The expansion of Open World Video Games (OWVGs) has seen the emergence of multiple new fictional worlds. This type of video game is characterized by total immersion in a world built for the players entertainment. What videogames developers want when players enter an OWVG is that they could feel like if they were open a door to an entirely new world and leave the real world behind. These virtual worlds manifest as a complement, an alternative, or the successor to the physical universe, and in some way continue the philosophical tradition of possible worlds begun by Leibniz. Accustomed to ‘surviving’ in hostile environments, millions of people continued to improve their skills in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic while locked in their homes. Once the pandemic seems to start to be left behind, the paper analyzes the virtual worlds created by the video games and the relations between the pandemic and these fictional worlds.

The connectivity level of last-generation vehicles is constantly on the rise. The combined use of Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) connectivity and autonomous driving can provide remarkable benefits through the optimization of the route and speed trajectory. In this framework, this paper focuses on vehicle eco-driving optimization in a connected environment. The virtual test rig of a premium segment passenger car was used for generating the simulation scenarios. The benefits, in terms of energy and time savings, that the introduction of V2X communication, integrated with cloud computing, can have in a real-world scenario were assessed. The Reference Scenario is a pre-defined Real Driving Emissions (RDE) compliant route, while the simulation scenarios were generated by assuming two different penetration levels of V2X technologies. The associated energy minimization problem is formulated and solved by means of a global optimization algorithm, i.e., Dynamic Programming (DP). The optimization framework includes information coming from the surrounding environment, e.g., traffic lights state, speed limits, distance to travel, etc. The simulations show that introducing a smart infrastructure along with optimizing the vehicle speed in a real-world route can potentially reduce the required energy by 54% while shortening the travel time by 38%. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the bi-objective optimization cost function to find a set of Pareto optimal solutions, between energy and travel time minimization.

In this article, we introduce the concept of soft intervals, soft ordering and sequences of soft real numbers, and some of their structural properties are studied. The notion of soft Lebesgue measure on the soft real numbers has been introduced. Also, a correspondence relationship has been established between the soft Lebesgue measure and the classical Lebesgue measure. Furthermore, we have studied some exciting results and relations between the soft Lebesgue measure and the Lebesgue measure of soft real sets.

Purpose: To meet the challenges of the precision medicine era, quality assessment of shared sarcoma care becomes pivotal. The MDT approach is the most important parameter for succesfull outcome. Because of all MDTs disciplines surgery is the key step to render sarcoma patients disease free, defining the spectrum of a sarcoma surgeon is critical. To the best of the authors knowledge, a comprehensive interoperable digital platform to assess the scope of sarcoma surgery and the experience of a sarcoma surgeon in its full complexity is lacking. Methods: A web-based real-world data (RWD) registry on sarcoma surgery has been created to assess the clinical exposure, tumor characteristics, and surgical settings and techniques applied for both resections and reconstructions of sarcomas and thereby the surgical exposure of an individual surgeon over time. Results: During 10 years, there were 723 sarcoma board/MDT meetings discussing 3130 patients. A total of 1094 patients underwent 1250 surgical interventions on mesenchymal tumors by one single sarcoma surgeon. These included 615 deep soft tissue tumors (197 benign, 102 intermediate, 281 malignant, 27 simulator, 7 metastasis, 1 blood), 116 superficial soft tissue tumors (45 benign, 12 intermediate, 40 malignant, 18 simulator, 1 blood) and 519 bone tumors (129 benign, 112 intermediate, 182 malignant, 18 simulator, 46 metastasis, 14 blood and 18 sequelae of 1st treatment). Detailed types of resections and reconstructions were analyzed. Conclusion: A web-based RWD sarcoma surgeon registry with transparent real-time descriptive analytics is feasible and enables large scale definition of the surgical complexity and ultimately quality of sarcoma care.

More than 179,000 individuals have fallen ill of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which first emerged in China less than four months ago in December 2019. As of today, there exist no approved treatments against COVID-19. Vaccines are being developed, but they will take time, at least one year, to reach the population. Drug repositioning represents a fast track because already approved medicines have been broadly tested through multiple trials. We developed a repositioning strategy that mostly leads to candidates that are commonly used. The advantages are that they will facilitate proof of concept in humans through a “real-world evidence” approach and should be rapidly available to the population. We focus on the established research results that the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy pathways of the host cells are essential to the life cycle of previously known coronaviruses. We performed the relevant bioinformatics analysis to understand and confirm if SARS-CoV-2 may interact with these druggable pathways. Based on these considerations, we prioritized two additional druggable pathways, which are important to the viral life cycle and tightly connected to UPR/autophagy signaling: the mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP) and NLRP-3 inflammasome pathways. These four important pathways are perturbed in most major common diseases and have therefore been targeted by numerous broadly prescribed drugs. We have identified 97 approved drugs that are known to modulate these four identified pathways, and which represent, therefore, interesting repositioning candidates. Although it is indisputable that these drugs should never be used for immediate self-medication against COVID-19, we notice that some of them could also be prescribed to individuals who have COVID-19 comorbidities (e.g., hypertension). It is debated if these comorbidities are linked to the pathology itself (e.g., hypertension) or the drugs used to treat the pathology (e.g., sartans). Therefore, relevant preclinical tests and massive electronic health records (i.e., real-world evidence) must be used to pre-screen them and check the COVID-19 prognosis of individuals taking these drugs.

This chapter discusses stochastic processes known as "hidden Markov models". In these models, there are states or phases. In applications to statistical process control, for example, the states could correspond to "in control" or "out of control". In applications to the market and the economy, there are states of the market conventionally called "Bull" and "Bear", for up and down markets, resp. The states of the economy are often referred to as recession, recovery, expansion, contraction. Questions arise as to how many such states to use, and whether the nature of the states detected by statistical methods correspond to conventional notions about the phases of the market or the economy. The models considered involve a bivariate time series {Yt, St}; where Y is observed and S is the state, or label. "Hidden" means that the state is unobserved and must be inferred. For example, Yt may be the rate of return (ROR) of the S&P 500 index in month t and St may be 1 or 0, for Bull or Bear for that month. One definition of Bull and Bear is that St = 1 if the ROR Yt > 0 and St = 0; otherwise. In that case, St is directly derivable from the data. In other cases, the labels are unobserved and then are estimated from the observed process by more complicated means. The act of estimating St for each t, that is, labeling each time point of a time series with the name of its estimated state, is called time series segmentation, sequences of 0s or 1s being called segments. Thus a segment (regime, epoch) is a sequence of time points with the same label. Some definitions of phases are in terms of patterns; others are obtained in terms of fitting models in which the states are explicit elements of the model, albeit unobservable. Patterns are considered first, and then hidden state models. Use of model selection criteria for choosing between alternative models is illustrated. For example, it was found that for the stock market use of two states (corresponding to Bull and Bear) is indeed better than three states or a single state.

Time is what we measure with clocks. With clocks, we measure the duration of material change tuning in space. Material change runs in space only, time, as duration enters existence when measured. Time is an emergent physical reality that enters existence when measured by the observer. No measurement means no time. The motion does not require time. Motion requires only space and the physical object that moves in space, which is time-invariant. There is no physical past; there is no physical future. Past and future exist only in the human mind. Humans, we experience time-invariant space as NOW. The entire universe exists and develops into NOW.

In superconductors gauge U(1) symmetry is spontaneously broken. According to Goldstone theorem this breaking of a continuous symmetry establishes the existence of the Bogoliubov phase mode while the gauge-invariant response also includes the amplitude fluctuations of the order parameter. The latter, which are also termed ’Higgs’ modes in analogy with the standard model, appear at the energy of the spectral gap 2Δ when the superconducting ground state is evaluated within the weak coupling BCS theory and are therefore damped. Previously we have shown that in the time-dependent Gutzwiller approximation (TDGA) Higgs modes appear inside the gap with a finite binding energy relative to the quasiparticle continuum. Here we show that the binding energy of the Higgs mode becomes exponentially small in the weak coupling limit converging to the BCS solution. On the other hand, well-defined undamped amplitude modes exist in strongly coupled superconductors when the interaction energy becomes of the order of the bandwidth.

Traversal time in tunneling effect for ultrasonic waves in tapered waveguides is derived considering its analogy with quantum and electromagnetic waves tunneling. If, as traversal time, the so called phase time is considered, the ultrasonic wavepacket shows the equivalent in acoustics of superluminality i.e. the derived velocity , crosses the limit of bulk transverse ultrasonic waves in the medium of the waveguide that is the equivalent of c in the quantum and electromagnetic cases. Graphs clearly illustrating this so called Hartman effect are obtained confirming the experimental results in the three different fields.

Fractal analysis of time series aims to extract the hidden or complex structures issued from the associated real data, such as scaling laws, non-stationary, dynamics, and so on. In the present work, the air quality index and its components are considered as time series owing fractal structures. To understand their underlying dynamics, wavelet multifractal approach is applied starting with a wavelet multifractal spectrum test to confirm the multifractality of the underlying data. Next, a new model is introduced improving the classical minmax one, provided with a statistical measure for the adequacy of the new model. The theoretical findings are applied to the north west Tabuk region of Saudi Arabia for environmental and climate data related to pollutants and factors involved in the estimation of the air quality index.

Children's screen time may affect their growth and development. However, different aspects of children and their parents that affect children's screen time has not been investigated in the Japanese context. This study aimed to explore the relationship between relevant factors affecting children's screen time based on their sleep, difficulties, and parental control, among Japanese elementary and junior high school students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among parents in Japan. Data on screen time duration, parent-child background, strengths and difficulties, sleep variables, and parental control types were collected from 225 households. Path analysis revealed that high Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores (β = 0.167, p = 0.007), sleep duration (β = -0.282, p < 0.001), and parental control (β = -0.205, p < 0.001) were significantly related to children's screen time. Additionally, late parental bedtime negatively correlated with children's sleep duration (β = -0.326, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that children's difficulties, sleep duration, and parental control are associated with children's screen time. This study, together with previous research, provides comprehensive insights to design interventions to decrease screen time in children in the Japanese context.

