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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0569.v1

Can Ventilatory Strategies in COVID-19 Have an Impact on Outcomes?

Peter Sherren, Luigi Camporota, Barnaby Sanderson, Andrew Jones, Manu Shankar-Hari, Chris Meadows, Nicholas Barrett, Marlies Ostermann, Nicholas Hart

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory failure; ARDS; ventilation; ECMO

Online: 24 July 2020 (04:44:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0456.v1

Winter is Coming: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective of the Environmental Drivers of SARS-CoV-2 and the Potential Seasonality of COVID-19

Albertus Smit, Jennifer Fitchett, Francois Engelbrecht, Robert Scholes, Godfrey Dzhivhuho, Neville Sweijd

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; environmental influences; humidity; SARS-CoV-2; seasonality; temperature

Online: 20 July 2020 (07:41:44 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2 virus infections in humans were first reported in December 2019, the boreal winter. The resulting COVID-19 pandemic was declared by the WHO in March 2020. By July 2020 COVID-19 is present in 213 countries and territories, with over 12 million confirmed cases and over half a million attributed deaths. Knowledge of other viral respiratory diseases suggests that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 could be modulated by seasonally-varying environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Many studies on the environmental sensitivity of COVID-19 are appearing online, and some have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Initially, these studies raised the hypothesis that climatic conditions would subdue the viral transmission rate in places entering the boreal summer and that southern hemisphere countries would experience enhanced disease. For the latter, the COVID-19 peak would coincide with the peak of the influenza season, increasing misdiagnosis and placing an additional burden on health systems. In this review, we assess the evidence that environmental drivers are a significant factor in the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic, globally and regionally. We critically assessed 42 peer-reviewed and 80 preprint publications that met qualifying criteria. Since the disease has been prevalent for only half a year in the northern, and a quarter of a year in the southern hemisphere, datasets capturing a full seasonal cycle in one locality are not yet available. Analyses based on space-for-time substitutions, i.e. using data from climatically distinct locations as a surrogate for seasonal progression, have been inconclusive. The reported studies present a strong northern bias. Socio-economic conditions peculiar to the ‘Global South’ have been omitted as confounding variables, thereby weakening evidence of environmental signals. We explore why research to date has failed to show convincing evidence for environmental modulation of COVID-19, and discuss directions for future research. We conclude that the evidence thus far suggests a weak modulation effect, currently overwhelmed by the scale and rate of the spread of COVID-19. Seasonally-modulated transmission, if it exists, will be more evident in 2021 and subsequent years.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0159.v1

The Uncertainties Underlying Herd Immunity against COVID-19

Farid Rahimi, Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; herd immunity; pandemic; pathogenesis; SARS-CoV-2; WHO

Online: 8 July 2020 (18:33:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0108.v1

COVID-19: Comprehensive Synopsis of Suggested Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Repurposed Drugs

Mathijs Binkhorst, Annette K. Offringa, Johannes G. van der Hoeven

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; hypothesis; pathophysiology; drug repurposing

Online: 7 July 2020 (02:50:55 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Determining Role of Air Temperature in Predicting and Controlling COVID-19 Risk Levels Anywhere Anytime Using Multiple Modelling Analyses

Yansong Ren, Sifeng Chen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; ambient temperature; risk level; mortality

Online: 6 July 2020 (10:25:09 CEST)

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COVID-19 is a pandemic with no cure. There is an urgent need for low-cost interventions. Macroclimate work through affecting microclimate. In many situations, man-made microclimate, such as air conditioning, may override the effect of natural macroclimate in determining SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Ambient temperature (AT) has been roughly associated to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To translate into a feasible practice in controlling COVID-19 pandemic, in-depth and implementable knowledge of AT role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission should be unveiled. This study aimed to determine if there is a ‘safe’ temperature that is comfortable to human beings while significantly inhibitory for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Data on monthly new deaths or new cases per million population (MDPM or MCPM) and monthly cumulated days with more cases than the previous day (DI) from March 2 to June 30, 2020 were collected from all 118 countries with population over five million. Monthly average AT negatively correlated with the transmission parameters. A significant decrease in transmission was observed when AT reached above 20 ºC. Monthly average (not average high) AT of countries with MDPM <2, MCPM<10, or DI<=7 was found to be between 24.54 and 26.89 ºC (25.18 ºC on average) with average standard error of 4.81. Thus, average AT <20, 20-25, >25 ºC were considered as high, medium, and low risk AT. Furthermore, MDPM in countries with AT <20 ºC were 80.93, 50.23, 13.52, and 5.05 times of those in countries with AT >25 ºC in March, April, May, and June, respectively. MDPM low-risk rates (<2) in countries with AT >25 ºC were 100, 83.33, 52.73, and 52.46%, respectively. In countries with AT <20 ºC, the trends were opposite. Setting indoor temperature to 25 ºC could decrease the need of social distancing for containing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Ventilation and sanitizing the air with ultraviolet light in nonbusiness hours may be additionally effective. Cooling indoor temperature too low may be a reason of COVID-19 outbreak in some high AT countries. Authorities and the general population can evaluate COVID-19 risk level and manipulate microclimate to reduce the risk anywhere anytime based on local day average AT.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0025.v1

COVID-19 Outpatients – Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series Study

Martin Scholz, Roland Derwand, Vladimir Zelenko

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; outpatients; treatment; zinc; hydroxychloroquine; azithromycin

Online: 3 July 2020 (08:52:22 CEST)

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Objective: To describe outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the outpatient setting after early treatment with zinc, low dose hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin (the triple therapy) dependent on risk stratification. Design: Retrospective case series study. Setting: General practice. Participants: 141 COVID-19 patients with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the year 2020. Main Outcome Measures: Risk-stratified treatment decision, rate of hospitalization and all-cause death. Results: Of 335 positively PCR-tested COVID-19 patients, 127 were treated with the triple therapy. 104 of 127 met the defined risk stratification criteria and were included in the analysis. In addition, 37 treated and eligible patients who were confirmed by IgG tests were included in the treatment group (total N=141). 208 of the 335 patients did not meet the risk stratification criteria and were not treated. After 4 days (median, IQR 3-6, available for N=66/141) of onset of symptoms, 141 patients (median age 58 years, IQR 40-67; 73% male) got a prescription for the triple therapy for 5 days. Independent public reference data from 377 confirmed COVID-19 patients of the same community were used as untreated control. 4 of 141 treated patients (2.8%) were hospitalized, which was significantly less (p<0.001) compared with 58 of 377 untreated patients (15.4%) (odds ratio 0.16, 95% CI 0.06-0.5). Therefore, the odds of hospitalization of treated patients were 84% less than in the untreated group. One patient (0.7%) died in the treatment group versus 13 patients (3.5%) in the untreated group (odds ratio 0.2, 95% CI 0.03-1.5; p=0.16). There were no cardiac side effects. Conclusions: Risk stratification-based treatment of COVID-19 outpatients as early as possible after symptom onset with the used triple therapy, including the combination of zinc with low dose hydroxychloroquine, was associated with significantly less hospitalizations and 5 times less all-cause deaths.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0188.v2

SARS-CoV-2 S1 and N-Based Serological Assays Reveal Rapid Seroconversion and Induction of Specific Antibody Response in COVID-19 Patients

Abdullah Algaissi, Mohamed A. Alfaleh, Sherif Hala, Turki S. Abujamel, Sawsan S. Alamri, Sarah A Almahboub, Khalid A. Alluhaybi, Haya I. Hobani, Reem M. Alsulaiman, Rahaf H. Alharbi, M-Zaki El-Assouli, Rowa Y Alhabbab, Ahdab A. AlSaieedi, Wesam H. Abdulaal, Afrah A. AL-Somali, Fadwa S. Alofi, Asim A. Khogeer, Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, Almohanad A Alkayyal, Naif A.M. Almontashiri, Arnab Pain, Anwar M. Hashem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 serology; ELISA; N protein; COVID-19; serosurvey

Online: 2 July 2020 (07:19:44 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0339.v1

New Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Clinical Symptoms Other Than Pneumonia with Emphasis on Thrombosis

