Mirror Therapy (MT) and Cognitive Therapeutic Exercise (CTE) are two neurorehabilitation techniques based on neuroplasticity and designed to enhance the functionality of the upper limb. Therefore, the aim is to assess the effectiveness of the combination of CTE and MT with task-oriented training (TOT) on fine and gross motor skills of the affected hand, as well as the functionality of the affected upper limb, autonomy, independence, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with acute stroke. This longitudinal and multicenter study involved a sample of 120 participants selected randomly and consecutively. Three groups were formed, including a control group (CG) and two treatment groups, one with MT and the other with CTE. The functionality of the upper limb, fine and gross motor skills, the quantity and quality of use of the affected upper limb, autonomy, and QoL were evaluated using various scales validated in the Spanish population at the baseline, after 20 treatment sessions, and at three months of follow-up. ANCOVA analysis was conducted, revealing statistically significant differences between assessments in the CG compared to the experimental groups (GEs), indicating a notable improvement in overall functionality, fine and gross motor skills, autonomy, and QoL in the latter. However, there were no significant differences between the GEs. Therefore, the application of either of these experimental combinations is crucial for the motor recovery, functionality, and improvement of the quality of life of individuals who have suffered a stroke.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a significant global health concern, being one of the most important contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accurate assessment of coronary lesions is crucial for guiding appropriate interventions and optimizing patient outcomes. Patients with acute myocardial infarction represent a population which is rarely selected in studies of intracoronary hemodynamics. Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) has emerged as a valuable physiological index for evaluating the functional significance of coronary lesions, although the data of intravascular hemodynamic evaluation in patients with acute myocardial infarction is scarce [1-3]. In recent years, advancements in intravascular imaging techniques, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), have provided detailed insights into coronary anatomy both in acute or elective settings. [4-7]. Methods: This article aims to explore the correlation between different non-culprit vessel OCT-parameters and FFR value in the patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. The study included 114 patients with acute myocardial infarction (ST elevation myocardial infarction and non ST elevation myocardial infarction)for whom primary PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) was performed for the culprit lesion. The non-culprit vessels with intermediate coronary stenoses (157 lesions) were evaluated in a staged procedure (during the index hospitalization) with OCT, FFR and revascularization was performed accordingly. Minimal luminal area (MLA) and percent luminal area stenosis (PSA) were analyzed in relation with the FFR value. Results: There is good correlation between OCT-derived parameters and FFR values in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. Minimal luminal area (MLA) and percent luminal stenosis area (PSA) were independent predictors of FFR< 0,80 in multivariate logistic regression analysis. A value of 2,08 mm2 for the MLA and 76,85 % for the PSA have proved to be the best cut-offs for predicting a FFR< 0,80. Conclusions: OCT parameters are valuable additional tools in current angiographic practice, including patients with acute myocardial infarction, with the ability to bring numerous direct imagistic and indirect hemodynamic information.

Introduction: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic. The spread of the Delta variant of coronavirus started in June 2021 and accounted for the fifth peak of COVID-19 in Iran in July 2021. According to reports from other countries, vaccination protects against severe diseases caused by COVID-19, including the Delta variant. Studies have also shown that vaccination provides strong protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19-related hospitalization, and mortality. This retrospective cohort study was designed based on the medical care monitoring center (MCMC) database of Sayyad Shirazi Hospital.Methods: The following patient data were extracted for this study: demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms, ICU admission, need for aggressive oxygen therapy, including intubation, mortality, and vaccination status. Results: Being vaccinated was associated with a 4.14-fold increase in survival (adjusted OR=4.14; 95% CI: 2.22 to 7.69; P<0.01), and individuals in a younger age group demonstrated a 5.58-fold higher likelihood of surviving (adjusted OR=5.58; 95% CI: 4.25 to 8.14; P<0.01). The risk of severe COVID-19 was significantly lower in vaccinated individuals, showing a 3.12-fold decrease in risk (adjusted OR=3.12; 95% CI: 2.06 to 4.72; P<0.01), and in younger age groups, the risk exhibited a 3.28-fold decrease (adjusted OR=3.28; 95% CI: 2.66 to 4.04; P<0.01).Conclusion: The present results suggest that receiving at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine had a significant relationship with decreased COVID-19 severity and mortality in vaccinated patients compared to unvaccinated patients.

Patients with COVID-19 often experience significant cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, myocarditis, and acute coronary syndrome. We present the case of a male patient with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, complicated with inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), which was attributed to spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). We also make a review of the literature on case reports of patients with COVID-19 and acute myocardial infarction due to SCAD. Through these clinical cases, a potential correlation between SCAD and COVID-19 infection is implied. Endothelial dysfunction, thrombotic complications and disturbance of the vascular tone are established COVID-19 sequelae, triggered either by direct viral injury or mediated by the cytokines’ storm. These abnormalities in the coronary vasculature and the vasa vasorum could result in SCAD. Moreover, disturbances of the vascular tone can cause coronary vasospasm, a reported precipitant of SCAD. Thus, SCAD should be considered in COVID-19 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and in the case of STEMI, an early angiographic evaluation, if feasible, rather than thrombolysis performed, to avoid potential adverse events of the latter in the setting of SCAD.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an established rescue therapy for patients with chronic respiratory failure waiting for lung transplantation (LTx). The therapy inherent immobilization may result in fatigue, consecutive deteriorated prognosis and even lost eligibility for transplantation. We conducted a feasibility study on a novel system designed for the deployment of a mobile ECMO device, enabling physical exercise of awake patients prior to LTx. The system comprises a novel mobile oxygenator with a directly connected blood pump, a double lumen cannula, gas blender and supply, as well as control, and energy management. In-vitro experiments included tests regarding performance, efficiency, and blood damage. A reduced system was tested in vivo for feasibility using a novel large animal model. Six anesthetized pigs were first positioned in supine position, followed by a 45° angle, simulating an upright position of the patients. We monitored performance and vital parameters. All in-vitro experiments showed good performance for the respective subsystems and the integrated system. The acute invivo trials of 8h duration confirmed the results. The novel mobile ECMO-system enables adequate oxygenation and decarboxylation sufficient for, e.g., physical exercise of designated LTx-recipients. These results are promising and suggest further preclinical studies on safety and efficacy to facilitate translation into clinical application.

We aimed to delineate cardiopulmonary interactions in acute bronchiolitis and to evaluate the capacity of a combined cardiopulmonary ultrasonography to predict the need for respiratory support. This was a prospective observational single-center study that includes infants < 12 month of age admitted to a hospital due to acute bronchiolitis. All the included patients under-went clinical, laboratory and cardiopulmonary ultrasonographic evaluation at the same time point within 24 hours of hospital admission. The existence of significant correlation between car-diac and respiratory parameters was the primary outcome. The association of different cardio-pulmonary variables with the need of respiratory support higher than O2, the length of stay hos-pitalization, the PICU stay, and the duration of respiratory support were a secondary outcome. We enrolled 112 infants (median age 1 (0.5-3) months; 62% males) hospitalized with acute bron-chiolitis. Increased values of the pulmonary variables (BROSJOD score, pCO2 and LUS) showed moderate correlations with NT-proBNP and all echocardiographic parameters indicative of pulmonary hypertension and myocardial dysfunction. Up to 36 (32%) infants required respira-tory support during the hospitalization. This group presented with higher lung ultrasound score (p<0.001), and increased values of Tei index (p<0.001) and pulmonary artery pressures (p<0.001). All the analyzed respiratory and cardiac variables showed moderate to strong correlations with the LOS hospitalization and the time of respiratory support. Lung ultrasound and echocardiog-raphy showed a moderate to strong predictive accuracy for the need of respiratory support in the ROC analysis, with AUC varying from 0.74 to 0.87. Conclusion: Those cases of bronchiolitis with a worse pulmonary status presented with a more impaired cardiac status. Cardiopulmonary ul-trasonography could be a good strategy to easily identify high-risk population for a complicated acute bronchiolitis hospitalization.