This paper presents a method for producing a gravity field through an electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field can produce a positive or negative gravity field. The relationship between gravity force and electromagnetic is unknown. Former studies by theoretical physics predict the relationship between these two forces. Based on the general balance theory in six dimensions of space and time, the electromagnetic field was studied from this viewpoint. Three-dimensional waves oscillate in the fourth dimension and electromagnetic waves distort space-time. Aggregating these distortions can behave like a positive or negative gravity field. Consequently, the production of energy is possible from gravitational fields.

The G2 gas cloud motion data and the scarcity of observations on the event horizon-scale distances have challenged the comprehensiveness of the central supermassive black hole model. In addition, the Planck Legacy 2018 release has preferred a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level higher than 99%. This study investigates the impact of the background curvature and its evolution over the conformal time on the formation and morphological evolution of central compact objects and the consequent effect on their host galaxies. The formation of a galaxy from the collapse of a supermassive gas cloud in the early Universe is modeled based on interaction field equations as a 4D relativistic cloud-world that flows and spins through a 4D conformal bulk of a primordial positive curvature considering the preference of the Planck release. Owing to the curved background, this scenario of galaxy formation reveals that the core of the galaxy undergoes a forced vortex formation with a central event horizon leading to opposite vortices (traversable wormholes) that spatially shrink while evolving in the conformal time. It indicates that the galaxy and its core are formed in the same process whereas the surrounding gas clouds form the spiral arms due to the frame-dragging induced by the fast-rotating core. It demonstrates that the accretion flow onto the central supermassive compact object only occurs at the central event horizon of the two opposite vortices while their other ends eject the relativistic jets. This can elucidate the relativistic jet formation and explain the G2 gas cloud motion if its orbit is around one of the vortices but at a distance from the central event horizon. The gravitational potential of the early curved bulk could contribute to galaxy formation while the present spatial flatness deprives the potential of bulk which could lead to galaxy quenching. The formation of a galaxy and its core simultaneously could explain the growth of the supermassive compact galaxy core to a mass of ~10⁹ M_⊙ at just 6% of the current Universe age.

This article presents the results of reviewing the predictive capacity of Google trends for national elections in Chile. The electoral results of the elections between Michelle Bachelet and Sebastián Piñera in 2006, Sebastián Piñera and Eduardo Frei in 2010, Michelle Bachelet and Evelyn Matthei in 2013, Sebastián Piñera and Alejandro Guillier in 2017, and Gabriel Boric and José Antonio Kast in 2021 were reviewed. The time series analysed were organised on the basis of relative searches between the candidacies, assisted by R software, mainly with the gtrendsR and forecast libraries. With the series constructed, forecasts were made using the ARIMA technique to check the weight of one presidential option over the other. The ARIMA analyses were performed on 3 ways of organising the data: the linear series, the series transformed by moving average and the series transformed by Hodrick-Prescott. The result indicates that the method offers optimal pre-dictive ability.

The distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has great potential for monitoring natural-resource reservoirs and borehole conditions. However, the large volume of data and complicated wavefield add challenges to processing and interpretation. In this study, we demonstrate that seismic interferometry based on deconvolution is a convenient tool for analyzing this complicated wavefield. We extract coherent wave from the observation of a borehole DAS system at the Brady geothermal field in Nevada. Then, we analyze the coherent reverberating waves, which are used for monitoring temporal changes of the system. These reverberations are tirelessly observed in the vertical borehole DAS data due to cable or casing ringing. The deconvolution method allows us to examine the wavefield at different boundary conditions. We interpret the deconvolved wavefields using a simple 1D string model. The velocity of this wave varies with depth, observation time, temperature, and pressure. We find the velocity is sensitive to disturbances in the borehole related to increasing operation intensity. The velocity decreases with rising temperature, which potentially suggests that the DAS cable or the casing are subjected to high temperature. This reverberation can be decomposed into distinct vibration modes in the spectrum. We find that the wave is dispersive, and the the fundamental mode propagate with a large velocity. The method can be useful for monitoring borehole conditions or reservoir property changes. For the later, we need better coupling than through only friction in the vertical borehole to obtain coherent energy from the formation.

The Albufera of Valencia is a coastal lagoon located in the western area of the Mediterranean Sea, in the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of 23.1 km2 and an average depth of only 1 m, with a maximum depth of 1.6 m. This lagoon is the rest of an original and more extensive wetland of about 220 km2, mostly dedicated to rice cultivation nowadays. Surface water is supplied through several main and many secondary canals for a total of 64 water entry points and three exit points to the sea. It is difficult to evaluate the renewal rate due to the lack of reliable measurements of the inflow or outflow, as well as continuous measurements. Between 1988 and 2018 several procedures have been used, synthesizing in this work the result, in which it is observed a decrease of the inflow in these thirty years, and therefore the residence time is increasing. There is a temporal variation during the year of renewal influenced by rainfall and cultivation periods. Likewise, it is observed that the natural hydrological zoning of the lagoon causes a spatial heterogeneity with small areas with more renewal, practically weekly, and large extensions with little renewal during months. It is impossible to know this information if flow measurements are not taken in each of the main watercourses.

We have shown in previous work that the equivalence of the Heisenberg and Schrödinger pictures of quantum mechanics requires the use of the Born and Jordan quantization rules. In the present work we give further evidence that the Born--Jordan rule is the correct quantization scheme for quantum mechanics. For this purpose we use correct short-time approximations to the action functional, initially due to Makri and Miller, and show that these lead to the desired quantization of the classical Hamiltonian.

Algaecides are chemicals that cause serious health problems. Conventional paints contain algaecides to improve the algae resistance on the paint film. Present research has suggested an environmental friendly paint formulation that focuses on developing algae resistance without having algaecides. In this research, Algae growth on newly developed paint is modeled by incorporating dirt resistance of paint and natural phenomena including humidity, temperature and time respectively. The fitted Model revealed explained variation of 59.65% in the average algae growth, of which, Dirt Resistance, Humidity and temperature and some of their interactions play significant role in this variation. Model suggests that the proposed newly developed paint without algaecides is more resilient to algae growth and significantly decreased the average algae growth rate by 0.53% as compared to conventional paints. Keeping the effect of all other factors constant, if dirt resistance of paint (D_c value) increases by one percent, average algae growth decreases by 12.98%; when temperature increases by 1^oC, average algae growth decreases by 22.4%; a positive unit change in the joint linear effect dirt resistance, temperature and humidity caused a decrease in average algae growth by 0.0031%. It was also observed that the individual effect of humidity variable was inversely related with average algae growth. However the combination of humidity and temperature, humidity and dirt resistance, humidity and time, and the quadratic effect of humidity were found to increase the average algae growth rate. The cubic effect of temperature variable by one degree centigrade resulted in decrease of average algae growth by 0.000907%.

Landslide is a sliding movement of rock mass, debris and soil along the slope under the action of gravity. Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) is an established method for the investigation and monitoring of landslide moments. This study focuses on monitoring the long-temporal displacement of mountainous terrain in Danba County, Sichuan Province via SBAS technique, based on 31 scenes of L-band ALOS/PALSAR data from Feb. 2007 to Oct. 2010.The results show that the largest velocity rates in LOS direction are ±120 mm/yr and maximum accumulated displacement is up to -300, which indicates fast movement of the mountainous terrain during the observation time. These results get good consistency against the results of previous study. This demonstrates the strong potential of SBAS technique for monitoring the landslides geohazard.

In nonlinear self-consistent system, Lorenz system (Lorenz equations) is a classic case with chaos solutions which are sensitively dependent on the initial conditions. As it is difficult to get the analytical solution, the numerical methods and qualitative analytical methods are widely used in many studies. In these papers, Runge-Kutta method is the one most often used to solve these differential equations. However, this method is still a method based on explicit time scheme, which would be the main reason for the chaotic solutions to Lorenz system. In this work, numerical experiments based on implicit time scheme and explicit scheme are setup for comparison, the results show that: in implicit time scheme, the numerical solutions (counterexamples) are without chaos; for an original volume, the volume shrinks exponentially fast to 0 in common.

Speech enhancement technology seeks to improve the quality and intelligibility of speech signals degraded by noise, particularly in telephone communications. Recent advancements have focused on leveraging deep neural networks (DNN), especially U-Net architectures, for effective denoising. In this study, we evaluate the performance of a 6-level skip-connected U-Net constructed using either conventional convolution activation blocks (CCAB) or innovative global local former blocks (GLFB) across different processing domains: temporal waveform, short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and short-time discrete cosine transform (STDCT). Our results indicate that the U-Nets can receive better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) when applied in the STFT and STDCT domains, with comparable short-time objective intelligibility (STOI) scores across all domains. Notably, the GLFB-based U-Net outperforms its CCAB counterpart in metrics such as CSIG, CBAK, COVL, and PESQ, while maintaining fewer learnable parameters. Furthermore, we propose domain-specific composite loss functions, considering the acoustic and perceptual characteristics of the spectral domain, to enhance the perceptual quality of denoised speech. Our findings provide valuable insights that can guide the optimization of DNN designs for causal speech denoising.