Takuma Hayashi, Kaoru Abiko, Masaki Mandai, Nobuo Yaegashi, Ikuo Konishi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; alveolar macrophage; thrombus; thrombosis

Online: 28 June 2020 (10:34:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0086.v2

An Overview of Basic Molecular Biology of SARS-CoV-2 and Current COVID-19 Prevention Strategies

Ankur Das, Raja Ahmed, Suraiya Akhtar, Khaleda Begum, Sofia Banu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Genome organisation and expression; Polyproteins; Prevention strategies

Online: 14 June 2020 (16:49:10 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0157.v1

COVID-19: Recent Findings into Emerging Coronavirus

Kamal Hezam, Hasan A. M. M. Almansoub, Fuad A.F. Saleh, Yusra A. M. Almansob, Hanadi Al-Mekhlafi, Asma AL-Yousofi, Adel Al-Gheethi, Maged Almezgagi, Fadhl Al-Shaebi, Dina Murshed

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: novel coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pneumonia; Betacoronavirus; transmission

Online: 14 June 2020 (03:06:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0131.v1

A Comprehensive Review of the Cross-Disciplinary Impact of COVID-19 in India

Pranjali Dhawal, Shruti Kakodkar, Rasika Pawar, Shraddha Bhome, Siddhivinayak Barve

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Social Distancing; India; Economy; Education

Online: 11 June 2020 (11:39:49 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0113.v1

COVID-19 with Positive Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) But Negative Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swabs: Case Report and Insights

Reza Jahromi, Arezoo Avazpour, Maryam Jahromi, Jalile Alavi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; ARDS; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)

Online: 9 June 2020 (03:30:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0518.v1

From Extracellular Vesicles to Global Environment: A Cosmopolite SARS-Cov-2 Virus

Veronika Kralj-Iglič, Raja Dahmane, Tjaša Griessler Bulc, Polonca Trebše, Saba Battelino, Mojca Bavcon Kralj, Metka Benčina, Klemen Bohinc, Darja Božič, Mojca Debeljak, Drago Dolinar, Aleš Iglič, Darja Istenič, Zala Jan, Monika Jenko, Marko Jeran, Gregor Jereb, Mojca Jevšnik, Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič, Tomaž Lampe, Irina Milisav, Andreea Oarga-Mulec, Andrej Ovca, Borut Poljšak, Franja Prosenc, Anna Romolo, Nina Resnik, Robert Sotler, Anja Šoštarič, Vid Šuštar, Urška Šunta, Urška Štibler, Bojana Uršič, Domen Vozel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: virus; extracellular vesicles; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; membrane vesicluation

Online: 31 May 2020 (21:35:23 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0401.v1

An Integrated In-Silico Approach to Develop Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2

Prekshi Garg, Neha Srivastava, Prachi Srivastava

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematical And Computational Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Peptide Vaccine; Spike Protein; Vaccinomics; Epitope Prediction

Online: 24 May 2020 (19:11:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0376.v1

Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research

Franziska Hufsky, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Alexandre Almeida, Abdel Aouacheria, Cecilia Arighi, Alex Bateman, Jan Baumbach, Niko Beerenwinkel, Christian Brandt, Marco Cacciabue, Sara Chuguransky, Oliver Drechsel, Robert D. Finn, Adrian Fritz, Stephan Fuchs, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, Dominik Heider, Marie Hoffmann, Martin Hölzer, Stefan Hoops, Lars Kaderali, Ioanna Kalvari, Max von Kleist, René Kmiecinski, Denise Kühnert, Gorka Lasso, Pieter Libin, Markus List, Hannah F. Löchel, Maria J. Martin, Roman Martin, Julian Matschinske, Alice C. McHardy, Pedro Mendes, Jaina Mistry, Vincent Navratil, Eric Nawrocki, Áine Niamh O'Toole, Nancy Palacios-Ontiveros, Anton I. Petrov, Guillermo Rangel-Piñeros, Nicole Redaschi, Susanne Reimering, Knut Reinert, Alejandro Reyes, Lorna Richardson, David L. Robertson, Sepideh Sadegh, Joshua B. Singer, Kristof Theys, Chris Upton, Marius Welzel, Lowri Williams, Manja Marz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus bioinformatics; SARS-CoV-2; sequencing; epidemiology; drug design; tools

Online: 23 May 2020 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Identification of Novel Missense Mutations in a Large Number of Recent SARS-CoV-2 Genome Sequences

Hugh Y. Cai, Kimberly K. Cai, Julang Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVI-19; SARS-CoV-2; virus; mutation; polymorphism; genome sequence

Online: 21 May 2020 (04:09:53 CEST)

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Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread to over 200 countries since it was first reported in December of 2019. Significant country-specific variations in infection and mortality rate have been noted. Although country-specific differences in public health response have had a large impact on infection rate control, it is currently unclear as to whether evolution of the virus itself has also contributed to variations in infection and mortality rate. Previous studies on SARS-CoV-2 mutations were based on the analysis of ~ 160 SARS-CoV-2 sequences available until mid-February 2020.^{2, 3, 4, 5} By mid-April, > 550 SARS-CoV-2 sequences had been deposited in GenBank, and over 8,200 in the GISAID database. Methods: We performed a sequence analysis on 474 SARS-CoV-2 genomes submitted to GenBank up to April 11, 2020 by multiple alignment using Map to a Reference Assembly and Variants/SNP identification. The results were verified on a larger scale, 8,126 hCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) sequences from GISAID database. Results: We identified 5 recently emerged mutations in many isolates (up to 40%). Our analysis highlights 5 frequent new mutations that have emerged since late February 2020. These mutations are: one each missense (non-synonymous) mutation in orf1ab (C1059T), orf3 (G25563T) and orf8 (C27964T), one in 5’UTR (C241T), one in a non-coding region (G29553A). The final mutation (G29553A) was found to be almost exclusive to the US isolates. The first 3 mutations are non-synonymous, leading to amino acid substitutions in the viral protein sequence. Except for C241T, all the novel mutations identified are absent in the isolates from Italy and Spain in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes deposited in GenBank and GISAID by April 13, 2020. Conclusion: The results of current study indicate that new mutations are emerging as COVID-19 pandemic are spreading to different countries and that geography specific mutants may exist. The findings of current study lay the foundation for further investigation into the impact of SARS-CoV-2 mutations on disease incidence, severity, and host immune response. In addition, it may also provide insights into vaccine development and serological response detection for the virus.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0327.v1

Ageusia and Anosmia, a Common Aign of COVID-19? A Case Series from Four Countries

Jair Vargas-Gandica, Daniel Winter, Rainer Schnippe, Andrea G. Rodriguez-Morales, Johana Mondragon, Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana, María del Pilar Trelles-Thorne, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: anosmia; ageusia; clinical manifestations; neurological; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 20 May 2020 (10:39:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0271.v1

Immunoinformatics-Guided Designing of an Epitope-Based Vaccine against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Ahmed Rakib, Saad Ahmed Sami, Arkajyoti Paul, Asif Shahriar, Abu Montakim Tareq, Nazim Uddin Emon, Nusrat Jahan Mimi, Md. Mustafiz Chowdhury, Taslima Akter Eva, Sajal Chakraborty, Sagar Shil, Sabrina Jahan Mily, Talha Bin Emran

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; de novo vaccine; epitope; immunity

Online: 16 May 2020 (17:07:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0186.v1

The Binding Mechanism of Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Baliram Lone, Megha Lone

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; RBD; Molecular modelling

Online: 11 May 2020 (04:08:26 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0039.v1

The Forrest Gump Approach to Prevent Severe COVID-19 – Reverse the Predisposing Pro-Inflammatory State with Exercise

Chris Kenyon

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Exercise; Angiotensin-converting enzyme; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Ecology

Online: 3 May 2020 (08:45:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0535.v1

Novel Polybasic Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2 Genome Is Likely to Induce a Major Change in the RNA Secondary Structure

Amirhossein Manzourolajdad, Zhenming Xu, Diako Ebrahimi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 RNA Secondary Structure; Spike Protein; Furin; TMPRSS2

Online: 30 April 2020 (14:13:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0510.v1

