This work presents a multi-start algorithm for solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem with two-dimensional loading constraints (2L-CVRP) allowing for the rotation of goods. Researches dedicated to graph theory and symmetry considered the vehicle routing problem as a classical application. This problem has complex aspects that stimulate the use of advanced algorithms and symmetry in graphs. The use of graph modeling of the 2L-CVRP problem by undirected graph allowed the high performance of the algorithm. The developed algorithm is based on metaheuristics such as the Constructive Genetic Algorithm (CGA), to construct promising initial solutions; a Tabu Search (TS), to improve the initial solutions on the routing problem; and a Large Neighborhood Search (LNS), for the loading subproblem. Although each one of these algorithms allowed to solve parts of the 2L-CVRP, the combination of these three algorithms to solve this problem was unprecedented in the scientific literature. In our approach, a parallel mechanism for checking the loading feasibility of routes was implemented using multi-threading programming to improve the performance. Additionally, memory structures, like hash-tables, were implemented to save time by storing and querying previously evaluated results for the loading feasibility of routes. For benchmarks, tests were done on well-known instances available in the literature. The results proved that the framework matched or outperformed most of the previous approaches. As the main contribution, this work brings higher quality solutions for large-size instances of the pure CVRP. This paper involves themes related to the symmetry journal, mainly complex algorithms, graphs, search strategies, complexity, graph modeling, and genetic algorithms. In addition, the paper especially focuses on topic-related aspects of special interest of the community involved in symmetry studies, such as, graph algorithms and graph theory.

In the study of materials and macromolecules by first-principle methods, the bond order is a useful tool to represent molecules, bulk materials and interfaces in terms of simple chemical concepts. Despite the availability of several methods to compute the bond order, most applications have been limited to small systems because a high spatial resolution of the wave function and an all-electron representation of the electron density are typically required. Both limitations are critical for large-scale atomistic calculations, even within approximate density-functional theory (DFT) approaches. In this work we describe our methodology to quickly compute delocalization indices for all atomic pairs, while keeping the same representation of the wave function used in most compute-intensive DFT calculations on high-performance computing equipments. We describe our implementation into a post-processing tool, designed to work with Quantum ESPRESSO, a popular open-source DFT package. In this way we recover a description in terms of covalent bonds from a representation of wave function containing no explicit information about atomic types and positions.

Particle layers employing conductive transition metal nitrides have been proposed as possible alternative plasmonic materials for photovoltaic applications due to their reduced losses compared to metal nanostructures. We critically compare the photocurrent gain due to an additional layer made of nanopillars of nitrides with other material classes obtained in an already highly optimized doped c-Si baseline solar cell with accurate doping profile from measurements. A relative photocurrent gain with respect to the baseline cell of on average 5% to 10% is observed, with a few cases achieving around 30% gain. While the local field enhancement is moderate resonances for nitrides spread over the whole UV-VIS range. For some nitrides, the shading effect remains a problem similar as for metals, but others behave more like dielectric scatterers with high photocurrent gain.

The selectivity of electrochemical sensors to ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) remains an open challenge in the field of biosensing. In this study, the selective mechanisms for detecting AA, DA, and UA molecules on the graphene and graphene oxide substrates were illustrated through the charge population analysis from the DFT calculation results. Our substrate models contained the 1:10 oxygen per carbon ratio of reduced graphene oxide, and the functionalized configurations were selected according to the formation energy. Geometry optimizations were performed for the adsorption of AA, DA, and UA on the pristine graphene, epoxy-functionalized graphene, and hydroxyl-functionalized graphene at the DFT level with vdW-DF2 corrections. From the calculations, AA was bound to both epoxy and hydroxyl-functionalized GO with relatively low adsorption energy, while DA was adsorbed stronger to the electronegative epoxy groups. The strongest adsorption of UA to both types of functional groups corresponded to the largest amount of electron transfer through the pi orbitals of UA. Local electron loss created local electric fields that opposed the electron transfer during an oxidation reaction. Our analysis agreed with the results from previous experimental studies and provide insight into other electrode modifications for electrochemical sensing.

The aim of the paper is to investigate Nash equilibria and correlated equilibria of classical and quantum games in the context of their Pareto optimality. We study four games: the prisoner's dilemma, battle of the sexes and two versions of the game of chicken. The correlated equilibria usually improve Nash equilibria of games but require a trusted correlation device. We analyze the quantum extension of these games in the Eisert-Wilkens-Lewenstein formalism with the full SU(2) space of players’ strategy parameters. It has been shown that the Nash equilibria of these games in quantum mixed Pauli strategies are closer to Pareto optimal results than their classical counterparts. The relationship of mixed Pauli strategies equilibria and correlated equilibria is also analyzed.

The non-inertial effects on spin-0 scalar particle that interacts with scalar potentials of Cornell-type in cylindrical system and Coulomb-type in the magnetic cosmic string space-time using Kaluza-Klein theory is analyzed. We show that the energy eigenvalue and eigenfunction depend on the global parameters characterizing the space-time, and the gravitational analogue of the Aharonov-Bohm effect for bound states is observed.

Contact tracing is one of the oldest social network health interventions used to reduce the diffusion of various infectious diseases. However, some infectious diseases like COVID-19 amass at such a great scope that traditional methods of conducting contact tracing (e.g., face-to-face interviews) remain difficult to implement, pointing the need to develop reliable and valid survey approaches. The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of three different egocentric survey methods for extracting contact tracing data: (1) a baseline approach, (2) a retrieval cue approach, and (3) a context-based approach. A sample of 397 college students were randomized into one of each condition and were prompted to anonymously provide contacts and populated places visited from the past four days. After controlling for various demographic, social identity, psychological, and physiological variables, participants in the context-based condition were significantly more likely recall more contacts (medium effect size) and places (large effect size) than the other two conditions. Theoretically, the research supports suggestions by field theory that assume network recall can be significantly improved by activating relevant activity foci. Practically, the research contributes to developing innovative social network data collection methods for contract tracing survey instruments.

This paper aimed to use social media impact on student studies in higher education. Apart from enjoyment and academic purposes, many educational practices and processes have been influenced by social networks. This paper highlighted the use of media tools in higher education as well as indicates out some of the factors. Moreover, through a literature review of related articles, we aim to provide insights into the impacts of a social network on educational quality, actual use of social media, and performance impact in higher education. A questionnaire survey on constructivism was circulated among a total of 206 university students as the key method for collecting data. This research hypothesizes educational quality and actual social media use indicates a positive effect in education, all of which also hypothesizes constructivism for educational quality and actual social media that in turn improve students’ satisfaction, and performance impact. Moreover, all research findings were attained through a quantitative method using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-AMOS). Findings of this research to indicate a positive effects students on their academic through behavioral intention to utilize social media to actual social media use for teaching and learning on higher education. Moreover, the results mention the use of social media for learning purpose, as well as social media to enables the sharing of knowledge, discussions, and information to enhance students' learning activities, Further studies are recommended which universities educators should take this into consideration when planning their curricula; it comes to the inclusion of technology in the teaching process.

Modulation of the amplitude of high-frequency cortical field activity locked to changes in phase of a slower brain rhythm is known as phase-amplitude coupling (PAC). The study of this phenomenon has been gaining traction in neuroscience because of several reports on its appearance in normal and pathological brain processes in humans as well as across different mammalian species. This has led to the suggestion that PAC may be an intrinsic brain process that facilitates brain inter-area communication across different spatiotemporal scales. Several methods have been proposed to measure the PAC process, but few of these enable detailed study of its time course. It appears that no studies have reported details of PAC dynamics including its possible directional delay characteristics. Here, we study and characterize the use of a novel information theoretic measure that may address this limitation: local transfer entropy. We use both simulated and actual intracranial electroencephalographic data, and in both cases we observe initial indications that local transfer entropy can be used to detect the onset and offset of modulation process periods revealed by mutual information phase-amplitude coupling (MIPAC). We review our results in the context of current theories about PAC in brain electrical activity, and discuss technical issues that must be addressed to see local transfer entropy more widely applied to PAC analysis.

This paper discovers that current variational principle and Noether theorem for different physics systems with (in)finite freedom systems have missed the double extremum processes of the general extremum functional that both is deduced by variational principle and is necessarily taken in deducing all the physics laws, but these have not been corrected for over a century since Noether's proposing her famous theorem, which result in the crisis deducing relevant mathematical laws and all physics laws. This paper discovers there is the hidden logic cycle that one assumes Euler-Lagrange equations, and then he finally deduces Euler-Lagrange equations via the equivalent relation in the whole processes in all relevant current references. This paper corrects the current key mistakes that when physics systems choose the variational extreme values, the appearing processes of the physics systems are real physics processes, otherwise, are virtual processes in all current articles, reviews and (text)books. The real physics should be after choosing the variational extreme values of physics systems, the general extremum functional of the physics systems needs to further choose the minimum absolute extremum zero of the general extremum functional, otherwise, the appearing processes of physics systems are still virtual processes. Using the double extremum processes of the general extremum functionals, the crisis and the hidden logic cycle in current variational principle and current Noether theorem are solved. Furthermore, the new mathematical and physical double extremum processes and their new mathematical pictures and physics for (in)finite freedom systems are discovered. This paper gives both general variational principle and general Noether theorem as well as their classical and quantum new physics, which would rewrite all relevant current different branches of science, as key tools of studying and processing them.

The stage of a super-early scale-invariant Universe is considered on the basis of the Poincaré–Weyl gauge theory of gravity in a Cartan–Weyl space-time. An approximate solution has been found that demonstrates an inflationary behavior of the scale factor and, at the same time, a sharp exponential decrease in the effective cosmological constant from a huge value at the beginning of the Big Bang to an extremely small (but not zero) value in the modern era, which solves the well-known “cosmological constant problem”.

Dynamic visualizations have been developed to exchange information that transforms over time across a broad range of professional and academic contexts. However, these visual tools may impose substantial demands on the learner’s cognitive resources that are very limited in current knowledge. Cognitive load theory has been used to improve learning from dynamic visualizations by providing certain design techniques to manage learner cognitive load without adding any oral/written explanations. This systematic review examined a series of experimental studies assessing the roles of these design techniques in learning tactical scenes of play through dynamic visualizations. Electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search relevant articles. Eleven studies were eventually included for the systematic review based on the eligibility criteria. The present review revealed that adapting design techniques to the level of learners’ expertise, type of depicted knowledge, and level of content complexity is a crucial part of effective learning.

It is impossible to fully grasp reality and the universe without a sound understanding of quantum science, i.e. theory. The aim of this paper is twofold, namely first presenting what quantum information processing consists of, and then consequently discussing the implications of quantum science to the understanding of reality. I shall claim that the world is fully quantum, and the classical world is but a limit case of the quantum world. The crux of the argument is that quantum information can be taken as a living phenomenon. Quantum information processing (QIP) has been mainly the subject of computational approaches (Cooper and Hodges, 2016). Here we take it as the way in which information allows for a non-dualistic explanation of the world. In this sense, quantum information processing consists in understanding how entanglement stands as the ground for a coherent reality yet highly dynamical, vibrant and vivid. Information, I argue, is a living phenomenon that creates itself out of nothing. Quantum information is a relational view of entities, systems, phenomena, and events (Auletta, 2005).