A time interval only description necessarily needs its own independent definitions, without one moment time coordinates to it. In this paper derived are time interval only set properties, including commutation relations, addition, multiplication and derivatives. Time interval only set commutation relations, consistent with one moment time set properties, are introduced by defining correspondence relations for these sets. Time development and equilibrium within the time interval description depend on the well-known ‘mean velocity theorem’ and the time interval version of the Legendre transform. In contrast, usually applied is only the traditional vector and one moment time coordinate kinematic approach from Newton’s laws. The main results of this paper are correspondences and time interval only set commutation relations. All other properties are derived from these results, while for the time interval only set, different from the one moment time set the canonical property is not valid. The time interval only description can be applied assuming spherical symmetric star-source radiation propagation, with finite time intervals for realistic measurement events. From time development with (a-)symmetry of time intervals, and from Curie’s principle, change can be described with a set theoretic approach. Time interval only set properties include the time interval only version of Noether charges and structure constants. A time interval only description for wave propagation, including group-velocity, for zero and non-zero mass wave particles, relates to the properties of the time interval only set. A second result in terms of the time interval only description is propagation wave energy equivalence with gravitation energy, derived from time interval only set commutation relations. A time interval approach, however including one moment time description dependence, was introduced in earlier publications of this author. In part 1 investigated are the time interval only set and its properties, a forthcoming part 2 to application of the time interval only description to specific groups of stars as emission sources.

This paper presents sufficient conditions for almost global stability of nonlinear switched systems consisting of both stable and unstable subsystems. Techniques from the stability analysis of switched systems have been combined with the multiple Lyapunov density approach - recently proposed by the authors for the almost global stability of nonlinear switched systems composed of stable subsystems. By using slow switching for stable subsystems and fast switching for unstable subsystems lower and upper bounds for mode-dependent average dwell times are obtained. In addition to that, by allowing each subsystem to perform slow switching and using some restrictions on total operation time of unstable subsystems and stable subsystems, we have obtained a lower bound for an average dwell time.

Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber has been attracting increasing attention and has been studied in recent decades because of its good efficiency, high time resolution and relatively low cost. It has become a new standard technology for the Time of Flight system in particle and high energy physics experiments. In this paper, we introduce the operation principle and structure of the MRPC detector and review the applications on the Time of Flight system in several famous experiments, such as STAR, CBM and SoLID. The performances including time resolution and particle identification are discussed in detail. Some recent advances and perspectives with regard to the future development of the next generation MRPC are also outlined.

Hand and arm gesture recognition using radio frequency (RF) sensing modality proves valuable in man-machine interface and smart environment. In this paper, we use time series analysis method for accurately measuring the similarity of the micro-Doppler (MD) signatures between the training and test data, thus providing improved gesture classification. We characterize the MD signatures by the maximum instantaneous Doppler frequencies depicted in the spectrograms. In particular, we apply the dynamic time warping (DTW) method and compare its performance with that of the long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Both methods take into account the values as well as the temporal evolution and trends of time series data. It is shown that the DTW method achieves high gesture classification rates and is robust to time misalignment.

After developed the formulation of a "general relativity" in C⁴ [2], we proceed with the formulation of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation in C⁴. We argue that in this consideration, the usual problems of the ADM formalism, do not exist, due to the complex time as it exists in our consideration. Specically, we can derive a suitable dispersion relation in order to work with and nd a generalised super Hamiltonian

In this paper, we propose the definition of block tensors and the real representation of tensors. Equipped with the simplification method, i.e., the real representation along with the M-P inverse, we demonstrate the conditions that are necessary and sufficient for the system of dual split quaternion tensor equations (A*NX,X*SC)=(B,D) when its solution exists. Furthermore, the general expression of the solution is also provided when the solution of the system exists and we use a numerical example to validate it in the last section. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the aforementioned tensor system has been examined on dual split quaternion algebra. Additionally, we provide its equivalent conditions when its Hermitian solution X=X* and η-Hermitian solutions X=Xη* exist. Subsequently, we discuss two special dual split quaternion tensor equations. Last but not least, we propose an application for encrypting and decrypting two color videos and we validate this algorithm through a specific example.

This paper reveals some properties of the cumulative entropy of consecutive k-out-of-n:F system's lifetime. First, we introduce a method for calculating the cumulative entropy of their lifetime and explore its preservation properties using established stochastic orders. Ad- ditionally, we obtain useful bounds that can used in situations where the distribution function of the system's component lifetimes are complicated or systems have large components. To support practical applications, we present two nonparametric estimators for the cumulative entropy of these systems. The efficiency and performance of these estimators are illustrated with simulated datasets and further validated with real data sets.

A new treatment option for cluster headache (CH) prevention is needed. Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ligands are used as a preventative treatment for migraine. Considering the CGRP’s role in the CH attack’s ignition and upkeep, fremanezumab and galcanezumab have been evaluated for CH preventative treatment. However, only high-dose (300 mg) galcanezumab was proven for episodic CH prevention. We herein report 3 cases of migraine and comorbid CH with previous failures of preventive treatments. The 2 cases were treated with fremanezumab and the one with non-high-dose galcanezumab. All 3 cases showed good results not only on migraine but also on CH attacks. Our report suggested the efficacy of CGRP-mABs for CH prevention. Our cases differed from the cases in the phase 3 trials of CGRP-mABs for CH prevention in the following 2 points. First, the patients had both migraine and comorbid CH. Second, the combined use of CGRP-mABs with preventative drugs for CH, such as verapamil and/or prednisolone, was performed. Future accumulation of real-world data may prove the efficacy of CGRP-mABs for CH prevention.

We present the real number system as a natural generalization of the natural numbers. First, we prove the co-finite topology, $Cof(\mathbb N)$, is isomorphic to the natural numbers. Then, we generalize these results to describe the continuum $[0,1]$. Then we prove the power set $2^{\mathbb Z}$ contains a subset isomorphic to the non-negative real numbers, with all its defining structure of operations and order. Finally, we provide two different constructions of the entire real number line. We see that the power set $2^{\mathbb N}$ can be given the defining structure of $\mathbb R$. The constructions here provided give simple rules for calculating addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, powers and rational powers of real numbers, and logarithms. The supremum and infimum are explicitly constructed by means of a well defined algorithm that ends in denumerable steps. In section 5 we give evidence our construction of $\mathbb N$ and $\mathbb R$ are canonical; these constructions are as natural as possible. In the same section, we propose a new axiomatic basis for analysis. In the last section we provide a series of graphic representations and physical models that can be used to represent the real number system. We conclude that the system of real numbers is completely defined by the order structure of $\mathbb N$.}

The paper deals with two new properties of the linear time-optimal control problems with real non-positive eigenvalues of the system. They are the foundation of a new method of synthesizing the time-optimal control without the need to describe the switching hyper-surfaces. The so called “axes initialization” and the synthesis technique are illustrated on the already classical example of the time-optimal control of a double integrator.

The current work reveals the fine tuning between stability zones and randomness of GI/M/1 Pointwise Stationary Fluid Flow Approximation (PSFFA) model of the non-stationary D/M/1 queueing system. More specifically, this clearly provides more insights into developing a contemporary PSFFA theory that unifies non-stationary queueing theory with chaos theory and fields in both theoretical physics and chaotic systems. This opens new grounds for stability analysis of non-stationary queueing systems. A notable application of GI/M/1 queueing model to achieve ultra-low latency of autonomous driving service is highlighted. Concluding remarks associated with future avenues of research are given.

Today, there is a time series analysis that has gained significant popularity across various industries to provide effective solutions for any specific challenges. Artificial intelligence logic is generally used to solve time-series problems with the help of various frameworks that are available for the development of AI-based applications. Currently, there is a significant framework in Python that is driven by its comprehensive libraries and their practical implementations. Time series analysis can be built with the help of some specific models that give results to differentiate the efficiency and domains of great work. This paper focuses on three diverse libraries of Python to predict the Gulf stock exchange market. These libraries are prediction models that are helpful in predicting future values. These models utilized include SARIMA (Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average), Neural Prophet Model, and Fb Prophet model. Each model is trained using the provided datasets, which are followed by evaluation parameters such as MSE, RMSE, recall, MDAPE, accuracy, precision, etc. The main purpose of using these three models for stock market prediction is to find the better-suited models. In the past few decades, the stock market industry has seemed to have promising growth after 2022 onwards. This paper will help us make a significant decision about model usage for addressing such complex challenges. Especially, the research findings indicate that all three models demonstrate in different domains. SARIMA can perform well in overall prediction tasks, while the Prophet model works great with smaller datasets that contain seasonality trends.

The paper deals with one new property of the linear time-optimal control problems with real eigenvalues of the system, no matter of the number of eigenvalue multiplicity. This property unveils a prospective of synthesizing the time-optimal control without the need of describing the switching hyper-surfaces. The already chrestomathy example of the time-optimal control of a double integrator is resolved by the new technique and compared with the classical synthesis.

In this research article we solve the problem of synchronization and anti-synchronization of chaotic systems described by discrete and time-delayed variable fractional order differential equations. To guarantee the synchronization and anti-synchronization of these systems, we use the well-known PID control theory and the Lyapunov-Krasovskii stability theory for discrete systems of variable fractional order.We illustrate the results obtained through simulation with examples, in which it can be seen that our results are satisfactory, thus achieving synchronization and anti-synchronization of chaotic systems of variable fractional order with discrete time delay.