A Structural View at SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication Machinery: RNA Synthesis, Proofreading and Final Capping

Maria Romano, Alessia Ruggiero, Flavia Squeglia, Giovanni Maga, Rita Berisio

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID19; RNA replication; protein structure; infectious disease

Online: 29 April 2020 (12:52:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0360.v2

TMPRSS2 Transcriptional Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for COVID-19

Xinchen Wang, Ryan Dhindsa, Gundula Povysil, Anthony Zoghbi, Joshua Motelow, Joseph Hostyk, Nicholas Nickols, Matthew Rettig, David B. Goldstein

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; transcriptional inhibition; COVID-19; drug repurposing; TMPRSS2

Online: 28 April 2020 (09:39:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0425.v1

Non-Coding RNAs and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies to Target the 5’UTR of SARS-CoV-2

Antonella Baldassarre, Alessandro Paolini, Stefania Paola Bruno, Cristina Felli, Alberto Eugenio Tozzi, Andrea Masotti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 5’UTR; miRNAs; RNAi; GapmeRs

Online: 24 April 2020 (04:16:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0367.v1

Potential Drug Candidates Underway Several Registered Clinical Trials for Battling COVID-19

Fahmida Mina, Md. Rahman, Sabuj Das, Sumon Karmakar, Mutasim Billah

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; drugs; 2019-nCoV; clinical trials; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 20 April 2020 (15:53:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0359.v1

Genomic Diversity and Evolution, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Therapeutics of the Pandemic COVID-19 Disease

M. Nazmul Hoque, Abed Chaudhury, Md. Abdul Mannan Akanda, M. Anwar Hossain, Md Tofazzal Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; genetic diversity; genome evolution; diagnostics; therapeutics; vaccines

Online: 20 April 2020 (02:33:15 CEST)

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Working Paper CONCEPT PAPER

Should We Apply Evolutionary Theories to the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2?

Huizhi Feng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; evolution and origin; RNA virus; application; concerns

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:58:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0351.v1

BCG Vaccination Strategy for Preventaion against COVID-19: Hype or Hope?

Keshav Rajarshi, Aroni Chatterjee, Shashikant Ray

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; BCG immunization; SARS-CoV-2; immunity and tuberculosis

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:55:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0003.v2

Computational Screening for Potential Drug Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

Bruno Andrade, Preetam Ghosh, Debmalya Barh, Sandeep Tiwari, Raner José Santana Silva, Wagner Rodrigues de Assis Soares, Tarcisio Silva Melo, Andria dos Santos Freitas, Patrícia González-Grande, Lucas Sousa Palmeira, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Marta Giovanetti, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; protease; virtual screening; pharmacophore; inhibitors; natural compounds

Online: 17 April 2020 (11:00:55 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0158.v1

How studies on inflamm-aging may help to understand and combat COVID-19 pandemic.

Gianluca Storci

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; Inflamm-aging; mtDNA; Telomere; Inflammation

Online: 9 April 2020 (14:43:41 CEST)

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More than 1,000,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been registered worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic in Wuhan on December 2019. The high mortality rate of COVID-19 is associated with age, gender and the presence of comorbidities. Biochemical data have shown that COVID-19 patients develop a local and systemic hyper-inflammatory response associated with poor outcome. Therefore, the understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation is a compelling need. Following this reasoning, here we will focus on the importance of the progressive age-related development of a pro-inflammatory state (aka inflamm-aging) in the understanding of the unbalanced inflammatory response against SARS-CoV-2 in aged people. In particular, we underpin the role of mitochondrial DNA and genomic DNA telomeric sequences in local and systemic mechanisms of inflammation. Indeed, the leakage of mtDNA out of its natural compartment (i.e. the mitochondrion), into the cytoplasm and in the extracellular environment is a powerful trigger of innate immunity and inflammation, as part of an evolutionary-conserved signaling mechanism of cellular damage (e.g. viral infection). High levels of circulating mtDNA are increased in aged people and set up as inflammatory markers of poor prognosis in intensive care unit patients. In turn, telomeric DNA, which can be released into the cytoplasm and in the extracellular environment upon cell damage, has been proven to exert potent anti-inflammatory activity. Since that aged people (particularly those affected by co-morbidity) are equipped with shortened telomeres, we posit that, in aged people affected by COVID-19 the release of mtDNA, coupled with insufficient telomeric DNA favors the onset of a detrimental inflammatory response. In this regard, we highlight that the mechanism of action of some currently used drugs, as well as potential new ones may be better understood under the light of the above-depicted theoretical framework thus explaining how studies on inflamm-aging may help to understand and combat COVID-19 pandemic.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0149.v1

Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) Identified from the Library of FDA Approved Drugs Using Molecular Docking Studies

Dipesh Verma, Srajan Kapoor, Satyajeet Das, Krishan Thakur

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Mpro; Molecular docking; MM-GBSA

Online: 9 April 2020 (11:05:55 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0087.v1

While We Wait for a Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2, Why Not Think About Available Drugs?

Francisco J. Barrantes

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; design drugs; ACE2; prophylaxis

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:02:13 CEST)

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At the time of reception of this article (April 2, 2020), efforts to develop a specific vaccine against SARS-Cov-2, the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had just begun trial phase 1, but full validation of this and other current developments is likely to take many more months to reach completion. The ongoing pandemic constitutes a major health burden of world proportions that is also having a devastating impact on whole economies worldwide, the knock-on effects of which could be catastrophic especially in poorer countries. Alternative measures to ameliorate the impact and hamper or minimally slow down disease progression are urgently called for. This review discusses past and currently evolving data on the etiological agent of the current pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, and its host cell receptors with a view to disclosing alternative drugs for palliative or therapeutic approaches. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits marked tropism for cells that harbor the membrane-bound metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at their plasmalemma, predominantly in cells lining the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and bronchoalveolar cells, making these epithelial mucosae the most likely viral receptor cell targets and entry routes. Secondly, the crystal structures of several coronavirus spike proteins in complex with their cell host target receptors, and of SARS-Cov-2 in complex with an inhibitor, are now available at atomic resolution through X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy studies. Thirdly, viral entry of other viruses has been successfully blocked by inhibiting viral endogenous proteases or clathrin/dynamin-dependent endocytosis, the same internalization pathway followed by ACE2 and some viruses. Fourthly, the target cell-surface receptor molecules and SARS-CoV-2 possess other putative sites for drugs potentially modulating receptor activity or virus processing. A multi-pronged pharmacological approach attacking more than one flank of the viral-receptor interactions is worth considering as a front-line strategy.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0082.v1

Update on the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Global Pandemic Challenge

Abhishek Kumar Soni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; global pandemic; global health emergency; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (10:08:47 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0069.v1

Good in The Worst: COVID-19 Restrictions and Ease in Global Air Pollution

Naser A. Anjum

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory diseases; air pollution

Online: 6 April 2020 (15:48:46 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0004.v1

Transmission Potential and Severity of COVID-19 in Pakistan

Sohail Raza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19, Pakistan, Economic Losses, Disease Spread, SARS-CoV-2

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:19:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0271.v2

Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

Chuan-bin Sun, Yue-ye Wang, Geng-hao Liu, Zhe Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Coronavirus; 2019-nCOV; SARS-CoV-2; transmission; infection; conjunctiva; eye

Online: 24 March 2020 (06:42:35 CET)

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The outbreak of recently identified 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) infection has become a world-wide health threat. Currently, more information is needed for further understanding the transmission, clinical characteristics, and infection control procedures of 2019-nCOV. Recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-nCOV has been intensively discussed. Previous investigations about other high infectious human COVs, that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), may provide helpful information. In this review, we describe the genomics and morphology of human CoVs, the epidemiology, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, mechanisms of human CoVs infection, and infection control procedures. The role of the eye in the transmission of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCOV is discussed. Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of ocular surface and upper respiratory tract is connected by nasolacrimal duct and share same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses. The eye is rarely involved in human CoVs infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV infection, and COV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV infection is also very low, which imply that the eye is neither a preferred organ of human COVs infection, nor is a preferred gateway of entry for human COVs to infect respiratory tract. However, pathogens exposed to the ocular surface might be transported to nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa by constant tear rinsing through lacrimal duct, and then cause respiratory tract infection. Considering close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice which are apt to transmit human COVs by droplets and fomites, hand hygiene and personal protection are still highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0358.v3