To realize high response and selectivity gas sensor in detecting dissolved gases in transformer oil, in this study, the adsorption of four kinds of gases (H2, CO, C2H2 and CH4) on Pd-graphyne as well as the gas sensing properties evaluation were investigated. The energetically favorable structure of Pd doped γ-Graphyne was first studied, including the comparison of different adsorption sites and discussion of electronic properties. Then, the adsorption of these four molecules on Pd-graphyne was explored. The adsorption structure, adsorption energy, electron transfer and electron distribution, the band structure and density of states were calculated and analyzed. The results show that the Pd atom prefers to be adsorbed on the middle of three C≡C bonds and the band gap is smaller. The CO adsorption exhibits the largest adsorption energy and electron transfer and brings obvious change to the structure and electron properties to Pd-graphyne. Because of the conductance decrease after adsorption CO and acceptable recovery time at high temperature, the Pd-graphyne can be promising gas sensing materials to detect CO with high selectivity. This work offers theoretical support for the design of nanomaterials based gas sensor using novel structure for industrial application.

Based on a measuring system to determine levels of spatial organization in 2D polygons (homogeneous or heterogeneous partition of defined areas) lying on principles of regularity, we propose the entropy term linked to the concept of “information”, from the “information theory field”, in order to obtain an information measurement regarding a quantity of or amount of information in the architecture of complex 2D biological organizations. The term “quantity” does not refer to the amount of data (size), but to the probability of a geometrical basic pattern within a set of possible statistical configurations regarding levels of homogeneity and heterogeneity. It is this notion of information that is important in information theory, and measures of information in units of bits, what we propose to use for measuring quantities of organization in the architecture of complex geometrical systems. Two complex systems are tested, biological and non biological in order to obtain experimental results, which are verified with the evaluation criteria “entropy”. Experimental results show that the lowest levels of information and entropy, in addition with low rates of heterogeneity and high rates of homogeneity are particular features of geometrical organizations in biological systems.

With the development of Internet technology, teachers are constantly seeking innovative teaching methods to match the potential of enhanced technology. Although many studies have been performed before , they aren’t enough in this field. The purpose of this paper is to explore innovative teaching designs and examine the impact of Internet-assisted English teaching of reading based on constructivism. The case is carried out in NO.9 middle school of Bengbu, a underdeveloped area of China, most of students aren’t interested in learning English .We compared Internet-assisted with traditional textbook literature methods to improve the reading proficiency of students, using a questionnaire survey,pre-test and post-tests comparisons. The result showed Internet-assisted English reading teaching is better than textbook. It can arouse students' interest and motivation,reading proficiency and exam result of students have been improved significantly, created a positive learning situation.

We have used the varying physical constant approach to resolve the flatness problem in cosmology. Friedmann equations are modified to include variability of speed of light, gravitational constant, cosmological constant and the curvature constant. The continuity equation obtained with such modifications includes scale factor dependent cosmological term as well as the curvature term along with the standard energy-momentum term. The result is that as the scale factor tends to zero (i.e. as the big-bang is approached) the universe becomes strongly curved rather than flatter and flatter in the standard cosmology. We have used the supernovae 1a redshift versus distance modulus data to determine the curvature variation parameter of the new model, which yields a better fit to the data than the standard ΛCDM model. The universe is found to be open type with radius of curvature R_c = 1.64 (1+z)^-3.3 c₀/H₀, where z is the redshift, c₀ is the current speed of light and H₀ is the Hubble constant.

The QBIT theory is an attempt toward solving the problem of consciousness in the light of Quantum mechanics, Biology, Information theory, and Thermodynamics. “Internal representation” is a key concept in the QBIT theory of consciousness. An internal representation is defined as a pack of information (within a cognitive system) that represents an external stimulus.The QBIT theory suggests that when robustness of an internal representation exceeds a certain threshold, a conscious experience (or a quale) is generated. In this paper, the concept of internal representation and its relation with consciousness is explored.

To answer Wheeler's question "Why the quantum?" via quantum information theory according to Bub, one must explain both why the world is quantum rather than classical and why the world is quantum rather than superquantum, i.e., "Why the Tsirelson bound?" We show that the quantum correlations and quantum states corresponding to the Bell basis states, which uniquely produce the Tsirelson bound for the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt quantity, can be derived from conservation per no preferred reference frame (NPRF). A reference frame in this context is defined by a measurement configuration, just as with the light postulate of special relativity. We therefore argue that the Tsirelson bound is ultimately based on NPRF just as the postulates of special relativity. This constraint-based/principle answer to Bub's question addresses Fuchs' desideratum that we "take the structure of quantum theory and change it from this very overt mathematical speak ... into something like [special relativity]." Thus, the answer to Bub's question per Fuchs' desideratum is, "the Tsirelson bound obtains due to conservation per NPRF."

The purpose of this paper is to find a quantum formulation of entropic gravity, incorporating the bijective theory. In a first part, we will describe the basis of the bijective theory. In a second part, we will incorporate the stress energy quantum tensor defined in the linear approximation of the Einstein’s equation in its quantum version to entropy. In the third part, we will integrate the bijective theory with the newly created relativistic quantum entropy. This will lead us four part where we will formalize quantum entropic gravity.

The Heisenberg Lie algebra (HA) plays an important role in mathematics with Fourier transforms, as well as for the foundations of quantum theory where it expresses the operators of space-time, X, and their commutation rules with the momentum operators, D, that execute infinitesimal translations in X. Yet it is known that space-time is curved and thus the D operators must interfere thus giving “structure constants” that vary with location which suggests a mathematical generalization of the concept of a Lie algebra to allow for “structure constants” that are functions of X. We here investigate the mathematics of such a “generalized Heisenberg algebra” (GHA) which has “structure constants” that are functions of X and thus are in the enveloping algebra rather than constants. As expected, the Jacobi identity no longer holds globally but only in small regions of space-time where the [D, X] commutator can be considered locally constant and thus where one has a true Lie algebra. We show that one is able to reframe Riemannian geometry in this GHA. As an example, it is then shown that one can express the Einstein equations of general relativity as commutation rules. If one requires that the GHA commutator reduces to the HA of quantum theory in the limit of no curvature, then there are observable effects for quantum theory in this curved space time.

Integrated information theory (IIT) proposes a measure of integrated information (Φ) to capture the level of consciousness for a physical system in a given state. Unfortunately, calculating Φ itself is currently only possible for very small model systems, and far from computable for the kinds of systems typically associated with consciousness (brains). Here, we consider several proposed measures and computational approximations, some of which can be applied to larger systems, and test if they correlate well with Φ. While these measures and approximations capture intuitions underlying IIT and some have had success in practical applications, it has not been shown that they actually quantify the type of integrated information specified by the latest version of IIT. In this study, we evaluated these approximations and heuristic measures, based not on practical or clinical considerations, but rather based on how well they estimate the Φ values of model systems. To do this, we simulated networks consisting of 3–6 binary linear threshold nodes randomly connected with excitatory and inhibitory connections. For each system, we then constructed the system’s state transition probability matrix (TPM), as well as its state transition matrix (STM) over time for all possible initial states. From these matrices, we calculated, approximations to Φ, and measures based on state differentiation, state entropy, state uniqueness, and integrated information. All measures were correlated with Φ in a state dependent and state independent manner. Our findings suggest that Φ can be approximated closely in small binary systems by using one or more of the readily available approximations (r > 0.95), but without major reductions in computational demands. Furthermore, Φ correlated strongly with measures of signal complexity (LZ, r_s = 0.722), decoder based integrated information (Φ*, r_s = 0.816), and state differentiation (D1, r_s = 0.827), on the system level (state independent). These measures could allow for efficient estimation of Φ on a group level, or as accurate predictors of low, but not high, Φ systems. While it’s uncertain whether the results extend to larger systems or systems with other dynamics, we stress the importance that measures aimed at being practical alternatives to Φ are at a minimum rigorously tested in an environment where the ground truth can be established.

We show that combining vibrational spectroscopy with signal processing can result in a scheme for ultrasensitive detection of molecules. We consider the vibrational spectrum as a signal on the energy axis and apply a matched filter on that axis. On the example of a nerve agent molecule, we show that this allows detecting a molecule by its vibrational spectrum even when the recorded spectrum is completely buried in noise, when conventional spectroscopic detection is impossible. Detection is predicted to be possible with signal-to-noise ratios in recorded spectra as low as 0.1. We study the importance of spectral range used for detection as well as of the quality of the computed spectrum used to program the filter, specifically, the role of anharmonicity, of the exchange correlation functional, and of the basis set. The use of the full spectral range rather than of a narrow spectral window with key vibrations is shown to be advantageous, as well as accounting for anharmonicity.

This survey paper discusses the Cointegrated VAR methodology and how it has evolved over the last 30 years. The first section is a description of major steps in the econometric development of the CVAR model that facilitated serious real world applications. The next three sections are primarily methodological and discuss (i) difficulties and puzzles when confronting theory with the data, (ii) the formulation of a viable link between theory and the data, a so called theory-consistent CVAR scenario, and (iii) how all this was inspired by Trygve Haavelmo and his Nobel prize winning monograph "The Probability Approach to Economics". The next two sections discuss early applications of the Cointegrated VAR model to monetary transmission mechanisms, international transmission mechanisms and wage, price and unemployment dynamics. They report puzzling evidence, discuss the need for new theory, and propose a method for combining partial CVAR analyses into a larger macroeconomic model. The following sections propose a new, empirically-based, approach to macroeconomics in which imperfect knowledge based expectations replace so called rational expectations and in which the financial sector plays a key role for understanding the long persistent movements in the data. The last section argues that the CVAR can act as a "design of experiment for passive observations" and illustrates with several applications including unemployment dynamics under crises periods and aid effectiveness in South Saharan African countries.

The structural, electronic and magnetochemical properties of the star-shaped polyoxopalladate [Pd₁₅O₁₀(SeO₃)₁₀]¹⁰⁻ (POPd) and its lanthanide functionalized derivatives have been investigated on the basis of density functional theory followed by a ligand field analysis using the Radial Effective Charge (REC) model. Our study predicts that heteroPOPd is a robust cryptand that enforces D_5h symmetry around the encapsulated Ln³⁺ centers. This rigid coordination environment favors interesting potential magnetic behavior in the Er and Ho derivatives, which may be of interest for molecular spintronics and quantum computing applications.

Parallel manipulators with multiple end-effectors bring us interesting advantages over conventional parallel manipulators such as improved manipulability, workspace and avoidance of singularities. In this work the kinematics of a five-bar planar parallel manipulator equipped with two end-effectors is approached by means of the theory of screws. As an intermediate step the displacement analysis of the robot is also investigated. The input-output equations of velocity and acceleration are systematically obtained by resorting to reciprocal-screw theory. In that regard the Klein form of the Lie algebra se(3) of the Euclidean group SE(3) plays a central role. In order to exemplify the method of kinematic analysis, a case study is included. Furthermore, the numerical results obtained by means of the theory of screws are confirmed with the aid of special software like ADAMS.^TM

Nanoparticles -- regularly patterned or randomly dispersed -- are a key ingredient for emerging technologies in photonics. Of particular interest are scattering and field enhancement effects of metal nanoparticles for energy harvesting and converting systems. An often neglected aspect in the modeling of nanoparticles are light interaction effects beyond classical electrodynamics stemming from electron dynamics in confined and accelerated systems. We give a detailed account on free electron phenomena in metal nanoparticles and discuss analytic expressions, stemming from microscopic and semi-classical theories. These can improve standard computational schemes to produce more reliable results on the optical properties of metal nanoparticles. We combine these solutions into a single framework and study their joint impact on isolated Au, Ag, and Al nanoparticles as well as dimer structures.