Deep learning methods have been widely applied to time series classification tasks. Although deep learning methods perform excellently on these tasks, they require much training data. Labeling time series data for training is very time-consuming and labor-intensive. Active learning can be used to select the most informative data for labeling in time series classification tasks to save human labeling efforts. In this paper, we propose a new active learning (AL) framework for time series data. First, a temporal classifier for pixel-level temporal classification tasks is designed. Next, We propose an effective active learning method to select informative time series samples for labeling, which combines representativeness and uncertainty. For representativeness, We use the K-shape method to cluster time series data. For uncertainty, we construct an auxiliary deep network to evaluate the uncertainty of unlabeled data. The features of the middle hidden layer with rich temporal information of the classifier will be fed into the auxiliary deep network, which is equipped with a self-attention mechanism to utilize the temporal dependencies of time series data fully. Then, we define a new loss function with the aim of improving the deep model’s performance. Finally, the proposed method in this paper was evaluated on two temporal remote-sensing image datasets. The results demonstrate a significant advantage of our method over other approaches to time series data. Code is available at https://github.com/Fighting-Golion/time_series_active_learning

The P versus NP problem is a fundamental question in computer science. It asks whether problems whose solutions can be quickly verified can also be quickly solved. Here, "quickly" refers to computational time that grows proportionally to the size of the input (polynomial time). While the problem's roots trace back to a 1955 letter from John Nash, its formalization is attributed to Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin. Despite extensive research, a definitive answer remains elusive. Closely tied to this is the concept of NP-completeness. If a single NP-complete problem could be solved efficiently, it would imply that all problems in NP can be solved efficiently, proving that P equals NP. This work posits that MONOTONE ONE-IN-THREE 3SAT, a notoriously difficult NP-complete problem, can be solved efficiently, thereby establishing the equivalence of P and NP.

The definition of UTC in 1972 balanced the needs of the time and frequency community for a universal time scale that was traceable to the definition of frequency in the SI system of units with the needs of the astronomical community for a time scale that was closely linked to UT1, a time scale related to the rotation of Earth. The balance between these two considerations has changed very significantly since 1972, and there is widespread agreement that the method of relating UTC to UT1 should be changed by increasing the maximum tolerance between the two scales to more than the current limit of 0.9 s. I propose to realize this decision by means of an algorithmic adjustment process based on the variation in the length of the day over the previous centuries. I use these historical data to extrapolate the length of the day for a century into the future, and to compute a periodic rate adjustment to UTC based on this extrapolation. The adjustment process will not use time steps. The magnitude of the periodic rate adjustment will be re-considered every century, but the basic adjustment algorithm will not change. I suggest a maximum tolerance between UT1 and UTC that is large enough to absorb the irregular and unpredictable variations in the length of the day with respect to the long-term average increase in this value but plays no role in determining the parameters of the adjustment process that is proposed. I also propose that the adjustment be implemented at 12 UTC on 1 January since that is closest to a universal holiday in all time zones.

We develop a renormalizable model of Quantum General Relativity (QGR). We do this by building on earlier work with quantum electrodynamics (QED). Working with the Feynman path integral (FPI) approach to QED, we generalize the paths from varying in space to varying in space and time. This gives the standard results plus dispersion in time of order attoseconds or left. Over longer times, the dispersion in time averages out, but at attosecond times it should be detectable with current technology. As an unexpected but welcome side-effect, the approach caused the usual loop integrals to be finite. Since the usual UV divergences are significantly harder to renormalize in QGR than in QED, and since using paths in time plus space is definitely more in keeping with the general spirit of GR, we here apply the same approach to QGR. We show that with an appropriate choice of gauge (trace-reversed de Donder gauge) we can extend the earlier results to include QGR. Sub-attosecond measurements of individual gravitons are not within our reach, but at least the ultraviolet divergences in QGR are contained in the same way. We have therefore a renormalizable model of QGR

Obesity poses significant challenges in rural communities worldwide due to limited resources and healthcare access. Practical, innovative, and culturally sensitive approaches are essential. Time-Restricted Eating (TRE), aligning food intake with circadian rhythms, emerges as a promising strategy. By restricting eating to specific time windows, TRE synchronizes with the body's internal clock, offering potential metabolic health benefits. This review examines TRE's potential in rural obesity management, highlighting its simplicity and scalability. While TRE may address rural health disparities, cultural considerations and challenges such as undernutrition must be acknowledged for effective implementation. Overall, TRE shows promise in improving metabolic health and well-being in rural populations.

Rainfall, or more generally the precipitation process (flux), is a clear example of chaotic variables resulting from a highly nonlinear dynamical system, the atmosphere, represented by a set of physical equations such as the Navier-Stokes equations, energy balances and hydrological cycle among others. As a generalization of the Euclidean (ordinary) measurements, chaotic solutions of these equations are characterized by fractal dimensions, which are non-integer values that represent the complexity of variables like the precipitation. However, observed precipitation is measured as an aggregate variable over time, thus physical analysis of the observed fluxes is very limited. Therefore, this review aims to go through the different approaches used in the identification and analysis of the complexity of the observed precipitation, taking advantage of its geometry footprint. To address the review, it ranges from classical perspectives of fractal-based techniques to new perspectives at temporal and spatial scales as well as for classification of climatic features, including monofractal dimension, multifractal approaches, Hurst exponent, Shannon entropy and time scaling in intensity-duration-frequency curves.

Tungsten and its alloys are considered as a key component in high temperature environment. Self-passivating W-Si-xY alloys with different Y contents made from the powders milled for different times were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Their microstructures and oxidation resistance were investigated. It is found that the oxidation resistance of the alloys with low Y contents (0Y and 2Y) made from 20 h-milled powders is worse than that of the alloys made from 4 h-milled powders. It is because the protective WO3/SiO2 composite layer is discontinuous. While the alloys with high Y contents (4Y and 6Y) made from 4 h and 20 h-milled powders show good oxidation resistance. Even, the thickness of the oxide layer of the alloys with 4Y and 6Y made from 20 h-milled powders after oxidation at 1000 ℃ for 2 h is 84.0 μm and 70.7 μm, less than that made from 4 h-milled powders. This is due to the size and distribution of W5Si3, Y2Si2O7 aggregates and W-Y-O melt. The synergistic effects of Y contents and milling time on the microstructures and oxidation resistance of the alloys are revealed.

The Hwangdo tidal flat is an intertidal landform located in Cheonsu Bay, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, on the west coast of Korea. The topographical characteristics of the semi-enclosed bay on the eastern side of the study area include waterways, sandbars, small islands, and tidal flats. In this study, data were acquired from tide gauges installed on the Hwangdo Bridge, and the height of the ellipsoid was measured using a real-time kinematics global positioning system (RTK-GPS). Digital elevation model (DEM) using Matrice 300 drone data were also acquired after processing. The geochemical sediment characteristics in the study area were analyzed, together with tidal-flat exposure-time characteristics based on environmental factors. Sediment data (n = 107) collected from October 25 to 28, 2022 (Korean local time) were used to classify sediment particles according to Folk and Ward (1957). Sedimentary facies ranged from coarse sand (sand:mud ratio = 9:1) to sandy silt (sZ) followed by muddy sand (mS) and slightly gravelly sandy mud ((g)sM). Total organic carbon (TOC) in the surface sediments were also characterized based on a particle-size analysis. The mean change in tidal height measured at Hwangdo Bridge during the sampling period was ~7.53 m (minimum: –3.86 m, maximum: +3.67 m). Based on the Boryeong's sea level measurement tide data in 2022, the tidal area in the drone images ranged from 6.362 m² (0.006 km²) at DEM +4.0 to 4,841,078 m² (4.841 km²) at DEM –4.0 m, indicating an increase in the tidal-flat area according to the tidal level of up to ~800-fold. The daily average exposure time was 9.0 h (minimum: 1.5 h, maximum: 17.9 h). Based on the results of multivariate analysis using exposure times and a geochemical dataset, four groups were identified: upper, middle, and lower intertidal zones and regions with a relatively high organic-matter concentration. A determination of the main characteristics of the Hwangdo tidal flat according to their spatial distribution showed that, among various environmental factors, changes in the sand or clay sediment composition were determined by community factors. The results of this study demonstrate the four statistically processed groups of marine environmental characteristics in the Hwangdo tidal flats. Changes in sedimentary patterns, rather than in the exposure time, accounted for the differences in the sediment compositions of the upper, middle, and lower stations, a response that is expected to continue.

Knowledge of permafrost’s ice and unfrozen water content is critical for predicting the permafrost behavior during ice–water–ice transition. This is especially relevant when ice and permafrost are melting in many regions under the influence of global warming. It is well-known that only a part of the formation's pore water turns into ice at 0 ^oC. After the further lowering the temperature, the water phase transition continues, but at gradually decreasing rates. Thus, the porous space is filled with ice and unfrozen water. The laboratory data show that frozen formations' mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties strongly depend on the moisture content. Hence, porosity and temperature are essential parameters of permafrost. In this paper, it is shown how, and by combining research in three fields: (1) geophysical exploration, (2) numerical modeling, and (3) temperature logging, it is possible to estimate in-situ the porosity of permafrost. To demonstrate the procedure, five examples of numerical modeling (where all input parameters are specified) are given. This investigation is the first attempt to analyze the permafrost’s porosity in situ quantitively.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of propofol-based sedation and midazo-lam sedation in same-day bidirectional endoscopy (BDE) in children. The charts of children (≤15 years old) who had undergone same-day BDE were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, indications, sedatives and their dosages, clinical outcomes, endoscopic findings, adverse events, and patient time requirements were compared in cases with propofol-based and midazolam se-dation. A total of 91 children [51 boys, mean age 13 years (range 9-15)] were enrolled. Propofol alone or in combination with midazolam and/or pentazocine was given in 51 (propofol-based sedation group) while midazolam alone or in combination with pentazocine was given in 40 (midazolam sedation group). The mean doses of propofol, midazolam and pentazocine were 96 mg (range 40–145 mg), 4.1 mg (range 3–5 mg) and 7.5 mg in the propofol group while the mean doses of midazolam and pentazocine were 6.2 mg (range 4–10 mg) and 15 mg in the midazolam group, respectively. The total procedure times and endoscopic findings between the two groups were similar, but the median patient time requirement in the propofol group was significantly shorter than that of the midazolam group (7.3 h vs. 8.4 h, P<0.001). No adverse events occurred in either group. Propofol-based sedation shortened patient time requirements in same-day BDE compared with midazolam sedation in children.