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Assosiated Pneumonia in China: Current Status and Future Prospects

Temoor Ahmed, Muhammad Noman, Ahmad Almatroudi, Muhammad Shahid, Mohsin Khurshid, Farheen Tariq, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar, Rongrong Yu, Bin Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Infectious diseases; Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Pneumonia; China

Online: 28 February 2020 (13:21:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0307.v1

Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals That the Reproductive System is Potentially at Risk from SARS-CoV-2

Jiawei Zhang, Yuqi Wu, Rui Wang, Keshi Lu, Menjiang Tu, Huan Guo, Weijie Xie, Zizhen Qin, Shulin Li, Pei Zhu, Xiangwei Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; reproductive system; single-cell RNA-seq

Online: 21 February 2020 (08:09:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0132.v2

SNV Reoccurrence in Multiple Regions in the Genome of 2019-nCoV

Xinjun He, Wei Yue, Jun Yan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; novel corona virus; Wuhan pneumonia

Online: 18 February 2020 (11:52:25 CET)

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Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Potential for Developing a SARS-CoV Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) Recombinant Protein as a Heterologous Human Vaccine against Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID)-19

Wen-Hsiang Chen, Peter J. Hotez, Maria Elena Bottazzi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: heterologous vaccine; receptor-binding domain; subunit vaccine; coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 4 March 2020 (05:19:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0377.v2

A Review of SARS-CoV-2, Responsible for COVID-19: History, Biology, Infection Mechanism, Antigenic Vaccines, Their Risks and how an Alternate RBD Vaccine is Safer?

Z.M.G. Sarwar Jahangir, Arleta Helena Marnik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: aa = amino acids; ACE-2 = receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; cDNA = complementary DNA; mRNA = messenger RNA; orf = open reading frame; RBD = receptor binding protein; S-protein = Spike protein; SARS-CoV-2 = severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Vaccines.

Online: 22 June 2021 (11:53:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0473.v1

A tiny viral protein, SARS-CoV-2-ORF7b: Functional molecular mechanisms.

Gelsomina Mansueto, Giovanna Fusco, Giovanni Colonna

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2-ORF7b, COVID-19, Interactomics, Topological analysis, Cluster analysis, Co-regulation network, Transcription Factors, microRNA, SARS-CoV-2 inter-tissue diffusion, programmed death.

Online: 8 March 2024 (09:02:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0411.v1

Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody and T-cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern After Primary Immunization With CoronaVac and Booster With BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 in Health Care Workers

Watsamon Jantarabenjakul, Pimpayao Sodsai, Napaporn Chantasrisawad, Anusara Jitsatja, Sasiprapa Ninwattana, Nattakarn Thippamom, Vichaya Ruenjaiman, Chee Wah Tan, Rakchanok Pradit, Jiratchaya Sophonphan, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Lin-fa Wang, Thanyawee Puthanakit, Nattiya Hirankarn, Opass Putcharoen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccines; anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike total antibodies; Surrogate viral neutralizing antibody; T-cell immune response; CoronaVac; ChAdOx1; BNT162b2; booster

Online: 31 March 2022 (14:28:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1491.v1

Efficacy of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors and the Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir against HIV-2

Irene Wanjiru Kiarie, Gyula Hoffka, Manon Laporte, Pieter Leyssen, Johan Neyts, József Tőzsér, Mohamed Mahdi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HIV-2; integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTIs); HIV; integrase; Lenacapavir; SARs-CoV-2 ;

Online: 23 April 2024 (05:06:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0065.v1

The Bovine Seminal Plasma Protein PDC-109 Possesses Pan-Antiviral Activity

Hannah Sabeth Schwarzer-Sperber, Kathrin Sutter, Karin Müller, Peter Müller, Roland Schwarzer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; VSV replicon; PDC-109; Bovine seminal plasma; Fn-type 2 proteins

Online: 5 July 2022 (07:49:32 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0097.v5

Why Blood Group A Individuals Are at Risk Whereas Blood Group O Individuals Might Be Protected from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection: A Hypothesis Regarding How the Virus Invades the Human Body via Abo(H) Blood Group-Determining Carbohydrates

Peter Arend

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2–human carbohydrate interaction; trans-species glycosylation; A-like/Tn structure; trans-species glycan bridge

Online: 13 November 2020 (09:42:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0400.v1

Clinical Manifestations of Acute COVID-19 in Previously Healthy Pediatric Patients Diagnosed by Rapid Antigen Screening in a Community Based, Outpatient Primary Care Pediatrics Practice

Stanley Calderwood, Eduardo Montoya, Mandeep Singh Brar

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Pandemic; Severity of Illness; Screening; Children

Online: 7 October 2024 (07:40:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1296.v1

Severity Patterns in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients in Spain. I-MOVE-COVID-19 Study

Miriam Latorre-Millán, María Mar Rodríguez del Águila, Laura Clusa, Clara Mazagatos, Amparo Larrauri, María Amelia Fernández, Antonio Rezusta, Ana María Milagro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; severity; mortality; ventilation; ICU; clinical phenotype

Online: 17 September 2024 (10:01:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1173.v1

Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in COVID-19 Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Treatment – Prospective Study

Nicoleta Mihai, Mihaela Cristina Olariu, Oana-Alexandra Ganea, Aida-Isabela Adamescu, Violeta Molagic, Ștefan Sorin Aramă, Cătălin Tilișcan, Victoria Aramă

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; immunosuppressive agents; hepatitis B virus; reactivation

Online: 17 September 2024 (05:09:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.2182.v1

Clinical and Laboratory Parameters Associated with PICU Admission in Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C)

Maria-Myrto Dourdouna, Evdoxia Mpourazani, Elizabeth-Barbara Tatsi, Chrysanthi Tsirogianni, Charikleia Barbaressou, Nick Dessypris, Athanasios Michos

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: Critical Care; MIS-C; PICU; SARS-CoV-2; D-dimer; LVEF

Online: 30 August 2024 (10:53:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1963.v1

How Trustworthy Are Genomic Sequences of SARS-CoV-2 in GenBank?

Xuhua Xia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; GenBank; data validation; genome; genomic analysis

Online: 28 August 2024 (12:37:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0950.v1

Insights into the Replication Kinetics Profiles of Malaysian SARS-CoV-2 Variant Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron in Vero E6 cell line

Zarina Mohd Zawawi, Jeevanathan Kalyanasundram, Rozainanee Mohd Zain, Adiratna Mat Ripen, Dayang Fredalina Basri, Wei Boon Yap

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; variants; replication kinetics; infectivity; mutations; cell culture adaptation

Online: 13 August 2024 (13:02:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0825.v1

Identifying Potential Therapeutic Targets in Long COVID Related Inflammatory, Coagulation, Mitochondrial, and Oxidative Stress Pathways through In Silico Approach

Suresh Kumar, Philemon Telajan Anak Sigai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: long COVID; SARS-CoV-2; inflammatory; coagulation; mitochondria; drug target; durgs

Online: 12 August 2024 (13:32:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1833.v1

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2, IgM and IgG, and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Nairobi, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Agnes Muhonja Otindo, Eric M Ndombi, Martin Theuri, Margaret Muturi, Peris Thamaini, James Ogutu, Lister Onsongo, June K. Madete, Victor Ofula, Samuel Gitau, Gladys Mwangi, Paul Okemo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; hesitancy; IgG; IgM; mistrust; SARS-CoV-2; seroprevalence; vaccination

Online: 23 July 2024 (18:02:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1882.v1

Underreporting of Cases in the COVID-19 Outbreak of Borriana (Spain) During Mass Gathering Events in March 2020: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Salvador Domènech-Montoliy, Maria Rosario Pac-Sa, Diego Sala-Trull, Alba Del Rio-González, Manuel Sanchéz-Urbano, Paloma Satorres-Martinez, Roser Blasco-Gari, Juan Casanova-Suarez, Maria Gil-Fortuño, Laura López-Diago, Cristina Notari-Rodríguez, Oscar Pérez-Olaso, Maria Angeles Romeu-Garcia, Raquel Ruiz-Puig, Isabel Aleixandre-Gorriz, Carmen Domènech-León, Alberto Arnedo-Pena

