous IoT nodes pose significant challenges. To address these challenges, we formulate the shrinkage ratio minimization problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem and propose a two-tier optimization strategy. To reduce the scale of the optimization problem, we first design a low-complexity UAV partition coverage algorithm based on the Welzl method and determine the UAV flight trajectory by solving a Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Subsequently, we develop a coordinate descent (CD) based method and an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) based method for network bandwidth and computing resource allocation in the MEC system. The CD-based method is simple to implement and has a low computational complexity, while the ADMM-based method can further enhance the optimization result through joint optimization. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our proposed algorithms perform well in large-scale edge networks and outperform other representative benchmark methods.

This paper addresses the problem of non-cooperative spectrum sensing in very low signal noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In our approach, detecting an unoccupied bandwidth consists to detect the presence or absence of a communication signal on this bandwidth. Major well known communication signals may contain hidden periodicities, we use the Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) to reveal the hidden periodicities. RQA is very sensitive to a reliable estimation of the phase space dimension m or the time delay τ. In view of the limitations of algorithms proposed in the literature, we have proposed a new algorithm to estimate simultaneously the optimal values of m and τ. The new proposed optimal values allow the states reconstruction of the observed signal and then the estimation of the distance matrix. This distance matrix has particular properties which we have exploited to propose the Recurrence Analysis based Detector (RAD). RAD can detect a communication signal in a very low SNR condition. Using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves, our experimental results corroborate the robustness of our proposed algorithm comparing to classical widely used algorithms.

We consider a coded compressed sensing protocol for unsourced massive random access (URA) that concatenates a shared Patterned Reed-Muller (PRM) inner codebook to an outer error-correction code. In this paper, an iterative list PRM projection algorithm is proposed to supplant the signal detector associated with the inner PRM sequences. In particular, we first propose an enhanced paths-saving algorithm called list PRM projection detection for the single-user scenario that keeps multiple candidates for the first few layers to remedy the risk of spreading errors. On this basis, we further propose an iterative list PRM projection algorithm for the multi-user scenario. The vectors for PRM codes and channel coefficients are jointly detected in an iterative manner, which offers significant improvements regarding the convergence rate for signal recovery. Furthermore, the performances of the proposed algorithms are analyzed mathematically, and we verified that the theoretical simulations are consistent with the numerical simulations. Finally, we concatenate the inner PRM codes that employ the iterative list detection to two practical error-correction outer codes. According to the simulation results, we conclude that the packetized URA with the proposed iterative list projection detection works better than benchmarks in terms of the number of active users it can support in each slot and the amount of energy needed per bit to meet an expected error probability.

This venture targets giving a correspondence framework that can improve the legal framework execution and cooperation and furthermore make it simple to lead execution audits. This examination depicts restricted admittance to the right legitimate data just as admittance to courts and court administrations as the essential factors that limit admittance to equity. The basic target fundamental for accomplishing the point incorporates planning an online easy to understand data framework that would improve correspondence and association between legal professionals like legal advisors and disputants. The undertaking uses a subjective methodology that zeroed in on the substance investigation of essential information. Key members were court laborers like attorneys and agents, just as court clients like disputants. Pre-plan discoveries uncovered that current legitimate data frameworks – basically court sites – neglect to recognize their crowd by treating all court clients similarly comparative with the correspondence of lawful data. Likewise, the issue of admittance to equity includes the significant expense of equity also, restricted legal data that elevates admittance to equity. Post-plan discoveries from the online overview directed after the turn of events and execution of the IT curio uncovered a powerful and productive legitimate data framework. Exploration discoveries supported the advancement of an IT antiquity that records for huge shortcomings in current legal data frameworks, for example, their failure to pass on fitting legitimate data intelligently and productively. In outline, the investigation prescribes the reception of saw control to work fair and square of certainty of court clients and the differentiation between court clients to convey the right data to the right crowd.

The evolution towards Industry 4.0 is driving the need for innovative solutions in the area of network management, considering the complex, dynamic and heterogeneous nature of ICT supply chains. To this end, Intent-Based networking (IBN) which is already proven to evolve how network management is driven today, can be implemented as a solution to facilitate the management of large ICT supply chains. In this paper, we first present a comparison of the main architectural components of typical IBN systems and, then, we study the key engineering requirements when integrating IBN with ICT supply chain network systems while considering AI methods. We also propose a general architecture design that enables intent translation of ICT supply chain specifications into lower level policies, to finally show an example of how the access control is performed in a modelled ICT supply chain system.

Together with display and input, storage and processing are requisite to computing. While storage technologies have improved tremendously in capacity and speed over the years, the basic principles enabling information storage into digital 1 and 0 remains the same: induction of phase change in the storage substrate. But recently, there has been much research into structural phase change material (SPCM) and exploration of its possible use in various types of memory storage applications. Despite unconventional use of structural change between amorphous and crystalline state as well as that between crystal structures for encoding information, key barriers for its widespread use remains access speed, capacity to cost ratio, and fidelity of storage. Hence, given the performance requirement of SPCM for memory applications, what are the material and design considerations that feed into translating a promising application into a practical reality? Given the important role of kinetic and thermal energy in structural organization of a phase change material, precise characterization of structural change in the material with external physical factors such as heat, voltage and current, is critical for storage material design. Next comes the precision at which individual memory cells for storing single bits of information could be defined reproducibly and at high fidelity using SPCM. In congruent with memory cell definition lies the equally important aspect of constraining the field characteristics used in modulating the phase state of the memory medium. Specifically, while heat is useful for mediating the “melting” of a crystalline material into its amorphous state, heat conduction is less useful for transferring the “switch command” from the effector to the memory material. More importantly, choice of structural phase change material for memory applications likely revolves around those where individual memory cells could be defined in a cross array format, which is amenable to high density information storage. Durability and fidelity of information storage are additional factors of design that favours selection of SPCM with phase change occurring at narrow operating windows without hysteresis over extended cycling. But, the most important requirement is speed of access. To this end, energetic cost of phase transitions might affect operation of the phase change memory at the system level: for example, usage of large current for high energy transition step may impact on device durability. Ultimately, there is a fundamental limit on the number of reproducible phase transitions in a SPCM before fidelity of information storage is no longer guaranteed. Hence, what are the drivers for uptake of phase change memories in consumer devices? Performance gains must be realized in access speed, storage capacity, form factor, and fidelity of information storage for practical application of structural phase change memories.

Energy-efficient microprocessors are essential for a wide range of applications. While near-threshold computing is a promising technique to improve energy efficiency, optimal supply demands from logic core and on-chip memory are conflicting. In this paper, we perform static reliability analysis of 6T SRAM and discover the variance among different sizing configuration and asymmetric minimum voltage requirements between read and write operations. We leverage this asymmetric property in near-threshold processors equipped with voltage boosting capability by proposing an opportunistic dual-supply switching scheme with a write aggregation buffer. Our results show that proposed technique improves energy efficiency by more than 21.45% with approximate 10.19% performance speed-up.