Within the framework of the previously proposed formulation of the quantum theory of gravity in terms of world histories, it was suggested that the universe has its own mass. This quantity is analogous to the mass of a particle in relativistic mechanics. The mass of the universe is a distribution of non-zero values of gravitational constraints, which arises and changes in time as a consequence of the initial conditions for fundamental dynamic variables. A formulation of the Euclidean quantum theory of gravity is also proposed to determine the initial state, which can be the source of the universe’s own mass. Being unrelated to ordinary matter, the distribution of its own mass affects the geometry of space and forms a dedicated frame of reference. The existence of selected reference systems is taken into account by the corresponding modification of the system of quantum gravitational constraints. A variant of such a modification of the Wheeler-De Witt equation is the operator representation of gravitational constraints, which, together with the state of the universe, determines the parameters of the reference system in the form of a distribution of the spinor field on a spatial section.

This study presents the developments regarding the time-domain-induced polarisation method, as a supporting tool for resistivity soundings during investigations of coastal detrital aquifers that are salinised by marine intrusion. The interpretation of resistivity measurements in such aquifers, which have variable hydrochemistry and lithology, involves uncertainties owing to the presence of low-resistivity lithologies, such as clays. To reduce these uncertainties, the use of other geophysical parameters is necessary; hence, this study focuses on induced polarisation, since it can be measured simultaneously with resistivity. In detail, we propose the determination of induced polarisation using 1D techniques, while developing a different algorithm for processing the induced polarisation data. The aim is to extend the results of this phenomenon, using instead of chargeability, the concepts of polarisability and decay time, which are extracted from the decay curve, given that they represent more intrinsic properties of the various analysed subsurface media. We present results obtained by applying this methodology to a Quaternary aquifer of the Costa del Sol in the SE Iberian Peninsula (in the province of Almería) during two different campaigns, one before and one after winter (i.e., in October and February, respectively). The results reveal the position of the saline front during each campaign, while reflecting the seasonal movement of the marine intrusion.

Inspired by recent developments in wave propagation and scattering experiments with parity-time (PT) symmetric materials, we discuss reciprocity and representation theorems for 3D inhomogeneous PT-symmetric materials and indicate some applications. We start with a unified matrix-vector wave equation which accounts for acoustic, quantum-mechanical, electromagnetic, elastodynamic, poroelastodynamic, piezoelectric and seismoelectric waves. Based on the symmetry properties of the operator matrix in this equation, we derive unified reciprocity theorems for wave fields in 3D arbitrary inhomogeneous media and 3D inhomogeneous media with PT-symmetry. These theorems form the basis for deriving unified wave field representations and relations between reflection and transmission responses in such media. Among the potential applications are interferometric Green’s matrix retrieval and Marchenko-type Green’s matrix retrieval in PT-symmetric materials.

In this work, the hypothesis that the universe is made up of 4-dimensional spheres of space, whose diameter is the Planck length, allows us to calculate most of the constants used in current physical theories. Calculated constants include: elementary charge, fine structure constant, electron mass, Planck constant, gravitational constant, electrical constant, Boltzmann constant, mass and charge of up and down quarks, muon mass, and Higgs boson. All of these depend on the speed of light and the Planck length, which shows that all the constants are related and not due to chance.

Screen viewing time is the total time spent by a child on any digital/electronic device. The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and predictors of excessive screen viewing time in children in Ujjain, India. This cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted through house-to-house survey by using the three-stage cluster sampling method in 36 urban wards and 36 villages of Ujjain district, India. Excessive screen viewing time was defined as screen viewing for &gt; 2 h/day. The prevalence of excessive screen viewing time was 17.83%. Risk factors identified using the multivariate logistic regression model were: age (OR: 1.5, P &lt; 0.001); mobile phone use before bedtime (OR: 3.17, P = 0.008); parents’ perception about the child habituated to screen (OR: 14.03, P &lt; 0.001); television in bedroom (OR: 48.69, P &lt; 0.001); morning mobile screen viewing time (OR: 9.27, P &lt; 0.001); not reading books other than textbooks (OR: 9.71, P &lt; 0.001); and lack of outdoor play for &gt;2 h (OR: 4.20, P &lt; 0.001). Presence of eye pain was a protective factor for excessive screen viewing time (OR: 0.12, P = 0.011). The study identified multiple modifiable risk factors for excessive screen viewing time.

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) is an optimization involving minimization or maximization of several objective functions more than the conventional one objective optimization, which is useful in many fields. Many of the current methodologies addresses challenges and solutions that attempt to solve simultaneously several Objectives with multiple constraints subjoined to each. Often MOO are generally subjected to linear inequality, equality and or bounded constraint that prevent all objectives from being optimized at once. This paper reviews some recent articles in area of MOO and presents deep analysis of Random and Uniform Entry-Exit time of objectives. It further break down process into sub-process and then provide some new concepts for solving problems in MOO, which comes due to periodical objectives that do not stay for the entire duration of process lifetime, unlike permanent objectives which are optimized once for the entire process duration. A methodology based on partial optimization that optimizes each objective iteratively and weight convergence method that optimizes sub-group of objectives are given. Furthermore, another method is introduced which involve objective classification, ranking, estimation and prediction where objectives are classified based on their properties, and ranked using a given criteria and in addition estimated for an optimal weight point (pareto optimal point) if it certifies a coveted optimal weight point. Then finally predicted to find how far it deviates from the estimated optimal weight point. A Sample Mathematical Tri-Objectives and Real world Optimization was analyzed using partial method, ranking and classification method, the result showed that an objective can be added or removed without affecting previous or existing optimal solutions. Therefore suitable for handling time governed MOO. Although this paper presents concepts work only, it’s practical application are beyond the scope of this paper, however base on analysis and examples presented, the concept is worthy of igniting further research and application.

Reservoir computing is a machine learning method that uses the response of a dynamical system to a certain input in order to solve a task. As the training scheme only involves optimising the weights of the responses of the dynamical system, this method is particularly suited for hardware implementation. Furthermore, the inherent memory of dynamical systems which are suitable for use as reservoirs mean that this method has the potential to perform well on time series prediction tasks, as well as other tasks with time dependence. However, reservoir computing still requires extensive task dependent parameter optimisation in order to achieve good performance. We demonstrate that by including a time-delayed version of the input for various time series prediction tasks, good performance can be achieved with an unoptimised reservoir. Furthermore, we show that by including the appropriate time-delayed input, one unaltered reservoir can perform well on six different time series prediction tasks at a very low computational expense. Our approach is of particular relevance to hardware implemented reservoirs, as one does not necessarily have access to pertinent optimisation parameters in physical systems but the inclusion of an additional input is generally possible.

This paper describes a polynomial time algorithm for solving graph isomorphism and automorphism. We introduce a new tree data structure called Walk Length Tree. We show that such tree can be both constructed and compared with another in polynomial time. We prove that graph isomorphism and automorphism can be solved in polynomial time using Walk Length Trees.

Machine learning (ML) is growing in popularity for various particle accelerator applications including anomaly detection such as faulty beam position monitor or RF fault identification, for non-invasive diagnostics, and for creating surrogate models. ML methods such as neural networks (NN) are useful because they can learn input-output relationships in large complex systems based on large data sets. Once they are trained, methods such as NNs give instant predictions of complex phenomenon, which makes their use as surrogate models especially appealing for speeding up large parameter space searches which otherwise require computationally expensive simulations. However, quickly time varying systems are challenging for ML-based approaches because the actual system dynamics quickly drifts away from the description provided by any fixed data set, degrading the predictive power of any ML method, and limits their applicability for real time feedback control of quickly time-varying accelerator components and beams. In contrast to ML methods, adaptive model-independent feedback algorithms are by design robust to un-modeled changes and disturbances in dynamic systems, but are usually local in nature and susceptible to local extrema. In this work, we propose that the combination of adaptive feedback and machine learning, adaptive machine learning (AML), is a way to combine the global feature learning power of ML methods such as deep neural networks with the robustness of model-independent control. We present an overview of several ML and adaptive control methods, their strengths and limitations, and an overview of AML approaches. A simple code for the adaptive control algorithm used here can be downloaded from: https://github.com/alexscheinker/ES_adaptive_optimization

P versus NP is considered as one of the most fundamental open problems in computer science. This consists in knowing the answer of the following question: Is P equal to NP? It was essentially mentioned in 1955 from a letter written by John Nash to the United States National Security Agency. However, a precise statement of the P versus NP problem was introduced independently by Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin. Since that date, all efforts to find a proof for this problem have failed. Another major complexity class is NP-complete. It is well-known that P is equal to NP under the assumption of the existence of a polynomial time algorithm for some NP-complete. We show that the Monotone Weighted Xor 2-satisfiability problem (MWX2SAT) is NP-complete and P at the same time. Certainly, we make a polynomial time reduction from every directed graph and positive integer k in the K-CLOSURE problem to an instance of MWX2SAT. In this way, we show that MWX2SAT is also an NP-complete problem. Moreover, we create and implement a polynomial time algorithm which decides the instances of MWX2SAT. Consequently, we prove that P = NP.