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; underreporting; cross-sectional; epidemiological surveillance; factors

Online: 27 June 2024 (05:46:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1236.v2

COVID-19 Vaccines: A Risk Factor for Cerebral Thrombotic Syndromes

Claire Rogers, James A Thorp, Kirstin Cosgrove, Peter A McCullough

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: thrombosis; cerebral thromboembolism; Sars-CoV-2; COVID-19 vaccine; spike protein

Online: 19 June 2024 (11:17:51 CEST)

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Introduction: This population-based retrospective cohort study assesses rates of adverse events (AEs) involving cerebral thromboembolism (CTE) after COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: Data were collected from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2023. CTE AEs after COVID-19 vaccines were compared to those after influenza vaccines and after all other vaccines using proportional reporting ratio (PRR) analysis by time. Results: There are 5137 cerebral thromboembolism AEs reported in the 3 years (36 months) after COVID-19 vaccines compared to 52 AEs for the influenza vaccines over the past 34 years (408 months) and 282 AEs for all other vaccines (excluding COVID-19) over the past 34 years (408 months). The PRR’s are significant when comparing AEs by time from COVID-19 vaccines to that of the influenza vaccines (p < 0.0001) or to that of all other vaccines (p < 0.0001). The CTE AEs PRR by time (95% confidence intervals) for the COVID-19 vaccine AEs vs influenza AEs is 1120 (95% confidence interval (723-1730), p < 0.0001) and for COVID-19 vaccines vs all others is 207 (95% confidence interval (144-296), p < 0.0001). Cerebral venous thromboembolism AEs are female predominant with a female/male odds ratio of 1.63 (95% confidence interval (1.52-1.74), p < 0.0001). Conversely, cerebral arterial thromboembolism has a nonsignificant male preponderance. Cerebral venous thromboembolism is far more common than cerebral arterial thromboembolism over 36 months with an odds ratio (OR) of 14.8 (95% confidence interval 14.0-15.5, p < 0.0001). Atrial fibrillation, the most common identifiable cause of cerebral arterial thromboembolism, occurs far more commonly after the COVID-19 as compared to all other vaccines with a PRR of 123 (95% CI 88.3-172, p < 0.0001) Conclusions: There is an alarming breach in the safety signal threshold concerning cerebral thrombosis AEs after COVID-19 vaccines compared to that of the influenza vaccines and even when compared to that of all other vaccines. An immediate global moratorium on the use of COVID-19 vaccines is necessary with an absolute contraindication in women of reproductive age.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0716.v1

In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Terpenes from the Fabaceae Family Using the Phenotypic Screening Model against the SARS-CoV-2 Virus

Natália Ferreira de Sousa, Gabrielly Diniz Duarte, Carolina Borsoi Moraes, Cecília Gomes Barbosa, Holli-Joi Martin, Nail N. Muratov, Yuri Mangueira do Nascimento, Luciana Scotti, Lúcio Holanda Gondim de Freitas-Júnior, José Maria Barbosa Filho, Marcus Tullius Scotti

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: Virtual Screening; SARS-CoV-2; Natural products; Phenotypic screening; Fabaceae family

Online: 11 June 2024 (18:23:01 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0539.v1

Preliminary Study on the Restoration of the Phospholipid Profile in Serum from Patients with COVID-19 by Treatment with Vitamin E

María Elena Soto, Linaloe Manzano-Pech, Verónica Guarner-Lans, Adrían Palacios-Chavarría, Rafael Ricardo Valdez-Vázquez, Raúl Martínez-Memije, Mohammed El-Hafidi, Félix Leao Rodríguez-Fierros, Israel Pérez-Torres

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Vitamin E; Fatty acids; Phospholipids; Prostaglandins

Online: 10 June 2024 (09:28:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0763.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in HIV-Positive Patients

Simona Ruta, Corneliu Petru Popescu, Lilia Matei, Camelia Grancea, Adrian Marius Paun, Cristiana Oprea, Camelia Sultana

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccination; cellular, humoral immune response; immunosuppression

Online: 13 May 2024 (11:11:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0042.v1

Viral Targets in Human Interactome with Comprehensive Centrality Analysis: SARS-CoV-2, A Case Study

Nilesh Kumar, M. Shahid Mukhtar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Life Sciences Keywords: comprehensive human interactome; SARS-CoV-2 targets; network metrices; centrality analyses

Online: 1 May 2024 (07:24:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1109.v2

Estimating Wastewater Dilution Using Chemical Markers and Incomplete Flow Measurements: Application to Normalisation of SARS-CoV-2 Measurements

Owen D. Jones, Amy J. Baldwin, William B. Perry, Henry Wilde, Isabelle Durance, Davey L. Jones, Andrew Weightman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; wastewater-based epidemiology; wastewater; dilution; flow normalisation; Bayesian

Online: 24 April 2024 (11:44:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1341.v1

Covid19 and Pregnancy: Infected Mothers and Premature Babies?

Rita Franco, Federica Perelli, Vitalba Gallitelli, Marco Parasiliti, Annalisa Vidiri, Giovanna Palomba, Marta Bisanti, Amelia Spanò, Adele Silvagni, Alessandra Lopez, Giuseppe Gullo, Gaspare Cucinella, Anna Franca Cavaliere

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; preterm birth; pregnancy outcomes; obstetric outcomes

Online: 22 March 2024 (11:23:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0288.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Seroepidemiology and Antibody Levels in Children during BA.5 Predominance Period

Filippos Filippatos, Elizabeth-Barbara Tatsi, Maria-Myrto Dourdouna, Alexandra Margeli, Vasiliki Syriopoulou, Athanasios Michos

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Children; BA.5 Omicron variant; seroepidemiology

Online: 5 February 2024 (15:09:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1449.v1

COVID-19–Sensitive Tumour Response – 2-Year Assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 Humoral Response in Cancer Patients in Oncology Hospital in Poland

Piotr Kosiorek, Bożena Mikołuć, Samuel Stróż, Anna Hryniewicz, Dorota Elżbieta Kazberuk, Robert Milewski, Anna Grzeszczuk, Magdalena Joanna Borkowska, Anna Stasiak-Barmuta

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: breast cancer; lung cancer; colon cancer; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 19 January 2024 (04:45:55 CET)

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Background: So far, vaccination has been considered the most crucial defense against viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of the above vaccines in oncology patients. It has also been proven that, apart from vaccinations and oncological therapy, the course of the cancer process itself influences the magnitude of the humoral response, especially in people after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Objective: This study aimed to answer the question about the impact of the cancer process on the humoral response in oncological patients vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in patients after COVID-19. Material and methods: 1,668 people were observed. Over two years, 5,082 SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibody samples were determined. The concentration of antibodies was assessed in three groups of oncological patients: those undergoing anticancer therapy after contracting COVID-19 and those after vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: The obtained results indicate a naturally more significant humoral response in oncological patients who have not been vaccinated and have not undergone anticancer therapy, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgical intervention. The above observation applies to patients with breast, lung, and colon cancer, although the response varies significantly depending on the type of cancer. Summary: The size of the humoral response and the presence of specific antibodies directed against the SARS-CoV-2, IgM, and IgG, in response to the supply of the vaccine antigen or assessed after COVID-19, is an indicator of adequate immune protection against reinfection. This study highlights for the first time the phenomenon of increased humoral response in response to a viral infection in patients with certain types of cancer that are assumed to be sensitive to oncological therapy, the initiation of which, according to generally accepted principles, was blocked by infection with the SARS-CoV-2. The phenomenon we observe seems to confirm the presence of a "natural" defence potential in a cancer patient's body, in this case, directed against infection with a viral pathogen. A "stronger" antiviral response also seems to explain the asymptomatic course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in some of the above patients. It remains an open question to what extent the SARS-CoV-2 infection weakened the "natural" potential of the anticancer response in these patients.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0001.v2