With the proliferation of locating devices, more and more raw spatial trajectories are formed, and many works enrich these raw trajectories with semantics, and mine patterns from both raw and semantic trajectories, but access control of spatial trajectories is not considered yet. We present a multi-policy secure model for semantic spatial trajectories. In our model, Mandatory Access Control, Role Based Access Control and Discretionary Access control are all enforced, separately and combined, and we represent the model semi-formally in Ontology Web Language.

There is a need for strategic healthcare workforce planning to address shortages and ensure universal health coverage, aiming to optimize work-force per population ratio, distribution, and competencies. Amidst rising demands exacerbated by aging populations and events like the COVID-19 pandemic, strategic workforce planning becomes crucial for addressing healthcare inequalities by forecasting needs, bridging skill gaps, and adapting to changing demographics and care models. Israel has invested in strategic planning to tackle healthcare workforce challenges; however, globally there is insufficient planning informed by health labor market analysis, which hinders efforts to address healthcare inequalities. The paper reviews national policies in Israel, Australia, Germany, and Norway, ex-amining statistics and government publications to highlight strategic plan-ning considerations and address challenges in healthcare workforce plan-ning. This paper focuses both on the critical role of physicians in healthcare systems, and on the changing borders between healthcare professions and different national contexts which demand more context dependent strategic workforce planning. We highlight common themes among national policies, including the need for data collection, increasing the capacity of domestic training programs, and the need to address geographic maldistribution of physicians. Ultimately, we aim to guide policy in the development of a re-silient and sustainable healthcare workforce capable of meeting diverse community needs and promoting equity in healthcare services.

Litsea martabanica root's antioxidant and AChE activity showed promise as a pesticide detoxification agent in our previous study. In addition to roots, its leaves can help mitigate pesticide exposure, although there is limited scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. However, the use of roots in many countries, such as Thailand, could contribute to environmental degradation, as highland communities traditionally cut down whole trees to obtain them. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity and anti-pesticide potential of water extracts from L. martabanica leaves instead of its roots through in vitro and in vivo investigations. The findings showed that L. martabanica water extracts and fractions demonstrated varied antioxidant activity. The water extract, obtained using traditional extraction methods, was chosen for in vivo experiments. Rats received the extract followed by chlorpyrifos exposure for 16 days. Results indicated reduced acetylcholinesterase activity in chlorpyrifos-exposed rats, while treatment with leaf extract led to increased activity, suggesting its potential as a detoxifying agent. Histopathological examination revealed no liver cell necrosis and showed liver cell regeneration, indicating potential protection against free radical-induced liver damage without affecting rat liver weight or biochemical profiles. Utilizing L. martabanica leaves for healthcare purposes holds promise without negative environmental impact.

This paper examines the importance of choice of cooking fuels in wellbeing, analysing relationships between the proportion of population with primary reliance on different types of fuels for cooking (predictor variable), and key wellbeing indices (outcome variables) - Personal Health, Social Life, Civic Engagement, Life Evaluation, Negative Experience. By combining two global datasets from Gallup and WHO, the study adds to current evidence by taking a global perspective. Controlling for demographic factors such as income per capita, age, education level, employment, etc., regression modelling of these relationships show that clean cooking fuels are influential in all of the key wellbeing indices with the exception of the Life Evaluation Index. Among the key wellbeing indices, Personal Health and Negative Experience Indices are the most strongly influenced by choice of clean cooking fuels. By adding access to electricity as an additional predictor variable, the analysis highlights the potential for integrating eCooking into national electrification plans as part of sustainable energy transitions, given that health outcomes (Personal health and Negative experience indices) appear to be as closely linked to choice of cooking fuels as to access to electricity.

Patients receiving hemodialysis are at risk of vascular access infections (VAIs) and particularly vulnerable to the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Hemodialysis patients were also at increased risk of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study determined the change in the molecular and antibiotic resistance profiles of S. aureus isolates from VAIs during the pandemic compared with before. 102 S. aureus isolates were collected from VAIs between November 2013 and December 2021. Before the pandemic, 69 isolates were collected, 58%, 39.1%, and 2.9% from arteriovenous grafts (AVGs), tunneled cuffed catheters (TCCs), and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), respectively. The prevalence of AVG and TCC isolates changed to 39.4% and 60.6%, respectively, of 33 isolates during the pandemic. Sequence type (ST)59 was the predominant clone in TCC-methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and AVG-MRSA before the pandemic, whereas the predominant clone was ST8 in AVG-MRSA during the pandemic. ST59 carrying the ermB gene was resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin. By contrast, ST8 carrying the msrA gene was exclusively resistant to erythromycin. The ST distribution for different VAIs changed from before to during the pandemic. The change in antibiotic resistance rate for different VAIs was closely related to the distribution of specific STs.

With increased vulnerabilities and vast technology landscapes, it is extremely critical to build systems which are highly resistant to cyber-attacks, to break into systems to exploit. It is almost impossible to build 100% secure authentication & authorization mechanisms merely through standard password / PIN (With all combinations of special characters, numbers & upper/lower case alphabets and by using any of the Graphical password mechanisms). The immense computing capacity and several hacking methods used, make almost every authentication method susceptible to cyber-attacks in one or the other way. Only proven / known system which is not vulnerable in spite of highly sophisticated computing power is, human brain. In this paper, we present a new method of authentication using a combination of computer’s computing ability in combination with human intelligence. In fact this human intelligence is personalized making the overall security method more secure. Text based passwords are easy to be cracked ^[6]. There is an increased need for an alternate and more complex authentication and authorization methods. Some of the Methods ^{[7] [8]} in the category of Graphical passwords could be susceptible, when Shoulder surfing/cameras/spy devices are used.

During the last years, significant initiatives have been launched for the dissemination of Open Access as part of the Open Science movement. Nevertheless, the other major pillars of Open Science such as Open Research Data (ORD) and Open Peer Review (OPR) are still in an early stage of development among the communities of researchers and stakeholders. The present study sought to unveil the perceptions of a medical and health sciences community about these issues. Through the investigation of researchers’ attitude, valuable conclusions can be drawn, especially in the field of medicine and health sciences, where an explosive growth of scientific publishing exists. A quantitative survey was conducted based on a structured questionnaire, with 51.8% response rate (215 responses out of 415 electronic invitations). The participants in the survey agreed with the ORD principles However they ignored basic terms like FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) and appeared incentive to permit the exploitation of their data. Regarding OPR, participants expressed their agreement, implying their interest for a trustworthy evaluation system. Conclusively, researchers urge to receive proper training for both ORD principles and OPR processes which combined with a reformed evaluation system will enable them to take full advantage of the opportunities that arise from the new scholar publishing and communication landscape.

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) based on the retention times of the cells of a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) can be utilised for the implementation of cost-efficient and lightweight cryptographic protocols. However, as recent work has demonstrated, the times needed in order to generate their responses may prohibit their widespread usage. In order to address this issue, the Row Hammer PUF has been proposed by Schaller et al. [1], which leverages the row hammer effect in DRAM modules to reduce the retention times of their cells and, therefore, significantly speed up the generation times for the responses of PUFs based on these retention times. In this work, we extend the work of Schaller et al. by presenting a run-time accessible implementation of this PUF and further reducing the time required for the generation of its responses. Additionally, we also provide a more thorough investigation of the effects of temperature variations on the the Row Hammer PUF and briefly discuss potential statistical relationships between the cells used to implement it. As our results prove, the Row Hammer PUF could potentially provide an adequate level of security for Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) devices, if its dependency on temperature is mitigated, and, may therefore, be commercially adopted in the near future.