In recent years, many algorithms based on end-to-end deep networks have been proposed to deal with the target detection problem of videos. However, the deep network models usually consume a lot of computing resources during the procedure of analysis of videos with complex dynamic backgrounds. In this paper, a new method of object detection based on information theory is presented. Firstly, each frame in a video is converted into an effective information map by using the Harris corner detection method. Secondly, the sensitive areas in the frame are extracted by using the context information and the effective information maps of the consecutive video frames. The sensitive areas in the video frame are the candidate areas where the target objects would be appeared at high probabilities. Thirdly, the information entropy features of each sensitive area are extracted to form the feature matrix, based on which, an SVM model is trained for selecting the target areas from the sensitive areas. Finally, the locations of the objects are detected based on the target areas in the video with a complex dynamic background. As a lightweight video detection framework, the method presented in this paper can save a lot of computing resources. Experimental results show that this method can achieve good results in the benchmark of CDnet 2014.

A hybrid fuzzy MADM method is proposed in this paper for evaluating airline service quality. Fuzzy set theory is used since it helps in measuring the ambiguity of concepts associated with human being’s subjective judgment. After reviewing service quality evaluation models especially in airline industry, SSQAI model was adopted as a construct for evaluating airline service quality in Iran. Fuzzy DEMATEL was applied to determine the degree of influence and impact of criteria on each other and extract cause and effect relations between them that helped in ranking criteria based on degree of relationship. Then, ANP network map was constructed based on the relation map generated from Fuzzy DEMATEL analysis. Fuzzy ANP approach assisted in prioritizing criteria based on the need for improvement and enabled in a more accurate measurement in decision making process taking the advantage of using linguistic variables. Fuzzy DEMATEL results demonstrates that expertise, Problem-solving, and conduct has the most influence on other factors and in opposite Valence, Waiting Time, Comfort are the factors which get the most impact from other factors and according to Fuzzy ANP analysis Valence, Convenience, Problem-solving, and Safety&Security are the factors with most priorities that need improvement.

The past few decades have been characterized by a growing body of profit-seeking public service areas with the understanding that profit-seeking organizations will deliver public services more efficiently than government can. These sectors include, but are not limited to, health care, corrections and education. Governments have created quasi markets to attract private providers of services in these sectors, with varying results. Organizational economics has provided the primary explanation for quasi markets, but questions about the sought-for efficiencies actually realized through these markets persist. We integrate resource dependence theory and organizational economics to provide a more comprehensive explanation of the persistence of quasi markets.

To improve carbon efficiency for urban logistics service system composed of a third-party logistics service provider (3PLs) and an e-business enterprise, low-carbon operation game between them was studied. Considering low carbon technology investment cost and sales expansion effect of low carbon level, profit functions for both players were constituted. Based on their different bargaining capabilities, totally 5 types of game scenarios were designed. Through analytical solution, Nash Equilibria under varied scenarios were obtained. By analyzing these equilibria, 4 major propositions were given, in which, some key variables and system performance index were compared. Results show that the best system yields could only be achieved under the fully cooperative situation; limited cooperation only for carbon emission reduction would not benefit the system performance improvement; E-business enterprise-leading game’s performance overtook 3PLs-leading ones.

We study a two-echelon supply chain made up of a supplier and a manufacturer, both of which can reduce their component/product carbon emissions. With the vertical technology spillovers, we explore the optimal decisions of centralized and decentralized supply chains with price dependent demand and propose coordination strategy for the decentralized supply chain. Considering the cost contraction effectiveness of the technology spillovers, the centralized and decentralized game theoretic models of a two-echelon supply chain are developed to investigate optimal decisions of pricing and carbon emissions reduction. Through a systematic comparison and numerical analysis, we show that the profits of both players and the entire supply chain improve with the effect of technology spillovers increasing. Carbon emissions reduction will be taken by various protective measures so that the supplier and the manufacturer who do not innovate can hardly share the results of innovating via the “free-riding” methods when the technology spillover is relatively small. We also propose a revenue-cost sharing contract through bargaining to enhance the performance of the decentralized supply chain.

Motivated by assumptions that Quantum Mechanics (QM) is not the basement of reality and that additional dimensionality (XD) is required to complete and extend the Standard Models (SM) of Particle Physics and Cosmology, experimental protocols utilizing putative properties of Kaluza-Klein-like (KK) cyclicality embedded within Dirac’s electron hypertube model in conjunction with a Dirac covariant polarized vacuum is developed to produce a new type of low-energy tabletop cross section based on topological phase transitions rather than high energy collision sprays as in the LHC. The model is presented in a highly theoretical axiomatic manner utilizing off-the-shelf parameters generally marginalized by the mainstream physics community. When successful the protocol leads to obsolescence of the highly efficacious 100-year supercollider run producing a paradigm shift with an inherent new set of Unified Field (UF) transformations beyond the Galilean Lorentz-Poincaré transformations of the SM to 3rd regime natural science: Classical – Quantum - UF.

In the context of the Bridge Electromagnetic Theory, a quantum-relativistic theory based on Maxwellian electromagnetism, it has recently been shown that the characteristics of a hydrogen atom can be obtained through an electron-proton orbital capture process forming a non-radial emitting dipolar electromagnetic source. The model structurally different to the Bohr-Sommerfeld and Schrödinger models has now been deepened and completed by testing it on the properties of hydrogen and deuterium atoms and of helium and lithium in hydrogenoid form. These last two atoms are of cosmological interest as they are the heaviest elements produced by electron capture in the early universe. The theoretical results obtained regarding the atomic structure and spectra are in excellent agreement with the observational data and suggest that the electron-nucleus interaction is influenced on an isotopic basis as a function of the inertial mass value of the nuclei.

Under the quaternion group, $Q_8$, spin helicity emerges as an element of reality, and complementary to spin polarization. Here we show that the correlation in EPR coincidence experiments is conserved upon separation from a singlet, being divided between polarization and coherence. Including helicity accounts for the violation of Bell's Inequalities without non-locality.

: This study aims at exploring Turkish consumers’ behaviors toward purchasing green fashion. A mixed-methods approach was used in this study. Six experts from the main brands in the fashion industry in Türkiye were interviewed. A total of 268 questionnaires were collected from Turkish consumers, and their responses were analyzed. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) informed the theoretical framework of this study. The main components of the TPB were extended to include perceived consumer effectiveness. A thematic analysis was conducted to analyze and code the interviews. To test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted. The findings show that the key factors of the TPB, i.e., attitudes (ATTs), subjective norms (SNs), and perceived behavioral control (PBC), as well as perceived consumer effectiveness, significantly impact the intentions of Turkish consumers to purchase sustainable fashion. However, the results highlight some inconsistencies, gaps, and barriers that discourage the purchase intentions of consumers, including a lack of information, misinformation, greenwashing, green skepticism, a lack of trust, and the high cost of sustainable fashion.

This concept paper explores possible collective identities for a future wildland fire workforce. Taking inspiration from the work of futurists who foresee an end to the dominant fire exclusion/suppression paradigm, and assuming an emerging fire restoration/resilience paradigm shift replaces it, the paper engages in speculative explorations of the process and product of this paradigm shift on future collective identities for a workforce doing ecological fire management. Social constructionist assumptions from symbolic interactionist sociological theory, Gramscian political theory's concept of hegemony, and New-Social-Movement theory's concept of collective identity all provide the intellectual foundations for the discussion. This concept paper argues that in order to actualize a paradigm shift, more than advances in scientific research or reforms of government policies will be required--the wildland fire community will need to become (or join) a social movement engaged in collective actions. An imaginary social movement, the "Greenfire revolution," is invented to help illustrate how the selected theories and concepts might apply in the social construction of ecological fire management and the collective identities of its future workforce.

It has been proven that in standard Einstein gravity, exotic matter (i.e. matter violating the point-wise and averaged weak and null energy conditions) is required to stabilize traversable wormholes. Quantum field theory permits these violations due to the quantum coherent effects found in any quantum field . Even reasonable classical scalar fields violate the energy conditions. In the case of the Casimir effect and squeezed vacuum states, these violations have been experimentally proven. It is advantageous to investigate methods of minimizing the use of exotic matter. One such area of interest is extended theories of Einstein gravity. It has been claimed that in some extended theories, stable traversable wormholes solutions can be found without the use of exotic matter. There are many extended theories of gravity and in this review paper we first explore f(R) theories and then explore some wormhole solutions in f(R) theories including Lovelock gravity.

Ti17 alloy is mainly used to manufacture aero-engine discs due to its excellent properties such as high strength, toughness and hardenability. It is often subjected to creep-fatigue cyclic loading in service environments. Shakedown theory describes the state in which the accumulated plastic strain of the material stabilizes after several cycles of cyclic loading, without affecting its initial function and leading to failure. This theory includes three behaviors: elastic shakedown, plastic shakedown, and ratcheting. In this paper, the creep-fatigue tests (CF) were conducted on Ti17 alloy at 300℃ to study its shakedown behavior under creep-fatigue cyclic loading. Based on the plasticity-creep superposition model, a theory model that accurately describes the shakedown behavior of Ti17 alloy was constructed, and ABAQUS finite element software was used to validate the accuracy of the model. TEM analysis was performed to observe the micro-mechanisms of shakedown in Ti17 alloy. The results reveal that the Ti17 alloy specimens exhibit plastic shakedown behavior after three cycles of creep-fatigue loading. The established finite element model can effectively predict the plastic shakedown process of Ti17 alloy, with a relative error between the experimental and simulation results within 4%. TEM results reveal that anelastic recovery controlled by dislocation bending and back stress hardening caused by inhomogeneous deformation are the main mechanisms for the plastic shakedown behavior of Ti17 alloy.

This paper presents a theory on graph topological structure and graph coloring, proving that for any N-order graph structure (with a topological structure similar to ), the maximum number of colors required for coloring is less than or equal to . The Four Color Theorem is just one special case of this theory, with the maximum structure size for a four-color graph being a 4-order structure graph, hence requiring only a maximum of 4 colors for coloring.

The historical idea of entropy as a property of a body has been reviewed and shown to arise from Clausius’s view of heat as motion. This view of heat, being intermediate between the now defunct idea of heat as substance and the modern view that heat represents an exchange of energy, implied that a body contains a definite quantity of heat. Heat, and therefore entropy, was thus considered a property of a body. These ideas led Clausius to develop his famous inequality and the idea that entropy always increases in irreversible, non-cyclic processes. In this paper, the notion of the entropy as a property of a body is examined in detail. A physical meaning is attached to the thermodynamic entropy by showing that a change in the function Q/T can be understood as representing a change in the number of ways that energy can be distributed among the degrees of freedom active in the system at any given temperature. The idea is illustrated with reference to solids and simple liquids. It is shown that the total thermodynamic entropy is, in general, less than the Boltzmann entropy, except for the case of a monatomic classical ideal gas in which the number of degrees of freedom is independent of temperature. Finally, entropy as a state function is discussed. It is argued that this is entirely mathematical in nature and that the entropy of a state represented in p-V space is not equivalent to a physical property of a physical system in the same thermodynamic state.