Xenosialylation: Role in SARS/CoV-2 Post-infectious and Post-vaccination Complications and Common Cause of Hyperimmune/Autoimmune Diseases

Fiorella Carnevali, Sara Mangiaterra, Giacomo Rossi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: sialic acid; sialylation; xeno-sialic acid; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 14 December 2023 (05:56:10 CET)

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The host glycosylation mechanism synthesizes the carbohydrates of glycoproteins of viral envelopes. Due to the loss of the Cytidine Monophospho-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase gene by some mammalian species, including humans (negative-CMAH), Neu5Gc is no longer synthesized. Uptake of Neu5Gc by negative-CMAH species, through the intake of food products derived from positive-CMAH mammals, leads to incorporating Neu5Gc-glycans in the glycocalyx (xenosialylation). Neu5Gc, being a Mammalian-associated Carbohydrate Antigen (MCA), acts as a non-self-antigen, inducing an inflammatory reaction (Xenosialitis), and triggering the production of circulating antiNeu5Gc antibodies to attack/remove all incorporated Neu5Gc. In the state of Xenosialitis, the virus-neutralizing antibodies produced by a heavily xenosialylated patient following exposure to viral infection (including SarsCoV2) or anti SarsCoV2 vaccination cross-react against all incorporated non-self Neu5Gc-MCA glycans due to their resemblance with viral envelope antigens synthesized by the host glycosylation mechanism. In addition, the circulating anti-XeSias antibodies determine the massive removal of the circulating neutralizing FC-xeno-contaminated antibodies by the serum, living only the hyper-inflammatory agalattosylated antiviral IgG antibodies. Therefore, we hypothesize that the combination of antibody cross-reaction against non-self Neu5Gc-MCA glycans and the massive removal of the xeno-contaminated newly formed neutralizing antibodies in favor of hyper reactive antibodies, could be the cause of the massive inflammatory reaction (cytokine storm, coagulopathies, neuropathies) observed in Covid 19 patients or after anti-SarsCoV2 vaccination. This analysis is an invitation to investigate the post-infectious and/or post-vaccination adverse phenomena in the light of xenosialization as a key to understanding the severe post viral and post vaccine complications, including SARS-CoV2 infection or related vaccination.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0174.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Intra-host Evolution Is Not Favoured by Immune System Deficiencies

Laura Manuto, Martina Bado, Marco Cola, Elena Vanzo, Maria Antonello, Giorgia Mazzotti, Monia Pacenti, Giampaolo Cordioli, Lolita Sasset, Anna Maria Cattelan, Stefano Toppo, Enrico Lavezzo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 genomic variability; viral quasispecies; immunocompromised subjects; intra-host

Online: 4 December 2023 (10:04:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1719.v2

Demographic Characteristics of Pre-Vaccinated Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Barwon South West Victoria, Australia

Shinae C Tobin-Salzman, Darcie Cooper, Bridgette J McNamara, Eugene Athan, Catherine M Bennett

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; asymptomatic; COVID-19; symptom profile; demographic; testing; ethnicity

Online: 4 December 2023 (04:21:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1272.v1

Evaluation of Blood Cultures of SARS-CoV-2 Positive and Negative Adult Patients

Bahar Akgün Karapınar, İlvana Çaklovica Küçükkaya, Yasemin Bölükbaşı, Sertaç Küçükkaya, Gonca Erköse Genç, Zayre Erturan, Ali Ağaçfidan, Betigül Öngen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: blood culture; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; co-infection; antimicrobial resistance

Online: 17 August 2023 (10:34:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1167.v1

Phylogenetic, Sequencing, and Mutations Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (BA.1) and Sub-variants (BA.1.1, BA.2) during the Fifth Wave of the Pandemic in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Sherzad Majeed Taher, Jassim Mohammed Abdo, Muayad Aghali Merza

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-COV-2; Omicron Variants; Phylogenetic tree; Genome Sequence

Online: 16 August 2023 (07:47:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1063.v1

COVID-19 Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients in a German Transplant Center

Michael Mikhailov, Klemens Budde, Fabian Halleck, Georgios Eleftheriadis, Marcel Naik, Eva Schrezenmeier, Friederike Bachmann, Mira Choi, Wiebke Duettmann, Ellen Von Hoerschelmann, Nadine Koch, Lutz Liefeldt, Christian Lücht, Henriette Straub-Hohenbleicher, Johannes Waiser, Ulrike Weber, Bianca Zukunft, Bilgin Osmanodja

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: kidney transplant recipients, immunosuppression, vaccination, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Omicron

Online: 15 August 2023 (08:32:22 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0746.v1

Indole-based compounds as potential drug candidates for SARS-CoV-2

Adel S. Girgis, Siva S. Panda, Benson M. Kariuki, Mohamed S. Bekheit, Reham F. Barghash, Dalia R. Aboshoukvvv

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: Indole; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Alkaloids; Natural; Synthetic; In-silico

Online: 9 August 2023 (07:50:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2036.v1

Evaluation of Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and Adenovirus Cases via Rapid Tests in Community during the Winter 2023 Season. A Cross Sectional Study

Dimitrios Papagiannis, Garyfallia Perlepe, Theodora Tendolouri, Polyxeni Karakitsiou, Georgia Damagka, Anna Kalaitzi, Sofia Alevra, Foteini Malli, Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: RSV; SARS-CoV-2; Influenza A/B; adenovirus; rapid test; Vaccinations

Online: 31 July 2023 (04:17:26 CEST)

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Respiratory infections constitute a major reason for infants and children seeking medical advice and visiting health facilities, thus remaining a significant public threat with high morbidity and mortality. The predominant viruses causing viral respiratory infections are influenza A and B viruses (Flu-A, Flu-B), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Adenovirus and Coronaviruses. We aimed to record the incidence of RSV, SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B and Adenovirus cases with rapid antigen tests and validate the results with RT-PCR assay of upper respiratory specimens with a wide range of viral loads and (co)-infection patterns in children. Clinical samples were collected from early symptomatic children (presenting with fever and/or cough and/or headache within 5–7 days). The surveillance program was conducted in five private pediatrician dispensaries and one Pediatric care unit, from 10 January 2023 to 30 March 2023 in central Greece. The total sample of specimens collected was 784 young children and infants, of which 383 (48.8%) ware female and 401 were male (51.2%). The mean age of participants was 7.3 + 5.5 years. The sensitivity of FLU A & B test was 91.15% (95% CI: 84.33% -95.67%), and the specificity was 98.96% (95% CI: 97.86% - 99.58%). The sensitivity and specificity of the adenovirus and RSV test was {92.45% (95% CI: 81.79% - 97.91%), 99.32% (95% CI: 98.41% -99.78%)} and {92.59% (95% CI: 75.71% -99.09%), 99.47% (95% CI: 98.65% - 99.86%)} respectively. Lastly, the sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 test was 100.00% (95% CI: 79.41%-100.00%) and the specificity was 99.74% (95% CI: 99.06% - 99.97%). We recorded proportion of incidence for the Influenza-A and B, (14.3%), - (3.44%) correspondingly, followed by the adenovirus with a proportion (6.9%) and the RSV with (3.7%) incidence proportion and finally, the SARS-CoV-2 (2.3%). The combination of a new multiple rapid test with multiple antigens, will be probably a useful tool with financial impact for health systems targeting the early detection and right treatment of respiratory infections in the emergency departments in primary health care facilities.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0939.v1

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis after mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Lucrezia Mencarelli, Camillo Ribi, Laura Moi, Natacha Dewarrat, Matteo Monti, Lorenzo Alberio, Maxime Ringwald, Karoline Swierdzewska, Antiochos Panagiotis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine; immune thrombocytopenia

Online: 13 July 2023 (12:15:42 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0647.v1

Nanomaterials Used in the Preparation of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the Fight against SARS-CoV-2

Pierantonio De Luca, Anastasia Macario, Janos B.Nagy

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: Covid-19; Coronaviruses; Personal protective equipment; Nanomaterials; PPE; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 8 June 2023 (13:19:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0059.v1