This article study was developed based on the relationship between access to justice and the instrumentality of the legal process, aiming to assess the effectiveness of the constitutional principle enshrined in Article 5, item XXXV: “the law shall not exclude any injury or threat to a right from the consideration of the Judiciary” (BRAZIL, 2008, p.27). To achieve this goal, the concept of justice was examined, as well as the definition and evolution of access to justice within legal science. In light of these concepts, it became possible to establish a connection between access to justice and the instrumentality of the legal process. This analysis reveals that the State has not yet achieved sufficient efficiency in providing support to its less favored citizens in facilitating access to justice.

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a proven treatment for severe aortic stenosis (AS). Transfemoral access is the most prevalent method, achieved either surgically or percutaneously. This study compares in-hospital outcomes and length of stay between surgical cut-down and fully percutaneous approaches. Methods: This retrospective, propensity-matched study analyzed medical records of all patients who underwent transfemoral TAVR at our center from January 2019 to December 2023. Outcomes were assessed based on Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) consensus criteria. Results: 251 TAVR patients (77 propensity score matching pairs) were included (55% female) with a median (IQR) age of 80 (11) years. Surgical cut-down showed fewer vascular complications, bleeding, and transfusions. No death, stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF), or need for pacemaker was reported in this group. Fewer mean hospitali-zation days were observed in the total cohort over the years (p< 0.001). This reduction was more pronounced after 2021 when the surgical approach was adopted. Mean hospitalization days were 6.40 ±6.46 for percutaneous and 4.34 ±1.61 for surgical groups (p< 0.001). Conclusions: Surgical cut-down for TAVR femoral access yields superior outcomes and shorter hospital stays compared to fully percutaneous methods.

This paper presents Double Database Decomposition Framework, which integrates vertical and horizontal table decompositions to minimize data leakage due to intrusions. Vertical decompositions segregate sensitive attributes, while horizontal ones partition data based on user access patterns. In this way, the framework ensures that users access only the data necessary for their operations, adhering to the principle of least privilege. This double decomposition approach improves the robustness of the original database against impersonation attacks and limits the blast radius of potential intrusions. Furthermore, the framework significantly mitigates the risks associated with data breaches by confining unauthorized access to specific data subsets and restricting the exposure of sensitive information. Performance analysis highlights the trade-offs between robustness and overhead offered by distinct allocation strategies of the output of the decompositions to, among other, physical machines, virtual machines, and containers, to balance security and resource efficiency. We present a case study in a healthcare environment that confirms both the effectiveness of the framework and its applicability in complex systems where data security is paramount. By integrating advanced security measures and optimising data access, the framework results in a scalable and adaptable solution for enhancing database security and performance in various domains.

With the proliferating of video surveillance system deployment and related applications, real-time video analysis is very critical to achieve intelligent monitoring, autonomous driving, etc. It is non-trivial to achieve high accuracy and low latency video stream analysis through the traditional cloud computing. In this paper, we propose a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based edge real-time video analysis framework with one edge server (ES) and multiple user equipments (UEs). A cost minimization problem composed of delay, energy and accuracy is formulated to improve the QoE of UEs. In order to efficiently solve this problem, we propose the joint video frame resolution scaling, task offloading, and resource allocation algorithm based on the Deep Q-Learning Network (JVFRS-TO-RA-DQN), which effectively overcomes the sparsity of the single-layer reward function and accelerates the training convergence speed. JVFRS-TO-RA-DQN consists of two DQN networks to reduce the curse of dimension, which respectively select the offloading and resource allocation action, the resolution scaling action. Experimental results show that JVFRS-TO-RA-DQN can effectively reduce the cost of transmission and computation, and have better performance in convergence compared to other baseline.

The collision avoidance mechanism adopted by the IEEE 802.11 standard is not optimal. The mechanism employs a binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm in the medium access control (MAC) layer. Such an algorithm increases the backoff interval whenever a collision is detected to minimize the probability of subsequent collisions. However, the expansion of the backoff interval causes degradation of the radio spectrum utilization (i.e., bandwidth wastage). That problem worsens when the network has to manage the channel access to a dense number of stations, leading to a dramatic decrease in network performance. Furthermore, a wrong backoff setting increases the probability of collisions such that the stations experience numerous collisions before achieving the optimal backoff value. Therefore, to mitigate bandwidth wastage and, consequently, maximize the network performance, this work proposes using reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, namely Deep Q Learning (DQN) and Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), to tackle such an optimization problem. As for the simulations, the NS-3 network simulator is used along with a toolkit known as NS3-gym, which integrates a reinforcement-learning (RL) framework into NS-3. The results demonstrate that DQN and DDPG have much better performance than BEB for static and dynamic scenarios, regardless of the number of stations. Moreover, the performance difference is amplified as the number of stations increases, with DQN and DDPG showing a 27% increase in throughput with 50 stations compared to BEB. Furthermore, DQN and DDPG presented similar performances.

A new optical steganography scheme is proposed that transmits a stealth optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) signal through a public binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) channel. Polarization beam splitters and arrayed waveguide gratings are used to implement a spectral-polarization coding (SPC) system with an incoherent optical source. We employ a Walsh–Hadamard code as the signature code of the user who wants to transmit stealth information using the system. A free space optical link applied to this system maintains the polarization states of light during propagation. The secret data is extracted using correlation detection and balanced subtraction in the OCDMA decoder of the intended receiver, and the other signal from the public channel is reduced by the OCDMA decoder. At the demodulator of the public channel, BPSK demodulation eliminates the stealth signal so that the public channel is not affected by the stealth signal. The two signals cannot interfere with each other. The results of this study show that our proposed optical steganography system is highly secure. The stealth signal can be favorably hidden in the public channel when the average source power of the stealth signal, public noise, and public signal are −5, −3, and 0 dBm, respectively.

Cellular-based machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is expected to facilitate services for the Internet of Things (IoT). However, because cellular networks are designed for human users, they have some limitations. Random access channel (RACH) congestion caused by massive access from M2M devices is one of the biggest factors hindering cellular-based M2M services because the RACH congestion causes random access (RA) throughput degradation and connection failures to the devices. In this paper, we show the possibility exploiting the capture effects, which have been known to have a positive impact on the wireless network system, on RA procedure for improving the RA performance of M2M devices. For this purpose, we analyze an RA procedure using a capture model. Through this analysis, we examine the effects of capture on RA performance and propose a Msg3 power-ramping (Msg3 PR) scheme to increase the capture probability (thereby increasing the RA success probability) even when severe RACH congestion problem occurs. The proposed analysis models are validated using simulations. The results show that the proposed scheme, with proper parameters, further improves the RA throughput and reduces the connection failure probability, by slightly increasing the energy consumption. Finally, we demonstrate the effects of coexistence with other RA-related scheme through simulation result.

