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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1665.v1

Generalized Rash in Severe Hospitalized COVID Patients: Correlation between Histological Examination, Drug Intake, Blood Interleukins Profileand Long-Term Follow-Up

Montserrat Fernández-Guarino, Vivian Stewart, Diego Fernández-Nieto, Carmen Moreno Garcia del Real, David Gonzalez de Olano, Carolina Blanco, Emilio Solano-Solares, Belen De la Hoz Caballer, Javier Martínez-Botas, Maria Laura Garcia-Bermejo, Ana Andrés-Martín

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dermatology Keywords: skin; COVID infection; cytokines; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 25 September 2023 (09:37:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0829.v1

Using Regional Sero-Epidemiology SARS-CoV-2 Anti-S Antibodies in the Dominican Republic to Inform Targeted Public Health Response

Beatris Mario Martin, Angela Cadavid Restrepo, Helen Mayfield, Cecilia Then Paulino, Micheal De St. Aubin, William Duke, Petr Jarolim, Emily Zielinski Guitiérrez, Ronald Skewes Ramm, Devan Dumas, Salome Garnier, Marie Caroline Etienne, Farah Peña, Gabriela Abdalla, Beatriz Lopez, Lucia De la Cruz, Bernarda Henríquez, Margaret Baldwin, Benn Sartorius, Adam Kucharski, Eric J Nilles, Colleen L Lau

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; seroprevalence; vaccine; spatial distribution

Online: 13 September 2023 (16:13:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0086.v1

mtDNA Single Nucleotide Variants Associated with Type 2 Diabetes

Enrique García Gaona, Alheli García Gregorio, Camila García Jimenez, Mildred Alejandra López-Olaiz, Paola Mendoza-Ramírez, Daniel Fernandez-Guzman, Rolando Alberto Pillado Sánchez, Axel David Soto Pacheco, Laura Yareni Zuñiga, María Guadalupe Sánchez-Parada, Ana Elizabeth González Santiago, Luis Miguel Román Pintos, Rolando Castañeda Arellano, Luis Daniel Hernández-Ortega, Arieh Roldán Mercado-Sesma, Felipe de Jesús Orozco-Luna, Carlos Villa Angulo, Rafael Villa Angulo, Raúl C. Baptista-Rosas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: mtDNA; mitogenome; Type 2 diabetes; polymorphism; SNP

Online: 5 September 2023 (10:22:58 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0211.v1

Long-Term Organ Complications: The True Public Health Concern in SARSCoV-2 Infection

Ronald palacios castrillo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARSCoV-2 virus; Long Covid; Spike protein

Online: 5 September 2023 (05:11:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1489.v1

Rhabdomyolysis in BA.5 and BA.4 SARS-COV2 Variants: A Single Center Experience

Nicolina Capoluongo, Annamaria Mascolo, Claudia Tiberio, Marina Sarno, Gabriele Somma, Marcello Raffone, Antimo Di Spirito, Giuseppina Minei, Raffaella Pisapia, Andrea Pomicino, Pierpaolo Di Micco, Annalisa Capuano, Alessandro Perrella

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Rhabdomyolisys; Viruses; SARS-COV-2

Online: 22 August 2023 (07:36:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1466.v1

Non-invasive Assessment of IDH-mutant Gliomas Using Optimized Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on a Routine Clinical 3-Tesla MRI

Laiz Laura De Godoy, Kheng Choon Lim, Archith Rajan, Gaurav Verma, Mauro Hanaoka, Donald M O’Rourke, John Lee, Arati Desai, Sanjeev Chawla, Suyash Mohan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: 2-Hydroxyglutarate; isocitrate dehydrogenase; 1H-MRS; glioma

Online: 21 August 2023 (11:40:38 CEST)

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Purpose Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation has become one of the most important prognostic biomarkers in glioma management, indicating better treatment response and prognosis. IDH mutations confer neomorphic activity leading to the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical potential of proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in identifying IDH-mutant gliomas by detecting characteristic resonances of 2HG and its complex interplay with other clinically relevant metabolites. Materials and Methods Thirty-two patients with suspected infiltrative glioma underwent single-voxel (SVS, n=17) and/or single-slice multivoxel (1H-MRSI, n=15) proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) sequence with an optimized echo-time (97ms) on 3T-MRI. Spectroscopy data were analyzed using linear combination (LC) model. Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) values of <40% were considered acceptable for detecting 2HG and <20% for other metabolites. Immunohistochemical analyses for determining IDH mutational status were subsequently performed from resected tumor specimens, and findings were compared with the results from spectral data. Mann-Whitney and Chi-squared tests were performed to ascertain differences in metabolite levels between IDH-mutant and IDH-wild-type gliomas. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were also performed. Results Data from eight cases were excluded due to poor spectral quality or non-tumor-related etiology, and final data analyses were performed from 24 cases. Of these cases, 9/12 (75%) were correctly identified as IDH-mutant or IDH-wildtype gliomas by SVS and 10/12 (83%) by 1H-MRSI with an overall concordance rate of 79% (19/24). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values were 80%, 77%, 86%, and 70%, respectively. The metabolite 2HG was found to be significant in predicting IDH-mutant gliomas by Chi-squared test (p<0.01). The IDH-mutant gliomas also showed significantly higher NAA/Cr ratio (1.20 ± 0.09 versus 0.75 ± 0.12 p= 0.016) and lower Glx/Cr ratio (0.86±0.078 versus 1.88±0.66; p=0.029) than those with IDH wild-type gliomas. The areas under the ROC curves for NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr were 0.808 and 0.786, respectively. Conclusion 1H-MRS may be useful in detecting IDH mutational status in gliomas by detecting 2HG and characteristic patterns of other metabolite ratios (NAA/Cr and Glx/Cr). This has significant clinical implications for prognostication and response assessment to novel targeted therapies in gliomas.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1245.v1

Key Essentials during the Transition from the Acute Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Piotr Rzymski, Maria Pokorska-Śpiewak, Teresa Jackowska, Ernest Kuchar, Aneta Nitsch-Osuch, Małgorzata Pawłowska, Mateusz Babicki, Jerzy Jaroszewicz, Leszek Szenborn, Jacek Wysocki, Robert Flisiak

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; vaccination; antivirals; viral evolution

Online: 17 August 2023 (05:30:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0570.v1

Seven Epidemic Waves of COVID-19 in a Hospital in Madrid. Analysis of Severity and Associated Factors

Juan V. San Martín, Nieves Mesa, David Bernal-Bello, Alejandro Morales-Ortega, Marta Rivilla, Marta Guerrero, Ruth Calderón, Ana I. Farfán, Luis Rivas, Guillermo Soria, Aída Izquierdo, Elena Madroñal, Miguel Duarte, Sara Piedrabuena, María Toledano-Macías, Jorge Marrero, Cristina De Ancos, Begoña Frutos, Rafael Cristóbal, Laura Velazquez, Belén Mora, Paula Cuenca, José Á. Satué, Ibone Ayala-Larrañaga, Lorena Carpintero, Celia Lara, Álvaro R. Llerena, Virginia García, Vanesa García de Viedma, Santiago Prieto, Natalia González-Pereira, Cristina Bravo, Carolina Mariño, Luis Antonio Lechuga, Jorge Tarancón, Sonia Gonzalo, Santiago Moreno, José M. Ruiz-Giardin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; waves; mortality

Online: 10 July 2023 (09:47:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0375.v1

Serological Assay for SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic and Wild Animals in Middle and Southeast Regions in Brazil

Julia Maldi Dias, Mariana Oliveira Costa, Amanda Oliveira De Souza, Majela Lima Faria, Daniel Hofman Golcman, Mariana Baroni Selim, Emília Patrícia Medici, Guilherme Shin Iwamoto Haga, Adriana Hellmeister de Campos Nogueira Romaldini, Liria Hiromi Okuda

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; animals; antibodies; seroprevalence

Online: 6 July 2023 (07:17:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0636.v1

Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rates and Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection in One VA Hospital