Remdesivir-Nirmatrelvir Combination: In Vitro Activity and a Case Report

Anna Gidari, Samuele Sabbatini, Elisabetta Schiaroli, Sabrina Bastianelli, Sara Pierucci, Chiara Busti, Lavinia Maria Saraca, Luca Capogrossi, Maria Bruna Pasticci, Daniela Francisci

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; remdesivir; nirmatrelvir; variant; synergy; antiviral; immunosuppressed

Online: 1 June 2023 (08:00:38 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1794.v1

Adjuvant Oligonucleotide Vaccine Increases Survival of Transgenic Mice [B6.Cg-Tg (K18-ACE2)2]

Volodymyr Oberemok, Kateryna Laikova, Kseniya Yurchenko, Ilya Novikov, Tatyana Makalish, Anatolii Kubyshkin, Oksana Andreeva, Anastasiya Bilyk

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: oligonucleotide vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; phosphorothioate oligonucleotides; innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Online: 25 May 2023 (10:13:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1361.v1

Dissemination of the Omicron Variant and Its Sub-lineages among Residents and Travelers in Its First Year of Emergence in Venezuela

Zoila C Moros, José Luis Zambrano, Yoneira F Sulbaran, Carmen L Loureiro, Ernestina Marulanda, Francis Bracho, Pierina D´Angelo, Lieska Rodriguez, Ferdinando Liprandi, Héctor R Rangel, Rossana C Jaspe, Flor H Pujol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Omicron Variant of Concern; Mutations; Lineages

Online: 19 May 2023 (03:00:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0432.v1

Persistence of SARS-Cov-2 Igg Antibody Response among South African Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

Oladele Vincent Adeniyi, Oyewole Chris Durojaiye, Charity Masilela

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Humoral immune response; Persistence; South Africa

Online: 8 May 2023 (03:29:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0369.v1

Technological Innovations in COVID-19 Diagnostics in Singapore

Wenfa Ng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; clinical diagnostics; molecular assays; direct test; indirect test

Online: 5 May 2023 (14:07:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0103.v1

Novel Antiviral Therapeutic Against SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Amit Gupta, Ashish P. Singh, Vinay K. Singh, Rajeshwar P. Sinha

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; antiviral agents; Omicron variant; mutant; vaccines; clinical studies

Online: 3 May 2023 (06:04:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0563.v1

Genome-Wide Mining of Selaginella moellendorffii for Hevein-Like Lectins and Their Potential Molecular Mimicry with SARS-CoV2 Spike Glycoprotein

Ahmed Alsolami, Amina I Dirar, Emadeldin H. E Konozy, Makarim El-fadil M Osman, Mohanad A Ibrahim, Khalid Farhan Alshammari, Fawwaz Alshammari, Meshari Alazmi, Kamaleldin B Said

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Hevein-lectins; Selaginella moellendorffii; SARS-CoV-2, Spike protein; Docking; Variants

Online: 19 April 2023 (07:44:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0012.v1

Molecular Dynamics Simulations Suggest Sars-Cov-2 3clpro Mutations in Beta and Omicron Variants do not Alter Binding Affinities for Cleavage Sites of Non-Structural Proteins

Vitor Martins De Freitas Amorim, Robson Francisco de Souza, Cristiane R. Guzzo, Anacleto Silva de Souza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Chemical Physics Keywords: Molecular Dynamics; SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern; 3CLpro; viral load

Online: 3 April 2023 (07:25:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0136.v1

Fear of COVID-19, Risk Perception and Preventive Behavior in Health Workers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Middle-Income Latin American Countries

Cesar Antonio Bonilla-Asalde, Oriana Rivera-Lozada, Miguel Ipanaqué-Zapata, Elvis Siprian Castro-Alzate, Robinson Pacheco López, Isabel Cristina Rivera-lozada, FELIX CHONG, Lucrecia Ramirez Sagastume

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; health personnel; fear to COVID-19

Online: 8 February 2023 (02:34:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0397.v1

Rapid Advancements in Diagnostic Technology during the COVID Pandemic: Important and Difficult Tasks for Medical Laboratories

Ram Bahadur Khadka, Khimdhoj Karki, Jitendra Pandey, Gautam Prasad Chaudhary, Santosh Kumar Gupta, Ganesh Dhakal, Dhakaraj Pant

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: coranavirus; covid-19; diagnostic; epidemic; medical laboratory professionals; sars-cov-2

Online: 23 January 2023 (06:12:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0202.v1

Pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 and BE.1 Variants in Syrian Hamsters and hACE2-transgenic Mmice

Inna Dolzhikova, Daria Grousova, Ilia Zorkov, Anna Kovyrshina, Anna Iliukhina, Artem Shelkov, Andrei Botikov, Nadezhda Kuznetsova, Andrei Pochtovyi, Grigory Demyashkin, Alisa Suslova, Andrei Nedorubov, Andrei Komissarov, Daria Danilenko, Dmitry Lioznov, Amir Tukhvatulin, Dmitry Shcheblyakov, Vladimir Gushchin, Denis Logunov, Alexander Gintsburg

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron BA.5; Omicron BE.1; animal model

Online: 12 December 2022 (13:12:15 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0175.v1

Dexrazoxane: Exposing the Vulnerability of SARS-CoV-2

Keith McCormack

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Poly(A); dexrazoxane; supramolecular self-assembly; base stacking

Online: 9 December 2022 (09:55:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0086.v1

Evaluation of Serological Tests to Determine Postvaccinal Immunity to SARS-Cov-2 by Mrna Vaccines

Graciela Iglesias García, Ángel Díaz Rodíguez, Beatriz Díaz Rodríguez, Carmela Cuello Estrada, Tania Ferreiro García, Noelia Crespo García, Jesús Seco-Calvo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: automated immunoassays; COVID-19; lateral flow immunoassay; performance; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 4 November 2022 (01:59:01 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0361.v1

What Learned from Omicron Sub-Variants BQ.1 and BQ.1.1

Mujahed Mustafa, Abdelrafie Makhawi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Omicron variants; BQ.1; BQ.1.1

Online: 24 October 2022 (11:42:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0241.v1

ViralVar: A Web Tool for Multilevel Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes

Arghavan Alisoltani, Lukasz Jaroszewski, Adam Godzik, Arash Iranzadeh, Lacy Marie Simons, Taylor Joseph Dean, Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo, Judd Franklin Hultquist, Egon Anderson Ozer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: evolution; mutation; genomic surveillance; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ViralVar; webtool

Online: 17 October 2022 (12:59:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0496.v1

Generation of Cytotoxic T cells and Dysfunctional CD8 T Cells in Severe COVID19 Patients

Sarah Cristina Gozzi-Silva, Luana de Mendonça Oliveira, Ricardo Wesley Alberca, Nátalli Zanete Pereira, Fabio Seiti Yoshikawa, Anna Julia Pietrobon, Tatiana Mina Yendo, Milena Mary Andrade, Yasmim Álefe Leuzzi Ramos, Cyro Alves Brito, Emily Araújo Oliveira, Danielle Rosa Beserra, Alberto José da Silva Duarte, Maria Notomi Sato

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; T-lymphocytes; antiviral response; cytotoxic factors

Online: 29 August 2022 (14:30:57 CEST)