The adoption of cloud-based supply chain management (SCM) solutions represents a transformative shift in how organizations manage their supply chains, offering significant advantages in terms of cost efficiency, flexibility, real-time data access, and the integration of advanced technologies. This study explores the multifaceted impacts of cloud-based SCM systems, focusing on both their benefits and the challenges encountered during their implementation. Through an in-depth analysis of interview and case study data, the research reveals that cloud-based solutions enable organizations to reduce capital and operational expenditures substantially while providing the scalability necessary to adapt to fluctuating demands. Real-time access to data enhances visibility and decision-making, and the incorporation of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning improves predictive analytics and process optimization. However, the study also identifies several critical challenges associated with the adoption of cloud-based SCM solutions. Key issues include data security concerns, integration difficulties with legacy systems, and the complexities of managing organizational change. Effective implementation requires meticulous planning, comprehensive training, and strategic vendor management to address these challenges successfully. The research highlights the importance of robust security measures, thorough integration strategies, and effective change management practices in overcoming these obstacles. The strategic outcomes of adopting cloud-based SCM solutions include improved operational efficiency, enhanced inventory management, and increased customer satisfaction. Additionally, organizations gain a competitive edge through better supplier coordination and greater responsiveness to market changes. Overall, the study demonstrates that while cloud-based SCM solutions offer substantial benefits, their successful adoption hinges on effectively managing associated challenges and leveraging their transformative potential.

Food insecurity is an economic and social condition involving limited or uncertain access to food. The problem of food insecurity in communities is influenced by economic conditions, food deserts, and barriers to accessing healthy food. Individuals experiencing food insecurity often endure concurrent problems of financial instability, hunger, and poor mental and physical health. Public and non-profit services in the U.S., such as the federally supported Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and community food banks, provide food-related assistance to individuals who are at a high risk of experiencing food insecurity. Unfortunately, many individuals who qualify for these services still experience food insecurity due to barriers preventing them from accessing food. Effective approaches for removing barriers that prevent individuals from accessing food are needed to mitigate the increased risk of chronic disease among vulnerable populations. This study tested a novel food insecurity intervention called FINDING-Food, which stands for Frequent Informational Nudges Directing Individuals to Needed Goods. Informational nudges in the intervention promoted food security through the elimination of information barriers to accessing food. The intervention used in this mixed-methods feasibility study consisted of informational nudges in the form of weekly text messages that were sent to food pantry clients experiencing food insecurity. The study aims were to test the efficacy and acceptability of the intervention by examining whether the informational nudges could enhance food pantry utilization, increase SNAP registration, and promote food security. Quantitative study results showed a lower prevalence of food insecurity in the intervention group than the control group at the end of the study. Qualitative findings revealed how the intervention group found the text messages to be helpful and informative. These study findings can enhance future food insecurity interventions aiming to eliminate barriers that prevent individuals who are food insecure from accessing healthy food.

Background and Objectives: C-arm free MIS techniques can offer significantly reduced rates of postoperative complications such as blood loss and hospitalization time. Another advantageous long-term aspect is the notably diminished exposure to radiation which is known to cause ma-lignant changes. This study emphasizes that, in some cases of spinal conditions which require a procedural intervention, C-arm free MIS techniques hold stronger indications than open surgeries guided by image intensifier. Materials and Methods: In this research, a retrospective analysis and review of various cervical and thoracic spinal procedures, performed in our hospital, by applying C-arm free techniques. The course of the study explains the basic steps of the procedures and demonstrating postoperative or intra-operative results. For anterior cervical surgery, we performed OPLL resection, while for posterior cervical surgery, we performed posterior fossa decompression for Chiari malformation, minimally invasive cervi-cal pedicle screw fixation (MICEPS) and modified Goel technique with C1 lateral mass screw for atlantoaxial subluxation. Re-garding the thoracic spine, we performed anterior correction for Lenke type 5 scoliosis, and transdiscal screw fixation for DISH fractures. Results: C-arm free techniques are safe procedures that offer precise and high-quality postoperative results by offering sufficient spine alignment and adequate decompression depending on the case. Blood loss, postoperative pain and wound infection are other important aspects of spine surgery that must be always taken into consideration. Conclusions: Navigated C-arm free techniques are safe and precise procedures implemented in the treatment of surgically demanding conditions. They can significantly increase accuracy while decreasing the operative time. They represent the advancement in the field spine surgery and are hailed as the future of the same

This study evaluates the accessibility of primary care physicians (PCPs) in Eastern Quebec using an enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) methodology. The E2SFCA methodology considers both the population supply of PCPs and the travel time between PCPs and dissemination areas, and was found to be effective in identifying possibly underserved areas. The availability of primary care services is contingent upon the presence of adequate road infrastructure, and populations residing in areas with limited access to main road networks may experience compromised access to primary care. The study concludes that the E2SFCA methodology can facilitate the identification of areas experiencing a shortage of PCPs, and this information can be used to inform the development of regional medical workforce programs and support the establishment of rural residency initiatives.

Adequate public spaces and urban green areas are key criteria for urban development and infrastructure implementation of healthy cities. Latterly, there has been an increasing number of research methods using artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor, quantify, and control the state of these spaces with an aim towards pioneering research in Urban Studies. However, in informal areas, open-data access tends to lack adequate and updated information, making it difficult to use AI methods. Hence, we propose a methodology for restricted open data collection and preparation for future use in machine learning or spatial data science models for similar areas. To that extent, we examine two peripheral and low-income neighborhoods in Quito, Ecuador, La Bota and Toctiuco, to analyze their public spaces, urban green areas, points of interest, and road networks, and how they address healthy cities criteria. We develop an original methodological approach that combines an index of proximity, accessibility, quantity, and quality of these spaces with geospatial and network analysis techniques. Results indicate that the connectivity and structure of these spaces are centralized and nodal, representing exclusion and segregation. This work provides insights on potential healthy spaces, and information to urban planners and policymakers in decision-making for healthy urban infrastructure.

Biocultural heritage preservation relies on ethnobotanical knowledge and the paleoethnobotanical data used in (re)constructing histories of human-biota interactions. Biocultural heritage, defined as the knowledge and practices of Indigenous and Local peoples and their biological relatives, is often guarded information, meant for specific audiences and withheld from other social circles. As such, these forms of heritage and knowledge must also be included in the ongoing data sovereignty discussions and movement. In this paper we share the process and design decisions behind creating an online database for ethnobotanical knowledge and associated paleoethnobotanical data, using a content management system designed to foreground Indigenous and local perspectives. Our main purpose is to suggest the Mukurtu content management system, originally designed for physical items of cultural importance, be considered as a potential tool for digitizing and ethically circulating biocultural heritage, including paleoethnobotanical resources. With this database, we aim to create access to biocultural heritage and paleoethnobotanical considerations for a variety of audiences while also respecting the protected and sensitive natures of Indigenous and local knowledges.