Lorinda M. Wright, Andrew M. Skinner, Adam Cheknis, Conor McBurney, Ling Ge, Susan Pacheco, David Leehey, Dale N. Gerding, And Stuart Johnson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Life Sciences Keywords: Clostridioides difficile; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 8 June 2023 (10:55:48 CEST)

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The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increases in some healthcare-associated infections. We investigated the impact of the pandemic on rates and molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) within one VA Hospital. We anticipated that the potential widespread use of antibiotics for pneumonia during the pandemic might increase CDI rates given that antibiotics are a major risk for CDI. Hospital data on patients with CDI and recurrent CDI (rCDI) were reviewed pre-COVID-19 pandemic (2015 to 2019) and during the pandemic (2020 - 2021). Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) strain typing was performed on CD isolates recovered from stool samples collected from 10/2019 – 3/2022. CDI case numbers declined 43.2% in 2020 – 2021 compared to the annual mean over the previous 5 years. Stool test positivity rate was also lower during the COVID-19 pandemic (14.3% vs. 17.2%; P = 0.013). Although inpatient volume declined, rates of CDI among inpatients were reduced by 34.2% in 2020 – 2021. Mean monthly cases of rCDI also declined significantly after 2020 [3.38 (95% CI: 2.89 – 3.87) vs. 1.92 (95% CI: 1.27 – 2.56); P = <0.01]. Prior to the pandemic, REA group Y was the most prevalent CD strain among the major REA groups (27.3%). During the first wave of the pandemic from March 8, 2020, through June 30, 2020, there was an increase in the relative incidence of REA group BI (26.7% vs. 9.1%. After adjusting for CDI risk factors, a multivariable logistic regression model revealed that odds of developing an REA group BI CDI increased during the first pandemic wave (OR 6.41, 95% CI: 1.03 – 39.91) compared to the pre-pandemic period. In conclusion, the incidence of CDI and rCDI decreased significantly during the initial waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, REA BI (Ribotype 027), a virulent, previously epidemic CD strain and frequently associated with hospital transmission and outbreaks, reappeared as a prevalent strain during the first wave of the pandemic.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0508.v1

Pathological Effects of SARS-CoV-19 Associated With Hematological Abnormalities

Mrs Shama, Asif Mahmood, Shahid Mehmood, Wen Zhang

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Hematology; COVID-19; Biomarkers

Online: 7 June 2023 (08:05:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1183.v1

Under the Hood: Understanding the Features of Mucin in Pseudomyxoma Peritonei

Pedro Villarejo-Campos, Mariano García-Arranz, Siyuan Qian, Santos Jiménez de los Galanes, Victor Dominguez-Prieto, Juan Felipe Vélez Pinto, Ismael Guijo Castellano, Montiel Jiménez-Fuertes, Hector Guadalajara, Damian Garcia-Olmo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Surgery Keywords: pseudomyxoma peritonei; mucin; MUC-2; microbiome; pseudomonas.

Online: 17 May 2023 (04:33:59 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1014.v1

Emergence of a New Strain of DENV-2 in South America: Introduction of the Cosmopolitan Genotype through the Brazilian-Peruvian Border

Murilo Tavares Amorim, Leonardo H. Almeida Hernández, Felipe Gomes Naveca, Ivy Tsuya Essashika Prazeres, Ana Lucia Monteiro Wanzeller, Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva, Livia M. Neves Casseb, Fábio Silva Da Silva, Sandro Patroca da Silva, Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro Cruz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: arboviruses; dengue virus serotype 2; Cosmopolitan genotype

Online: 15 May 2023 (10:00:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0101.v1

Canine Intestinal Organoids as a Novel In Vitro Model of Intestinal Drug Permeability: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Dipak Kumar Sahoo, Marilyn Martinez, Kimberly Dao, Vojtech Gabriel, Christopher Zdyrski, Albert E. Jergens, Todd Atherly, Chelsea A. Iennarella-Servantez, Laura E. Burns, Dwayne Schrunk, Donna A Volpe, Karin Allenspach, Jonathan P. Mochel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: canine; 3D organoid; permeability; Caco-2; colon

Online: 6 April 2023 (14:13:26 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0038.v1

Serological Response to SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 Vaccination in Lung Cancer patients: Short Review

Ananda Rodilla, Sooyun Tavolacci, Jazz Cagan, Tanay Shah, Sandeep Mittan, Philip C. Mack, Fred R. Hirsch

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: lung cancer; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; immunogenicity

Online: 4 April 2023 (04:58:31 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0235.v1

Database of COVID-19 Cases Treated with Classical Homeopathy

Seema Mahesh, Petr Hoffmann, Cristiane Kajimura, IACH COVID Collaborators, George Vithoulkas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Homeopathy; Database

Online: 13 January 2023 (04:33:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0577.v1

Effects of Toll Like Receptor Agonists and SARS-Cov-2 Antigens on Interferon (IFN) Expression by Peripheral Blood CD3+ T Cells in COVID-19 Patients

Samaneh A Abdolmohammadi-Vahid, Behzad Baradaran, Armin Sadeghi, Gilina Bezemer, Fatemeh K Kiaee, Ian Adcock, Gert Folkerts, Johan Garssen, Esmaeil Mortaz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: TLR; IFN; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 30 December 2022 (09:13:21 CET)

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Background: Signaling by toll like receptors (TLRs) initiates important immune responses against viral infection. The role of TLRs in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is not well elucidated. Thus, we investigated the interaction of TLRs agonists and SARS-COV-2 antigens with immune cells in vitro. Material & methods: 30 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (15 severe and 15 moderate) and 10 age and sex matched control (HC) were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and activated with TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 agonists, the spike protein (SP) of SARS-CoV-2 and the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) unit of SP. Frequencies of CD3⁺IFN-β⁺ T cells, and CD3⁺IFN-g⁺ T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Interferon (IFN)-b gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results: The frequency of CD3+IFN-β+ T cells was higher in moderate and severe patients at baseline in comparison with HCs. Stimulation of PBMCs from moderate patients with SP and TLR8 agonist significantly upregulated the frequency of CD3+IFN-β+ T cells (P=0.0005 and 0.0024, respectively) when compared to non-stimulated (NS) samples. The greatest increase in CD3⁺IFN-b⁺ T cell frequency in PBMCs from severe patients was seen with TLR8 and TLR7 agonists when compared to NS (P= 0.003 and 0.0167, respectively). TLR stimulation did not significantly enhance the frequency of CD3+IFN-g+ T cells generated from PBMCs from moderate and severe patients compared with unstimulated controls. However, the frequency of CD3+IFN-ɣ+ T cells in PBMCs from moderate patients was upregulated by agonists of TLR3, 8 and 9, SP and RBD when compared with NS samples from HCs. The expression of the IFN-β gene after stimulation of CD3⁺T cells with the TLR8 agonist was also up-regulated in moderate than severe patients (moderate vs. severe: p=0.0006). In addition, stimulation of CD3⁺ T cells with SP, up-regulated the expression of IFN-β gene expression in cells from patients with moderate disease (moderate vs. severe: p=0.01). Conclusion: Stimulation of PBMCs from COVID-19 patients with a TLR8 agonist and with SP enhanced IFN-b protein and gene levels. This may potentiate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent viral replication and spread.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0471.v1

High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Children in Vietnam: An Observational, Hospital-based Study

Dien Minh Tran, Uyen Tu Vu, Canh Ngoc Hoang, Ha Thu Thi Nguyen, Phu Huy Nguyen, Mai Chi Thi Tran, Anh Ngoc Chu, Phuc Huu Phan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: children; seroprevalence; antibodies; SARS-CoV-2; Vietnam

Online: 31 October 2022 (07:37:55 CET)