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has spread around the world and killed around 6.9 million people. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for preventing and controlling the disease, reducing transmission and consequently saving lives. RT-PCR is the gold standard test used to detect the disease. However, the test is expensive and the result is time-consuming, which makes mass testing difficult, especially in countries with limited resources. In addition, the test has high analytical specificity and low diagnostic sensitivity, which leads to false-negative results. Several studies in the literature report the presence of hematological and biochemical alterations in infected patients and use these alterations with machine learning algorithms to help diagnose the disease. Therefore, this article presents the results obtained by different neural network architectures based on Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The study was conducted in two distinct stages: the first consisted of selecting the best ART network among several, using three open-access datasets and comparing the results with the literature. In the second stage, the chosen model was tested on a dataset containing patients from various hospitals in four countries. In addition, the model was subjected to external validation, including data from a country not present during the training and adjustment of the model, in order to validate the robustness and generalization capacity of the model. The results obtained by the ART networks in this study are promising, outperforming not only classical models, but also the deep learning models often used in the literature. Validation on data from different countries strengthens the model’s reliability and effectiveness.

RNA transcripts play a crucial role as witnesses of gene expression health. Identifying disruptive short sequences in RNA transcription and regulation is essential for potentially treating diseases. Let’s delve into the mathematical intricacies of these sequences. We’ve previously devised a mathematical approach for defining a “healthy” sequence (10.14218/GE.2023.00079). This sequence is characterized by having at most four distinct nucleotides (denoted as nt≤4). It serves as the generator of a group denoted as fp. The desired properties of this sequence are as follows: fp should be close to a free group of rank nt−1, it must be aperiodic, fp should not have isolated singularities within its SL2(C) character variety (specifically within the corresponding Groebner basis). Now, let’s explore the concept of singularities. There are cubic surfaces associated with the character variety of a four-punctured sphere denoted as S24. When we encounter these singularities, we find ourselves dealing with some algebraic solutions of a dynamical second-order differential (and transcendental) equation known as the Painlevé VI equation (10.3390/dynamics4010001). In certain cases, S24 degenerates, in the sense that two punctures collapse, resulting in a “wild” dynamics governed by the Painlevé equations of an index lower than VI. In our paper, we provide examples of these fascinating mathematical structures within the context of miRNAs. Specifically, we find a clear relationship between decorated character varieties of Painlevé equations and the character variety calculated from the seed of oncomirs. These findings should find applications in cancer research.

In this follow-up study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of the “I do not smoke, I exercise”, anti-smoking preventive health education program. The program was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior supplemented with life-skills teaching and targeted at high school students. The intervention comprised ten one-hour online sessions, administered by physical education instructors. The study cohort comprised 222 students (109 boys, 113 girls) from 11 secondary schools, with an average age of 16.42 ± 1.36 years. Data collection involved pre- and post-intervention self-assessment questionnaires. The examined variables included attitudes towards smoking, intention to smoke, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), knowledge about smoking, smoking behavior, exercise behavior, attitudes toward the program's implementation, and satisfaction with the program. Separate paired samples t-test revealed a significant improvement in students' knowledge about smoking, perceived behavioral control, and overall program satisfaction following the intervention. However, no significant changes were observed in the remaining variables. These findings suggest that the health education smoking prevention intervention incorporates techniques and strategies that influence the Perceived Behavioral Control variable, emphasizing students' strong interest in educationally theorized programs integrating technology into their design. Future studies should consider further examination of tobacco control strategies within the high school context.

The speed-density or flow-density relationship is a fundamental aspect of traffic flow theory. Single-regime models often face challenges in consistently fitting empirical data under diverse traffic conditions. This paper addresses the inaccuracies of single-regime models, attributing them not only to their functional forms but also to data dispersion and sample selection bias. To mitigate these issues, the data is segmented into day and night periods, leading to the creation of separate models for each. Calibration results, conducted on data from two freeways, Tehran-Karaj and Tehran-Qom, reveal distinct challenges, with the former exhibiting high dispersion and the latter showing low dispersion. Surprisingly, single-regime models demonstrate notable effectiveness when applied to distinct day and night data. Further analysis, categorizing data into day and night, results in reduced errors (20-60% improvement in R-Square), emphasizing the potential for enhanced accuracy by considering distinct regimes. Overall, the study underscores the significance of regime-specific considerations for accurate traffic flow modeling. Upon thorough evaluation, the study highlights the superiority of the neural network Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) over traditional models. The research discusses the implications of incorporating day and night parameters into the models, emphasizing their potential for accuracy enhancement.

Abstract Using the Pauli algebra version of the Dirac equation six symmetric but non-equivalent copies of the QED Lagrangian are constructed. The group of symmetries is the group of outer automorphisms of the finite quaternion group, isomorphic to the group of permutations on three letters. Solutions to corresponding Dirac equations form six sectors of fermion fields. The intersections between different sectors can only contain massless fields, implying that the sectors are distinct. If the symmetry could be extended to the full Standard Model Lagrangian it would predict the ratio of dark matter to ordinary matter of 5 : 1 which is close to the ratio of 5.2 : 1 according to current observations.

Using density functional theory (DFT), the density of states of NH4V3O8 (NVO) was analyzed pre and post-oxygen defects (Od) formation. The findings revealed a reduced bandgap in NVO after Od introduction, emphasizing the role of Od in enhancing conductivity of the material, thus improving its electrochemical attributes. Through the water bath method, both NVO and its oxygen-deficient counterpart, (NH4)2V10O25⸱8H2O (NVOd), were synthesized as potential cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). Experimental outcomes resonated with DFT predictions, highlighting the beneficial role of oxygen defects in boosting electrical conductivity. Notably, the refined material displayed a remarkable capacity of 479.3 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, underscoring its promise for advanced energy storage solutions.

This study delves into the intricate social dynamics beneath South Kalimantan's traditional diamond mines, revealing a potential for conflict amidst the promise of economic uplift. Going beyond conventional economic and environmental perspectives, the research employs Galtung's Conflict Theory, examining the interplay of attitudes, behaviours, norms, values, and political influences. By adopting this nuanced approach, the study unveils hidden fault lines within these communities, providing a comprehensive understanding of how diverse factors converge to create discord. The consequences of unaddressed conflict include shattered livelihoods, environmental degradation, and fractured communities. The study employs rigorous quantitative methods to empower stakeholders in proactive conflict management, including questionnaires and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with data from 400 respondents. The findings underscore the significant roles of behaviours, attitudes, norms, and politics in fueling tension, with values demonstrating surprisingly less direct influence. This insight is a roadmap for conflict prevention and sustainable development, allowing stakeholders to tailor interventions based on specific conflict-driving factors. The study urges a shift from reactive to proactive measures, envisioning a future where prosperity continues to glimmer and communities thrive in harmony, free from conflict.

I had previously developed an approach called Gocgen approach, which claimed to prove twin prime conjecture. In this paper, I processed the previously developed Gocgen approach with the zeta function and explained the relationship between the zeta function with some formulas to offer another perspective on the zeta function, and also created a new function that explains the Gocgen approach using the zeta function. Understanding the new function created will provide insight into the frequency of prime numbers.

The physiological mechanism of membrane potential generation relies on the passage of mobile ions across the plasma membrane, which is selectively permeable to mobile ions. The existence of a membrane and the transport of ions across it are essential for the generation of membrane potential. However, a long-forgotten theory, Association-Induction hypothesis, asserts that the heterogeneous distribution of charges in space, due to ion adsorption, is the true cause of membrane potential generation. Using an artificial living cell model consisting of a viscous aqueous solution, the mechanism of membrane potential generation is restudied in this work. The results indicate that membrane potential can be generated even in the absence of a plasma membrane and that ion adsorption leading to a heterogeneous spatial charge distribution is an essential factor for membrane potential generation. Consequently, the authors invites people to reconsider the Association-Induction hypothesis as a genuine mechanism for generating membrane potential.

A statistical simulation is presented which reproduces the correlation obtained from EPR coincidence experiments without non-local connectivity. In addition to the spin polarization, we identify spin coherence as an attribute, and complementary to polarization, which is anti-symmetric and generates the helicity. This changes the point particle spin to a structured one with two orthogonal magnetic moments of spin $\frac{1}{2}$ each. They couple in free flight to form a spin 1, a boson. Upon encountering a filter, the boson decouples into its two independent spins axes of $\frac{1}{2}$, with one aligning with the filter and the other randomizing. The process of decoupling from a free-flight boson to a measured fermion is responsible for the quantum correlation which results in the observed violation of Bell's Inequalities. The only variable in this work is the angle that orients a spin on the Bloch sphere, first identified in the 1920's. The new features introduced here result from changing the spin symmetry from SU(2) to the quaternion group, $Q_8$.

Accelerating the green transformation of the economic development mode and promoting high-quality economic development is an international trend and the general direction. This article utilizes data from manufacturing companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2011 to 2021, based on dynamic capability theory, to explore the impact of enterprise digital transformation on green technological innovation. Furthermore, dynamic capabilities are further subdivided into absorptive capacity, innovative capacity, and adaptive capacity to investigate their mediating role. The research findings demonstrate that enterprise digital transformation has a significant positive impact on green technological innovation. Moreover, enterprise digital transformation positively influences the absorptive capacity, innovative capacity, and adaptive capacity, with these three factors playing a mediating role in the impact of enterprise digital transformation on green technological innovation. The results of the bootstrap test confirm this mediating effect. The conclusions of this study are validated through a series of robustness tests. This research not only provides theoretical support for the impact mechanism of digital transformation on green technological innovation but also offers practical insights for enterprises to achieve sustainable development.

In this paper, a class of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with impulses at variable times is considered. The existence and uniqueness of solution are given. At the same time, modifying the classical definitions of continuous dependence and Ga^teaux differentiability, some results on continuous dependence and Ga^teaux differentiable of solution relative to the initial value also are presented in new topology sense. For the autonomous impulsive system, the periodicity of solution is given. As an application, properties of solution for a type of controlled nonlinear ordinary differential equation with impulses at variable times is obtained. These results are foundation to study optimal control problems of systems governed by the differential equations with impulses at variable times.

Density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster theory (CCSD(T)) calculations are performed to investigate the geometric, electronic structures and chemical bonding of a series of Cu-doped zinc oxide clusters, CunZn3O3 (n = 1-4). The structural evolution of CunZn3O3 (n = 1-4) clusters are elaborated in our work. The planar seven-membered ring of CuZn3O3 cluster plays an important role in the structural evolution, that is, the Cu atom, Cu dimer (Cu2) and Cu trimer (Cu3) anchor on the CuZn3O3 cluster. The aggregate behavior of Cu atoms on Zn3O3 may offer insight into the study of Cu/ZnO-based catalysts. Additionally, it is found that the CunZn3O3 clusters become more stable as the Cu content (n) increases. Bader charge analysis points out that as the Cu atoms doping, the reducibility of Cu aggregation (Cun-1) on the CuZn3O3 cluster increases. Combined with the d-band centers and the surface electrostatic potential (ESP), the reactivity and the possible reaction sites of CunZn3O3 (n = 1-4) clusters are also illustrated.