Facing unprecedented global declines in the extent and integrity of ecosystems, the 15^th UN Biodiversity Conference (COP-15) in Kunming, China, presents an opportunity for transformative change. However, a lack of consensus on two key issues – resource mobilization and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) associated with Digital Sequence Information (DSI) – risks stalling negotiations for an ambitious ‘Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework’ as the next 10-year strategic plan under the Convention on Biological Diversity. We highlight systemic misconceptions concerning the financing of biodiversity and the burden this places on the ABS system. In the context of DSI, we caution that conflating ABS with resource mobilization risks disrupting modern science policy built on open access, with potentially severe ramifications for scientific research and innovation. To resolve these tensions, we call for a recalibration of discussions on ABS in order to maximize the value delivered by biodiversity for all of society, including indigenous peoples and local communities.

In light of the urgency raised by the COVID-19 pandemic, global investment in wildlife virology is likely to increase, and new surveillance programs will identify hundreds of novel viruses that might someday pose a threat to humans. Our capacity to identify which viruses are capable of zoonotic emergence depends on the existence of a technology—a machine learning model or other informatic system—that leverages available data on known zoonoses to identify which animal pathogens could someday pose a threat to global health. We synthesize the findings of an interdisciplinary workshop on zoonotic risk technologies to answer the following questions: What are the prerequisites, in terms of open data, equity, and interdisciplinary collaboration, to the development and application of those tools? What effect could the technology have on global health? Who would control that technology, who would have access to it, and who would benefit from it? Would it improve pandemic prevention? Could it create new challenges?

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), as an emerging radio technology, is widely used to expand transmission distance and structure cascade channels to improve the performance of communication systems. However, although RIS-NOMA assisted Internet of Vehicles (IoV) communication system can improve the overall transmission and rate performance with continuous development of wireless communication technology, the physical layer security (PLS) issue has gradually attracted attention and becomes more and more important in the application of the system. The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential threaten for PLS, when RIS is utilized in order to improve the security performance of wireless communications. In particular, this work considers the non-fixed of RIS location and wiretapping behavior of eavesdroppers on the data, and further analyzes the maximum safe-rate for above location assumptions. The results show that RIS demonstrates significant advantages on security performance and provides a useful reference for the security design of future wireless communication systems.

In Mexico, 1.9% of child mortality among children aged 3 to 15 years is attributed to waterborne gastrointestinal diseases (WGD). This study employs a generalized bivariate logit econometric model to simulate the relationships between mortality risks and seven explanatory variables. Based on the model results and sensitivity analysis of the estimated parameters, a set of policies was designed to reduce the likelihood of child mortality. The proposed strategy involves im-plementing the following public policies, primarily targeting communities with extreme and high marginalization: increasing access to drinking water, improving housing conditions, expanding parental basic education coverage, and providing nutrition and healthcare to children from an early age. The findings reveal that children who speak an indigenous language face a mortality risk from WGD that is three times higher than those who do not, while children who receive medical services have a 29% lower risk of mortality compared to those who do not have access to them. It is recommended to offer free medical care in indigenous languages within high-marginalization communities. The combined impact of these policies is expected to signifi-cantly reduce child mortality due to WGD.

Tunneled central venous catheters (CVC) are mainly considered as rescue vascular access option in dialysis but still used in about one quarter of prevalent patients worldwide as being associated with poor performances and higher risks. Study design. In this retrospective single-center study, we aimed to report on clinical performances achieved with high-flow tunneled CVC (DualCath, DCath) and compared it with arteriovenous accesses (AVAs; AV fistula, AV graft, Thomas Shunt) in a hospital-based dialysis unit. Methods. Sixty-eight stage 5 chronic kidney disease dialysis dependent patients (CKD5D) receiving high volume hemodiafiltration were followed-up for 30 months. The study consisted of two phases: baseline cross-sectional and longitudinal follow-up of key performance indicators. Clinical performances consisting of effective blood flow and blood volume, recirculation, urea and ionic Kt/V and total Kt, ultrafiltration volume and percent reduction of ß2-M were measured monthly as part of quality control in our unit. Results. At baseline, effective blood flow with DCath was close to 400 ml/min, similar to AVAs. Recirculation with DCath (7%, 6-13%) was higher than AVAs. Diffusive dialysis dose delivered with DCath (spKt and eKt/V) and convective dialysis dose achieved with DCath were slightly lower than AVAs, but still much higher than recommended by guidelines. Percent reduction of ß2-M achieved with DCath was also 4 to 10% lower than AVAs. On longitudinal follow-up, main clinical performance indicators of DCath (total Kt and total ultrafiltration volume, L/session) were maintained very stable over time and close to those achieved with AVAs. Conclusions. As shown in this study, high-flow DualCath tunneled two single lumen silicone catheters may be used to deliver high volume hemodiafiltration in a reliable and consistent manner without compromising clinical performances. These results rely from the specific design of the two silicone cannulas and the strict adherence to best catheter practices.

This study presents a detailed assessment on the impact of the Brazilian legal framework related to the access and benefit sharing provisions of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. The research is based on a comprehensive dataset that was systematically collected over several years, directly from the official government bodies responsible for its implementation. The aim of the study is to contribute to a fact-based discussion on the effectiveness of national ABS laws, focusing on the Brazilian legal framework, first established in the year 2000 and revised in 2015, as a case example. This study balances the costs and benefits of the Brazilian ABS system and assesses the regulatory challenges it poses to individuals, companies, and institutions that perform research, share knowledge, develop, manufacture or market products derived from Brazilian biodiversity. The study indicates that, after over 22 years of operation, the regulatory challenges are still real and relevant, and that the significant volume of data collected from users on access, prior commercialization and shipment of genetic materials abroad was never systematically assessed by the agencies in charge. Besides, it shows that the costs incurred by the government in managing the policy itself have been higher than the economic benefits it has made possible, and that the institutional mechanisms in place since 2015 have not been able to allocate the monetary benefits contributed by users to the National Benefit Sharing Fund to any projects aimed at developing sustainable uses or preserving Brazilian biodiversity.

Data privacy is a critical concern in health informatics, where the management of sensitive patient information requires robust and secure database systems. This study aims to explore the data privacy challenges faced in health informatics and conduct a comparative analysis of popular Database Management Systems (DBMS), including MySQL, MongoDB, PostgreSQL, and Oracle, with a focus on their effectiveness in safeguarding patient data. Through a review of existing literature, case studies, and interviews with database administrators, the research identifies common privacy threats such as data breaches and unauthorized access. It examines the security features of each DBMS, such as encryption methods, access controls, and user authentication mechanisms. The findings reveal variations in the privacy protection capabilities of different DBMS, highlighting the trade-offs between security, performance, and usability. The study provides recommendations for healthcare organizations in selecting a DBMS that balances privacy with operational needs and offers insights for policymakers to improve regulatory frameworks in health data security. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on enhancing data privacy in health informatics and suggests directions for future studies to integrate emerging technologies for more secure health data management.