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Background: The robustness of sero-surveillence has delineated the high burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children; however, these existing data showed wide variation. This study aimed to identify the serostatus of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and associated factors among children following the fourth pandemic wave in Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Vietnam National Children’s Hospital (VNCH) between March 13 and April 3, 2022. 4,032 eligible children seeking medical care for any medical condition not related to acute Covid-19 infections was tested for IgG SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies by ADVIA Centaur® SARS-CoV-2 IgG (sCOVG) assay using the residuals of routine blood samples. Results: The median age of enrolled children was 39 (IQR=14-82) months. The overall seropositive prevalence was 59.2%, and the median antibody titer was 4.78 [IQR 2.38-9.57] UI/mL. The risk of seropositivity and the median antibody titer was not related to gender (58.6% versus 60.1%, 4.9 versus 4.6 UI/mL, all p>0.05). Among age groups, the highest seroprevalence was reported in the children aged 13 to <36 months old. Children aged ≤12 months were likely to be seropositive compared to children aged 36 to <60 months (59.2% versus 57.5%, p=0.49) and those aged ≥144 months (59.2% versus 65.5%, p=0.16). Children aged ≥144 months exhibited a significantly higher titer of protective COVID-19 antibodies than other age groups (p <0.001). In multivariate logistic regression, we observed independent factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity, including the age 13 to <36 months (OR=1.29, 95%CI=1.06-1.56, p=0.01), 60 to <144 months (OR=79, 95%CI=0.67-0.95, p=0.01), ≥144 months (OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.21-2.8, p=0.005), the presence of infected household members (OR=2.36, 95%CI=2.06–2.70, p<0.001), participants from Hanoi (OR=1.54, 95%CI=1.34-1.77, p<0.001), underlying conditions (OR=0.71, 95%CI=0.60-0.85, p<=0.001), and using corticosteroids or immunosuppressants (OR=0.64, 95%CI=0.48-0.86, p=0.003). Conclusions: This study highlights a high seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among children seeking medical care for non-COVID-19-related conditions in a tertiary children’s hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam. In the context of reopening in-person schools and future emerged COVID-19 variants, this point will also be a key message about the necessity of “rush-out” immunization coverage for children, especially those under the age of three years.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0241.v1

Epidemiological and Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Circulating between April-December 2021 in Italy

Alessia Lai, Annalisa Bergna, Carla Della Ventura, Stefano Menzo, Bianca Bruzzone, Fabio Sagradi, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Alessandro Weisz, Nicola Clementi, Gaetano Brindicci, Ilaria Vicenti, Lolita Sasset, Sara Caucci, Benedetta Corvaro, Silvia Ippoliti, Carla Acciarri, Vanessa De Pace, Leonardo Lanfranchi, Maria Concetta Bellocchi, Giorgio Giurato, Roberto Ferrarese, Antonella Lagioia, Daniela Francisci, Martina Laura Colombo, Samuel Lazzarin, Matilde Ogliastro, Maria Rosa Cappelletti, Marco Iannetta, Francesca Rizzo, Carmen Rita Santoro, Chiara Fraccalvieri, Sophie Testa, Luca Carioti, Teresa Rocco, Annalisa Saracino, Annamaria Cattelan, Massimo Clementi, Loredana Sarmati, Agostino Riva, Spinello Antinori, Gianguglielmo Zehender

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: variants circulation; SARS-CoV-2; Italy; epidemiology

Online: 16 September 2022 (08:07:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0430.v1

Anticipating the Next Chess Move: Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Simultaneously Disarming Viral Escape Mechanisms

Samir Mansour Moraes Casseb, André Salim Khayat, Jorge Estefano Santana de Souza, Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira, Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos, Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos, Paulo Pimentel de Assumpção

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; siRNA; Treatment

Online: 25 August 2022 (10:00:27 CEST)

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The COVID-19 pandemic initiated a race to determine the best measures to control the disease and to save as many people as possible. Efforts to implement social distancing, the use of masks, and massive vaccination programs turned out to be essential in reducing the devastating effects of the pandemic. Nevertheless, the high mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 challenge the vaccination strategy and maintain the threat of new outbreaks due to the risk of infection surges and even lethal variations able to resist the effects of vaccines and upset the balance. Most of the new therapies tested against SARS-CoV-2 came from already available formulations developed to treat other diseases, so they were not specifically developed for SARS-CoV-2. In parallel, the knowledge produced regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in this disease was vast due to massive efforts worldwide. Taking advantage of such a vast molecular understanding of virus genomes and disease mechanisms, a targeted molecular therapy based on siRNA specifically developed to reach exclusive SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences was tested in a non-transformed human cell model. Since coronavirus can escape from siRNA by producing siRNA inhibitors, a complex strategy to simultaneously strike both the viral infectious mechanism and the capability of evading siRNA therapy was developed. The combined administration of the chosen produced siRNA proved to be highly effective in successfully reducing viral load and keeping virus replication under control, even after many days of treatment, unlike the combinations of siRNAs lacking this anti-anti-siRNA capability. Additionally, the developed therapy did not harm the normal cells, which was demonstrated because, instead of testing the siRNA in nonhuman cells or in transformed human cells, a non-transformed human thyroid cell was specifically chosen for the experiment. The proposed siRNA combination deeply reduced the viral load throughout the experiment and allowed cellular recovery, thus representing a potential innovation, to be considered as an additional weapon for therapy of COVID-19 and even other infectious diseases.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0051.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Intermittent Virulence as A Result of Natural Selection

Alberto Rubio-Casillas, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Vladimir N. Uversky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron; variant of concern

Online: 4 July 2022 (10:28:04 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0253.v1

No Signs of Excessive Burnout in Public Forest Officers Working in the Temperate Region During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Ernest Bielinis, Emilia Janeczko, Aneta Anna Omelan, Grażyna Furgała-Selezniow

Subject: Social Sciences, Sociology Keywords: burnout; foresters; OLBI; Sars-Cov-2; work

Online: 19 May 2022 (08:01:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0225.v1

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Arbidol in Patients with COVID-19

Yujiao Bai, Xianqin Zhang, Meng Yang, Lin Zhang, Xu Jia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; arbidol; treatment

Online: 26 April 2022 (04:07:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0408.v1

Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Osteoclast Differentiation, Activity, and Cortical Bone Formation in Postmenopausal MRONJ Patient

Sung-Min Park, Jae-Hoon Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes; Osteoporosis; Bisphosphonate; MRONJ; Osteoclast

Online: 31 March 2022 (13:44:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0654.v1

Evolutionary Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Space and Time During the First Phase of the Epidemic in Italy

Alessia Lai, Annalisa Bergna, Stefano Toppo, Marina Morganti, Stefano Menzo, Valeria Ghisetti, Bianca Bruzzone, Mauro Codeluppi, Vito Fiore, Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo, Guido Antonelli, Loredana Sarmati, Gaetano Brindicci, Annapaola Callegaro, Caterina Sagnelli, Daniela Francisci, Ilaria Vicenti, Arianna Miola, Giovanni Tonon, Daniela Cirillo, Ilaria Menozzi, Sara Caucci, Francesco Cerutti, Andrea Orsi, Roberta Schiavo, Sergio Babudieri, Giuseppe Nunnari, Claudio M. Mastroianni, Massimo Andreoni, Laura Monno, Davide Guarneri, Nicola Coppola, Andrea Crisanti, Massimo Galli, Gianguglielmo Zehender

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; viral variants; molecular tracing

Online: 29 July 2021 (12:23:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0256.v1

Disrupting Mitochondrial Electron Transfer Chain Complex I Decreases Immune Checkpoints in Murine and Human Acute Myeloid Leukemic Cells

Raquel Luna-Yolba, Justine Marmoiton, Véronique Gigo, Xavier Marechal, Emeline Boet, Ambrine Sahal, Nathalie Alet, Ifat Abramovich, Eyal Gottlieb, Virgile Visentin, Michael R. Paillasse, Jean-Emmanuel Sarry

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Aging Keywords: OxPHOS 1; Immune-checkpoints 2; AML 3.