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COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread on a pandemic scale. The virus infection can evolve asymptomatically or generate severe symptoms, influenced by the presence of comorbidities. Lymphopenia in patients affected with COVID-19 according to the severity of symptoms is frequent. However, the profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells regarding cytotoxicity and antiviral factor expression has not yet been completely elucidated in acute SARS-CoV-2 infections. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phenotypic and functional profile of T-lymphocytes in patients with moderate and severe/critical COVID-19. During this pandemic period, we analyzed a cohort of 62 confirmed patients with SARS-CoV-2 (22 moderate cases and 40 severe/critical cases). Albeit lymphopenia, we observed an increase in the expression of CD28, co-stimulator molecule, and activation markers (CD38 and HLA-DR) in T-lymphocytes as well as an increase in the frequency of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, and NK cells that express the immunological checkpoint protein, PD-1, in patients with severe/critical condition compared to healthy controls. Regarding the cytotoxic profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, an increase in the response of CD4+ T-cells already at baseline level was observed, scarcely changed upon PMA and Ionomycin stimulation. Meanwhile, CD8+ T-lymphocytes decreased cytotoxic response, evidencing a profile of exhaustion in patients with severe COVID-19. As observed in the t-SNE technique CD4+ T-cytotoxic and CD8+ T with low granzyme production evidencing their dysfunctionality in severe/critical conditions. In addition, purified CD8+ T-lymphocytes from patients with severe COVID-19 showed an increased constitutive expression of differentially expressed genes associated with the caspase pathway, inflammasome, and antiviral factors, and curiously, reduced expression of TNF-α. The cytotoxic profile, by CD4+ T-cells, may compensate for the dysfunction/exhaustion of TCD8+ in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings may provide an understanding of the interplay of cytotoxicity between CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cells in the severity of acute COVID-19 infection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0411.v1

Norwegian Platform for Production of Antiviral Chicken Egg Yolk Immunoglobulins for Viral Pandemics Preparedness

Erlend Ravlo, Lasse Evensen, Gorm Sanson, Aleksandr Ianevski, Per Olav Skjervold, Denis Kainov, Magnar Bjørås

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: IgY; SARS-CoV-2; Vero-E6, Syrian Golden hamster; antiviral strategy

Online: 30 June 2022 (03:37:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0247.v1

Description of a One-Year Succession of Variants of Interest and Concern of SARS-Cov-2 in Venezuela

Rossana C. Jaspe, Carmen L. Loureiro, Yoneira F. Sulbaran, Zoila C. Moros, Pierina D´Angelo, Mariana Hidalgo, Lieska Rodriguez, Victor Alarcon, Marwan Aguilar, Doneyla Sanchez, Jesus Ramirez, Domingo J. Garzaro, Jose Luis Zambrano, Ferdinando Liprandi, Hector Rafael Rangel, Flor H. Pujol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Variants of Concern; Rapid screening; Mutations

Online: 19 May 2022 (03:31:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0224.v1

Optimal COVID-19 Therapeutic Candidate Discovery Using the CANDO Platform

William Mangione, Zackary Falls, Ram Samudrala

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; drug discovery; multitargeting; computational drug repurposing

Online: 26 April 2022 (03:39:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0075.v1

Anti-Spike Protein to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels: Is There a Specific Threshold Conferring Protection in Immunocompromised Patients?

Philippe Halfon, Sylvie Jordana, Stéphane Blachier, Philippe Cartlamy, Laurent Kbaier, Guilhem Cavaille, Chloé Stavris, Frédérique Retornaz, Laurent Chiche, Guillaume Penaranda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Antibody binding assays; binding antibody units; Immunocompromised; Threshold

Online: 8 April 2022 (08:38:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0272.v1

Multicentric Study on the Effect of Rectal Ozone on COVID-19: the Spanish and Slovakian Experience.

Marcos Fernandez-Cuadros, Maria Jesus Albaladejo-Florin, Olga Pérez-Moro, Javier Rodríguez-de-Cía, Alberto Hernández, Sandra Alava-Rabasa, Darraj Mohammed, Alzbeta Gondzurova, Martin Molnar, Monika Kulinova, Juraj Vyletelka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Ozone; Ozone therapy; pneumonia; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; rectal insufflation

Online: 19 March 2022 (03:35:45 CET)

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of rectal Ozone (O3) in severe COVID-19 pneumonia in two different cohorts differing in location (Madrid vs Zilina), ethnicity (Slovakian vs Spanish cohorts) and age. Material and Methods: In a multicenter-study, 32 severe bilateral-COVID-19-pneumonia patients and (+) RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated (16 from each cohort). Primary outcomes: a) clinical (O2-saturation); b) biochemical (Lymphocyte-count, Fibrinogen, D-Dimer, Urea, Ferritin, LDH [lactate dehydrigenase], IL-6 and CRP [c-reactive protein]); and c) radiological improvement. Secondary outcomes: a) days-of-hospitalization, b) mortality-rate before discharge. The Ozone-protocol consisted of 10 sessions of intra-rectal Ozone, total dose 5.25 mg (150 mL volume, 35 g/ml concentration). The Standard-of-care protocol included O2 supply, antivirals (Remdesivir / Isoprinosine), corticosteroids (Dexamethasone / Metilprednisolone), monoclonal antibodies (Anakinra / Tocilizumab), antibiotics (Azytromicine), anticoagulants (Enoxaparine / Fraxiparine). Protocol was approved by Health Care Ethics Committee (Report 15/4/2020) of our Hospital and by Ethics Committee for Medical Investigation of La Princesa’s Hospital (ACTA CEIm 12/20, 28/5/20, Registry 4146). Results: Patients in Slovakian cohort were younger (53.38 vs 84.69 years). Grade of severity was worse in Spanish-cohort (4.78 vs 3.30 points). Length of stay was superior in Spanish-cohort (27.38 vs 10.07 days). Both cohorts improved O2-saturation and Lymphocyte-count. Inflammation biomarkers (Fibrinogen, D-Dimer, Urea, Ferritin, LDH, CRP and IL-6) decreased in both cohorts. In Spanish-cohort, Urea and Ferritin improvement was not significant (p>0.05), while in Slovakian-cohort, Urea, Fibrinogen and LDH were not significant (p>0.05) Radiological signs of bilateral pneumonitis decreased on both cohorts. Mortality was similar (12.5%). Conclusion: After Standard of care protocol, Rectal Ozone improved O2-saturation, decreased inflammation biomarkers and improved Taylor’s radiological scale in both cohorts. Although age, grade of severity and days of hospitalization were inferior in Slovakian cohort, mortality was similar in both cohorts, but inferior if compared to an external control cohort.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0035.v1

Biocompatible Films of Calcium Alginate Inactivate Enveloped Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2

Alba Cano-Vicent, Rina Hashimoto, Kazuo Takayama, Ángel Serrano-Aroca

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Biomaterials Keywords: calcium alginate; SARS-CoV-2; bacteriophage; phi 6; biomaterials; films; hydrogels

Online: 2 March 2022 (07:17:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0244.v1

The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Within the Dog Population in Croatia: Host Factors and Clinical Outcome

Vladimir Stevanovic, Irena Tabain, Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek, Maja Mauric Maljkovic, Iva Benvin, Zeljka Hruskar, Snjezana Kovac, Iva Smit, Gorana Miletic, Suzana Hadina, Vilim Staaresina, Lada Radin, Valentina Plichta, Branimir Skrlin, Zoran Vrbanac, Mirna Brkljacic, Marija Cvetnic, Josipa Habus, Kresimir Martinkovic, Iva Zecevic, Gabrijela Jurkic, Ivana Ferencak, Zrinka Stritof, Matko Perharic, Lovro Bucic, Ljubo Barbic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; animals; dogs; epidemiology; risk factors; clinical picture; Croatia

Online: 9 June 2021 (07:40:55 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0121.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Origin: An Affair of Codons?

Antonio Ramón Romeu, Enric Ollé

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 origin; Furin Cleavage Site; Arginine Codon Usage; Bioinformatics

Online: 4 June 2021 (08:00:03 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0690.v1

Potential Drugs for COVID -19 Treatment Management With Their Contraindications and Drug- Drug Interaction

Debjyoti Talukdar, Vivek Jain, Vishal Balaramnavar, Swayam Prakash Srivastava, Palanisamy Sivanandy, Madan Mohan Gupta

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine; Remdesivir; Favipiravir; Dexamethasone; Remdesivir

Online: 28 May 2021 (10:18:45 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0342.v1

RNA Extraction Alternative Method for SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnosis

Elisa Bianchini, Francesco Rossignolo, Melissa Perfranceschi, Chiara Cazzin, Ronaldo Silva, Fabio Formenti, Francesca Perandin, Cristiana Griffante, Rosaria Remelli, Michela Padovani, Salvatore Scarso, Martina Leonardi, Chiara Piubelli

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; nasopharyngeal swab; RNA extraction; RT-PCR

Online: 14 May 2021 (14:46:42 CEST)

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