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) enables the parallel offloading of multiuser tasks, effectively enhancing throughput and reducing latency. Backscatter communication, which passively reflects radio frequency (RF) signals, improves energy efficiency and extends the operational lifespan of terminal devices. Both technologies are pivotal for the next generation of wireless networks. However, there is little research focusing on optimizing the transmit power in backscatter-assisted NOMA-MEC systems from a green IoT perspective. In this paper, we aim to minimize the transmit energy consumption of a Hybrid Access Point (HAP) while ensuring task deadlines are met. We consider the integration of Backscatter Communication (BackCom) and Active Transmission (AT), and leverage NOMA technology and user cooperation to mitigate the double near-far effect. Specifically, we formulate a transmit energy consumption minimization problem, accounting for task deadline constraints, task offloading decisions, transmit power allocation, and energy constraints. To tackle the non-convex optimization problem, we employ variable substitution and convex optimization theory to transform the original non-convex problem into a convex one, which is then efficiently solved. We deduce the semi-closed form expression of the optimal solution and propose an energy-efficient algorithm to minimize the transmit power of the entire wireless powered MEC. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme significantly reduces the transmit power of the HAP compared to existing schemes, validating the effectiveness of our approach.This study provides valuable insights for the design of green IoT systems by optimizing the transmit power in NOMA-MEC networks.

Using Drone Cells to optimize Radio Access Networks is an exemplary way to enhance the capabilities of terrestrial Radio Access Networks. Drones fitted with communication and relay modules can act as Drone Cells. The multi Drone Cell placement problem is solved using an adapted Dispersive Flies Optimization alongside with other meta-heuristic algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution. A home-brewed simulator has been used to test the effectiveness of the different implemented algorithms. Specific environment respective parameter tuning have been explored to better highlight possible advantages of one algorithm over other in any particular environment. Algorithmic diversity has been explored, leading to several modifications and improvements in the implemented models. The results show that using tuned parameters there is a performance uplift in coverage probability when compared to the default meta-heuristic parameters while still remaining within the constraints implied by the problem’s requirements and resource limitation. The paper concludes by offering a study between multiple meta-heuristic approaches and comparison between the methods, investigating the impact of parameter-tuning as well as analyzing the impact of intermittent restart for algorithms persistent diversity.

Data security in the Internet of things (IoT) is often implemented by means of encryption, which can be burdensome for some entities. We propose in this paper a solution based on routing, by which data are forwarded only to entities that are intended to receive them. An IoT network can be seen as a partial order of equivalence classes of entities, and each entity can be labeled according to the position of its equivalence class in the partial order. The partial order can be constructed according to requirements of secrecy (or confidentiality), integrity and conflicts. Routing tables among entities can be compiled by using the labels. The method is demonstrated in this paper for Software defined networking (SDN) routers and controllers. We propose a centralized IoT architecture with a cloud structure using SDN as networking infrastructure, where storage entities (i.e. cloud servers) are associated with application entities. A small ‘hospital’ example is shown for illustration. Procedures for network reconfigurations are discussed. We also demonstrate the method for the normal case where different partial orders coexist among a set of entities. The method proposed does not impose an overhead on the normal functioning of an SDN network, since it requires calculations only when the network must be reconfigured, because of administrative intervention or policies.

One of today’s most critical challenges is ensuring a sufficient food production and supply for the ever-expanding global population. Recently, many countries around the world, particularly those in Africa, grapple with severe hunger and food insecurity, frequently exacerbated by escalating global prices, persistent insecurity, and the repercussion of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this study undertook an extensive review of the prevalence and severity of hunger and food insecurity across diverse countries and regions. The review utilised several metrics, including Global Hunger Index (GHI) scores, Global Food Security index (GFSI) scores, 2023 data (related to two Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2) target) from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and other pertinent sources to assess the current status of the countries included in this study. The 20 countries with 2023 GHI scores below 5 were collectively ranked from 1 to 20, signifying low hunger levels. However, Central African Republic (CAR) received the lowest ranking at 125 out of 125, with a score of 42.3, indicating an alarming level of hunger. Finland achieved the highest GFSI score of 83.7, with Oman showing the most notable GFSI improvement at +13.8, while Syria experienced a significant decline in GFSI score by -10.5. Over time, many countries, particularly the developed ones, witnessed significant improvement in their GHI and GFSI scores. Meanwhile, most countries in sub-Saharan Africa experienced the most deterioration in their GFSI scores and notable increases in their GHI scores. The review documented the significant progress made by countries and regions in reducing levels of hunger and food insecurity, while highlighting the substantial burden borne by sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in combating global hunger and food insecurity.

The emergence of precision and digital livestock farming presents an opportunity for sustainable animal farming practices that enhance animal welfare and health. However, this transformation of modern animal farming through digital technology has several implications for the technological, social, economic, and environmental aspects of farming. It is crucial to analyze the ethical considerations associated with the digitalization of modern animal farming, particularly in the context of human-animal relationships and potential objectification. This analysis can help develop frameworks for improving animal welfare and promoting sustainability in animal farming.One of the primary ethical concerns of digital livestock farming is the potential for a digital divide between farmers who have access to advanced technologies and those who do not. This could lead to a disparity in animal welfare and health outcomes for different groups of animals. Additionally, the use of artificial intelligence in digital livestock farming may lead to a loss of personal connection between farmers and animals, which could impact the animal's well-being. Another ethical concern of digital livestock farming is the potential for objectification of animals as mere data points. The use of sensors and other monitoring technologies can provide valuable data on animal health and behavior, but it is important to remember that animals are sentient beings with complex emotional and social needs. The use of digital technologies should not lead to neglect of animal welfare or a lack of human responsibility towards animals.Furthermore, social context becomes essential while integrating technologies in the livestock farming to overcome ethics. By considering the cultural and societal norms of different communities, we can ensure that the use of digital technologies does not undermine these values. To address these ethical challenges, the development of standards and codes of conduct for the adoption and implementation of digital livestock farming tools and platforms can help ensure that animal welfare and sustainability are prioritized. This can help alleviate the privacy concerns of stakeholders and improve sustainability in animal farming practices. Additionally, the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies can provide a way to enhance human-animal interactions and provide more personalized care to animals, further promoting animal welfare.

Seniors safety is a compelling need, which necessitates 24/7 real-time monitoring and timely dangerous action recognition. Being able to mirror characteristics of physical objects (PO) to corresponding logical objects (LO) and seamlessly monitor their footprints thus detect anomaly parameters, Digital Twins (DT) has been considered a practical way to provide virtual health services for seniors safety. Meanwhile, widely adopted Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) consisting of wearable sensors and non-contact optical cameras for self and remote health data monitoring also raises concerns on information security and privacy violation. Therefore, security of POs, LOs and reliable data sharing among healthcare professionals are challenging as constructing trust and privacy-preserving virtual health services. Thanks to characteristics of decentralization, traceability and unalterability, Blockchain is promising to enhance security and privacy properties in many areas like data analysis, finance and healthcare. This paper envisions a lightweight authentication framework (LAF) to enable secure and privacy-preserving virtual healthcare services. Leveraging Non-Fungible Token (NFT) technology to tokenize LOs and data streams on blockchain, anyone can certify the authenticity of a digital LO along with its synchronized data between PO without relying on a third-party agency. In addition, the NFT-based tokenization not only allows owners fully control their IoMT devices and data, but it also enables verifiable ownership and traceable transferability during data sharing process. Moreover, NFT only contains references to encrypted raw data that are saved on off-chain storage like local files or distributed databases, such a hybrid storage strategy ensures privacy-preservation for sensitive information. A proof-of-concept prototype is implemented and tests are conducted on a case study of seniors safety. The experimental evaluation shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed LAF solution.