Traditional applications of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data involved inverting an interferogram stack to determine the average displacement velocity. While this approach has useful applications in continuously deforming regions, much information is lost by simply fitting a line through the time series. Thanks to regular acquisitions across most of the the world by the ESA Sentinel-1 satellite constellation, we are now in a position to explore opportunities for near-real time deformation monitoring. In this paper we present a simple statistical approach for detecting offsets and gradient changes in InSAR time series. Our key assumption is that 5 years of Sentinel-1 data is sufficient to calculate the population standard deviation of the detection variables. Our offset detector identifies statistically significant peaks in the first, second and third difference series. The gradient change detector identifies statistically significant movements in the second derivative series. We exploit the high spatial resolution of Sentinel-1 data and the spatial continuity of geophysical deformation signals to filter out false positive detections that arise due to signal noise. When combined with near-real time processing of InSAR data these detectors, particularly the gradient change, could be used to detect incipient ground deformation associated with geophysical phenomena, for example from landslides or volcanic eruptions.

The necessity of the dark energy and dark matter in the present universe could be a consequence of the antimatter elimination assumption in the early universe. In this research, I derive a new model to obtain the cosmic horizon radius and the potential cosmic topology utilising a new construal of space geometry inspired by large-angle correlations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). A version of the Big Bounce theory is utilised to avoid the Big Bang singularity and inflationary constraints, and to tune the initial conditions of the curvature density. The mathematical derivation of a positively curved universe governed by only gravity revealed two cosmic horizon solutions. Although the positive horizon is conventionally associated with the evolution of the matter universe, the negative horizon solution could imply additional evolution in the opposite direction. This possibly suggests that the matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe, as in the visualised Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The cosmic horizon radius is found to be accountable for the universal space curvature. By implementing this model, we find a decelerated stage of expansion during the first 10 Gyr, which is followed by a second stage of an accelerated expansion; potentially matching the tension in Hubble parameter measurements. In addition, the model predicts a final time-reversal stage of spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch of a cyclic universe. The predicted density is 1.14. Other predictions are (1) a calculable flow rate of the matter side towards the antimatter side at the accelerated stage; conceivably explaining the dark flow observation, (2) a time-dependent spacetime curvature over horizon evolution, which could influence the galactic rotational speed; possibly explaining the high speed of stars, and (3) evolvable spacetime internal voids at the accelerated stage, which could contribute in continuously increasing the matter and antimatter densities elsewhere in both sides respectively. These findings may indicate the existence of the antimatter as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe instead of the dark energy or dark matter.

We employ another approach to quantize electromagnetic fields in the coordinate space, instead of the mode (or Fourier) space, such that local features of photons can be efficiently, physically, and more intuitively described. To do this, coordinate-ladder operators are defined from mode-ladder operators via the unitary transformation of systems involved in arbitrary inhomogeneous dielectric media. Then, one can expand electromagnetic field operators through the coordinate-ladder operators weighted by non-orthogonal and spatially-localized bases, which are propagators of initial quantum electromagnetic (complex-valued) field operators. Here, we call them QEM-CV-propagators. However, there are no general closed form solutions available for them. This inspires us to develop a quantum finite-difference time-domain (Q-FDTD) scheme to numerically time evolve QEM-CV-propagators. In order to check the validity of the proposed Q-FDTD scheme, we perform computer simulations to observe the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect resulting from the destructive interference of two photons in a 50/50 quantum beam splitter.

The Aβ cascade and alternations of biomarkers in neuro-inflammation, synaptic dysfunction and neuronal injury followed by Aβ have progressed. But the question is how to use the biomarkers. Here, we examine the evidence and pathogenic implications of protein interactions and the time order of alternation. After the deposition of Aβ, the change of tau, NfL and NG is the main alternation and connection to others. The neuro-inflammation, synaptic dysfunction and neuronal injury function is exhibited prior the structural and metabolic changes in the brain following Aβ deposition. The time order of such biomarkers compared to the tau protein is not clear. Despite the close relationship between biomarkers and plaque Aβ deposition, several factors favor one or the other. There is an interaction between the proteins that CSF SNAP-25, VILIP-1 and YKL-40 can predict the brain amyloid burden. The Aβ cascade hypothesis could be the pathway, but not all subjects are converted to AD, even with very high elevated Aβ. The interaction of biomarkers and the time order of change require further research to identify the right subjects and right molecular target for precision medicine therapies.

The study of order patterns of three equally spaced values $x_t,x_{t+d},x_{t+2d}$ in a time series is a powerful tool. The lag $d$ is changed in a wide range so that differences of frequencies of order patterns become autocorrelation functions. Similar to a spectrogram in speech analysis, four ordinal autocorrelation functions are used to visualize big data series, as for instance heart and brain activity over many hours. The method applies to real data without preprocessing, outliers and missing data do not matter. On the theoretical side, we study properties of order correlation functions and show that the four autocorrelation functions are orthogonal in a certain sense. An analysis of variance of a modified permutation entropy can be performed with four variance components associated with the functions.

A highly dirt resistant paint for building facades without chemicals harmful to nature and environment, is developed which resolves the unattractive disfigurement of building walls caused by dirt. The experimentation is scientifically and statistically planned with the aid of computer programming. It consists of a sequence of phases which include the selection of appropriate raw materials, adopting of Basic Language computer programming to generate a target population of paint formulations. The average PVC percentage is computed using theory and found to be 54.98% for the target population of 543143 paint formulations hence verifies the literature results. Experimentation and statistical analysis are performed to compare the classical conventional agitator with latest lab equipment like Nano mill and it is concluded that Nano mill performs better on the average than conventional agitator in preparation of paint formulations. Hence the sample of paint formulations is prepared on Nano mill and tested in laboratory using advanced available technology for the analysis and comparison of paint properties to determine the best paint formulation. The results are analyzed using Analysis Of Variance Technique (ANOVA) and it is concluded that the paint formulation named “O3” has the highest dirt resistance on the average. The final selected formula O3 is compared with three other competitor paints in market under natural environment for a period of almost one year. A regression model is also constructed to study the effect of environmental factors like time, temperature and humidity on dirt resistance of paints. It is found that O3 formulation is the best environment friendly which performs equally well with one competitor paint and has higher dirt resistance than two other competitor paint formulations containing harmful chemicals. The regression model of dirt resistance on variables including time, temperature and humidity shows that these factors are significantly affecting the dirt resistance of a given paint at 5% level of significance. 95.34% variation in the dirt resistance of a given paint is due to and explained by the given factors. The regression model is useful to predict the average dirt resistance of a given paint with a certain level of confidence. The project exemplifies the work of an applied research from conceptualization to successful commercialization for the paint industry.

The current work investigates how adding a battery of optimal capacity to a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system can improve its economic feasibility. Also, the effect of different parameters on the feasibility of the PV system was evaluated. The OBC was determined for different saving targets of the annual electricity consumption of the chosen building. For this aim, real electricity consumption data of a residential building in Landskrona, Sweden, was used as energy consumption profile. Solar World SW325XL, which is a monocrystalline solar panel, was selected as PV panels. The calculations were performed under the metrological and economic conditions of southern Sweden. Different working parameters (WP)were considered (prices of the battery, feed-in tariffs, and saving targets). The performed calculations show that the optimal battery capacity (OBC), in which the payback time (PBT) of the system is maximized, strongly depends on the WP. The proper selection of the battery can considerably increase the economic feasibility of the PV system in southern Sweden. However, in some cases, using battery can have a negative impact on the PBT of the system. The results show that the electricity price, the module price, the inverter price, and the inverter lifetime have the highest effect on the PBT.

Reducing sedentary behaviours can help prevent non-communicable diseases, particularly among young adolescents with long term illnesses or disabilities (LTID). Much of young people’s voluntary sedentary time is related to screen-time behaviours (STBs) such as TV viewing, playing computer games, and using the computer for other activities. Although public health data on adolescents’ STB is growing, information about adolescents with LTID is currently lacking in a European context. The purpose of this study is to compare time on STBs between adolescents with and without LTID in European Countries through the HBSC 2013/14 study. Young adolescents (n = 61,329; boys 47.8%) from 15 European countries reported the time spent on TV viewing, playing computer games, and using the computer for other purposes on weekdays and the weekend. STBs were dichotomised based on international recommendations of less than 2 h per day, and Chi-square tests of independence were performed to investigate differences. STB time was combined to produce a sum score as dependent variable in multiple analysis of covariance with age and family affluence as covariates. There were statistically significant differences in computer gaming among boys and other computer use among girls for both weekdays and weekends, whereby adolescents with LTID reported higher use. In addition, both boys and girls with LTID spent more time on STBs than their same sex peers without LTID (Boys, F = 28.17, p < 0.001; Girls, F = 9.60, p = 0.002). The results of this study indicate a need for preventive strategies to address high levels of STB among young adolescents with LTID and reduce the risk of poor health outcomes associated with higher levels of sedentary behaviour.

Bijective Analysis of 4D Minkowski space-time model confirms that 4D space-time where time would be 4th dimension of space does not exist. In 4D manifold, time is the duration of a physical event which runs in space. An event does not have the duration in time, duration itself is time. It means that any given physical phenomena can only be symmetric in space; not in time.

Prolonged sedentary behaviour (SB) has shown to be detrimental to health. Nevertheless, population levels of SB are high and interventions to decrease SB are needed. This study aimed to explore the effect of an individualized consultation intervention aimed at reducing SB and increasing breaks in SB among college employees. A pre-experimental study design was used. Participants (n=36) were recruited at a college in Massachusetts, USA. SB was measured over 7 consecutive days using an activPAL3 accelerometer. Following baseline measures, all participants received an individualized SB consultation which focused on limiting bouts of SB >30 minutes, participants also received weekly follow-up e-mails. Post-intervention measures were taken after 16 weeks. Primary outcome variables were sedentary minutes/day and SB bouts >30 minutes. Differences between baseline and follow-up were analyzed using paired t-tests. The intervention did not change daily sedentary time (-0.48%; p>0.05). The number of sedentary bouts >30 minutes decreased significantly by 0.52 bouts/day (p=0.015). In this study a consultation based SB intervention was successful in reducing number of bouts >30 minutes of SB. However, daily sedentary time did not reduce significantly. These results indicate that consultation-based interventions may be effective if focused on a specific component of SB.