From the perspective of human cognitive evolution to analyze the origin and sustained development of science, there is a puzzle, because the driving force behind cognitive evolution is natural selection, which favors biological traits improving individual adaptation rather than seeking the truth. Some scholars argue that cultural evolution provides an explanation for the development (or progress) of science, wherein scientific beliefs can be transmitted intergenerationally within the scientific community, thus continually converging toward truth. However, this explanation has ecological validity problem. Research on cultural learning strategies suggests that when choosing beliefs for imitation learning, people tend to consider contextual and content factors rather than the truth value of beliefs. On the other hand, due to the absence of universally accepted criterion for theory selection recognized by all scientists, the best theory choice always fails. I will develop a minimum model for the best theory choice to defend the scientific progress's cultural evolution approach. The criterion for the best theory choice is the mark of a scientific school's establishment and the demarcation line with each other. As a scientific school's member, a scientist could select the best theory as his/her learning model according to the school's criterion. Hence, it is plausible for the approach to explain scientific progress. Finally, my model will show a scientific school is a driver to improve the local scientific progress, and the competition between schools promotes global scientific progress. The school's size and the scientific reasoning diversity decide a result of the competition.

Magnesium, as one of the most abundant cation in the human body, plays an important role in both physiological and pathological processes. In this study, it was shown that a promising biomedical material Mg-substituted hydroxyapatite (Mg-HA) can be synthesized via fast mechanochemical method. For this method, the nature of magnesium-contained carriers was shown to be important. When using magnesium oxide as a source of magnesium, the partial insertion of magnesium cations into the apatite structure occurs. In contrast, when magnesium hydroxide or monomagnesium phosphate is used, a single-phase Mg-HA is formed. Both experimental and theoretical investigations showed that an increase in the Mg content leads to a decrease in the lattice parameters and unit cell volume of Mg-HA. Density functional theory calculations showed the high sensitivity of the lattice parameters towards the crystallographic position of the calcium site substituted by magnesium. It was shown experimentally that insertion of magnesium cations decreases the thermal stability of the hydroxyapatite. The thermal decomposition of Mg-HA leads to the formation of a mixture of stoichiometric HA, magnesium oxide and Mg-substituted tricalcium phosphate phases.

Defining measures of network efficiency and vulnerability for networks is a pivotal aspect in modern networking paradigms. We approach this problem from a game-theoretical perspective. We will consider networks in which actors have social or economic interests modeled by means of a cooperative game. This allows to define, for each network, a family of efficiency measures and another of vulnerability measures, parameterized by the game. The proposed measures use the within groups and the between groups Myerson values. These two values respectively measure which part of the classical allocation of Myerson corresponds to the productivity of players and which part to the intermediation costs. Also, which part of total centrality in social networks is due to communication or to beteewnness. In our proposal, the efficiency of a network is the proportion of the total productivity (or centrality) that players can retain using the network topology. The intermediation costs (and the betweenness centrality) can be viewed as a weakness with a negative impact. Then, we propose to calculate vulnerability as the proportion expent by players in intermediation payments. We explore the properties of these measures and we particularize them to several structures and particular games, also analyzing their asymptotic behaviour.

Although corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives have gained increased significance within the restaurant industry during the pandemic, there is a lack of understanding of how customers’ perceived risks influence their dining intentions for effective crisis response. This study investigates the relationship between perceived CSR, restaurant image, and dining intentions during the crisis. In addition, the study examines three types of perceived risks (quality, health, and environmental) associated with restaurants and their influence on perceived CSR, restaurant image, and dining intentions during this period. The results demonstrate that perceived CSR positively impacts a restaurant’s image and concurrently reduces perceived risks among consumers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Furthermore, perceived health risks have a negative influence on customers’ dining intentions. This study offers valuable insights into the theoretical foundations and managerial implications of CSR’s effects and risk management, particularly in the context of future pandemics within the restaurant industry.

It is essential to consider the factors that affect early childhood development because doing so can help identify potential risks and window of opportunity for intervention to improve outcomes for children. However, identifying risk and protective factors in early childhood requires careful consideration of several challenges and an integrated approach that recognises the complex and dynamic nature of development. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the prevalent psychosocial risk and protective factors in the early childhood development phase, using an ecological perspective. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional study using a random sampling technique. The final sample consisted of 505 caregivers of children aged 5 years old and younger. This study revealed that the most prevalent protective factors include child self-regulation, parent-child warmth, family management and collective efficacy but more importantly social support. While risk factors may exist this is mitigated by social support as it moderates and buffers against the effects of risk factors, as indicated by the various research studies cited.

Recently, historians have discussed the relevance of the nineteenth-century mathematical discipline of projective geometry for early modern classical logic in relation to possible solutions to semantic problems facing it. In this paper I consider Hegel’s Science of Logic as an attempt to provide a projective geometrical alternative to the implicit Euclidean underpinnings of Aristotle’s syllogistic logic. While this proceeds via Hegel’s acceptance of the role of the three means of Pythagorean music theory in Plato’s cosmology, the relevance of this can be separated from any fanciful “music of the spheres” approach by the fact that common mathematical structures underpin both music theory and projective geometry, as suggested in the name of projective geometry’s principal invariant, the “harmonic cross-ratio”. Here I demonstrate this common structure in terms of the phenomenon of “inverse foreshortening”. As with recent suggestions concerning the relevance of projective geometry for logic, Hegel’s modifications of Aristotle respond to semantic problems of his logic.

We review the topological gauge theory description of Josephson junction arrays (JJA), fabricated systems which exhibit the superconductor to insulator transition (SIT). This description revealed the topological nature of the phases appearing at the SIT and lead to the discovery of a new state of matter, the superinsulator, characterized by an infinite resistance, even at finite temperature, due to linear confinement of electric charges. This discovery is particularly relevant for the physics of superconducting films with emergent granularity, which are modeled by JJA, and share the same phase diagram.

In an urban context, the street network can be considered the most substantial element, as its role is to create the whole urban setting. The street network is a spatial pattern that can be recognized as a linkage bonding other components of the urban context, such as buildings and open spaces. Basically, the street is not only a collection of lines that transfer people, vehicles and goods but also denote a broad range of activities and influences people’s responses. In this respect, some studies address the street as a network that entails two key elements, link and node; the link can be defined by the type of mechanism that it connects, while the node can be identified according to the analysis technique. Defining the street’s elements is a crucial step in ascertaining the expression of whatever is a link or/and a node. Thus, some scholars use the link to refer to a street, and node for the intersection, while others employ the opposite meaning. Two different viewpoints deal with spatial network analysis; the first is a technique based on topological depth, such as Space Syntax SS, and the second is Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA) that is employed for metric analysis. This paper compares Space Syntax (SS) and Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA) by measuring the integration and centrality of the street, and highlights the points of similarity and difference between the two techniques.

In this work we report recent theoretical calculations of a superconducting island in a strong vortex confinement regime. The obtained results reveal the evolution of superconducting condensate as a function of electron mean-free path (l) with the evolution of an applied magnetic field H0. The results of this study provide an insight about the emergent superconducting properties under such conditions, using the Ginzburg-Landau numerical simulations where spatial variation of thickness d on island, omnipresent in these kind of structures grown on Si (111), is taken into account. These results offer a new route to tailor superconducting circuits by using the controlled bombardment, in order to explore the impact on vortex distribution, phase of order parameter, number of vortices, free energy and the first H1 and second critical field H2.

Application of the Ramsey Theory to the set of the points placed in the plane is discussed. Consider a set of N points located in the same plane. The straight lines connecting these points are yikx=αikx+βik i,k=1...N. Listed below values of slopes αik are possible: αik>0; αik=0; αik is not defined; αik<0. Following coloring procedure is introduced: we connect the pairs of points for which αik>0, αik=0 or αik is not defined, with the red links, and the pairs of points for which αik<0 place with green links. The suggested coloring procedure enables building of the complete bi-colored graph for any set containing N points located in the same plane. We apply the Ramsey theorem to the complete graph emerging from the suggested coloring. For the set containing N=6 points at least one monochromatic triangle will necessarily appear in the graph. The values of the slopes αik depend on the chosen coordinate system. The rotation of coordinate axes changes the coloring of the graph; however, at least one monochromatic triangle will be present for N=6. The introduced coloring procedure diminishes the order of the symmetry group of the regular hexagon, irrespectively to the orientation of the coordinate axes. We hypothesized that this will be true for arbitrary regular n-polygon, independently on the orientation of coordinate axes. The inverse bi-color Ramsey graphs arise, when we replace red links appearing in the source graph with red ones, and vice versa. The total number of triangles in the “direct” and “inverse” Ramsey graphs is the same. We considered the particular case of the set of points for which αik>0 or αik<0 is true in the given coordinates. In this particular case, the rotation of the Cartesian coordinate axes to the angle θ=π2 yields the inverse complete graph. Generalization of this coloring for an arbitrary number and arbitrary location of the source points is introduced.

A deterministic compartment model for the transmission dynamics of onchocerciasis with nonlinear incidence functions in two interacting populations is studied. The model is quantitatively analyzed to investigate it's local asymptotic behavior with respect to disease-free and endemic equilibria. It is shown, using Routh-Hurwitz criteria, that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than the unity. When the reproduction number is greater than the unity, we prove the existence of a locally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium. Furthermore, bifurcation analysis was done by investigating the possibility of the co-existence of the equilibria of the model at R0<0 but near R0=0 by Center Manifold Theory.

This study seeks to interrogate the degree to which lecturers and students of higher institutions in Nigeria perceive the role of lecturers doubling as parents under the term lecturenting, i.e., a coinage used to refer to a person who performs the dual roles of lecturing and parenting students of higher institutions. The study is based on Professor Obiora Ike’s ideology of communication of values, normally applicable to traditionally homes only. The research used a quantitative survey of 266 undergraduates and 109 lecturers, totaling 375 respondents from two purposively selected higher institutions in Nigeria, namely: Edo state University Uzairue and Federal Polytechnic Auchi, both in Etsako West Local Government Area of Edo state, Nigeria. A questionnaire with a set of nine semi-structured questions was used to obtain data from the students during the school semesters between July 15 and August 31, 2022. The study was based on the value theory. Findings indicate that lecturers frequently engage in lecturenting which helped improve the academic performance of students but shows that students do not want lecturenting on their behavioral change. The study concludes that the more lecturers engage in Lecturenting, the more positive impact it will have on their students. It is recommended that lecturers should engage in the practice of lecturenting as it helps to improve student academic performance and that students should perceive lecturenting as positive as well as be favorably disposed to it and approach their lecturers for counselling frequently.