Racial and ethnic disparities exist in diabetes prevalence, health services utilization, and out-comes including disabling and life-threatening complications. Home health care may especially benefit older adults with diabetes through individualized education, advocacy, care coordina-tion, and psychosocial support for patients and their caregivers. This study examined factors as-sociated with hospital discharge to home health care and subsequent utilization of home health care among a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes, age 50 and older, living in the United States. The cohort (n=786,758) was followed for 14 days after a diabetes-related index hospitalization, using linked Medicare administrative, claims, and assessment data (2014-2016). Multivariate logistic regression models included patient demographics, comorbidities, hospital length of stay, geographic region, neighborhood area deprivation, and rural/urban setting. In ful-ly adjusted models, hospital discharge to home health care was significantly less likely among Hispanic (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.8-0.8) and American Indian (OR 0.8, CI 0.8-0.8) compared to white patients. Among those discharged to home health care, all racial/ethnic minority patients were less likely to receive services within 14-days. Further work should focus on eliminating systemic racism in home health care referral and systemic barriers to receiving home health care services.

This article challenges the assumption that journals and peer review are essential for developing, evaluating and disseminating scientific and other academic knowledge. It suggests a more flexible ecosystem, and examines some of the possibilities this might facilitate. The market for academic outputs should be opened up by encouraging the separation of the dissemination service from the evaluation service. Publishing research in subject-specific journals encourages compartmentalizing research into rigid categories. The dissemination of knowledge would be better served by an open access, web-based repository system encompassing all disciplines. Reviews from peers should be supplemented by reviews from non-peers from a variety of different perspectives: user reviews, statistical reviews, reviews from the perspective of different disciplines, and so on. This should reduce the inevitably conservative influence of relying on two or three peers, and make the evaluation system more critical, multi-dimensional and responsive to the requirements of different audience groups, changing circumstances, and new ideas. Non-peer review might make it easier to challenge dominant paradigms, and expanding the potential audience beyond a narrow group of peers might encourage the criterion of simplicity to be taken more seriously - which is essential if knowledge is to continue to progress.

Cooperative non-orthogonal multi access communication is a promising paradigm for the future wireless networks because of its advantages in terms of energy efficiency, wider coverage and interference mitigating. In this paper, we study the secrecy performance of a downlink cooperative non-orthogonal multi access (NOMA) communication system under the presence of an eavesdropper node. Smart node selection based on feed forward neural networks (FFNN) is proposed in order to improve the physical layer security (PLS) of a cooperative NOMA network. The selected cooperative relay node is employed to enhance the channel capacity of the legal users, where the selected cooperative jammer is employed to degrade the capacity of the wiretapped channel. Simulations of the secrecy performance metric namely the secrecy capacity ($C_S$) are presented and compared with the conventional technique based on fuzzy logic node selection technique. Based on our simulations and discussions the proposed technique outperforms the existing technique in term the of secrecy performance.

The Release of government dataset for public use can potentially strengthen the relationship between the government and its constituents. However, research shows that there are several challenges for open data effectiveness. This paper reviews current determinants and issues associated with the open government data (OGD) procedures. The review concentrates on two ends of the spectrum: First, from the perspective of the preparation by the government, focusing on the organization of traditional governmental datasets and how the recording of the data is administered. Second, from the perspective of the users, focusing on the way in which the data is released to the general public and on human-computer interaction (HCI) issues between end-user and data-consumption interfaces. Following a thorough analysis of these two opposing challenges, the paper proposes approaches to mitigate them. This review and subsequent recommendations contribute and expand current understanding of open government data effectiveness and can lead to public policy changes, development of new procedures and strategies, and ultimately improvements at both ends of the federal open data endeavor.

Older adults with diabetes are at elevated risk of complications following hospitalization. Home health care services mitigate the risk of adverse events and facilitate a safe transition home. In the United States, when home health care services are prescribed, federal guidelines require they begin within two days of hospital discharge. This study examined the association between timing of home health care initiation and 30-day rehospitalization outcomes in a cohort of 786,734 Medicare beneficiaries following a diabetes-related index hospitalization. Of these patients, 26.6% were discharged to home health care. To evaluate the association between timing of home health care initiation and 30-day rehospitalizations, multivariate logistic regression models including patient demographics, clinical, geographic variables, and neighborhood socio-economic variables were used. Inverse probability-weighted propensity scores were incorporated into the analysis to account for potential confounding between the timing of home health care initiation and the outcome in the cohort. Compared to patients who received home health care within the recommended first two days, patients who received delayed services (3-7 days after discharge) had higher odds of rehospitalization (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.25-1.32). Among patients who received late services (8-14 days after discharge), the odds of rehospitalization were four times greater than for patients receiving services within 2 days (OR 4.12, 95% CI 3.97-4.28). Timely initiation of home health care following diabetes-related hospitalizations is one strategy to improve outcomes.

Recent studies have demonstrated silk fibroin’s ability to extend the shelf life of foods by mitigating the hallmarks of spoilage, namely oxidation and dehydration. Due to the potential for this protein to become more widespread, its safety was evaluated comprehensively. First, a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) was conducted in five bacterial strains. Second, an in vivo erythrocyte test was conducted with Sprague Dawley rats at doses up to 1,000mg/kg-bw/day. Third, a range-finder study was conducted with Sprague Dawley rats at the highest consumption amount given solubility and oral gavage volume constrains (500mg/kg-bw/day). Fourth, a 28-day study in Sprague Dawley rats was conducted at the 500mg/kg-bw/day amount. Fifth, an in vitro pepsin digestion assay was performed to assess the potential for protein allergenicity. Sixth, allergenic potential was further assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy for detection of allergenic insect proteins. Seventh, the protein sequences were subjected to bioinformatic analyses. Together, these studies raise no mutagenic, carcinogenic, toxicological, or allergenic concerns with the oral consumption of silk fibroin.

The lexical analysis of seminal policy-to-diplomacy documents from the socio-environmental discourse of the last fifty year agendas allowed examining the evolution of five themes: resources/waste, pollution, social and economic development, justice, and health. Contextual affinities were strongest between resources, pollution, and health and are linked to societal trends and pressures. On those grounds, the central role of resource stewardship according to nature’s physical limits is highlighted, and dedicated concepts, analytical frameworks, and methodologies with different degrees of sustainability are analyzed. To reframe the identified social and economic problems, the work proposes criteria and choices that (1) allow to compare the dynamics of socioecological states across the planet, (2) help matching the pace of socioecological change by addressing path dependencies through participation and engagement of communities, and (3) enable stakeholders to make trade-offs and take decisions in specific social, economic, political, and cultural contexts. The prioritization of resource justice and responsibility becomes a societal project : from Wellfare State to commonfare communities.