The three-armed cluster-randomized trial ARena (Sustainable reduction of antibiotic-induced antimicrobial resistance) aimed to foster appropriate antibiotic use and reduce overprescribing in German ambulatory care to counter antibiotic resistance. Multi-faceted interventions targeted primary care physicians, teams and patients. This study examined effectiveness of the implementation program. ARena was conducted in 14 primary care networks with 196 practices. All arms received data-based feedback on antibiotics prescribing and quality circles. Arms II and III received different add-on components each. Primary outcome examined is the prescribing rate for systemic antibiotics for cases with non-complicated acute infections (upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media). Secondary outcomes refer to prescribing of quinolones and guideline-recommended antibiotics. Based on pseudonymized quarterly claims data, mixed logistic regression models examined pre-post intervention antibiotic prescribing rate changes and compared to matched standard care. A significant rate reduction (arm I 11.7%; arm II 9.9%; arm III 12.7%) and significantly lower prescribing rates were observed for all arms (20.1%, 18.9% and 23.6%) compared to matched standard care (29.4%). Fluoroquinolone prescribing was reduced in all intervention arms and rates for recommended substances generally increased. No significant post-interventional difference between intervention arms was detected. Findings indicate implementation program impact compared to standard care. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN58150046

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was officially declared a pandemic on the 11^th March 2020. It is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), impacting the lower respiratory tract. International travel to Australia during the early stages of the pandemic prior to border closure provided avenues for this virus to spread into Australia. There is little understanding of the clonality of SARS-CoV-2 isolates in Australia, and where they originated. This study aimed to investigate the clonality and ancestral sources of SARS-CoV-2 isolates in Australia using in silico methods. We retrieved 1,346 complete genomes from Australia along with 153 genomes from other countries from the NCBI nucleotide database and Global Initiative On Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). We then constructed a representative population of 270 sequences for downstream phylogenetic analysis and ancestral area reconstruction. Overall, two major clusters, one stemming from Europe and another from Asia, especially East Asia, were observed, implying at least two major transmission events with subsequent clades confirming the multiclonality of Australian isolates. We also identified three potential dissemination routes of SARS-CoV-2 into Australia. This study supports the hypothesis of multiple clonality and dispersals of SARS-CoV-2 isolates into Australia.

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are still menacing and killing adults worldwide, notwithstanding the tremendous effort, to decrease their related mortality and morbidity. Lately, a growing body of evidences indicated that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and complications of CVDs. A receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells -1 (TREM-1) was shown to induce and to amplify the inflammation in both acute and chronic diseases pathogenesis and progression and hence it is one of the important factors that complicates CVDs. Thus, studies endeavored to investigate the role played by TREM-1 in CVDs with respect to their etiologies, complications and possible therapeutics. We examined here, for the first time, the most relevant studies regarding TREM-1 involvement in CVDs. We summarized the finding after critically analyzing them and made some suggestions for furtherance of the investigations with the aim to utilize TREM-1 and its pathways for diagnostic, management and prognosis of CVDs. Overall, TREM-1 was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic cardiovascular conditions like Acute myocardial infraction (AMI) and atherosclerosis as well. Although most therapeutic approaches are yet to be elucidated, present research outcome displays a promising future to utilize TREM-1 pathway as potential target to understand and manage CVDs.

Traditionally, palliative care (PC) systems focused on the needs of advanced cancer patients. But, most patients needing PC have end-stage organ diseases. Similarly, PC models focused on the needs of patients in hospice or at home; however, in most cases PC is provided in acute hospitals. Indeed, the symptom burden that these patients experience in the last year of life frequently forces them to seek care in Emergency Department. The majority of them are admitted to the hospital and many die. This issue poses important concerns. Despite the efforts of attending healthcare professionals, inhospital patients do not receive optimal care near the end-of-life. Also, evidence is emerging that delay in identifying patients needing PC have a detrimental impact on their quality of life (QoL). Therefore, there is an urgent need to early and properly identify these patients among those hospitalized. Several trials reported the efficacy of PC in improving the QoL in these patients. Each hospital should ensure that a multidisciplinary PC team is available to support attending physicians to achieve the best QoL for both PC patients and their families. This review discusses the role and the impact of inhospital PC in patients with end-stage disease or advanced cancer.

A specialized microenvironment in the bone marrow, composed of stromal cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), support hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) self-renewal and differentiation but also regulates leukemia development and progression. The reciprocal direct interaction between MSCs and CD34+ HSCs under physiological and pathological conditions has not been well characterized yet. Here, we established a direct co-culture model between MSCs and CD34+ HSCs or MSCs and acute myeloid leukemia cells (THP-1, Molm-13, and primary cells from patients) to study cell-cell communication. Following MSCs-CD34+ HSCs co-culture, the expression of adhesion markers N-cadherin and connexin 43 increased in both cell types, forming gap junction channels. Moreover, the clonogenic potential of CD34+ HSCs was increased. However, direct contact of acute myeloid leukemia cells with MSCs reduced the expression levels of connexin 43 and N-cadherin in MSCs. The impairment in gap junction formation could be ascertained to a defect in the acute myeloid leukemia derived MSCs. Interestingly, CD34+ HSCs and acute myeloid leukemia cell lines restrained MSCs from engaging into osteoblastic differentiation upon prolonged direct cell-cell contact. In conclusion, under physiological conditions, connexin 43 and N-cadherin interaction preserves stemness of both CD34+ HSCs and MSCs, a process that is compromised in acute myeloid leukemia, pointing out to the possible role of gap junctions in modulating stemness.

This comprehensive review examines the role of fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist, in preventing and treating acute kidney injury (AKI) during cardiac surgery. AKI remains a significant complication in cardiac surgery, associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The review explores fenoldopam's pharmacological properties, mechanism of action, and clinical applications, synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and observational studies. While some studies have shown promising results in improving renal function and reducing AKI incidence, others have failed to demonstrate significant benefits. The review discusses these conflicting findings, explores potential reasons for discrepancies, and identifies areas requiring further research. It also compares fenoldopam to other renoprotective strategies, including dopamine, diuretics, and N-acetylcysteine. The safety profile of fenoldopam, including common side effects and contraindications, is addressed. Current guidelines and recommendations for fenoldopam use in cardiac surgery are presented, along with a cost-effectiveness analysis. The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential new applications of fenoldopam in cardiac surgery. By providing a thorough overview of the current state of knowledge, this review aims to facilitate informed decision-making for clinicians and researchers while highlighting areas for future investigation.

COVID-19 was an inflammatory pneumonia caused by a respiratory infection with a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. Severely ill COVID-19 patients could die of acute pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Thus, there was a theory that long COVID-19 shared many similarities with systemic autoimmune diseases. There was also a theory that the SARS-CoV-2 virus could infect many cell- and tissue-types distributed throughout multiple organ systems of the body. I aim to review the above theories using unbiased high-throughput datasets cataloguing gene expression. Studies reviewed used the technology of next generation sequencing, either as bulk tissue RNA sequencing, or as single-cell RNAs sequencing; ingenious methods for signal deconvolution were then used to identify individual cell types. Datasets reviewed suggested that severe COVID-19 induced expression of genes associated with pro-inflammatory signaling, tissue development or remodeling, scarring, or cell death. The datasets also provided evidence for several inflammatory syndromes associated with COVID-19, such as neuronal COVID, acute respiratory disease syndrome, vascular inflammation, or multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Indeed, inflammatory signal during severe COVID-19 was reported in many cell types, for example in structural cells, in infiltrating immune cells, in the vascular system, or in circulating cells in the blood. There was also frequently a change in proportions of immune cell-types in the blood, epithelial cells in the lungs, or among infiltrating immune cells.

Electrical storm (ES) is defined as the presence of at least three episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation within 24 hours. This patient had a previously known arterial hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease and has presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with symptoms of retrosternal chest pain lasting for several hours prior. The initial 12-lead electrocardiogram revealed ST segment elevation in the anterior leads (V1-V6). Emergent coronary angiography revealed an acute occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending artery (pLAD) and percutaneous coronary intervention was performed with successful implantation of one drug-eluting stent in the pLAD. On the day 8 of hospitalization, patient developed a refractory ES for which he received 50 DC shocks and did not respond to multiple lines of antiarrhythmic medications. Due to a failure of medical therapy, we decided to implant a temporary pacemaker and initiate ventricular overdrive pacing (VOP) that was successful in terminating ES. Following electrical stabilization, the patient underwent a successful ICD implantation. This case demonstrates that VOP can contribute to hemodynamic and electrical stabilization of a patient that suffers from refractory ES and this treatment modality might serve as a temporary bridge to ICD implantation.