Online: 9 June 2021 (10:58:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0556.v1

Super-Resolution of Sentinel-2 Images at 10m Resolution without Reference Images

Yunhe Li, Bo Li

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: super-resolution; generative adversarial network; Sentinel-2

Online: 21 April 2021 (08:25:54 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0122.v1

Gastrointestinal Manifestation of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in an Immunocompromised Dog

Elizabeth M. Lennon, Alfonso Oceguera, Eli Braun, Stephen D. Cole, Nolan V. Chalifoux, Jillian Whelan, Nuala Meyer, Kimberly Slensky, Andreanne Cleroux, Susan R. Weiss, Una O'Doherty, Shelley C. Rankin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; canine; gastrointestinal; infection; virus

Online: 5 April 2021 (12:23:45 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0596.v1

Treatment of Covid-19 with Minocycline and a Guanosine-Restricted Diet: Case Report

Steven Baranowitz, Marie Nrekaj

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, drug repurposing

Online: 23 December 2020 (15:58:38 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v4

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 2 November 2020 (10:18:00 CET)

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The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0114.v1

Role of Cigarette Smoke on ACE-2 Protein Membrane Expression in Bronchial Epithelial Cells Using an Air-Liquid Interface Model

Massimo Caruso, Alfio Distefano, Rosalia Emma, Michelino Di Rosa, Giuseppe Carota, Sonja Rust, Riccardo Polosa, Pietro Zuccarello, Margherita Ferrante, Giuseppina Raciti, Giovanni Li Volti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ACE-2; nicotine; smoke; cigarette; epithelial cells.

Online: 6 October 2020 (09:43:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0040.v2

Expression Pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Respiratory Tract

Yichuan Liu, Hui-Qi Qu, Jingchun Qu, Lifeng Tian, Hakon Hakonarson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; TMPRSS2

Online: 28 September 2020 (03:19:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0487.v1

COVID-19 Mortality Risk Assessment among Various Age Groups using Phylogenetic Analysis

Pawan Verma, Rasha Elkaffas, Oluwasefunmi C. Shodunke, Pavlo Hrab, Oluwatobiloba H. Adebayo, Humaira Marzia Alam, Wilson Gbedema, Mosadoluwa A. Agbonyin, Ahmed M. Osman, Joseph O. Igbokwe, Harinath Sudarsanam, Ayodeji Adepoju, Ohilebo A. Abass, Sola R. Olorunfemi, Sarah O. Oladejo, Sonaike Semilogo, Jairo Hurtado, Shahida Ferdousee, Josiah Aminu Peter, Adetutu D. Oluwasanmi, Sheriff T. Agbaje, Alexandra Sheen, Mukul Sharma, Opeyemi Ibitoye, Ahmed El-Gammal, Olaleye T. Olutunde, Meera Krishna, Tracy-allen M. Ezechukwu, Sarah H. Carl

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Phylogenetics; mortality

Online: 21 September 2020 (03:35:15 CEST)

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The age-related mortality and morbidity risk of COVID-19 has been considered speculative without enough scientific evidence. This study aimed to collect more evidence on the association between patient age and risk of severe disease state and/or mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genomic dataset along with metadata (3608 samples) retrieved from GISAID from different geographical regions were grouped into 10 age groups (0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, 91-100 years) as well as high-risk or low-risk according to patient clinical status. Genomic sequences were aligned and analyzed using MAFFT and FASTTREE to build a phylogenetic tree in order to identify age-risk associations based on phylogenetic clustering. Case fatality rates (CFR), as well as the Odds ratio (OR) for high-risk outcomes, were calculated for different age groups. Results revealed that individuals aged between 25-50 years have the best immune response to the infection. On the other hand, disease fatality was higher in patients aging above 50 years. We created an application to calculate the OR of being at high risk given a certain age threshold from GISAID datasets. OR values increased between ages 1-10 years (1.271) and 11-20 years (1.313) but reduced at age range 21-30 years (1.290) and increased again for 61-70 years (2.465). CFR calculated for each of the age groups had peak values at 90-100 years (26.8%) and the lowest at 0-10 years (0%). The CFR for ages above 50 years was about twice greater (11.6%-26.8%) than that for ages below (0-6.6%). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of samples obtained from India showed low-risk among different age groups and were defined as clade GH. Another cluster from Singapore visualization showed unfavorable patient outcome across several age groups and were classified under clade O. To conclude, this study analyses showed a variety of age-risk associations. As scientists from different countries upload more genomes to globally shared databases, more evidence will reinforce mortality risk associations in COVID-19 patients.

Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0659.v1

Noisy Genome Data and Faulty Clade Statistics Undermine Conclusions on SARS-CoV-2 Evolution and Strain Typing in the Brazilian Epidemy: A Technical Note

Marcelo R. S. Briones, Fernando Antoneli, Renata C. Ferreira, Isabel M. V. G. Carvalho, Luiz M. R. Janini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Viral Evolution

Online: 30 August 2020 (11:22:12 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Bringing Onco-innovation to Europe's Healthcare Systems: The Potential of Biomarker Testing, Real World Evidence, Tumour Agnostic Therapies to Empower Personalised Medicine

Denis Horgan, Gennaro Ciliberto, Pierfranco Conte, Giuseppe Curigliano, Luis Seijo, Luis M. Montuenga, Marina Garassino, Frederique Penault-Llorca, Fabrizia Galli, Isabelle Ray-Coquard, Denis Querleu, Peter Riegman, Keith Kerr, Hendrik Van Poppel, Anders Bjartell, Giovanni Codacci-Pisanelli, Benedikt Westphalen, Jasmina Koeva-Balabanova, Angelo Paradiso, Zorana Maravic, Vassiliki Fotaki, Nuria Malats, Chiara Bernini, Simonetta Buglioni, Alastair Kent, Elisabetta Munzone, Ivica Belina, Jan Van Meerbeeck, Michael Duffy, Beata Jagielska, Ettore Capoluongo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: cancer biomarkers; BRCA1/2; genomics; European recommendation

Online: 18 August 2020 (16:30:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0307.v1

Bringing onco-innovation to Europe’s healthcare systems: the unexploited potential of biomarker testing, real world evidence and the potential of Tumour Agnostics. The lesson from BRCA1/2 genetic testing

Denis Horgan, Gennaro CILIBERTO, Pierfranco Conte, Giuseppe CURIGLIANO, Luis Seijo, Luis M. Montuenga, Luis Paz-Ares, Marina Chiara Garassino, Penault-Llorca Frederique, Fabrizia GALLI, Isabelle Ray-Coquard, Denis Querleu, David R. Baldwin, Susana Banerjee, Peter H.J. Riegman, Keith Kerr, Benjamin Horbach, Reinhard Büttner, Hendrik Van Poppel, Anders Bjartell, Giovanni Codacci-Pisanelli, Westphalen Christoph Benedikt, Fabien CALVO, Jasmina Koeva-Balabanova, Stephen Hall, Angelo Virgilio Paradiso, Dipak. Kalra, Christa M. Cobbaert, Rocio Varea Mendez, Zorana Maravic, Vassiliki Fotaki, Jaafar Bennouna, Estelle Cauchin, Núria Malats, Iñaki Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea, Benjamin Gannon, Ken Mastris, Chiara Benini, William M. Gallagher, Simonetta Buglioni, Alastair Kent, Elisabetta Munzone, Ivica Belina, Jan P. van Meerbeeck, Michael Joe Duffy, Elzbieta. Sarnowska, Beata Jagielska, Sarah Mee, Ettore Domenico Capoluongo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: cancer biomarkers, BRCA1/2, genomics; European recommendation

Online: 14 August 2020 (04:27:45 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0270.v1

Use of Isoelectric Point for Fast Identification of Anti-SARS CoV-2 Coronavirus Proteins

Kanad Mallik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: isoelectric point; anti-viral; SARS CoV-2

Online: 16 May 2020 (16:51:36 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0061.v1

Lysosomotropic Active Compounds—Hidden Protection against COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Markus Blaess, Lars Kaiser, Martin Sauer, Hans-Peter Deigner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Lysosomotropism; Chloroquine

Online: 5 May 2020 (04:29:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0532.v1

Potential Role of Cellular Senescence on Coronavirus Infections

Prem Chapagain

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: cellular senescence; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; aging

Online: 30 April 2020 (13:58:41 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0363.v2

Neutrophil Involvement in Covid-19

Athanasios Didangelos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-Cov-2; inflammation; neutrophil

Online: 22 April 2020 (06:23:01 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Mycophenolate Mofetil Is Active Against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 Cells

Yang He, Rongjuan Pei, Zhijian Xu, Zhen Chen, Shuqi Xiao, Han Xia, Jin Xiong, Weiliang Zhu, Bo Zhang, Jingshan Shen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: mycophenolate mofetil; SARS-CoV-2; DHODH; IMPDH2

Online: 21 April 2020 (08:19:11 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0304.v1

Neurological Complications of Pandemic COVID-19: What Have We Got So Far?