The study investigated the usage of open data in public organizations, focusing on the motives, preferences, and governance ideals that determine their quality. The study shed light on how open data platforms are created and improved, as well as their influence on government operations. The primary goal was to understand the motivations behind the usage of open data, evaluate gov-ernance ideals, and examine institutions' efforts to standardize data formats. Hierarchical regres-sion analysis divides variables into core reasons and different preferences, demonstrating a need for "diversification" in order to use open data effectively. Efficiency, accountability, community impact, knowledge, and high-quality service delivery are all emphasized in governance value analysis. The institution's dedication to standardizing open data formats is evidenced by legislative measures and the integration of many technologies. The findings illustrate the institution's dual strategy of em-ploying traditional techniques and new technologies for effective data management. The report suggests increasing data openness and standardization, investing in ongoing training, upgrading alerting and awareness systems, and adopting specific regulations for open data use. Monitoring and feedback techniques are critical for adjusting and refining open data services to satisfy de-velopment needs. This study adds to the scientific knowledge of open data use by highlighting important motives, preferences, and governance ideals. The offered guidelines provide practical insights for public organizations looking to improve their open data platforms by promoting openness, efficiency, and community participation.

The Indian educational system grapples with deep-rooted structural and systemic challenges that have hindered equitable access to quality education across all levels. Central issues include outdated curricula that fail to equip students with contemporary skills, significant socio-economic disparities limiting access and outcomes, and inadequate teacher training alongside deficient infrastructure, particularly in rural and economically disadvantaged areas. These challenges contribute to unequal educational opportunities and outcomes, with a stark divide between urban and rural, and between private and public institutions. This review delves into these pervasive issues, analyzing how they manifest from primary through tertiary education. In primary education, the focus often remains on rote learning, overlooking critical thinking and problem-solving skills. At the secondary and tertiary levels, curriculum relevance remains a concern, as courses frequently do not align with modern industry demands or technological advancements, creating a skills gap among graduates. Addressing these challenges, this review proposes a series of reforms aimed at building a more inclusive and effective system. Key reforms include curriculum modernization to incorporate skills for the 21st century, integrating digital learning tools to expand access and facilitate adaptive learning, and comprehensive teacher development programs that emphasize continuous professional growth. Together, these initiatives aim to create an educational environment that is not only inclusive but also adaptive to the evolving demands of a globalized world, thereby enhancing the quality and reach of education across India.

Viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) pose a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of deaths and a substantial burden on healthcare systems, among prisoners in particular. Nigeria ranks fifth in Africa for prison population, with 98.2% being males and are more likely than females to have higher rates of viral hepatitis and other risky behaviours. This literature review explores the impact of social determinants of health (SDoH) on the prevalence and outcomes of HBV and HCV infections among male prison inmates in Nigeria, by examining factors such as overcrowding, inadequate healthcare access, and food insecurity. This review reports the updated data on HBV and HCV infection rates among inmates in different regions in Nigeria, with a special focus on related risk factors, highlighting how these determinants contribute to the high rates of hepatitis infections in this category. The review underscores the urgent need for a multifaceted approach involving policy changes, improved healthcare access, and enhanced preventive measures to address these health disparities. The findings aim to inform public health strategies and interventions to reduce the transmission and impact of viral hepatitis in prison settings, aligning with global health goals and promoting health equity among this population group.

(1) Introduction: Every two hours, a Romanian woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer [1] as the country ranks second in Europe in terms of mortality and incidence rate [2]. This paper aims to identify the main reasons that have led to this situation, focusing on the measures taken by the Romanian Ministry of Health for the prevention of this type of cancer national - programs for cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination. (2) Materials and methods: We performed a study based on available secondary data from the National Statistics Institute, World Health Organization and Bucharest Institute of Oncology in order to assess the burden associated with cervical cancer and placing it in the context of known global and European incidence and mortality rates, thus evaluating the importance of this health issue in Romania. The second component of our study was a cross-sectional study, using a 14 questions questionnaire, applied to the women participating in the National Screening Program for Cervical Cancer, aimed to evaluate the women’s level of knowledge about screening and HPV vaccination and their access cervical cancer specific health-care services. (3) Results: The results of the research shows that a high percentage of women postpone the routine checks due to lack of time and financial resources and indicate that low level of knowledge about the disease and the specific preventive methods determines low participation screening and HPV vaccination programs implemented in Romania contributing to the country’s situation of cervical cancer. (4) Conclusions: The national programs have complicated procedures, are underfunded, and do not motivate enough health care workers. This combined with the lack of information adds up to an extremely low number of women screened and vaccinated. Our conclusion is that the Romanian Ministry of Health must take immediate action by conducting major awareness campaigns, implementing measures to make the programs functional and ensuring coherent funding.

Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) is an effective and validated treatment to address chronic refractory neuropathic pain in Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome-Type 2 (PSPS-T2) patients. Surgical SCS lead placement is traditionally performed under general anesthesia due to its invasiveness. In parallel, recent works have suggested that Awake Anesthesia (AA), consisting in Target Controlled Intra-Veinous Anesthesia (TCIVA), could be an interesting tool to optimize lead anatomical placement using patient intra-operative feedback. We hypothesized that combining AA with Minimal Invasive Surgery (MIS) could improve SCS outcomes. The goal of this study was to evaluate SCS lead performance (defined by the area of pain adequately covered by paraesthesia generated via SCS), using an intraoperative objective quantitative mapping tool, and secondarily to assess pain relief, functional improvement and change in quality of life with a composite score. We analyzed data from a prospective multicenter study (ESTIMET) to compare the outcomes of 115 patients implanted with MIS under AA (MISAA group) or General Anesthesia (MISGA group), or by Laminectomy under General Anesthesia (LGA group). All in all, MISAA appears to show significantly better performance in terms of patient pain coverage, as well as improved secondary outcomes. One step further, our results suggest that MISAA combined with intra-operative hypnosis could potentialize patient intraoperative cooperation and could be proposed as a personalized package offered to PSPS-T2 patients eligible for SCS implantation in highly dedicated neuromodulation centers.

Many academics are critical of the current publishing system, but it is difficult to create a better alternative. This review relates to the Sciences and Social Sciences, and discusses the primary purpose of academic journals as providing a seal of approval for perceived quality, impact, significance, and importance. The key issues considered include the role of anonymous refereeing, continuous rather than discrete frequency of publications, avoidance of time wasting, and seeking adventure. Here we give recommendations about the organization of journal articles, the roles of associate editors and referees, measuring the time frame for refereeing submitted articles in days and weeks rather than months and years, encouraging open access internet publishing, emphasizing the continuity of publishing online, academic publishing as a continuous dynamic process, and how to improve research after publication. Citations and functions thereof, such as the journal impact factor and h-index, are the benchmark for evaluating the importance and impact of academic journals and published articles. Even in the very top journals, a high proportion of published articles are never cited, not even by the authors themselves. Top journal publications do not guarantee that published articles will make significant contributions, or that they will ever be highly cited. The COVID-19 world should encourage academics worldwide not only to rethink academic teaching, but also to re-evaluate key issues associated with academic journal publishing in the future.