People with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at greater risk of severe illness and death from respiratory infections, including COVID-19 than people without SCD (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA). Vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in SCD and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection are both characterized by thrombo-inflammation mediated by endothelial injury, complement activation, inflammatory lipid storm, platelet activation, platelet-leukocyte adhesion, and activation of the coagulation cascade. Notably, lipid mediators, including thromboxane A2, significantly increase in severe COVID-19 and SCD. In addition, the release of thromboxane A2 from endothelial cells and macrophages stimulates platelets to release microvesicles which are harbingers of multicellular adhesion and thrombo-inflammation. Currently, there are limited therapeutic strategies targeting platelet-neutrophil activation and thrombo-inflammation in either SCD or COVID-19 during acute crisis. However, due to many similarities between the pathobiology of thrombo-inflammation in SCD and COVID-19, therapies targeting one disease may likely be effective in the other. Therefore, the preclinical and clinical research spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, including clinical trials of anti-thrombotic agents, are potentially applicable to VOC. Here, we first outline the parallels between SCD and COVID-19; second, review the role of lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of these diseases and lastly, examine the therapeutic targets and potential treatments for the two diseases.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), especially if recurring represents a risk factor for future chronic kidney disease. In intensive care units, increased intraabdominal pressure is well-recognized as a significant contributor of AKI. However, the importance of transiently increased intra-abdominal pressures procedures is less commonly appreciated during laparoscopic surgery, the use of which has rapidly increased over the last few decades. Unlike the well-known autoregulation of the renal cortical circulation, medulla perfusion is modulated via partially independent regulatory mechanisms and strongly impacted by changes in venous and lymphatic pressures. In our review paper, we will provide a comprehensive overview of this evolving topic, covering a broad range from basic pathophysiology up to and including current clinical relevance. Key regulators of oxidative stress such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, the activation of inflammatory response and humoral changes interacting with procedural pneumoperitoneum formation and AKI risk will be recounted. Moreover, we present an in-depth review of the interaction of pneumoperitoneum formation with general anesthetic agents and animal models of congestive heart failure. A better understanding of the relationship between pneumoperitoneum formation and renal perfusion will support basic and clinical research, leading to improved clinical care and collaboration among specialists.

The coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (known as COVID 19) is highly contagious and has spread rapidly over 200 countries over last three months. WHO suggested urgent escalation in testing, isolation and contact tracing, as the "backbone" of managing the pandemic. Globally, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in patients are done by RT-PCR and blood antibody-based testing. In addition to the existing processes, flow-cytometry could be used as a high-throughput and efficient diagnostic method for detection of COVID 19. The suspected COVID 19 samples can be analyzed using ‘Indirect flow cytometry’, with the specific primary antibody and fluorescent tagged secondary antibodies. The fluorescence signal can distinguish the infected v/s non-infected samples. In the present article, we have summarized the applications of Flow virometry to study various viruses and have proposed possible application in the detection of COVID 19.

The aging of the global population has increased the prevalence of neurodegenerative conditions. Bacopa monnieri (BM), an herb with active compounds, such as bacosides A and B, betulinic acid, loliolide, asiatic acid, and quercetin, demonstrates the potential for brain health. Limited research has been conducted on the therapeutic applications of BM in neurodegenerative conditions. This systematic review aims to project BM's beneficial role in brain disorders. BM has anti-apoptotic and antioxidant actions and can repair damaged neurons, stimulate kinase activity, restore synaptic function, improve nerve transmission, and increase neuroprotection. The included twenty-two clinical trials demonstrated that BM can reduce Nuclear Factor-κB phosphorylation, improve emotional function, cognitive functions, anhedonia, hyperactivity, sleep routine, depression, attention deficit, learning problems, memory retention, impulsivity, and psychiatric problems. Moreover, BM can reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress. Here, we highlight that BM provides notable therapeutic benefits and can serve as a complementary approach for the care of patients with neurodegenerative conditions associated with brain disorders. This review adds to the growing interest in natural products and their potential therapeutic applications by improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive function and neurodegeneration and informing the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.

Background. Ovarian cysts are common in premenopausal women but can present with vague, non-specific symptoms, making discovery more challenging. Most are benign and resolve spontaneously; however, they can present, as in this case, as ovarian torsions, which is a gynecological emergency. Case presentation. A twenty-year-old female had presented over 3–4 times per year for the last 6 years to her primary doctor citing intermittent abdominal pain, irregular menstruation, dyspnea, and an enlarging abdomen circumference. The doctor stated, she was “just fat” and could, benefit from a “special camp to lose weight”, so she stopped mentioning her concerns. Upon presenting to the emergency department with acute onset abdominal pain, a computed tomography scan showed a large cyst lesion filling the abdominal and pelvic cavity. Its origin appeared to be from the left adnexa. Surgery was performed, and an acute ovarian torsion caused by a 36 cm craniocaudal left ovarian cyst was found and removed along with the left fallopian tube and 16 L of fluid. Conclusions. The value of respecting the “third presentation” rule indicates to health care providers that any patient who presents with any /or other symptoms or complaint needs to be thoroughly investigated. In this case the patient presented recurring pelvic/abdominal concerns, irregular menstruation, which warranted further investigation to safeguard fertility and prevent errors of omission. It is important to consider the differentials and be aware of vague symptoms that may lead to early recognition and effective management to prevent adverse consequences, complications, or even death.

Cardiac vascular diseases, especially acute myocardial infarction (AMI), are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore cardio-specific biomarkers such as cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) play an essential role in diagnostics. In order to enable rapid and accurate measurement of cTnI with the potential of online measurements, a proof of concept of a chemiluminescence-based biosensor is presented. A flow cell was designed and combined with a sensitive CMOS camera allowing an optical readout. In addition, a microfluidic setup was established, and cTnI was determined selectively. The biomarker cTnI was expressed in E. coli, and its characterization and correct folding were investigated by different analytical methods. This recombinant cTnI was used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), calibrated against commercially available recombinant cTnI, and applied for the biosensor measurements. Based on chemiluminescence detection, the biosensor was successfully tested, and the cTnI biomarker could be reproducibly determined in buffer, spiked blood serum, and plasma.

Mortality and readmission rates for decompensated acute heart failure (AHF) is overall increasing and risk stratification might be challenging. We sought to evaluate the prognostic role of systemic venous ultraso-nography in patients hospitalized for AHF. We prospectively recruited 74 AHF patients with a NT-proBNP level above 500 pg/mL. Then, a multiorgan ultrasound assessment (lung, inferior vena cava, Doppler of hepatic, portal, intrarenal and femoral veins) were performed at admission, discharge, and follow-up (for 90 days). An intrarenal monophasic pattern (AUC 0.923, Sn 90%, Sp 81%, PPV 43%, NPV 98%), a portal pulsatility >50% (AUC 0.749, Sn 80%, Sp 69%, PPV 30%, NPV 96%) and a VExUS score of 3 (AUC 0.885, sensitivity 80%, specificity 75%, PPV 33%, NPV 96%) predicted death during hospitalization. An IVC above 2 cm (AUC 0.758, Sn 93.l% and Sp 58.3) and the presence of an intrarenal monophasic pattern (AUC 0. 834, sensitivity 0.917, specificity 67.4%) in the follow-up visit predicted AHF related readmission. Addi-tional scans during hospitalization or calculate a VExUS score probably adds unnecessary complexity to the assessment of AHF patients. In conclusion, VExUS score does not contribute to guide therapy or the predic-tion of complications, compared to the presence of an inferior vena cava greater than 2 cm, a venous mo-nophasic intrarenal pattern or a pulsatility > 50% of the portal vein in AHF patients. Early and multidisci-plinary follow-up visit remains necessary to improve prognosis of this highly prevalent disease.