Flower bud formation and flowering in chrysanthemum occur under short day conditions (SD), but the molecular basis for the switch to reproductive growth is less well understood than in model plants. Here, a spontaneous mutant able to flower under long days is described. In an attempt to reveal the pathway(s) involved in the formation of flower buds under contrasting daylengths, transcriptome sequencing was carried out in plants grown both under SD and under long day conditions (LD). A number of differentially transcribed genes involved in the various known flowering pathways were identified. Both circadian clock genes and CmFTL3 were up-regulated under SD, thereby inducing floral bud formation and flowering. The gibberellin (GA) signalling pathway-related genes GA20ox and GID1 were up-regulated in the mutant under LD, while the catabolic gene GA2ox and GAI was down-regulated, thereby inducing the transcription of CmFTL1, SOC1 and LFY. The GA content of the leaf was higher in the mutant than in the wild type under LD. When treated with GA, the mutant flowered earlier under both SD and LD, but there was no other detectable phenotype difference between the two lines. The indication was that the photoperiod pathway majorly regulates flower bud formation and flowering time in chrysanthemum under SD. GA signalling pathway only plays a subsidiary role for flowering. However, the GA signalling pathway predominated for flowering under LD.

Performing optimisation and scale-up studies of crystallisation systems requires accurate and computationally efficient mathematical models. The assumption of the ideal mixing conditions in batch reactors typically produce inaccurate results while the computational expense of CFD models is still prohibitively high. Therefore, in this work, a new intermediary approach is proposed that takes into account the non-ideal mixing conditions in the reactor and requires less computational resources than full CFD simulations. Starting with the Danckwerts concept of the intensity of segregation, an analogy between its application to chemical reactions and the kinetics of the crystallisation phenomena (such as nucleation and growth) has been made. As a result, the modified kinetics expressions have been derived which incorporate the effect of non-idealities present in stirred reactors. This way, based on the experimental measurements of the mixing time using the Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique, computationally more efficient mathematical models can be developed in two ways: (1) the accurate semi-empirical correlations are available for standard mixing configurations with the most often used types of impellers, (2) CFD simulations can be utilised for estimation of the mixing time; in this case it is necessary to simulate only the mixing process. The benefits offered by the LIF experimental technique have been demonstrated and some frequent problems in its application analysed. The mixing time results for configurations with and without baffles for three types of impellers and four different rotational speeds have been presented. The false shorter mixing times in the non-baffled configurations have been observed and this phenomena explained by the existence of two segregated zones in the reactor and confirmed by additional experiments. The precise measurements in these cases have been shown as difficult using the LIF technique, particularly for higher rpms. The experimental data has been compared to the preliminary simulation results obtained from the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method and the standard k-ε turbulence model with the modest success. The shortcomings of the SPH model have been recognized and the directions for the future work discussed.

Due to a simple crane limited capacity; there is an urgent need to use high capacity cranes such as tower cranes. However, with regard to their high expense, we have to take into consideration selecting what type of cranes to be utilized which has been discussed by many researchers. In this research, a proposed technique was created to select the suitable type of crane and best place for crane erection, in addition to minimum radius for requested crane in order to minimize cost. To fulfill that target, a computer program is designed to numerate these problems, demonstrating an example explaining how to apply program and the result donated best place.

The stock beta coefficient literature extensively discusses the proper methods for the estimation of beta as well as its use in asset valuation. However, there are relatively few references with respect to the appropriate time horizon that investors should utilize when evaluating the risk-return relationship of a stock. We examine the appropriate time horizon for beta estimation differentiating our results by sector according to the Industry Classification Benchmark. We employ data from the NYSE and we estimate varying lengths of beta employing data from 30 to 250 trading days. The constructed beta series is then examined for the presence of breaks using the endogenous structural break literature. Results show evidence against the use of betas that employ more than 90 trading days of data provisional to the sector under study.

This study explores the shear-induced reversible gel behavior of suspensions containing silica na-noparticles and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). When subjected to vigorous shaking, these mixtures exhibit interesting shear thickening, transitioning from low-viscosity fluids to 'shake-gels' and then reverts to liquid after some time. Rheological measurements conducted at constant shear rates re-veal a significant increase in viscosity by several orders of magnitude occurring at specific time points during the process. Followed by the lowering of the shear rate implemented to understand the relaxation behavior. The investigation specifically examines the influence of various ions from the Hofmeister series on the gelation and relaxation dynamics of these suspensions. Results indicate that salts positioned on the right-hand side of the Hofmeister series, known as salting-in agents, facilitate quicker gelation and slower relaxation of the shake-gels. Conversely, salts on the left-hand side, referred to as salting-out agents, lead to slower gelation and faster relaxation. These observa-tions are attributed to the distinct effects that different salts exert on the conformation of PEO chains. Salting-in agents induce swelling of the polymer chains, enhancing their ability to interact and bridge between silica nanoparticles effectively, thus promoting rapid gelation and sustaining the gel structure for extended periods. In contrast, salting-out agents cause the polymer chains to collapse, reducing their bridging efficiency and resulting in delayed gelation along with a more rapid return to the fluid state during relaxation. Understanding the role of specific ions in modu-lating the gelation and relaxation behavior of colloidal-polymer suspensions provides valuable in-sights for tailoring material properties in various applications, including drug delivery, oil drilling, environmental restoration, coatings, and soft matter engineering.

A fundamental aspect in the evolution of Time-to-Digital Converters (TDCs) implemented within Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), given the increasing demand for detection channels, is the optimization of resource utilization. This study reviews the principal methodologies employed for implementing low-resource TDCs in FPGAs. It outlines the foundational architectures and interpolation techniques utilized to bolster TDC performances without unduly burdening resource consumption. Low-resource Tapped Delay Line, Vernier Ring Oscillator, and Multi-Phase Shift Counter TDCs, including the use of SerDes, are reviewed. Additionally, novel low-resource architectures are scrutinized, including Counter Gray Oscillator TDCs and interpolation expansions using Voltage-Temperature-Consumption stable IODELAYS. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of each approach are critically assessed, with particular emphasis on resolution, precision, non-linearities, and, especially, resource utilization. A comprehensive summary table encapsulating existing works on low-resource TDCs is provided, offering a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the field.

In this paper, the time-resolved model of photoacoustic signal for samples with a complex inner structure is derived including local non-equilibrium of structural elements with multiple degrees of freedom, i.e. structural entropy of the system. The local non-equilibrium is taken into account through the fractional operator. By analyzing the model for two types of time-dependent excitation, a very short pulse and a very long pulse, it is shown that the rates of non-equilibrium relaxations in complex samples can be measured by applying the derived model and time-domain measurements. Limitations of the model and further directions of its development are discussed.

Fire regimes in mountain landscapes of southern Europe have been shifting from their baselines due to rural abandonment and fire exclusion policies. Understanding the effects of fire on biodiversity is paramount to implement adequate management. Herein, we evaluated the relative role of burn severity and heterogeneity on bird abundance in an abandoned mountain range located in the biogeographic transition between the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean region (the Natural Park ‘Baixa Limia–Serra do Xurés’). We surveyed the bird community in 206 census plots distributed across the Natural Park, both inside and outside areas affected by wildfires over the last 11 years (from 2010 to 2020). We used satellite images of Sentinel 2 and Landsat missions to quantify the burn severity and heterogeneity of each fire within each surveyed plot. We also accounted for the past land use (forestry or agropastoral use) by using a land cover information for year 2010 derived from satellite image classification. We recorded 1,735 contacts from 28 bird species. Our models, fitted by using GLMs with Poisson error distribution (pseudo-R²_-average of 0.22 ± 0.13), showed that up to 71% of the modelled species were linearly correlated with at least one attribute of the fire regime. The spatiotemporal variation in burnt area and severity were relevant factors for explaining the local abundance of our target species (39% of the species; Akaike weights > 0.75). We also found a quadratic effect of at least one fire regime attribute on bird abundance for 60% of the modeled species. The past land use, and its legacy after 10 years, was critical to understand the role of fire (Akaike weights > 0.75). Our findings confirm the importance of incorporating remotely sensed indicators of burn severity into the toolkit of decision makers to accurately anticipate the response of birds to fire management.

Determination of indoor location based on fine time measurement (FTM) of the round trip time (RTT) of a signal between an initiator (smartphone) and a responder (Wi-Fi access point) enables a number of applications. However, the accuracy currently attainable — standard deviations of 1–2 meter in distance measurement under favorable circumstances — limits the range of possible application. A first responder, for example, may not be able to unequivocally determine on which floor someone in need of help is in a multi-story building. The error in location depends on several factors, including the bandwidth of the RF signal, delay of the signal due to the high relative permittivity of construction materials, and the geometry-dependent “noise gain” of location determination. Errors in distance measurements have unusual properties that are exposed here for the first time. Improvements in accuracy depend on understanding all of these error sources. This paper introduces “frequency diversity,” a method for doubling the accuracy of indoor location determination using weighted averages of measurements with uncorrelated errors obtained in different channels. The properties of this method are verified experimentally with a range of responders. Finally, different ways of using the distance measurements to determine indoor location are discussed and the Bayesian grid update method shown to be more useful than others, given the non- Gaussian nature of the measurement errors.