Isabelle Pastor Bandeira, Marco Antônio Machado Schlindwein, Leticia Caroline Breis, Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Neurology; coronavirus

Online: 17 April 2020 (15:27:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0299.v1

Remdesivir: A Review of Its Discovery and Development Leading to Human Clinical Trials for Treatment of COVID-19

Richard T. Eastman, Jacob S. Roth, Kyle R. Brimacombe, Anton Simeonov, Min Shen, Samarjit Patnaik, Matthew D. Hall

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; coronavirus; remdesivir

Online: 17 April 2020 (13:02:03 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0282.v1

Structural Deviation and Identification of Novel Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Through Molecular Docking: An In Silico Study

Anindya Panja, Aniket Sarkar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Penicillamine; spike protein; docking

Online: 16 April 2020 (15:44:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0218.v1

Walking Speed is the Sole Determinant of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Japanese Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Noritaka Machii, Akihiro Kudo, Haruka Saito, Hayato Tanabe, Mariko Iwasaki, Hiroyuki Hirai, Hiroaki Masuzaki, Michio Shimabukuro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus; walking speed; sarcopenia

Online: 14 April 2020 (08:45:26 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0184.v2

Serological Test is an Efficient Supplement for Detecting RNA to Confirm SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Ning-Shao Xia, Gui-Qiang Wang, Wen-Feng Gong

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; diagnosis; antibody; serology; screening

Online: 6 April 2020 (14:09:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0045.v1

The Conceptual Framework for SARS-CoV-2 Related Lymphopenia

Ilnaz Rahimmanesh, Shirin Kouhpayeh, Hossein Khanahmad

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; lymphopenia; NAD+ depletion; CD38

Online: 6 April 2020 (09:28:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0219.v1

NOS-2 Participates in the Behavioral Effects of Ethanol Withdrawal in Zebrafish

Suianny Nayara da Silva Chaves, Bruna Patrícia Dutra Costa, Gabriela Cristini Vidal Gomes, Monica Lima-Maximino, Eduardo Pacheco Rico, Caio Maximino

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Nitric oxide; NOS-2; Ethanol withdrawal; Zebrafish

Online: 16 December 2019 (11:54:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0171.v2

Identification of Critical Source Areas (CSAs) and Evaluation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in Controlling Eutrophication in the Dez River Basin

Hadi Babaei, Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Moses Karakouzian, Sajjad Ahmad

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: water quality; SWAT; SWAT-CUP; SUFI-2

Online: 18 February 2019 (09:07:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0270.v1

The Geometrical Basis of PT Symmetry

Luis Sanchez-Soto, Juan J. Monzón

Subject: Physical Sciences, Optics And Photonics Keywords: PPT symmetry; SL(2, C); hyperbolic geometry

Online: 12 October 2018 (12:42:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0233.v1

Comparing the Potential of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data for Monitoring Oil Spill Impact

Shruti Khanna, Maria J. Santos, Susan L. Ustin, Kristen Shapiro, Paul J. Haverkamp, Mui Lay

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: vegetation indices; LANDSAT; WorldView-2; RapidEye; AVIRIS

Online: 25 January 2018 (04:37:02 CET)

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Oil spills from offshore drilling and coastal refineries often cause degradation of coastal wetlands that can take a long time to recover. Early oil detection may prevent losses and speed up recovery if monitoring of the initial oil extent, oil impact, and recovery are in place. Satellite imagery data can provide a cost-effective alternative to expensive airborne imagery or labor intensive field campaigns for monitoring effects of oil spills on wetlands. However, these satellite data may be restricted in their ability to detect and map ecosystem recovery post-spill given their spectral measurement properties and temporal frequency. In this study, we assessed whether spatial and spectral resolution, and other sensor characteristics influence the ability to detect and map vegetation stress and die-off due to oil. We compared how well three satellite multispectral sensors: WorldView2, RapidEye and Landsat EMT+, match the ability of the airborne hyperspectral AVIRIS sensor to map oil-induced vegetation stress, recovery, and die-off after the DeepWater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. We found that finer spatial resolution (3.5m) provided better delineation of the oil-impacted wetlands and better detection of vegetation stress along oiled shorelines in saltmarsh wetland ecosystems. As spatial resolution become coarser (3.5m to 30m) the ability to accurately detect and map stressed vegetation decreased. Spectral resolution did improve the detection and mapping of oil-impacted wetlands but less strongly than spatial resolution, suggesting that broad-band data may be sufficient to detect and map oil-impacted wetlands. AVIRIS narrow-band data performs better detecting vegetation stress, followed by WorldView2, RapidEye and then Landsat 15m (pan sharpened) data. Higher quality sensor optics and higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may also improve detection and mapping of oil-impacted wetlands; we found that resampled coarser resolution AVIRIS data with higher SNR performed better than either of the three satellite sensors. The ability to acquire imagery during certain times (midday, low tide, etc.) or a certain date is also important in these tidal wetlands; WorldView2 imagery captured at high-tide detected a narrower band of shoreline affected by oil likely because some of the impacted wetland was below the tideline. These results suggest that while multispectral data may be sufficient for detecting the extent of oil-impacted wetlands, high spectral and spatial resolution, high-quality sensor characteristics, and the ability to control time of image acquisition may improve assessment and monitoring of vegetation stress and recovery post oil spills.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2082.v1

Nutraceutical Strategies for Aging: Looking Towards Parkinson’s Disease and Frailty

Martina Montanari, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, Giuseppina Martella

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Aging; Precision Medicine; Parkinson’ s Disease; Frailty; Nutraceuticals; Bioactive Compound; Physiology and Anatomy; Anti-Oxidant; Inflammation

Online: 26 September 2024 (07:17:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1848.v1

Understanding Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Neurochemical Changes using Alzheimer’s Disease Biofluid, PET, Postmortem Pathology Biomarkers and APOE Genotype

FIRAT KARA, Kejal Kantarci

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Alzheimer’ s disease; mild cognitive impairment; magnetic resonance spectroscopy; amyloid; tau; biofluid biomarkers; apolipoprotein ε 4

Online: 26 August 2024 (20:14:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0047.v2

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for Diagnosing and Treating Tumors of the Female Reproductive Systems: Challenges and Advances

Xin Gao, Haoyu Li, Chunxia You, Lala Zhou, Qinxuan Shi, Zhanglong Yang, Sicong Shao, Yudong Zhang

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI); gynecological oncology; women’ s health; weakly supervised learning; deep learning; diagnosis and treatment

Online: 21 August 2024 (18:21:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1082.v1

Space-Time Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship with Socioeconomic and Demographic Variables in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil

Keila Valente de Souza de Santana, Aluízio Marino, Gabriela Rosa Martins, Pedro Henrique Barbosa Muniz Lima, Pedro Henrique Rezende Mendonça, Raquel Rolnik

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19; space-time cluster; the Metropolitan Region of Sã; o Paulo; population density; socioeconomic variables

Online: 16 August 2024 (04:41:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0724.v1

How Informative is the Marginal Information of a 2x2 Table for Assessing Association? The Aggregate Informative Index

Salman Cheema, Eric J Beh, Irene L. Hudson

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: ; aggregate data; aggregate association index; ecological inference; Pearson’ s chi-squared statistic ;

Online: 12 August 2024 (04:18:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1762.v1

Vestibular Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s Disease: A Novel Device Aided Noninvasive Therapeutic Option.