Indonesian crypto asset owners are expanding despite the government's ban. Crypto assets are too risky for Indonesian investors. This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior and exogenous variables like financial literacy, trust, and government regulation to determine the causes of the intention to invest in crypto assets. Exogenous variables and behavioral intentions were moderated by gender. The study employs a quantitative approach, collecting data through a questionnaire survey of 149 adults over the age of 17 who have invested in non-crypto assets. SmartPLS was used to analyze research data. Financial literacy and trust, according to the study's findings, have an impact on the intention to invest in crypto assets. Gender can moderate the relationship between belief and behavioral intention. Women are more likely than men to invest in crypto assets due to the block chain system's security, transparency, and ease of use. This research is expected to help the government address the risks associated with investing in crypto assets by increasing transaction security with futures clearing and monitoring by using third parties as depositors. It also governs the laws governing crypto exchanges' liability to their investors.

The need for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies is increasingly being leveraged for optimizing Data centers’ (DCs’) operations as the volume of operations management data increase tremendously. These strategies can assist operators in better understanding their DC operations and making informed decisions up front to preserve service reliability and availability. Aiming at creating models that optimize energy efficiency, identify inefficient resource utilization and scheduling policies, and predict outages. Apart from model hyperparameter tuning, feature selection is a crucial step to identify relevant features with the objective of providing insight into the data, improving performance, and reducing computational expenses. Although several feature selection methods have been discussed in various domains, none have been discussed in the context of the data center. This paper introduces SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP), a class of additive feature attribution values-based feature selection that is rarely discussed in literature. We compared the effectiveness of SHAP method with several widely used methods. We used a real DC dataset obtained from the ENEA CRESCO6 cluster with 2,0832 cores to evaluate the methods. To demonstrate the comparison of the methods, we picked the top 10 most important features from each method, the predictions were retrained, and their performance was evaluated using MAE, RMSE, and MPAE. The results show that the SHAP-assisted feature selection performed best and align with human intuition.

Previous studies implied the different behavioral intention formation of a specific object for individuals in different age groups, but few research to Chinese consumers’ sustainable fast fashion behaviour were found considering the enormous amount of consumption and waste of fast fashion products in China. Meanwhile, as a fast developing country, it might be insufficient to conduct research ignoring the consequences of different education level and growing environment among different generations. Thus, to generate in-depth and heuristic Chinese consumers information, this study developed proposed theoretical framework (TORA) based on research by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), while the validity among Chinese consumers was tested as well. Following the TORA model, this study aims to investigate if consumers’ age will moderate the relationship between attitude and intention, and the relationship between subjective norms to behavioral intention. Through structural equation modelling in AMOS, it was found that the model has a well fit to large sample of Chinese consumers, while the moderation effect of age was not significant in the whole sample. Further hierarchical regression analysis conducted in SPSS and Process was able to locate the moderation effect of if divide the consumers into groups by age. Which is, age is significantly and positively moderating the path subjective norms to intention in younger generation (18-25), but significantly positive moderating attitude to intention in consumers aged 26-39. Implications in marketing and to policy makers are discussed at the end of this research.

Ramsey theory influences the dynamics of mechanical systems, which may be described as abstract complete graphs. We address a mechanical system which is completely interconnected with the two kinds of ideal Hookean springs. The suggested system mechanically corresponds to the cyclic molecules, in which functional groups are interconnected with two kinds of chemical bonds, represented mechanically with two springs k1 and k2. In this paper, we consider a Cyclic system (molecule) built of six equal masses m and two kinds of springs. We pose the following question: what is the minimal number of masses in the such a system in which three masses are constrained to be connected with spring k1 or three masses to be connected with spring k2? The answer to this question is supplied by the Ramsey theory, and it is formally stated as follows: what is the minimal number R3,3? The result emerging from the Ramsey theory is R3,3=6. Thus, in the aforementioned interconnected mechanical system will be necessarily present the triangles (at least one triangle), built of masses and springs. This prediction constitutes the vibrational spectrum of the system. Thus, the Ramsey Theory supplies the selection rules for the vibrational spectra of the cyclic molecules. Symmetrical system built of six vibrating entities is addressed. The Ramsey approach works for 2D and 3D molecules, which may be described as abstract complete graphs. The extension of the proposed Ramsey approach to the systems, partially connected by ideal springs, viscoelastic systems and systems, in which elasticity is of an entropy nature is discussed. “Multi-color systems” built of three kinds of ideal springs are addressed. The notion of the inverse Ramsey network is introduced and analyzed.

The thermodynamic phase behavior of charged polymers is a crucial property underlying their role in biology and various industrial applications. A complete understanding of the phase behaviors of such polymer solutions remains challenging due to the multi-component nature of the system and the delicate interplay among various factors, including the translational entropy of each component, excluded volume interactions, chain connectivity, electrostatic interactions, and other specific interactions. In this work, the phase behavior of partially charged, ion-containing polymers in polar solvents is studied by further developing a liquid-state (LS) theory with local short-range interactions. This work is based on the LS theory developed for fully-charged polyelectrolyte solutions. Specific interactions between charged groups of the polymer and counterions, between neutral segments of the polymer, and between charged segments of the polymer are incorporated into the LS theory by an extra Helmholtz free energy from the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT). The influence of the sequence structure of the partially charged polymer is modeled by the number of connections between bonded segments. The effects of chain length, charge fraction, counterion valency, and specific short-range interactions are explored. A computational App for salt-free polymer solutions is developed and presented, which allows easy computation of the binodal curve and critical point by specifying values for the relevant model parameters.

Hydrogen-bond (H-bond) energies in 310-helices of short alanine peptides were systematically examined by precise DFT calculations with the negative fragmentation approach (NFA), a modified method based on the molecular tailoring approach. The contribution of each H-bond was evaluated in detail from the 310-helical conformation of total energies (whole helical model; WH3-10 model), and the results were compared with the property of H-bond in a-helix from our previous study. The H-bond energies of the WH3-10 model exhibited tendencies different from those exhibited by the -helix, in that they depended on the helical position of the relevant H-bond pair. H-bond pairs adjacent to the terminal H-bond pairs were observed to be strongly destabilized. The analysis of electronic structures indicated that structural characteristics cause the destabilization of the H-bond in 310-helices. We also found that the longer the helix length, the more stable the H-bond in the terminal pairs of the WH3-10 model, suggesting the action of H-bond cooperativity.

Carbazole is one of the typical heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-HETs) observed in pol-luted urban atmosphere, which has become a serious environmental concern. The most im-portant atmospheric loss process of carbazole is the reaction with OH radical. The present work investigated the mechanism of OH-initiated atmospheric oxidation degradation of carbazole by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,2p)//M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) level. The rate constants were determined by the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory. The lifetime of carbazole determined by OH was compared with other typical NSO-HETs. The theoretical results show that the degradation of carbazole initiated by OH radical includes four types of reactions: OH additions to “bend” C atoms, OH additions to “benzene ring” C atoms, H abstractions from C-H bonds and the H ab-straction from N-H bond. The OH addition to C1 atom and the H abstraction from N-H bond are energetically favorable. The main oxidation products are hydroxycarbazole, dialdehyde, carba-zolequinone, carbazole-ol, hydroxy-carbazole-one and hydroperoxyl-carbazole-one. The calcu-lated overall rate constant of carbazole oxidation by OH radical is 6.52 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and the atmospheric lifetime is 43.92 h under the condition of 298 K and 1 atm. The lifetime of carbazole determined by OH radical is similar with that of dibenzothiophene oxidation but longer than those of pyrrole, indole, dibenzofuran and fluorene. This work provides a better understanding of the reactivity of carbazole in the atmospheric environment, the formation of secondary organic aerosols, and the chemical degradation and removal of carbazole in the at-mospheric environment.

Turbulence is a fluid dynamic problem refractory to mathematical treatment. Examining a theoretical model of liquid water flowing in a cylinder at different Raleigh numbers, we propose a novel approach to elucidate the first stages of turbulent flows. The weakly bonded molecular assemblies of liquid water form a fluctuating branched polymer in which every micro-cluster displays different density. Against the common view of liquid water as an incompressible and continuous fluid, we suggest that the occurrence of transient local aggregates could be able to generate the vortices and eddies that are the hallmarks of turbulence. We quantify the local changes in velocity, diameter and density required to engender “obstacles” to the average flow. Then, we show how these microstructures, equipped with different Raleigh numbers and characterized by high percolation index, could generate boundary layers that contribute to micro-vortices production. We conclude that the genesis of turbulence cannot be assessed in terms of collective phenomena, rather is sustained, among many other factors, by the underrated microscopic inhomogeneities of fluids like liquid water.

The ongoing exponential growth of human population poses a risk to sustainable development goals (SDGs). Unless we understand the drivers of this growth and inform policy development accordingly, SDGs would remain a dream. One of the old theories of population growth known as the Malthusian theory predicts that resource availability drives population growth to a certain time when population growth outrun resource availability, leading to all sort of crises known as Malthusian crisis. Although the link between economic growth and population has been widely investigated while testing the theory, little is known about environmental and social factors po-tentially driving population growth. Here, because of various crises of our time recalling the Malthusian crisis, we revisited the theory by fitting structural equation models to environmental, social and economic data collected over 30-year period in South Africa. None of the social varia-bles tested predicts population growth. Instead, we found that biodiversity (species protection index) correlates positively with population growth. Biodiversity provides various resources through ecosystem goods and services to human, thus supporting population growth as pre-dicted in the Malthusian theory. However, we also found that this population growth may lead to conservation conflict as we found that biodiversity habitat (wetland area) correlates negatively with population growth, thus raising the compromising effect of population growth on life on earth. What’s more, we found a significant link between economic growth measured as GDP and population growth, further supporting the Malthusian prediction. Overall, our study re-affirms the value of biodiversity to human and suggests that the Malthusian theory should continuously be tested with predictors other than economic.

The ageing transformation of digital health services faces issues of how to distinguish influencing factors, redesign services, and effectively promote measures and policies. In this study, in-depth interviews are conducted and grounded theory applied to open coding, main axis coding, and selective coding to form concepts and categories. Trajectory equifinality modeling clarified the evolution logic of digital transformation. Based on the theory of service ecology, a digital health service ageing model is constructed from the "macro-medium-micro" stages and includes governance, service, and technology transformation paths. The macro stage relies on organizational elements to promote the institutionalization of management and guide the transformation of governance for value realization, including the construction of three categories: mechanism, indemnification, and decision-making. The meso stage relies on service elements to promote service design and realize service transformation suitable for aging design, including the construction of three categories: organization, resources, and processes. The micro stage relies on technical elements to practice experiencing humanization, including the construction of three categories: target, methods, and evaluation. These results deepen the understanding of the main behaviors and roles of macro-organizational, meso-service, and micro-technical elements in digital transformation practice and have positive significance for health administrative agencies to implement action strategies.

Ramsey’s theory (RAM) from combinatorics and network theory goes looking for regularities and repeated patterns inside structures equipped with nodes and edges. RAM represents the outcome of a dual methodological commitment: by one side a top-down approach evaluates the possible arrangement of specific subgraphs when the number of graph’s vertices is already known, by another side a bottom-up approach calculates the possible number of graph’s vertices when the arrangement of specific subgraphs is already known. Since natural neural networks are often represented in terms of graphs, we suggest to utilize RAM for the analytical and computational assessment of a peculiar structure supplied with neuronal vertices and axonal edges, i.e., the human brain connectome. We discuss how a RAM approach in neuroscientific issues might be able to locate and trace unexplored motifs shared between different cortical and subcortical subareas. Furthermore, we will describe how notable RAM outcomes, such as the Ramsey’s theorem and the Ramsey’s number, could contribute to uncover still unknown anatomical connexions endowed in neuronal networks and unexpected functional interactions among grey zones of the human brain.