Studies have shown that COVID-19 patients with prediabetes frequently present with high plasma glucose levels on hospital admission. However, whether the glycemic abnormalities are temporary or persist after recovery from the illness is unclear. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 69 COVID-19 patients with prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7-6.4%) who were admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India, from May to October 2020 and were discharged alive. Over a mean follow-up of 146.6 (SD: 72.5) days, the mean fasting plasma glucose rose by 16.8 mg/dl (from 119.3-136.1 mg/dl), 2-hr post-prandial glucose by 61.0 mg/dl (from 176.2-237.2 mg/dl), and HbA1c by 0.6% (5.9-6.5%). Of the 49 (84.5%) patients who were discharged with glucose-lowering medications, 40 (81.6%) continued taking them at the first follow-up visit (mean of 50.1 days from admission), and 39 (79.6%) continued taking them at the second follow-up visit (mean of 114.3 days from first the follow-up visit). In addition, 12.1% of patients developed new-onset diabetes after recovery from the illness. Continuous monitoring of glycemia and detecting new-onset diabetes in COVID-19 patients with prediabetes after recovery are essential, as the metabolic effects of SARS-CoV-2 persist for several months.

ABSTRACT Two years after first patients approached the emergency rooms of hospitals in Wuhan becouse of respiratory distress,thousend of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons continue to die every day worldwide.SARS-CoV-2-infected patients undergo a process of dehydration and malnutrition before they develop respiratory problems and approach the emergency room of a hospital.This is,in many cases, the consequence of high fever which causes massive loss of fluids. In addition loss of appetite, is responsible for the deficit of protein intake.Most of the virus-infected patients admitted to the emergency room are therefore hypovolemic and hypoproteinemic and suffer of respiratory distress accompanied by ground grass opacities at CT-scan of the lungs.Critically ill patients are treated following the guidelines for treatment of septic shock but with „conservative“ fluid replacement and administration of diuretics to assure sufficient hourly urine production. The combination of conservative fluid administration with reduced protein content in the enterally administered diet, together with administration of diuretics, has severe hemodynamic consequenses in mostly aged,dehydrated,critically ill patients. Many of them will develop acute kidney injury in the next 24 hours.In most of the cases, patients continue to loose weight by loosing skeletal muscle mass. Ischemic damage in the lung capillaries is responsible for the acute respiratory distreass syndrome (ARDS) and for the hallmark of autoptic findings,diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) characterized by hyaline membrane formation,fluid invasion of the alveoli recruitment of some inflammatory cells and progressive arrest of blood flow in the pulmonary vessels.The consequence is progressive congestion , increase of lung weight and progressive hypoxia (progressive severity of ARDS).Sequestration of blood in the lungs worsen hypovolemia and ischemia in different organs.This is most probably responsible for recruitment of inflammatory cells and for persistance of elevated serum levels of positive acute-phase markers and of hypoalbuminemia. Autoptic studies have been performed mostly in patients who died in the ICU after SARS-CoV-2-infection because of progessive ARDS.In those patients, tubulus epithelium necrosis in the kidney is a frequent finding as it has been the case in the first SARS-CoV-1 pandemic.In the death certification charts, many times weeks after first symptoms have started ,cardiac arrest is the cause of death after respitatory insufficiency.Replacement therapy with sufficient amount of fluid and albumin should be part of the early individualized life-saving supportive measures avoiding mechanical ventilation.

Objectives To develop and validate a prediction model for 28-day in-hospital mortality among adult patients critically ill with COVID-19 in the UK. Design Observational cohort study. Setting 287 adult critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, of which 260 admitted at least one eligible patient. Participants 10,933 patients with confirmed COVID-19 of whom 10,401 were eligible (excluding 532 patients with a duration of critical care less than 24 hours and 1 patient with unknown 28-day outcome): 8,666 development (March-April 2020) and 1,735 temporal validation (May-August 2020). Main outcome measures 28-day in-hospital mortality from start of critical care. Results Two models were developed using 14 patient level predictors selected from 30 candidate predictors, with and without adjustment for calendar time. In the temporal validation data, the model discrimination was maintained (c index 0.78) but calibration was poor, particularly for the model not adjusted for calendar time (ratio of observed to predicted mortality 0.74 versus 0.88 for the model adjusted for calendar time). Conclusions We developed and validated a prediction model for 28-day in-hospital mortality for patients critically ill with COVID-19. Although absolute predictions were inaccurate due to changing outcomes, the models will support risk-adjustment in analyses and monitoring changes in risk-adjusted outcome over time.

The article describes the rational for inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) pathways as specific targets in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 in order to prevent the establishment of positive feedback loops triggered by COVID-19 in some predisposed subjects. Making use of a large quantity of published reports in which human/rodent ACE2 pathway inhibitors were administered in vivo, it is hypothesized a possible therapeutic pharmacological intervention through an inhibition strategy of the zinc metalloprotease ACE2 and its downstream pathway for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Of even more interest, metal (zinc) chelators and renin inhibitors (both FDA approved drugs) may also work alone or in combination in inhibiting the positive feedback loops, initially triggered by COVID-19 and subsequently sustained by hypoxia independently on viral trigger, when both arms of renin-angiotensin system (ACE2 and ACE) are upregulated, leading to critical, advanced and untreatable stages of the disease.

The glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα), a pivotal component of the ancient glucocorticoid (GC) signaling system that emerged nearly 450 million years ago, has been instrumental in directing vertebrate evolution and is essential for survival, regulating fertility and fetal development, the function of every organ and circulating cells, metabolism, immune responses, and adaptation to stress. While its anti-inflammatory properties have been recognized since the mid-20th century, GRα’s broader role as the master regulator of homeostatic corrections, particularly in health and critical illness, has only recently been fully appreciated.GRα orchestrates three key phases of homeostatic correction: the Priming Phase, where it rapidly activates early immune responses, mobilizes energy reserves, and prepares the body to mount an immediate defense against various physiological stressors, including infection and injury. During this phase, GRα enhances glucose metabolism, supports mitochondrial function, and facilitates the release of key immune cells to the site of damage, ensuring the body is equipped to handle the initial assault. The Modulatory Phase follows, in which GRα fine-tunes the inflammatory response to prevent excessive tissue damage. By balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory signals, GRα helps contain the immune response, preventing the harmful effects of prolonged inflammation while maintaining immune surveillance. This phase also involves the regulation of oxidative stress, vascular tone, and the preservation of cellular integrity to protect vital organs from injury. Finally, in the Restorative Phase, GRα plays a critical role in resolving inflammation and initiating tissue repair. During this phase, GRα supports cellular regeneration, promotes the clearance of apoptotic cells and debris, and restores anatomical and physiological balance. It aids in rebuilding tissue architecture and returning the neuroendocrine-immune system to its baseline state, ensuring long-term recovery and stability.Throughout these phases, GRα manages complex interactions, including recently discovered co-regulation with pro-inflammatory transcription factors, while also regulating mitochondrial function to ensure bioenergetic and metabolic stability during stress. In critically ill patients, depletion of bioenergetic and micronutrient reserves severely impairs GRα’s capacity to regulate immune responses, heightening the risk of morbidity and mortality.This review, in light of this new understanding, underscores the need to re-evaluate current glucocorticoid (GC) treatment strategies, emphasizing the incorporation of micronutrient support to optimize GRα function across all phases of homeostatic correction. This integrated therapeutic approach has the potential to enhance both immediate immune responses and long-term recovery in critically ill patients, offering a more comprehensive strategy for managing the complex pathobiology of critical illness. Furthermore, this integrative approach could decrease glucocorticoid dose and duration requirements and potential side effects.