Kallol Ray Chaudhuri, Karolina Poplawska-Domaszewicz, Mubasher Qamar, Naomi Limbachiya, Lucia Batzu, Aleksandra Podlewska, Kristen Ade

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: Parkinson’ s disease; galvanic vestibular stimulation; caloric vestibular stimulation; sensory neuromodulation; non-invasive neuromodulation; vestibular system

Online: 23 July 2024 (11:39:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0180.v3

Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Auxetic S-structure under Transverse Load

Prasanna Mondal, Jayaganthan R.

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: Negative Poisson’ s Ratio; Timoshenko Beam Theory; Semi-analytical model; Parametric Analysis; Elastic modulus; Transverse load

Online: 21 June 2024 (10:05:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1343.v1

PrecivityAD2™ Blood Test: Analytical Validation of an LC-MS/MS Assay for Quantifying Plasma Phospho-tau217 and Non-Phospho-tau217 Peptide Concentrations that are Used with Plasma Amyloid-β42/40 in a Multiple Analyte Assay with Algorithm for Detecting Brai

Stephanie M Eastwood, Matthew R Meyer, Kristopher M Kirmess, Tracie L Wente-Roth, Faith Irvin, Mary S Holubasch, Philip B Verghese, Tim West, Joel B Braunstein, Kevin E Yarasheski, John H Contois

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Alzheimer’ s biomarker; blood biomarker test; diagnostic tool; mass spectrometry; analytical methods/validity; brain amyloid plaques

Online: 20 June 2024 (04:41:52 CEST)

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that represents a major global public health concern. Traditionally, AD is diagnosed using cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis or brain imaging modalities. Recently, less burdensome, more widely available blood biomarker (BBM) assays for amyloid-beta (Aβ42/40) and phosphorylated-tau concentrations have been found to accurately identify the presence/absence of brain amyloid plaques and tau tangles and have helped to streamline AD diagnosis. However, few BBMs have been rigorously analytically validated. Herein, we report the analytical validation of a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying plasma phosphorylated-tau217 (p-tau217) and non-phosphorylated-tau217 (np-tau217) peptide concentrations. We combined the p-tau217/np-tau217 concentrations ratio (%p-tau217) and the previously validated LC-MS/MS assay for plasma Ab42/40 into a new multiple analyte blood test and algorithm (PrecivityAD2™) that identifies brain amyloid status based on brain amyloid positron emission tomography. We found: (a) the %p-tau217 assay is precise, accurate, sensitive, linear over a wide analytical measurement range, and free from carryover and interference; (b) the pre-analytical specimen collection, processing, storage and shipping conditions that maintain plasma tau peptide stability; and (c) using the measured analytical imprecision for plasma Aβ42/40 and p-tau217/np-tau217 levels in a worst-case scenario model, the PrecivityAD2 test algorithm for amyloid pathology classification changed for only 3.5% of participants from brain amyloid positive to negative, or negative to positive. The plasma sample preparation and LC-MS/MS methods underlying the PrecivityAD2 test are suitable for use in the clinical laboratory and valid for the test’s intended purpose: to aid in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals aged 55 and older with signs or symptoms of mild cognitive impairment or dementia.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1643.v1

Electroencephalogram Criticality in Cognitive Impairment: A Monitoring Biomarker?

Vasilis-Spyridon Tseriotis, Magdalini Tsolaki, George Vavougios, Martha Spilioti, Efstratios Kosmidis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: EEG; criticality; Alzheimer’ s; mild cognitive impairment; cognitive training; disease monitoring; biomarker

Online: 27 March 2024 (06:39:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0699.v1

Forecasting the Performance of the Energy Sector at the Saudi Stock Exchange Market by Using GBM and GFBM

Mohammed Alhagyan

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: Energy sector; GBM; GFBM; stochastic ; volatility

Online: 14 March 2024 (05:53:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2035.v1

Quantification of Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease Patients

Małgorzata Wojtkowska, Natalia Karczewska, Klaudia Pacewicz, Andrzej Pacak, Piotr Kopeć, Jolanta Florczak - Wyspiańska, Karolina Popławska - Domaszewicz, Tomasz Małkiewicz, Bartosz Sokół

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Parkinson`s disease; mitochondria; circulating cell free DNA (ccfDNA); mitochondrial (mtDNA); nuclear (ccfDNA); droplet digital PCR ddPCR

Online: 29 January 2024 (12:45:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0100.v1

Meteorological Signal on Hydrodynamics in the Ilha Grande and Sepetiba Bays: Lag Effects and Coastal Currents

Nair Emmanuela da Silveira Pereira, Suzana Beatriz Vinzón, Marcos Nicolás Gallo, Mariela Gabioux

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Oceanography Keywords: numerical modelling; non-tidal fluctuations; remote meteorological effects; riemann’ s invariants; Ilha Grande and Sepetiba bays.

Online: 4 December 2023 (09:45:06 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1254.v1

Downlink Analysis of a Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Considering an Airborne Interference Source Moving on Various Trajectory

Eunjung Kang, Youngju Park, Junghoon Kim, Hosung Choo

Subject: Engineering, Aerospace Engineering Keywords: LEO satellite; link budget; antenna radiation patterns; interference situation; relative angle; coordinate system conversion; J/S ratio

Online: 20 November 2023 (15:26:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0984.v1

Amyloid β-Oligomers Inhibit the Nuclear Ca²⁺ Signals and the Neuroprotective Gene Expression Induced by Hippocampal Neuronal Activity

Pedro Lobos, Ignacio Vega-Vásquez, Barbara Bruna, Silvia Gleitze, Jorge Toledo, Steffen Härtel, Cecilia Hidalgo, Andrea Paula-Lima

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Alzheimer´s disease, Neuronal activity; Synaptotoxicity, Calcium-dependent signaling pathways; Calcium-mediated Gene Expression; Antioxidant Enzyme Expression.

Online: 16 October 2023 (16:48:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1046.v1

Effects of S-Adenosylhomocysteine-Hydrolase Down-Regulation on Wnt Signaling Pathway in SW480 Cells

Ivana Pavicic, Filip Rokic, Oliver Vugrek

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: AHCY deficiency, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), LEF1, STAT3, MYC, metastasis, EMT, cancer cell phenotype, shRNA, Next-generation sequencing,

Online: 15 September 2023 (11:03:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0380.v1

The Metrization Problem in [0, 1]-Topology Peng

Peng Chen

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematics Keywords: fuzzy point; [0, 1]-topology; Deng pseudo-metric; s-locally finite base; regular; T1-space; distance; metrizable

Online: 6 September 2023 (10:28:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0617.v1

Neuroprotective and Disease Modifying Effects of the Triazinetrione ACD856, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of Trk-Receptors for the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease

Cristina Parrado-Fernandez, Sanja Juric, Maria Backlund, Märta Dahlström, Nather Madjid, Veronica Lidell, Azita Rasti, Johan Sandin, Gunnar Nordvall, Pontus Forsell

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; nerve growth factor; Alzheimer’ s disease; allosteric modulator; cognitive function; anti-depressant

Online: 8 June 2023 (09:55:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0196.v1

Phenotypic and Genotypic Detection of Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus from Different Food Sources in Bangladesh

Fatimah Mohammad Ballah, Md. Saiful Islam, Md. Liton Rana, Farhana Binte Ferdous, Rokeya Ahmed, Pritom Kumar Pramanik, Jarna Karmoker, Samina Ievy, Md. Abdus Sobur, Mahbubul Pratik Siddique, Mst. Minara Khatun, Marzia Rahman, Md. Tanvir Rahman

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: biofilm formation; S. aureus; CRA plating test; CVMP test; ica genes; bap gene; foods; public health; Bangladesh

Online: 14 June 2022 (06:10:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0112.v1

The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Post-Translational Modifications in Regulating its Localisation, Stability and Activity

Adam Albanese, Leonard A. Daly, Daniela Mennerich, Thomas Kietzmann, Violaine Sée

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Hypoxia; HIF-1α; HIF-2α; Posttranslational modifications; Phosphorylation; Acetylation; Ubiquitination; Sumoylation; S-Nitrosylation; Signalling; cystein phosphorylation; methylation

Online: 4 December 2020 (13:45:45 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0002.v1