The Simplified Spherical Harmonic (SPN) approximation was first introduced as a three-dimensional (3-D) extension of the plane-geometry Spherical Harmonic (PN) equations. A third order SPN (SP3) solver, recently implemented in the Nodal Expansion Method (NEM), has shown promising performance in the reactor core neutronics simulations. This work is focused on the development and implementation of the transport corrected interface and boundary conditions in NEM SP3 solver, following recent published work on the rigorous SPN theory for piecewise homogeneous regions. A streamlined procedure has been developed to generate the flux zero and second order/moment discontinuity factors (DFs) of the generalized equivalence theory to eliminate the error introduced by pin-wise homogenization. Moreover, several color set models with varying size and configuration are later explored for their capability of generating DFs that can produce results equivalent to that using the whole-core homogenization model for more practical implementations. The new developments are tested and demonstrated on the C5G7 benchmark. The results show that the transport corrected SP3 solver shows general improvements to power distribution prediction compared to the basic SP3 solver with no DFs or only zero order/moment DFs. The complete equivalent calculations using the DFs can almost reproduce transport solutions with high accuracy. The use of equivalent parameters from larger size color set models show better prediction in the whole-core calculations. By coupling different color set models DFs can offer the best accuracy at both eigenvalues and power distributions.

Adenine and thymine homopolymer strings of at least 8 nucleotides (AT 8+mers) were characterized in Salmonella entericasubspecies I. The motif differed between cother taxonomic classes but not between Salmonella enterica serovars. The motif in plasmids was associated with serovar. Approximately 12.3% of the S. enterica motif loci had mutations. Mutability of AT 8+mers suggests that genomes undergo frequent repair to maintain optimal gene content, and that the motif facilitates self-recognition; in addition, serovar diversity is associated with plasmid content. A theory that genome regeneration accounts for both persistence of predominant Salmonella serovars and serovar diversity provides a new framework for investigating root causes of foodborne illness.

Accurate prediction of the membrane potential by membrane theory is possible on the basis that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and that permeability determines the characteristics of the membrane potential. However, an experimental and artificial cell system with an impermeable membrane serving as a model plasma membrane has a non-zero membrane potential, and this potential generated across the membrane is somehow consistent with the potential characteristics predicted by the membrane theory, despite the impermeability of the membrane to ions. A long-forgotten theory, called the association-induction hypothesis (AIH), has emerged as a more plausible mechanism for generating the membrane potential than the membrane theory to explain this unexpected behavior. The AIH asserts that ion-selective membrane permeability is not necessary for the generation of the membrane potential, which is contrary to the membrane theory. Although such an idea is not easy to accept, the experimental results clearly suggest the correctness of the AIH.

The main aim of sustainable development is to ensure an intelligible and long-lasting balance between the economy, society, and the environment. Sustainable tourism could only be successful if the inter-relationships between all three dimensions are accepted. In the limited number of research analyses, the focus of the research is on competition between tourist countries and destinations. This study has used Game theory to analyze the competition applies time-series data in selected neighboring countries measure of a VAR-based spillover index, developed by [1] to investigate the time-varying relationship between tourism and Gross Domestic Product. Each country analyzed Vector Error Correction (VEC) and Granger analysis to explore the causal short and long-term tourism and use a sample that spans from 1997 to 2019. From the main results of Cholesky, the total spillover index is 59.0% between Russia and Mongolia which suggests a moderate interdependence among the four variables. Findings indicate that neither China nor Mongolia have a short-run influence on tourism development. China's inbound tourism is affected in the long run by Mongolia's inbound tourism but not vice versa can be explained by the fact that the number of tourists visiting Mongolia would include China in their travels.

We study spherically symmetric spacetimes in Einstein-aether theory in three different coordinate systems, the isotropic, Painlev\`e-Gullstrand, and Schwarzschild coordinates, and present both time-dependent and time-independent exact vacuum solutions. In particular, in the isotropic coordinates we find a class of exact static solutions characterized bya single parameter $c_{14}$ in closed forms, which satisfies all the current observational constraints of the theory, and reduces to the Schwarzschild vacuum black hole solution in the decoupling limit ($c_{14} = 0$). However, as long as $c_{14} \not= 0$, a marginally trapped throat with a finite non-zero radius always exists, and in one side of it the spacetime is asymptotically flat, while in the other side the spacetime becomes singular within a finite proper distance from the throat, although the geometric area is infinitely large at the singularity. Moreover, the singularity is a strong and spacetime curvature singularity, at which both of the Ricci and Kretschmann scalars become infinitely large.

Fractals and multifractals are well-known trademarks of nonlinear dynamics and classical chaos. The goal of this work is to tentatively uncover the unforeseen path from multifractals and selfsimilarity to the framework of effective field theory (EFT). An intriguing finding is that the partition function of multifractal geometry includes a signature analogous to that of gravitational interaction. Our results also suggest that multifractal geometry may offer insights into the non-renormalizable interactions presumed to develop beyond the Standard Model scale.

As paradigm of complex behavior, multifractals describe the underlying geometry of self-similar objects or processes. Building on the connection between entropy and multifractals, we show here that the generalized dimension of geodesic trajectories in General Relativity coincides with the four-dimensionality of classical spacetime.

With a longer-term goal of addressing the comparative behavior of the aqueous halides F$^-$, Cl$^-$, Br$^-$, and I$^-$ on the basis of quasi-chemical theory (QCT), here we study structures and free energies of hydration clusters for those anions. We confirm that energetically optimal $(\mathrm{H_2O})_n\mathrm{X}$ clusters, with X = Cl$^-$, Br$^-$, and I$^-$, exhibit \emph{surface} hydration structures. Computed free energies based on optimized surface hydration structures utilizing a harmonic approximation, typically (but not always) disagree with experimental free energies. To remedy the harmonic approximation, we utilize single-point electronic structure calculations on cluster geometries sampled from an AIMD (\emph{ab initio} molecular dynamics) simulation stream. This \emph{rough-landscape} procedure is broadly satisfactory and suggests unfavorable ligand crowding as the physical effect corrected. Nevertheless, this procedure can break down when $n \gtrsim 4$, with the characteristic discrepancy resulting from a relaxed definition of clustering in the identification of $(\mathrm{H_2O})_n\mathrm{X}$ clusters, including ramified structures natural in \emph{physical cluster theories.} With ramified structures, the central equation for the present rough-landscape approach can acquire some inconsistency. Extension of these physical cluster theories in the direction of QCT should remedy that issue, and should be the next step in this research direction.

Glass samples (59.5 – x) B2O3 – 20Na2O – 20CaO – xV2O5 – Er2O3 – 0.5AgCl (x = 0 – 2.5 mol%) were prepared using melt – quenching method to investigate the structural and optical properties of the glass. The structural of the glass were characterized by using XRD, TEM and FTIR, meanwhile the optical properties were characterized by UV – VIS absorption. The XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples. FTIR confirmed the presence of VO4, VO5, BO3, and BO4 vibration, and this result showed NBO increased with increasing vanadium concentration. The UV – Vis – NIR spectra exhibits six absorption band centered at 490, 520, 540, 660, 800, and 980 nm. The optical band gap (Eopt), Urbach energy and refractive index shown decrease, increase and increase, respectively. The Judd – Ofelt intensity parameter reveal the trends was Ω2 &gt; Ω4 &gt; Ω6. There are three emission bands at 516 nm, 580 nm, and 673 nm which are represented by 2H11/2 – 4I15/2, 4S3/2 – 4I15/2, and 4F15/2 – 4I15/2, respectively under 800 nm excitation was obtained.

Significant efforts in the past decades to teach evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation has emphasized increasing knowledge of EBP and developing interventions to support adoption to practice. These efforts have resulted in only limited sustained improvements in the daily use of evidence-based interventions in clinical practice in most health professions. Many new interven-tions with limited evidence of effectiveness are readily adopted each year - indicating openness to change is not the problem. The selection of an intervention is the outcome of an elaborate and complex cognitive process which is shaped by how they represent the problem in their mind and is mostly invisible processes to others. Therefore, the complex thinking process which support appropriate adoption of interventions should be taught more explicitly. Making the process visible to clinicians increases the acquisition of the skills required to judiciously select one in-tervention over others. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the selection process and the critical analysis that is required to appropriately decide to trial or not trial new intervention strategies with patients.

The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of strongly nucleophilic norbornadiene (NBD) with simplest diazoalkane (DAA) and three DAAs of increased electrophilicity have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) computational level. These pmr-type 32CA reactions follow an asynchronous one-step mechanism with activation enthalpies ranging from 17.7 to 27.9 kcal·mol-1 in acetonitrile. The high exergonic character of these reactions makes them irreversible. The presence of electron-withdrawing (EW) substituents in the DAA increases the activation enthalpies, in complete agreement with the experimental slowing-down of the reactions, but contrary to the Conceptual DFT prediction. Despite the nucleophilic and electrophilic character of the reagents, the global electron density transfer at the TSs indicates rather non-polar 32CA reactions. The present MEDT study allows establishing that the depopulation of the NNC core in this series of DAAs with the increase of the EW character of the substituents present at the carbon center is responsible for the experimentally found deceleration.

We study the hadron-quark hybrid equation of state (EOS) of compact-star matter. The Nambu—Jona-Lasinio (NJL) local SU(3) model with vector-type interaction is used to describe the quark matter phase, while the relativistic mean field (RMF) theory with scalar-isovector $\delta$-meson effective field adopted to describe the hadronic matter phase. It is shown that the larger the vector coupling constant, the lower the threshold density for the appearance of strange quarks. For a sufficiently small value of the vector coupling constant, the functions of the mass dependence on the baryonic chemical potential have regions of ambiguity which leads to a phase transition in non-strange quark matter with an abrupt change in the baryon number density. We show that within the framework of the NJL model, the hypothesis on the absolute stability of strange quark matter is not realized. In order to describe the phase transition from hadronic matter to quark matter, the Maxwell's construction is applied. It is shown that the greater the vector coupling, the greater the stiffness of the EOS for quark matter and the phase transition pressure. Our results indicate that the infinitesimal core of the quark phase, formed in the center of the neutron star, is stable.

Complex dynamical fluctuations, from molecular noise within cells, collective intelligence, brain dynamics or computer traffic have been shown to display noisy behaviour consistent with a critical state between order and disorder. Living close to the critical point can have a number of adaptive advantages and it has been conjectured that evolution could select (and even tend to) these critical states. One way of approaching such state is by means of so-called self-organized criticality (SOC) where the system poises itself close to the critical point. Is this the case of living cells? It is difficult to test this idea given the enormous dimensionality associated with gene and metabolic webs. In this paper, we present an alternative approach: to engineer synthetic gene networks displaying SOC behaviour. This is achieved by exploiting the presence of a saturation (congestion) phenomenon of the ClpXP protein degradation machinery in E. coli cells. Using a feedback design that detects and then reduces ClpXP congestion, a {\em critical motif} is built from a two-gene network system, where SOC can be successfully implemented. Both deterministic and stochastic models are used, consistently supporting the presence of criticality in intracellular traffic. The potential implications for both cellular dynamics and designed intracellular noise are discussed.