Background. Gene rearrangements affecting KMT2A are frequent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are often associated with a poor prognosis. KMT2A gene fusions are often detected by chromosome banding analysis and confirmed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. However, small intragenic insertions, termed KMT2A partial tandem duplication (PTD), are particularly challenging to detect using standard molecular and cytogenetic approaches. Methods. We have validated the use of a custom hybrid capture based next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel for comprehensive profiling of AML patients seen at our institution. This NGS panel targets the entire consensus coding DNA sequence of KMT2A; to deduce the presence of a PTD we used the relative ratio of KMT2A exons coverage. We sought to corroborate the KMT2A-PTD NGS results using (1) multiplex-ligation probe amplification (MLPA) and (2) optical genome mapping (OGM). Results. We analyzed 932 AML cases and identified 41 individuals harboring a KMT2A-PTD. MLPA, NGS and OGM confirmed the presence of a KMT2A-PTD in 22 of the cases analyzed where orthogonal testing was possible. Two false positive PTD calls by NGS could be explained by the presence of cryptic structural variants impacting KMT2A and interfering with PTD analysis. OGM revealed the nature of these previously undetected gene rearrangements in KMT2A, while MLPA yielded in-conclusive results. MLPA analysis for KMT2A-PTD is limited to exon 4, whereas NGS and OGM resolved KMT2A-PTD sizes and copy number levels. Conclusion. KMT2A-PTDs are complex gene rearrangements that cannot be fully ascertained using a single genomic platform. MLPA, NGS panels and OGM are complementary technologies applied in standard of care testing for AML patients. MLPA and NGS panels are designed for targeted copy number analysis; however, our results show that integration of concurrent genomic alterations is needed for accurate KMT2A-PTD identification. Unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements overlapping with KMT2A can interfere with the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of copy number based KMT2A-PTD detection methodologies.

Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women. Preclinical studies have confirmed that the local anesthetic levobupivacaine has a cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells. We examined whether postoperative wound infiltration with levobupivacaine influences survival in 120 patients who were operated on for breast cancer and underwent quadrantectomy or mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. Groups with continuous levobupivacaine wound infiltration, bolus wound infiltration, and diclofenac analgesia were compared. Long-term outcomes examined were quality of life, shoulder disability, and hand grip strength (HGS) after one year, and survival after 5 and 10 years. Groups that had infiltration analgesia had better shoulder function compared to diclofenac after one year. Levobupivacaine PCA group had the best preserved HGS after 1 year (P=0.022). The most significant predictor of the 5-year outcome was HGS (P=0.03). Although the best survival after 5 and 10 years was registered in the bolus levobupivacaine group, statistical significance was not reached (P=0.36). The extent of the disease at the time of surgery is the most important predictor of long-term survival. A larger prospective clinical study could better confirm the effect of levobupivacaine wound infiltration on outcomes after breast cancer surgery observed in this pilot study. Trial number NCT05829707

Long COVID (LC) encompasses a constellation of long-term symptoms experienced by at least 10% of people after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, and so far has affected about 65 million people. The etiology of LC remains unclear; however, many pathophysiological pathways may be involved, including viral persistence; chronic, low grade inflammatory response; immune dysregulation and defective immune response; reactivation of latent viruses; autoimmunity; persistent endothelial dysfunction and coagulopathy; gut dysbiosis; hormonal dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction; and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. There are no specific tests for the diagnosis of LC, and clinical features including laboratory findings and biomarkers may not specifically relate to LC. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to develop and validate biomarkers that can be employed for the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of LC and its therapeutic response. Promising candidate biomarkers that are found in some patients are markers of systemic inflammation including acute phase proteins, cytokines and chemokines; biomarkers reflecting SARS-CoV-2 persistence, reactivation of herpesviruses and immune dysregulation; biomarkers of endotheliopathy, coagulation and fibrinolysis; microbiota alterations; diverse proteins and metabolites; hormonal and metabolic biomarkers; as well as cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. At present, there are only two reviews summarizing relevant biomarkers; however, they do not cover the entire umbrella of current biomarkers or their link to etiopathogenetic mechanisms, and the diagnostic work-up in a comprehensive manner. Herein, we aim to appraise and synopsize the available evidence on the typical laboratory manifestations and candidate biomarkers of LC, their classification based on main LC symptomatology in the frame of the epidemiological and pathogenetic aspects of the syndrome, and furthermore assess limitations and challenges as well as potential implications in candidate therapeutic interventions.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are of significant relevance due to their unique properties, which have been exploited for widespread applications. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) are one of most exploited ENM in the industry due to their excellent catalytic and multi-enzyme mimetic properties. Thus, toxicological effects of these ENMs should be further studied. Acute and subchronic toxicity of CeO2-NPs were assessed. First an in vitro multi-dose short-term (24h) toxicological assessment was performed in three different cell lines: A549 and Calu3, representing the lung tissue, and 3T3 as an interstitial tissue model. After that, a sub-chronic toxicity assessment (90 days) of these NPs was carried out on a realistic and well stablished reconstituted primary human airway epithelial model (MucilAir™), cultured at the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI), to study long-term effects of these particles. Results showed minor toxicity of CeO2-NPs in acute exposures. However, in subchronic exposures, cytotoxic and inflammatory responses were observed in the human airway epithelial model after 60 days of exposure to CeO2-NPs. These results suggest that acute toxicity approaches may underestimate the toxicological effect of some ENM, highlighting the need of subchronic toxicological studies in order to accurately assess the toxicity of ENM and their cumulative effects in the organism.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) based gene-editing has begun to transform the treatment landscape of genetic diseases. The history of the discovery of CRISPR/CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins/single guide RNA (sgRNA)-based gene-editing since the first report of repetitive sequences of unknown significance in 1987 is fascinating, instructive, and inspiring for future advances. The recent approval of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene therapy to treat patients with severe sickle cell anemia and transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia has renewed hope for treating other hematologic diseases, including patients with germline predisposition to hematologic malignancies, who would benefit greatly from the development of CRISPR-based gene therapies. The purpose of this manuscript is three-fold: first, a chronological description of the history of CRISPR-Cas9-sgRNA-based gene editing; second, a brief description of the current state of clinical research in hematologic diseases, including selected applications in treating hematologic diseases with CRISPR-based gene therapy; and third, the current progress in gene therapies in inherited hematologic diseases and bone marrow failure syndromes, to hopefully stimulate efforts towards developing these therapies for patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes and other inherited conditions with germline predisposition to hematologic malignancies.

Various vaccines have been developed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the safety of vaccines has become an important issue. COVID-19 vaccines-related central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS IDDs) have been reported recently. We present one case of AstraZeneca vaccine-related myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease and literature review another 78 patients published from January 2020 to October 2022. Patients were divided into three vaccine groups (viral vector, mRNA and inactivated vaccines) for further analyses. Among 79 patients with COVID-19 vaccines-related CNS IDDs, 49 (62%) cases received viral vector vaccines, 20 (25.3%) received mRNA vaccines and 10 (12.7%) received inactivated vaccines. Twenty-seven cases (34.2%) were confirmed with autoantibodies, including 15 patients (19%) with anti-MOG, 11 (13.9%) with anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and one (1.3%) with both antibodies. Significantly, more males developed CNS IDDs post viral vector vaccines compared to mRNA and inactivated vaccines. Patients receiving mRNA vaccines were older than other groups. Furthermore, mRNA and inactivated vaccines correlated more with anti-AQP4 antibodies, while viral vector vaccines showed higher MOG positivity. The research suggests potential associations between COVID-19 vaccines-related CNS IDDs and gender, age, and autoantibodies, contingent on vaccine types. Protein sequence analysis implies similarities between the S protein and AQP4/MOG. Further studies may elucidate the mechanisms of CNS IDDs, aiding vaccine selection for specific groups.

This study centered on examining 60 different antibiotics by assessing their primary toxicity parameters through the pkCSM database. The parameters included Max. Tolerated Dose (Human) (log mg/kg/day), Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50) (mol/kg), Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity (LOAEL) (log mg/kg_bw/day), and Minnow Toxicity (LC50) (log mM). The results highlight four potential antibiotics—cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and meropenem—that exhibited lower toxicity effects compared to other compounds. These findings imply a relatively favorable safety profile for these antibiotics concerning the specified toxicity parameters. However, it is crucial to interpret these outcomes within the context of the specific clinical application and to consider additional factors for a comprehensive safety assessment. It's essential to acknowledge that evaluating toxicity is intricate, and the determination of what is considered "less toxic" can rely on specific criteria and the context of use. Furthermore, individual responses to antibiotics may vary, and the selection of an antibiotic should be based on diverse factors, including the specific infection being treated, the patient's health, and potential side effects.