Engineering the Surface/Interface Structures of Titanium Dioxide Micro and Nano Architectures towards Environmental and Electrochemical Applications

Xiaoliang Wang, Yanyan Zhao, Kristian Mølhave, Hongyu Sun

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: titanium dioxide; crystal structure; surface/interface structure; photocatalysis; lithium/sodium ion batteries; Li-S batteries; phase stability

Online: 1 October 2017 (06:11:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0771.v1

The Interplay between 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and Anandamide Amidohydrolase in Neuropathy

Iddrisu Ibrahim, Joseph Ayariga, Junhuan Xu, Boakai Robertson, Olufemi Ajayi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Life Sciences Keywords: Endocannabinoid system (ECS); Anandamide; 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); CB1 receptors; CB2 receptors; Enzymes FAAH and MAGL; Neuropathies; Cannabinoids

Online: 13 May 2024 (12:30:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1252.v1

Regulatory and Sensing Iron-Sulfur Clusters: New Insights and Unanswered Questions

Anna M. SantaMaria, Tracey A. Rouault

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Iron-sulfur clusters; iron metabolism; iron sensing; IRE; PAIR; Aft1/2; IRP1/2; RirA; Yap5; ACO1; IREB2; HSCB

Online: 22 February 2024 (09:23:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0749.v2

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 Protein Causes Acute Lung Inflammation: A Dynamical Mathematical Model

José Díaz, Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla, Antonio Bensussen

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematical And Computational Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 infection; Interleukin 6; NFB; Nsp5; Cox2; SARS-CoV-2 interactome; Nonlinear dynamics of inflammation

Online: 15 March 2021 (12:18:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2061.v1

Inhibitory Efficacy of Main Components of Scutellaria baicalensis on the Interaction between Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 and Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme II

Cheng-Han Lin, Ho-Ju Chang, Meng-Wei Lin, Xin-Rui Yang, Che-Hsiung Lee, Chih-Sheng Lin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); Spike protein; Traditional Chinese medicine; Scutellaria baicalensis; Baicalein; Baicalin

Online: 31 January 2024 (02:00:26 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0524.v1

From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID

Pablo Gonzalez-Garcia, Ornella Fiorillo Moreno, Eloina Zarate Peñate, Alejandro Calderón-Villalba, Lisandro Pacheco Lugo, Antonio Acosta Hoyos, Jose Luis Villarreal Camacho, Roberto Navarro Quiroz, Leonardo Pacheco Londoño, Gustavo Aroca Martinez, Noelia Moares, Antonio Gabucio, Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce, Francisco Garcia-Cozar, Elkin Navarro Quiroz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Long COVID; Cytopathy; cytokine storm; sequelae; PASC; coronavirus; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; cell dysfunction

Online: 30 March 2023 (05:09:50 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0518.v1

Epitope Coverage of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgA and IgG Antibodies Correlates With Protection Against Re-Infection by New Variants in Subsequent Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Michelle O. Mullins, Muneerah Smith, Hazel Maboreke, Andrew J. M. Nel, Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi, Wendy A. Burgers, Jonathan M. Blackburn

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: immunoassay; epitope coverage; quantitative antibody binding; protein microarray; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; humoral response; SARS-CoV-2 re-infection

Online: 27 December 2022 (10:43:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0158.v2

Mapping the Accessory Proteins (Orfs) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Sunil Thomas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; accessory protein; mapping; structure; Open reading frame, Orf.

Online: 3 November 2022 (10:27:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0110.v1

Cytoprotective Activity of Newly Synthesized 3-(arylmethyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-ones derivatives

Shynggys Sergazy, Zarina Shulgau, Aigerim Zhulikeyeva, Yerlan Ramankulov, Irina V. Palamarchuk, Ivan V. Kulakov

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Organic Chemistry Keywords: 3-aminopyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives; 3-(arylmethyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-ones; antiradical activity; cytoprotective activity

Online: 4 August 2022 (14:12:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0010.v1

The SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike Protein Promotes MAPK and NF-kB Activation and Inflammatory Cytokine Production In Human Lung and Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Christopher B Forsyth, Lijuan Zhang, Abhinav Bhushan, Barbara A. Swanson, João I. Mamede, Maliha Shaikh, Li Zhang, Ali Keshavarzian

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; ARDS; Cytokine Storm; Spike S1 protein; SARS-CoV-2, Long COVID; ACE2; A549 cells; Caco-2 cells

Online: 1 June 2022 (09:49:27 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Oleuropein-Rich Leaf Extract as a Broad Inhibitor of Tumour and Macrophage iNOS in Apc Mutant Rat Model

Jessica Ruzzolini, Sofia Chioccioli, Noemi Monaco, Silvia Peppicelli, Elena Andreucci, Silvia Urciuoli, Annalisa Romani, Cristina Luceri, Katia Tortora, Lido Calorini, Giovanna Caderni, Chiara Nediani, Francesca Bianchini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Oleuropein; colon cancer; activated macrophages; chronic inflammation; inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS); cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); nitric oxide (NO)

Online: 2 August 2021 (12:04:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0076.v1

Why COVID-19 Transmission is More Efficient and Aggressive than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?

Fatma Elrashdy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Vladimir N Uversky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19; viral infection; virus-host interaction

Online: 4 September 2020 (03:19:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0260.v2

COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights into Structure, Function, and hACE2 Receptor Recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Anshumali Mittal, Kavyashree Manjunath, Rajesh Kumar Ranjan, Sandeep Kaushik, Sujeet Kumar, Vikash Verma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-like coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); RdRp; Remdesivir; and neutralizing antibody

Online: 10 July 2020 (16:21:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0390.v1

O-β-GlcNAcylation, Chloroquine and 2-Hydroxybenzohydrazine May Hamper SARS-CoV-2 entry to Human via Inhibition of ACE2 Phosphorylation at Ser787 but Also Induce Disruption of Virus-ACE2 Binding

Waqar Ahmad, Khadija Shabbiri, Nazarul Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV; ACE2; spike protein; phosphorylation; O-β-GlcNAcylation; molecular docking; chloroquine; 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine

Online: 22 April 2020 (06:01:00 CEST)

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The novel coronavirus COVID- 19 disease is extremely contagious and has been spread worldwide. First COVID-19 case was identified in December, 2019 and within three months, more than one million affected cases and over 65,000 deaths have been reported. SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also known as 2019-nCoV is a causative agent of COVID-19 disease and belongs to the SARS CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus) family. The SARS-CoV-2 enters the human body by binding its viral surface spike protein with the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and cause infection. To prevent the virus entry and its transmission in the human body, we focused on the two domains of ACE2: i) the N-terminal extracellular binding domain (18-740 residues) reported for coronavirus spike interaction, and ii) the C-terminal cytoplasmic region (762-805 residues) to prevent the virus transmission. Therefore, we proposed: i) inhibition of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 protein may prevent the virus entry to the host and ii) inhibition of phosphorylation at Ser-787 of ACE2 protein may prevent the transmission of the virus in the COVID-19 patients. In the past, the critical role of Ser 787 in human ACE2 protein has been experimentally verified in SARS-CoV transmission, that upon binding to the receptor, SARS- CoV induces CKII- mediated phosphorylation of ACE2 at Ser-787 that in-turn facilitate virus entry to host cells, followed by replication and activation of ACE2, initiates downstream signaling leading to lung fibrosis. Therefore, in this study, we have suggested post-translational modification (PTM) O-β-GlcNAcylation, and two compounds Chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine might share the common pathways to prevent the COVID-19 infection in human. The addition of O-β-GlcNAcylation at same or neighboring Ser/ Thr residues results in phosphorylation inhibition and a change in protein structural and functional confirmations. Thereby, using neural networking methods, we have identified Ser/ Thr residues in ACE2 that are potential sites for phosphorylation and / or O-β-GlcNAcylation. Molecular docking showed that UDP-GlcNAc has more binding affinity with Ser-787 than the phosphoryl group. Moreover, chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine also showed great potential to bind at Ser-787 that may result in inhibition of Ser-787 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. Furthermore, O-β-GlcNAcylation, chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine showed their high affinity at ACE2-SARS-CoV-2receptor binding domain that may prevent the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human body. In conclusion, inhibition of human ACE2 phosphorylation at Ser-787 and ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 binding domain could be promising targets against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0161.v1