The Kolkata Paise Restaurant Problem is a very challenging game, where n agents have to decide where they will have lunch on a busy day during their lunch break. The game is very interesting because there are exactly n restaurants and each restaurant can accommodate only one agent. If two or more agents happen to choose the same restaurants, only one gets served and the others have to return back to work hungry. In this paper, we tackle this problem from an entirely new angle. We abolish certain implicit assumptions, which allows us to propose a novel strategy with greater utilization of the restaurants and overall efficiency. We emphasize the spatially distributed nature of our approach, which, for the first time, perceives the locations of the restaurants as uniformly distributed in the entire city area. This critical change in perspective has profound ramifications in the topological layout of the restaurants, which now makes it completely realistic to assume that every agent has a second chance. Every agent now may visit, in case of failure, more than one restaurants, within the predefined time constraints. From the point of view of each agent, the situation now resembles more that of the iconic travelling salesman, who must compute an optimal route through n cities. Following this shift in paradigm, we advocate the use of metaheuristics, as exacts solution of the TSP are prohibitively expensive, because they can produce near-optimal solutions in a very short amount of time. The use of metaheuristics enables each agent to compute her own personalized solution, incorporating her preferences, and providing alternative destinations in case of successive failures. We analyze rigorously the resulting situation, proving probabilistic formulas that confirm the advantages of this policy and the increase in utilization. The detailed mathematical analysis of our scheme demonstrates that it can achieve utilization ranging from .85 to 0.95 from the first day, while rapidly attaining steady state utilization 1.0. Moreover, the equations we have developed generalize previously presented formulas in the literature, which can be shown to be special cases of our results.

Three different approaches show that, contrary to a longstanding conviction older than 160 years, the advance of Mercury perihelion can be achieved in Newtonian gravity with a very high precision by correctly analysing the situation without neglecting Mercury’s mass. General relativity remains more precise than Newtonian physics, but Newtonian framework is more powerful than researchers and astronomers were thinking till now, at least for the case of Mercury. The Newtonian formula of the advance of planets' perihelion breaks down for the other planets. The predicted Newtonian result is indeed too strong for Venus and Earth. Therefore, it is also shown that corrections due to gravitational and rotational time dilation, in an intermediate framework which analyzes gravity between Newton and Einstein, solve the problem. By adding such corrections, a result consistent with the one of general relativity is indeed obtained. Thus, the most important results of this paper are two: i) It is not correct that Newtonian theory cannot predict the anomalous rate of precession of the perihelion of planets' orbit. The real problem is instead that a pure Newtonian prediction is too strong. ii) Perihelion's precession can be achieved with the same precision of general relativity by extending Newtonian gravity through the inclusion of gravitational and rotational time dilation effects. This second result is in agreement with a couple of recent and interesting papers of Hansen, Hartong and Obers. Differently from such papers, in the present work the importance of rotational time dilation is also highlighted.

In the application of classical nucleation theory (CNT) and all other theoretical models of crystallization of liquids and glasses it is always assumed that nucleation proceeds only after the supercooled liquid or the glass have completed structural relaxation processes towards the metastable equilibrium state. Only employing such assumption, the thermodynamic driving force of crystallization and the surface tension can be determined in the way it is commonly performed. The present paper is devoted to the theoretical treatment of a different situation when nucleation proceeds concomitantly with structural relaxation. To treat the nucleation kinetics theoretically for such cases, we need adequate expressions for the thermodynamic driving force and the surface tension accounting for the contributions caused by the deviation of the supercooled liquid from metastable equilibrium. In the present paper, such relations are derived. They are expressed via deviations of structural order parameters from their equilibrium values. Relaxation processes result in changes of the structural order parameters with time. As a consequence, the thermodynamic driving force and surface tension, and basic characteristics of crystal nucleation, such as the work of critical cluster formation and the steady-state nucleation rate, also become time-dependent. We show that this scenario may be realized in the vicinity and below the glass transition temperature, and it may occur only if diffusion (controlling nucleation) and viscosity (controlling the alpha-relaxation process) in the liquid decouple. Analytical estimates are illustrated and confirmed by numerical computations for a model system. The theory is successfully applied to the interpretation of experimental data. Several further consequences of this newly developed theoretical treatment are discussed in detail. In line with our previous investigations, we reconfirm that only when the characteristic times of structural relaxation are of similar order of magnitude or longer than the characteristic times of crystal nucleation, elastic stresses evolving in nucleation may significantly affect this process. Completing the analysis of elastic stress effects, for the first time expressions are derived for the dependence of the surface tension of critical crystallites on elastic stresses. As the result, a comprehensive theoretical description of crystal nucleation accounting appropriately for the effects of deviations of the liquid from the metastable states and of relaxation on crystal nucleation of glass-forming liquids, including the effect of simultaneous stress evolution and stress relaxation on nucleation, is now available. As one if its applications, this theoretical treatment provides a new tool for the explanation of the low-temperature anomaly in nucleation in silicate and polymer glasses (the so-called \breakdown" of CNT at temperatures below the temperature of the maximum steady-state nucleation rate). We show that this anomaly results from much more complex features of crystal nucleation in glasses caused by deviations from metastable equilibrium (resulting in changes of the thermodynamic driving force, the surface tension, and the work of critical cluster formation, in the necessity to account of structural relaxation and stress effects) than assumed so far.

This work promotes new methods in Mathematical Modeling, consisting in the use of the methods of Non-standard Analysis in Topoi, having as its main purpose, the mathematical definitions of the pseudoparticles from the title, with arguments from Biology/Physiology (Mathematical Neuroscience), Physics (String Theory and Emergent Quantum Mechanics), and Cybernetics (Global Brain, including Natural and Artificial Intelligence). The connections between brain and mind will be scketched via the genetic/epigenetic interplay. The topoi model the intuitionistic logic (multi-valued) and have been used in Quantum Physics while Non-Standard Analysis in SET (= the Category of sets) has been applied in Mathematical Economics; topics from Theory of Categories were also used in the study of Consciousness; however, the combination topoi - non-standard analysis was never used until now in Applied Mathematics. Another important objective is to produce progress in this aria of Pure Mathematics also - the build of non-standard analysis in classes of topoi, already used in Physics. We propose the logic of non-standard extensions in topoi as a model of the human thinking (based on infons/receptons), these theories representing new top and very difficult results in Abstract Mathematics either.

Objectives: This study proposes a model that integrates three determinants of social cognitive theory (SCT) to explain the impact of FoMO on SNS usage. Design: A cross-sectional study is conducted using data for 259 participants recruited from a website. Main Outcome Measures: The analysis focuses on FoMO, social influence, positive outcome expectancy, refusal self-efficacy, and SNS-related behavior cloud-based sites. Data are examined using descriptive analysis and structural equation modeling. Results: The proposed model reported proper goodness of fit. FoMO does not directly or indirectly impact SNS usage through the determinants of SCT. However, social influence and refusal self-efficacy have a direct effect. Conclusions: The roles of the three determinants of SCT vary by stage of SNS usage. FoMO and refusal self-efficacy are more strongly related with SNS addiction. Further research, particularly longitudinal and intervention studies, is needed to examine the effects of specific factors on SNS addiction.

To embrace the special theory of relativity with classical thermodynamics correct Lorentz transformations of thermodynamic state functions are formulated. All of these Lorentz transformations of state functions equally support the time dilation phenomenon which is experimentally verified fact. Relativistic Boltzmann constant proves entropy to be the Lorentz variant. Twin paradox thought experiments for heat engines prove heat flux to be Lorentz variant. Lorentz transformation of entropy and heat flux proves temperature Lorentz invariant. All thermodynamic state functions are proved to be Lorentz variant which is shown in accord with Lorentz transformation of thermodynamic work.

Change orders have received considerable attention from researchers thus far, but none have considered pricing strategies of change orders through the interaction between general contractors and subcontractors. Previous studies found that contractors’ opportunistic bidding considering beyond-contractual reward (BCR) in the execution stage can be reduced by improving the construction management system and strengthening the supervision of contractors’ performance. However, the BCR remains in ecology of construction engineering. This study proposes an integrated evolutionary game theory-system dynamics model (ET-SD model) and simulates the pricing strategy of change orders between general contractors and subcontractors to explore the root cause of BCR phenomenon. Sensitivity analysis on the evolutionary dynamics of payoff is explored. Results reveal that change orders with BCR maintain Nash equilibrium and evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) unless changing the payoff structure between general and subcontractors’ pricing strategies. This study presents important managerial insights from the evolutionary game perspectives, nature of change orders, and payoff of the alternative.

The commonly used words ‘transformation’ and ‘transition’ tend to lose their edge when used for any significant change process as is rather often the case. Partners and wider stakeholders in initiatives related to ‘sustainability transitions’ therefore often entertain different perspectives on what the strategic orientation of an initiative is or is meant to be. Common planning and design processes such as situation analysis and theories of change, however, often do not sufficiently cater to this dynamic. As a result, different actors may be pulling the initiative in different directions, undermining the overall partnership efforts. In this short contribution a strategic scoping canvas and an associated facilitation process are presented as a way of addressing such situations. Illustrations are provided of initial application in three cases related to food system transitions in Peru, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh, exploring the connectivity with approaches commonly used in the context of system transformations, including the Multi-Level Perspective on sustainability transitions, the Leverage Points approach, Capability Approach, and the theory of Large System Change. We conclude that the canvas and associated facilitation approach has proved useful in different contexts, offering opportunities for complementing existing methodologies, and potentially enhancing their efficacy in facilitated multi-stakeholder processes.

Synthesis and characterization of anhydrous LiZn(IO₃)₃ powders prepared from an aqueous solution are reported. Morphological and compositional analyses were carried out by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray measurements. The synthesized powders exhibit a needle-like morphology after annealing at 400°C. A crystal structure for the synthesized compound has been proposed from powder X-ray diffraction and density-functional theory calculations. Rietveld refinements led to a monoclinic structure, which can be described with space group P21, number 4, and unit-cell parameters a = 21.874(9) Å, b = 5.171(2) Å, c = 5.433(2) Å, and beta = 120.93(4)º. Density-functional theory calculations supported the same crystal structure. Infrared spectra were also collected and the vibrations associated to the different modes discussed. The non-centrosymmetric space group determined for this new polymorph of LiZn(IO₃)₃, the characteristics of its infrared absorption spectrum, and the observed second harmonic generation suggest a promising infrared non-linear optical material.

Our goal in this paper is to study the relationship between the linear approximation of Einstein's equations to the Klein-Gordon’s equation. The part one presents what the Klein-Gordon’s equation and the integration of the theory of quantum information in it. The Part two deals with the Stress Energy tensor quantum, wherein the detail I linearized gravity of Einstein equation, and wherein I develop the tensor quantum energy pulse from the equivalence of equation einstein the linearized gravity and the Schrödinger equation relativistic described by Klein-Gordon’s equation.