Abstract: Type A acute aortic dissection is a serious condition within the acute aortic syndromes that demands immediate treatment. Despite advancements in diagnostic and referral pathways, the survival rate post-surgery currently sits at almost 20%. Our objective was to pinpoint clinical indicators for mortality and morbidity, particularly raised arterial lactate as a key factor for negative outcomes. Methods: All patients referred to the three cardiovascular centres between January 2005 and December 2022 were included in the study. The inclusion criteria required the presence of a lesion involving the ascending aorta, symptoms within 7 days of surgery, and referral for primary surgical repair of TAAAD based on recommendations, with consideration for other concomitant major cardiac surgical procedures needed during TAAAD and retrograde extension of TAAAD. We conducted an analysis of both continuous and categorical variables and utilized predictive mean matching to fill in missing numeric features. For missing binary variables, we used logistic regression to impute values. We specifically targeted early postoperative mortality and employed LASSO regression to minimize potential collinearity of over-fitting variables and variables measured from the same patient. Results: 633 patients were recruited for the study, out of which 449 patients had complete preoperative arterial lactate data. The average age of the patients was 64 years, and 304 patients were male (67.6%). The crude early postoperative mortality rate was 24.5% (110 out of 449 patients). The mortality rate did not show any significant difference when comparing conservative and extensive surgeries. However, malperfusion had a significant impact on mortality [48/131 (36.6%) vs 62/318 (19.5%), p<0.001]. Preoperative arterial lactates were significantly elevated in patients with malperfusion. The optimal prognostic threshold of arterial lactate for predicting early postoperative mortality in our cohort was ≥ 2.6 mmol/L. Conclusion: The arterial lactate concentration in patients referred for TAAAD is an independent factor for both operative mortality and postoperative complications. In addition to mortality, patients with an upper arterial lactate cut-off of ≥2.6 mmol/L face significant risks of VA ECMO and the need for dialysis within the first 48 hours after surgery. To improve recognition and facilitate rapid transfer and surgical treatment protocol, more diligent efforts are required in the management of malperfusion in TAAAD.

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the main drugs for symptomatic treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. A recently designed, synthesized and tested hybrid compound between the AChE inhibitor galantamine (GAL) and the antioxidant polyphenol curcumin (CU) showed high AChE inhibition in vitro. Here, we describe tests for acute and short-term toxicity in mice as well as antioxidant tests on brain homogenates measured the levels of malondialdehide (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). Haematological and serum biochemical analyses were also performed. In the acute toxicity tests, the novel AChE inhibitor given orally in mice showed LD50 of 49 mg/kg. The short-term administration of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg did not show toxicity. In the ex vivo tests, the GAL-CU hybrid performed better than GAL and CU themselves. In a dose of 5 mg/kg, it demonstrates 25% reduction in AChE activity, 28% and 73% increase in the levels of MDA and GSH, respectively. No significant changes in blood biochemical data were observed. The GAL-CU hybrid is a novel non-toxic AChE inhibitor with high antioxidant activity which makes it a perspective multitarget drug candidate for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

The purpose of this paper is to review the involvement of mitochondria in the actions of nitroglycerin (glycerol trinitrate -GTN) and the redox disturbances underlying diseases it treats. The paper begins by explaining complex I as the initial site of formation of superoxide and the process whereby it leads to the development of glutathione dependent tolerance. Next, the paper describes new formulations for preventing tolerance. The paper ends by illustrating diseases that may benefit from treatment with novel glutathione based GTN formulations and treatment approaches.

We report a small footprint cost-effective isothermal rapid DNA amplification system, with integrated microfluidics for automated sample analysis and detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human and environmental samples. Our system measures low-level fluorescent signal in real-time during amplification, while maintaining the desired assay temperature, on a low power, portable system footprint. A unique soft microfluidic chip design was implemented to mitigate thermocapillary effects and facilitate optical alignment for automated image capture and signal analysis. The system-on-board prototype coupled with the LAMP primers designed by BioCoS, is sensitive enough to detect viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 in a broad concentration range corresponding to a threshold cycle range of 16 to 39. Clinical specimens were tested at Kingston Health Sciences using a clinically validated PCR assay and variants were determined using whole genome sequencing.

Our primary objectives were a) to determine the need for, and the availability of point-of-care testing (POCT) for infectious diseases and b) to recommend point-of-care testing strategies and spatial care paths (SCPs) that enhance public health preparedness in regional districts of Thua Thien Hue Province (TTHP), Central Vietnam, where we conducted field surveys. Medical professionals in 7 community health centers (CHCs), 7 district hospitals (DHs) and 1 provincial hospital (PH) participated. Survey questions (English and Vietnamese) determined the status of diagnostic testing capabilities for infectious diseases and other acute medical challenges in TTHP. Infectious disease testing was limited: 6 of 7 CHCs (86%) lacked infectious disease tests. One CHC (14%, 1/7) had two forms of diagnostic tests available for the detection of Malaria. All CHCs lacked adequate microbiology laboratories. District hospitals had few diagnostic tests for infectious diseases (Tuberculosis, Syphilis), blood culture (29%, 2/7), and pathogen culture (57%, 4/7) available. The PH had broader diagnostic testing capabilities but lacked preparedness for highly infectious disease threats (e.g., Ebola, MERS-CoV, SARS, Zika, and Monkeypox). All sites reported having COVID-19 rapid antigen tests; COVID-19 RT-PCR tests were limited to higher tier hospitals. We conclude that infectious disease diagnostic testing should be improved and POC tests must be supplied near patients’ homes and in primary care settings for the early detection of infected individuals and mitigation of the spread of new COVID-19 variants and other highly infectious diseases.

During the last few years, the world witnessed one of the worst calamities affecting humankind- the COVID-19 pandemic. We also witnessed the development of vaccines at an unprecedented pace against the SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent. India, which was one of the countries most impacted by COVID-19, developed its indigenous vaccine in addition to utilizing the ones developed by other countries. Initially, the antibody level and the neutralizing antibody titer against the pathogen were considered as the correlates of immune protection from the disease. The long-term protection from the pathogen is provided by the immune memory cells viz. T and B memory cells and their ability of efficient recall responses. In this regard, global research focused mainly on the mRNA-based vaccines. The studies on immune memory response, particularly- the B cell memory response bestowed by the vaccines given to Indians is relatively obscure. In this work, we examined the level of RBD specific memory B cells in the peripheral circulation of the study participants and the ability of B cells to secrete antigen-specific antibodies among Indians vaccinated with Covaxin (BBV152), Covishield (AZD1222), Corbevax (BECOV2D) and Sputnik Light as well as unvaccinated individuals. Our study revealed that Corbevax and Sputnik Light conferred better antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has detrimental multi-system consequences. Symptoms may appear during the acute phase of infection, but literature on long-term recovery of young adults after mild-to-moderate infection is lacking. Heart rate variability (HRV) allows observation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, physical activity (PA) helps improve ANS modulation, where investigation of PA influence on ANS recovery is vital to reduce risk and severity of symptoms. Clinicians may use this research to aid development of non-medication interventions. At baseline, 18 control (CT) and 20 post-COVID-19 (PCOV) participants were observed where general amnamnesis was performed, followed by HRV and PA assessment. 10 CT and 7 PCOV subjects returned for follow-up (FU) evaluation 6 weeks after complete immunization (2 doses) and assessments were repeated. Over the follow-up period, decrease in sympathetic (SNS) activity (mean heart rate: p=0.0024, CI=-24.67- -3.26; SNS index: p=0.0068, CI=-2.50- -0.32) and increase in parasympathetic (PNS) activity (mean RR:p=0.0097, CI=33.72-225.51; PNS index: p=0.0091, CI=-0.20-1.47) were observed. At follow-up, HRV was not different between groups (p>0.05). Additionally, no differences were observed in PA between moments and groups. This study provides evidence of ANS recovery after SARS-CoV-2 insult in young adults over a follow-up period, independent of changes in PA.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2/2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic. The virus binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2 which are abundantly expressed on various human cells including lung epithelial cells and intestinal cells and the virus can infect these cells. Currently no specific treatments or vaccines are available for this disease. A per oral live attenuated vaccine can be beneficial in SARS-Cov-2 infection because the attenuated virus initially infects the gut, stimulates the mucosa associated immune system sparing the respiratory system during the initial immune response. The live virus can also spread in the community boosting herd immunity.