The Small Intestine, an Underestimated Site of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Red Queen Effect to Probiotics

Zhijie Feng, Yan Wang, Wei Qi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: coronaviruses receptors; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; the Red Queen hypothesis; segmented filamentous bacteria

Online: 10 March 2020 (08:45:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2264.v1

From Organotypic Mouse Brain Slices to Human Alzheimer’s Plasma Biomarkers: A Focus on Nerve Fiber Outgrowth

Sakir Necat YILMAZ, Katharina Steiner, Josef Marksteiner, Klaus Faserl, Mathias Villunger, Bettina Sarg, Christian Humpel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Alzheimer’ s disease; biomarker; plasma; organotypic brain slice; nerve fiber; myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; microcontact printing; mass spectrometry

Online: 30 September 2024 (13:07:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0456.v1

Design of Small-Type Permanent-Magnet Linear Motors and Drivers for Automation Application

Chia-Hsiang Ho, Jonq-Chin Hwang

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: small-type permanent-magnet linear motor; end effects; cogging force; field-oriented control; S-curve motion trajectory control

Online: 5 September 2024 (11:12:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0383.v1

Identifying Oversold Levels and Developing Low-Frequency Trading Algorithms for the S&P 500: An Analysis Using Stochastic Oscillator, Williams %R, and Trading Volume

Chan Kyu Paik, Jinhee Choi, Ivan Ureta Vaquero

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Finance Keywords: investment; trading; algorithm trading; market timing; ETF; S&; P 500; low-frequency trading; hit ratio, volume; oversold

Online: 4 September 2024 (16:27:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1722.v1

Economic Efficiency versus Energy Efficiency of Selected Crops in EU Farms

Paweł Boczar, Lucyna Błażejczyk-Majka

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: agricultural resources; economic security of farmers; Europe’ s energy security; agricultural production efficiency; economics of land use

Online: 25 June 2024 (10:09:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1693.v1

Promotion Effect of H2S with High Concentrations on Catalytic Dry Reforming of Methane in Sour Natural Gas

Hengchang Ni, Xiaoyu Jia, Li Yu, Yuyang Li, Ping Li

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Sour natural gas; Dry reforming of methane; High H2S concentration; Promotion effect; MgO-based catalyst; S-adsorbed species

Online: 25 April 2024 (16:03:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1588.v1

Hydrogen and Other Bioenergy Fuels for Australia’s Net-Zero Strategy: A Critical Review

Anirudh Singh, Dhrishna Charan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Sustainable Science And Technology Keywords: hydrogen; Australia’ s net-zero strategy; energy transition; energy storage; hydrogen fuel cell; lithium-ion rechargeable battery

Online: 28 February 2024 (08:18:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0694.v1

Caregivers’ burden experience: a comparison between Parkinson's Disease, Multiple System Atrophy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Luna Carpinelli, Giulia Savarese, Claudio Russo, Giovanna Stornaiuolo, Ettore Luisi, Francesca Pellegrino, Monica Mollo, Antonella Toriello, Paolo Barone, Maria Teresa Pellecchia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Caregivers’ burden; Quality of Life; Neurological diseases; Parkinson’ s Disease; Multiple System Atrophy; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Online: 12 February 2024 (13:28:28 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0130.v2

Nodular Neurogenic Tumor of the Tip of the Tongue

Charlotte Berge, Hilal Hafian, Anne Durlach

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: Benign nerve sheath tumors; Abrikossoff’ s tumor; granular cell; oral pathologist; peripheral nerve disorders; tongue; s100 protein

Online: 5 February 2024 (05:35:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1239.v2

A new Proposal for the Interpretation of the Diagonal Compression Test on Masonry Wallettes: the Identification of Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Modulus of Rigidity

Elena Ferretti

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: masonry walls; diagonal compression test; shear-compression test; ASTM guidelines; RILEM guidelines; elastic moduli; Poisson’ s ratio

Online: 25 December 2023 (09:40:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1162.v2

Structural Variations of Prions and Prion-Like Proteins Associated with Neurodegeneration

Carter Sky Christensen, Wenshu Li, Danyang Yu, Henry James Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: prions; neurodegeneration; Alzheimer’ s disease; protein homeostasis; aggregation; prion-like proteins; amyloid beta; hyperphosphorylated tau; self replication

Online: 19 December 2023 (09:42:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1394.v1

Methodology for Assessing the Technical Condition and Durability of Bridge Structures

Kostiantyn Medvediev, Anna Kharchenko, Anzhelika Stakhova, Vitalii Tsybulskyi, Yurii Yevseichyk, Adrián Bekö

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: technical condition of the bridge; durability; reliability; residual resource; degradation; 20 predicting the bridge’ s condition ;

Online: 19 December 2023 (05:48:57 CET)

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Запропонована методика спрямована на визначення та прогнозування технічного стану елементів мосту, що може слугувати прогресивним інженерним інструментом для оцінки надійності та довговічності. Розроблено на основі фундаментальних досліджень, які узагальнюють досвід вивчення фізико-механічних і фізико-хімічних властивостей матеріалів мостових конструкцій, що експлуатуються в реальних умовах. Теоретичною основою методики є модель надійності та прогнозування залишкового ресурсу елементів мосту на основі теорії Маркова. Розроблена методика призначена для оцінки технічного стану окремих елементів мосту з подальшою комплексною оцінкою всієї конструкції. За показник технічного стану прийнята надійність при експлуатації. Цей кількісний показник надійності в моделі є критерієм для: оцінки рівня безпеки елементів мосту; ранжування елементів мосту за необхідністю для конкретних видів ремонту, реконструкції або заміни; стратегічне планування витрат на ремонт або реконструкцію в умовах обмеженого фінансування; прогнозування залишкового ресурсу елементів. Для застосування розробленої методики запропоновано алгоритм оцінки та прогнозування технічного стану мостів. Було проведено математичний експеримент розробленої методики, який підтвердив адекватність висунутої гіпотези, тобто використання моделі надійності та прогнозування залишкового ресурсу елементів мосту. По-перше, запропоновано триступеневий механізм уточнення технічного стану мосту, суттєво підвищення точності розрахунків. Тому розроблена методика має практичне значення і може слугувати основою для інформаційно-аналітичних систем управління станом мостів.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0422.v1

Can New Life Be Created Synthetically?

Aishwarya Venkatramani

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Other Keywords: Synthetic Biology; Origin of Life; Maxwell’ s Demons; Turing Patterns; Biological Memory 12 Formation; Synthetic Life Forms

Online: 6 December 2023 (12:27:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0013.v1

Epigenetic Methylation Changes in Pregnant Women: Bisphenol Exposure and Atopic Dermatitis

Seung Hwan Kim, So Yeon Yu, Jeong Hyeop Choo, Jihyun Kim, Kangmo Ahn, Seung Yong Hwang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Toxicology Keywords: Bisphenol A; Bisphenol S; Bisphenol F; Atopic dermatitis; DNA methylation; JAK-STAT signaling pathway; PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

Online: 1 November 2023 (04:02:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0439.v1

Extracellular Matrix Components as Diagnostic Tools in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Laura Golusda, Anja A Kühl, Britta Siegmund, Daniela Paclik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: extracellular matrix; glycosaminoglycans; inflammatory bowel disease; ulcerative colitis; Crohn´s disease; fibrosis; stenosis; magnetic resonance imaging; elastography; histopathology

Online: 23 August 2021 (13:20:23 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0042.v1

The Glucosinolates, A Sulphur Glucoside Family of Mustard Phytochemicals With Diverse Biomedical Application

James Melrose

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: glucosinolate; sulphopharane; allyl isothiocyanate, phase II detoxification enzymes; anti-tumour agents; anti-bacterials; neutraceutical; sinigrin; glutathione-S-transferase

Online: 5 June 2019 (14:53:35 CEST)

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