Ankle sprains are the most frequently occurring musculoskeletal injuries among recreational athletes. Ankle support through bandages following the initial orthotic treatment might be beneficial for rehabilitation purposes. Since hardly any study has investigated the impact of bandages in the acute phase of ankle sprains, our study examined the immediate effects of wearing an ankle bandage on fine coordination, proprioception, and motor performance in subjects five weeks after an acute ankle injury. In total, 70 subjects with acute unilateral supination trauma were tested. All subjects completed several rating questionnaires and biomechanical investigations, including a fine coordination and proprioception test, single leg stances, the Y-Balance test and gait analysis. All biomechanical investigations were conducted for the subject's injured leg with and without a bandage (MalleoTrain® Bauerfeind AG) and the healthy leg. Subjects reported moderate to strong improvements in ankle stability and pain when wearing the bandage. Wearing the bandage significantly normalized subjects’ single leg stance performance, as well as the stance phase duration, and the vertical ground reaction forces during walking. However, the bandage did not have a clear effect on fine coordination and proprioception. Wearing a bandage in the acute phase of an ankle sprain may immediately improve motor performance, including standing and walking.

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare, but devastating complication of allogeneic hem-atopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). There is currently limited evidence describing the risk factors, laboratory features, and underlying mechanisms of this neurologic adverse event. We retrospectively reviewed available clinical, imaging, and laboratory data from adult patients with hematological malignancies who underwent haploidentical HSCT with cyclophosphamide (PTCy) at Chungnam National University Hospital from June 2016 to May 2020. Patients who developed LE were compared to those who did not based on clinical assessment, serum inflam-matory biomarkers, and reconstitution of various T cell populations. Of 35 patients, four devel-oped LE. There were no differences in patient demographics, donor demographics, or treatment conditions between patients that did and did not develop LE. Overall, patients with LE had worse clinical outcomes and overall survival than those without. In addition, they tended to have higher markers of systemic inflammation in the early post-transplant period, including fever, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cytokines. Remarkably, baseline interleukin-6 levels before HSCT were found to be higher in patients who developed LE than those who did not. In addition, analysis of T cell subsets showed impaired expansion of CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in LE compared to non-LE patients despite appropriate reconstitution of the total CD4+ T cell population. Patients that developed LE within the first 30 days of HSCT were likely to have high serum IL-6 among other inflammatory cytokines coupled with suppression of regulatory T cell differentiation. Further work is needed on the mechanisms underlying impaired Treg expansion following HSCT and potential therapies.

The physiological response to a psychological stressor broadly impacts energy metabolism. In-versely, changes in energy availability affect the physiological response to the stressor in terms of hypothalamus, pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system activation. Glu-cocorticoids, the endpoint of the HPA axis, are critical checkpoints in endocrine control of ener-gy homeostasis and have been linked to metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Glucocorticoids, through the glucocorticoid receptor, activate transcription of genes associated with glucose and lipid regulatory pathways and thereby control both physi-ological and pathophysiological systemic energy homeostasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of glucocorticoid functions in energy metabolism and systemic metabolic dysfunc-tion, particularly focusing on glucose and lipid metabolism. There are elements in the external environment that induce lifelong changes in the HPA axis stress response and glucocorticoid levels, the most prominent are early-life adversity, or exposure to traumatic stress. We hypothe-sise that when the HPA axis is so disturbed after early-life adversity, it will fundamentally alter hepatic gluconeogenesis, inducing hyperglycaemia, and hence crystalise the significant lifelong risk of developing either the metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes. This gives a “Jekyll and Hyde” role to gluconeogenesis, providing the necessary energy in situations of acute stress, but driving towards pathophysiological consequences when the HPA axis has been altered.

The world is in the grips of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increase concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D₃ for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/ml (100–150 nmol/l). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D₃ doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

Recent wastewater testing suggests the poliovirus is reemerging, raising questions about the efficacy of the current inactivated polio vaccine and mass vaccination to eradicate poliomyelitis. The present study reassessed reported outcomes from the placebo-control study of the 1954 Salk inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine field trial, which studied a population of 1,829,916 U.S. school children from the first three grades. The placebo-control study of the trial reported that the polio vaccine was 80% to 90% effective in reducing cases of laboratory confirmed paralytic poliomyelitis, 60% to 70% effective against type 1 of the virus, and greater than 90% effective against types 2 and 3 of the poliovirus. However, these outcomes are reported as relative risk reductions, and the absolute risk reductions of the 1954 polio vaccine field trial were never reported to the public. The present paper’s analysis reveals to the public for the first time that the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine's absolute risk reduction of laboratory confirmed paralytic poliomyelitis in the placebo-control study is 0.01% to 0.02%, an extraordinarily low clinical effect that impugns the Salk polio vaccine’s reported effectiveness. Furthermore, absolute risk reductions for the three poliovirus types are 0.01%, 0.00%, and 0.01%, respectively. Outcome reporting bias in the 1954 inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine field trial casts doubt on eradication of the poliovirus through mass vaccination.

A parallel between defense powers of sovereign nations and effective immunity that guards health is relevant to demonstrate vulnerability of immune system under external forces (vaccines, drugs). History demonstrated that sovereignty (power within) of small nations often threatened or destroyed by military might of powerful nations (power without) who use false-flags and propaganda for motives that are financial-control-driven. Similarly, we propose that body’s complex immune neuroplasticity (power within, adaptive, horizontal) is stretched-thin and weakened by the external forces, particularly by vaccination of the unborn/newborn or immune-compromised individuals. Validity of genomics (innate, perpendicular) as origins of ‘hereditary’ diseases (eg, allergies, diabetes, cancers) that for a century dominated research and treatment is also challenged. In conclusion, we propose that the pressure/power from within creates life with potential to sustain health, while the pressure/power from without, weaken and destroy life.

Using multi-color flow cytometry analysis, we studied the immunophenotypical differences between leukemic blasts/LSCs from patients with AML/MDS and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patients in complete remission (CR) following their successful treatment. The panel of markers included CD34, CD38, CD45RA, CD123 as representatives for a hierarchical hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) classification as well as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Rather than restricting the evaluation on a 2- or 3-dimensional analysis, we applied a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) approach to get a deeper insight and segregation between leukemic and normal HPSCs. For that purpose, we created a t-SNE map, which resulted in the visualization of 27 cell clusters based on their similarity concerning the composition and intensity of antigen expression. Two of these clusters were “leukemia-related” containing a great proportion of CD34⁺/CD38^- hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or CD34⁺ cells with a strong coexpression of CD45RA/CD123, respectively. CD34⁺ cells within the latter cluster were also highly positive for PD-L1 reflecting their immunosuppressive capacity. Beyond this proof of principle study, the inclusion of additional markers will be helpful to refine the differentiation between normal HSPCs and leukemic cells, particularly in the context of minimal disease detection and antigen-targeted therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we suggest a protocol for the assignment of new cell ensembles in quantitative terms, via a numerical value, the Pearson coefficient, based on a similarity comparison of the t-SNE pattern with a reference.

Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus enters host cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), leading to systemic inflammation, also known as a “cytokine storm,” and neuroinflammation. COVID-19’s upstream regulator, interferon-gamma (IFNG), is downregulated upon the infection of SARS-CoV-2, which leads to the downregulation of ACE2. The neuroinflammation signaling pathway (NISP) can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by the formation of Lewy Bodies made of α-Synuclein protein encoded by synuclein alpha (SNCA). This study presents the pathways involved in the downregulation of ACE2 following SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effect on PD progression. Through QIAGEN’s Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, the study identifies the NISP as a top-five canonical pathway/signaling pathway and SNCA as a top-five upstream regulator. Core Analysis was also conducted on the associated molecules between COVID-19 and SNCA to construct a network connectivity map. The Molecule Activity Predictor tool was used to simulate the infection of SARS-CoV-2 by downregulating IFNG, which leads to the predicted activation of SNCA, and subsequently PD, through a dataset of intermediary molecules. Downstream Effect analysis was further used to quantify the downregulation of ACE2 on SNCA activation.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally, often necessitating mastectomy and subsequent breast reconstruction. Silicone mammary implants (SMIs) play a pivotal role in breast reconstruction, yet their interaction with the host immune system and microbiome remains poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of SMI surface topography on host antimicrobial responses, wound proteome dynamics, and microbial colonization. Biological samples were col-lected from ten human patients undergoing breast reconstruction with SMIs. Mass spectrometry profiles were analyzed for acute and chronic wound proteomes, revealing a nuanced interplay between topography and antimicrobial respondseproteins. 16S rRNA sequencing assessed mi-crobiome dynamics, unveiling topography-specific variations in microbial composition. Surface topography alterations influenced wound proteome composition. Microbiome analysis revealed heightened diversity around rougher SMIs, emphasizing topography-dependent microbial inva-sion. In vitro experiments confirmed staphylococcal adhesion, growth, and biofilm formation on SMI surfaces, with increased texture correlating positively with bacterial colonization. This comprehensive investigation highlights the intricate interplay between SMI topography, wound proteome dynamics, and microbial transmission. The findings contribute to understanding host-microbe interactions on SMI surfaces, essential for optimizing clinical applications and minimizing complications in breast reconstruction.

The use of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) for the treatment of patients with malignant haematological diseases has become a well-established application, for conditions such as refractory or relapsed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), B cell lymphomas (BCL), and multiple myeloma (MM). Nearly 35,000 patients have received autologous CAR-T cells for the treatment of these conditions only in the USA. Since their approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017, over 1200 clinical trials have been initiated globally and there are at least 10 different CAR-T cells with approval by different regulatory agencies around the globe. In the USA the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 6 commercial CAR-T cells that are widely distributed worldwide. At the time of this writing, several clinical trials have been performed in patients with solid tumours such as glioblastoma, renal and pancreatic cancer, as well as in patients with autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM), and systemic sclerosis (SS). There are also several studies showing the potential benefit of CAR-T cells for other non-malignant diseases such as asthma and even fungal infections. In this review, without pretending to cover all the current areas of treatments with CAR-T cells, we offer a brief summary of some of the most relevant aspects of the use of CAR-T cells for some of these conditions.

Here, using the theory of electrical modelling of the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electrical generator, we will begin the path to demonstrate that the interactions of electromagnetic forces, weak force and strong force that are part of the standard model, can be described by a single electromagnetic force interaction, in other words: SU(3) x SU(2) --> U(1). We will also hypothesize two particles that would give rise to gravitons. It is the interactions of the quarks (U, Û, D, ^D) that dominate the dynamics; They are responsible for the origin of bosons (photons, gluons, W⁺, W⁻, Z⁰, gravitons and Higgs boson).

We are going to demonstrate the origin of dark energy, using a Hardwire similarity, a test that is carried out in terrestrial seismic with vibroseis in the search for gas and oil. In the first instance, we are going to analyse the mathematical function of Dirac's delta and compare it with the detonation of an explosive that is carried out in the search for gas and oil. Let's understand that in both cases a frequency spectrum is produced. We will also explain the meaning of a non-causal, zero-phase system; a causal system, of minimum phase, in order to determine the mathematical behaviour that corresponds to the Big Bang. Next, following the line of seismic, we will analyse a Hardwire Similarity to demonstrate that a vibroseis source, which generates a sweep, produces, in addition to the ideal sweep of fundamental frequencies, spurious harmonic frequencies and additional noise. We will show that this additional energy generated by the spurious harmonic frequencies and additional noise adds to the energy of the fundamental frequency sweep in analogy as dark energy does.

Here, using the theory of electrical-quantum modelling of the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electrical generator, we will analyse the proton decay and the inverse neutron decay and determine the following subatomic particles, Dproton, Protoniu, Dneutron and Neutroniumd.

The study comprehensively evaluated the prognostic roles of PLR, NLR, MLR, BLR, and ELR in patients with acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). 619 patients with AECOPD and 300 healthy volunteers were retrospectively included into the study. The clinical characteristics containing laboratory findings of the AECOPD patients and the blood cell counts (CBCs) of the healthy volunteers were collected. Compared with the healthy volunteers, PLR, NLR, and MLR were elevated in COPD patients in stable condition, and were further ele-vated during exacerbation. ELR showed the opposite trend. PLR, NLR, and MLR were all posi-tively correlated with hospital LOS as well as CRP. In contrast, ELR was negatively correlated with hospital LOS as well as CRP. Elevated PLR, NLR, and MLR were all associated with more serious airflow limitation in AECOPD. Elevated PLR, NLR, and MLR were all associated with increased in-hospital mortality while Elevated ELR was associated with decreased in-hospital mortality in AECOPD. A nomogram was construct to predict in-hospital mortality in AECOPD. The nomo-gram had a C-index of 0.850 (95% CI: 0.799 – 0.901) with good predictive value and clinical ap-plicability. In summary, PLR, NLR, MLR, and ELR served as predictors for clinical outcomes in patients with AECOPD.

Here we will electrically-quantum model the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electric generator, for this, we will use the theory of three-phase electric generators and vector or phasor diagrams. We will use this model to hypothesize how the quarks that form neutrons and protons with a combined mass of 10 MeV/c², can generate, through quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions, a mass of 939.56 MeV/c² for the neutron and a mass of 938.27 MeV/c² for the proton. Using quantum mechanics and the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time we will calculate the number of quarks-antiquarks-gluons and gravitons inside a neutron. We will also analyse βˉ decay using vector diagrams, we will calculate the tension of the string T₀ and the length of the string ℓs between quarks-antiquark and finally, we will model a black hole using a neutron equivalent model. In version 2 of this article, we will update the vector diagrams of the βˉ decay and theoretically calculate the energy of the W⁻ boson, the Z⁰ boson, and the Θ angle, Θ = arc cos (W⁻/Z⁰). We will demonstrate, through vector diagrams, that quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions are the cause of the origin of the W⁻ boson and the Z⁰ boson. We will also demonstrate how the fine structure constant α originates. It is important to make clear, in future updates, we will describe the relationship that exists between the theory described in this paper and the Isospin theory, flavour and colour theory

Here, applying the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time, we will model the mechanism by which elementary particles are formed. We will determine the relationship between gravity and each of the elementary particles that form the standard model following analogies to that of stellar bodies. In order to achieve our goal, we will propose new models for photons, quarks and gluons; with this, we will demonstrate why there are stable and unstable elementary particles; why the first family of elementary particles forms hadrons and why the second and third families cannot form hadrons; why the fermions comply with the Pauli exclusion principle and why the bosons do not comply with the Pauli exclusion principle, etc. Finally, we will analyse the generalization of the ADS/CFT correspondence and propose a theory of everything (T.O.E.).

Here we will explain the correlation between the Kerr-Newman diagram and the theory: RLC electrical modelling of a black hole and the early universe. We will develop a black hole model that describes and explains both theories. In the development of our analysis, we will emphasize the following conditions: M² > Q² + a², M² = Q² + a² and M² < Q² + a² and we will also analyse the condition in which the mass of a black hole reaches its critical mass M = Mc. We will demonstrate that the interpretation of the Kerr-Newman diagram is equivalent to the interpretation of the theory: RLC electrical modelling of a black hole and the early universe. Finally, we will generalize the proposed model for a black hole and propose a black hole model formed by negative particles, neutroniumd, which after reaching critical conditions of mass, pressure, volume, temperature, density, etc.; decays into a positively charged black hole, protoniu. Let us remember that both models are formed by charged particles of matter (they do not contain antimatter), but their vector configuration means that the net charges of both proposed black holes are zero.