The resilience of towns and cities refers to their ability to adapt and recover when confronted with pressures or challenges. This study employs ten variables as indicators to assess the resilience of urban areas by analyzing official data and constructing a multilevel mixed-effects structural equation model. The empirical findings demonstrate that enhancing resilience significantly influ-ences urban service functions, such as strengthening healthcare systems, stabilizing the real estate market, and addressing socio-economic challenges. Specifically, factors such as healthcare re-sources, housing demand, population structure, and social security exhibit varying levels of resil-ience, which profoundly impact the spatial distribution of these factors and socio-economic de-velopment. Disparities in healthcare resource allocation, demographic aging trends, and shifts in the housing market closely correlate with resilience levels in different regions. Additionally, the study emphasizes that improving resilience not only boosts the reliability and security of urban services but also ensures that communities receive necessary support and protection during times of adversity. Consequently, policymakers should recognize the pivotal role of urban resilience in resource allocation and social equity, devising corresponding strategies to enhance the resilience of these areas.

This paper discusses how Marsascala, a coastal town in Malta, has been urbanized over the years, with particular attention to the development of the tourist industry. In this regard, Bruce Young’s (1983) “general model of the process of ‘touristization’ and landscape change” is engaged with in conjunction with other conceptualisations of tourism and urban development. This paper contributes to the following sustainable development goals respectively, 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing); 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth); 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities); 14 (Life Below Water); and 15 (Life on Land), in particular with respect to quality of life, urbanization and respective social, environmental, and economic impacts, and through respective recommendations for a sustainable tourism in Marsascala and similar localities.

The present study investigates the role of a simple inerter in supplemental devices for possible implementation in the matured seismic base isolation technique. Firstly, the response of the base-isolated structure with an optimally tuned mass damper-inerter (TMDI) is investigated to see the tuning effects. The time required to tune the TMDI was found to be significantly longer than the duration of a strong-motion earthquake. There was still a reduction in the response of the isolated structure, which is primarily due to the added damping and stiffness (ADAS) of TMDI and not because of the tuning effects. Hence, it is proposed that the corresponding ADAS of the TMDI be directly added to the isolation device. Secondly, the response of the base-isolated structures with the fluid inerter damper (FID) is studied. It was observed that the inerter of the FID does not influence the displacement variance of an isolated structure under broadband earthquake excitation. It implies that the response of the isolated structure with FID is primarily controlled by its counterpart fluid damper (FD). The performance of optimal TMDI, ADAS, FID, and FD to mitigate the seismic response of the flexible multi-story base-isolated structure under real earthquake excitations is also investigated. In terms of suppressing the displacement and acceleration responses of the isolated structure, it has been found that TMDI and ADAS perform similarly. Comparing the response of the isolated structure with FID and FD demonstrated that the inerter in the FID has detrimental effects on the isolated structures, in which the top floor's acceleration and base shear are substantially increased.

. In this paper, we introduce a series of definitions of generalized affine functions for vector-valued functions. We prove that our generalized affine functions have some similar properties with generalized convex functions. We present examples to show that our generalized affinenesses are different from one another, and also provide an example to show that our definition of presubaffinelikeness is non-trivial; presubaffinelikeness is the weakest generalized affineness introduced in this article. We work with optimization problems that are defined and taking values in linear topological spaces. We devote to the study of constraint qualifications, and derive some optimality conditions as well as a strong duality theorem. Our optimization problems have inequality constraints, equality constrains and abstract constraints; our inequality constraints are generalized convex functions and equality constraints are generalized affine functions.

The inaccurate estimates of linear prediction coefficient (LPC) and noise variance introduce bias in Kalman filter (KF) gain and degrades speech enhancement performance. The existing methods proposed a tuning of the biased Kalman gain particularly in stationary noise condition. This paper introduces a tuning of the KF gain for speech enhancement in real-life noise conditions. First, we estimate noise from each noisy speech frame using a speech presence probability (SPP) method to compute the noise variance. Then construct a whitening filter (with its coefficients computed from the estimated noise) and employed to the noisy speech, yielding a pre-whitened speech, from where the speech LPC parameters are computed. Then construct KF with the estimated parameters, where the robustness metric offsets the bias in Kalman gain during speech absence to that of the sensitivity metric during speech presence to achieve better noise reduction. Where the noise variance and the speech model parameters are adopted as a speech activity detector. The reduced-biased Kalman gain enables the KF to minimize the noise effect significantly, yielding the enhanced speech. Objective and subjective scores on NOIZEUS corpus demonstrates that the enhanced speech produced by the proposed method exhibits higher quality and intelligibility than some benchmark methods.

In this article, we prove an orthogonal decomposition theorem for real inner product gyrogroups, which unify some well-known gyrogroups in the literature: Einstein, M\"{o}bius, Proper Velocity, and Chen's gyrogroups. This leads to the study of left (right) coset partition of a real inner product gyrogroup induced from a subgyrogroup that is a finite-dimensional subspace. As a result, we obtain gyroprojectors onto the subgyrogroup and its orthogonal complement. We construct also quotient spaces and prove an associated isomorphism theorem. The left (right) cosets are characterized using gyrolines (cogyrolines) together with automorphisms of the subgyrogroup. With the algebraic structure of the decompositions, we study fiber bundles and sections inherited by the gyroprojectors. Finally, the general theory is exemplified for the aforementioned gyrogroups.

With simple but rigorous arguments we prove that the ordinary second quantization of bosonic and fermionc fields is formally equivalent to constraining the elementary degrees of freedom of the classical fields to have intrinsically periodic dynamics in time. This result confirms and extends the formal equivalence obtained in previous papers for general Hamiltonian systems in terms of canonical quantization, for elementary relativistic particles also in terms of the Feynman Path Integrals, as well as other remarkable correspondences of both phenomenological and theoretical fundamental interest.

We construct admissible circulant Laplacian matrix functions as generators for strictly increasing random walks on the integer line. These Laplacian matrix functions refer to a certain class of Bernstein functions. The approach has connections with biased walks on digraphs. Within this framework, we introduce a space-time generalization of the Poisson process as a strictly increasing walk with discrete Mittag-Leffler jumps subordinated to a (continuous-time) fractional Poisson process. We call this process ‘space-time Mittag-Leffler process’. We derive explicit formulae for the state probabilities which solve a Cauchy problem with a Kolmogorov-Feller (forward) difference-differential equation of general fractional type. We analyze a “well-scaled” diffusion limit and obtain a Cauchy problem with a space-time convolution equation involving Mittag-Leffler densities. We deduce in this limit the ‘state density kernel’ solving this Cauchy problem. It turns out that the diffusion limit exhibits connections to Prabhakar general fractional calculus. We also analyze in this way a generalization of the space-time fractional Mittag-Leffler process. The approach of construction of good Laplacian generator functions has a large potential in applications of space-time generalizations of the Poisson process and in the field of continuous-time random walks on digraphs.

The independent set, IS, on a graph $G=(V,E)$ is $V^{*}\subseteq V$ such that no two vertices in $V^{*}$ have an edge between them. The MIS problem on G seeks to identify an IS with maximum cardinality, i.e. MIS. $V^{*}\subseteq V$ is a vertex cover, i.e. VC of $G=(V,E)$ if every $e\in E$ is incident upon at least one vertex in $V^{*}$ . $V^{*}\subseteq V$ is dominating set, DS, of $G=(V,E)$ if $\forall v\in V$ either $v\in V^{*}$ or $\exists u\in V^{*}$ and $(u,v)\in E$ . The MVC problem on G seeks to identify a vertex cover with minimum cardinality, i.e. MVC. Likewise, MCV seeks a connected vertex cover, i.e. VC which forms one component in G, with minimum cardinality, i.e. MCV. A connected DS, CDS, is a DS that forms a connected component in G. The problems MDS and MCD seek to identify a DS and a connected DS i.e. CDS respectively with minimum cardinalities. MIS, MVC, MDS, MCV and MCD on a general graph are known to be NP-complete. Polynomial time algorithms are known for bipartite graphs, chordal graphs, cycle graphs, comparability graphs, claw-free graphs, interval graphs and circular arc graphs for some of these problems. We introduce a novel graph class, layered graph, where each layer refers to a subgraph containing at most some k vertices. Inter layer edges are restricted to the vertices in adjacent layers. We show that if $k=\Theta (log\mid V\mid )$ then MIS, MVC and MDS can be computed in polynomial time and if $k=O\left({(log\mid V\mid )}^{\alpha }\right)$ , where $\alpha <1$ , then MCV and MCD can be computed in polynomial time. If $k=\Theta \left({(log\mid V\mid )}^{1+ϵ}\right)$ , for $ϵ>0$ , then MIS, MVC and MDS require quasi-polynomial time. If $k=\Theta (log\mid V\mid )$ then MCV, MCD require quasi-polynomial time. Layered graphs do have constraints such as bipartiteness, planarity and acyclicity.

New exact solutions to conformable time fractional EW and modified EW equations are constructed by using Sine-Gordon expansion approach. The fractional traveling wave transform and homogeneous balance have significant roles in the solution procedure. The predicted solution is of the form of some finite series of multiplication of powers of cos and sin functions. The relation among trigonometric and hyperbolic functions in sense of Sine-Gordon expansion gives opportunity to construct the solutions in terms of hyperbolic functions.

A review of recent advances in spacetime optics is given, with special emphasis on time-refraction. This is a basic optical process, occurring at a temporal discontinuity ou temporal boundary, that is able to produce various different effects, such as frequency shifts, energy amplification, time-reflection and photon emission. If, instead of a single discontinuity, we have two reverse temporal boundaries, we can form a temporal beam-splitter, where temporal interferences can occur. It will also be shown that, in the presence of an axis of symmetry, such as a magnetic field, the temporal beam-splitter can induce a rotation of the initial polarization state, similar to a Faraday rotation. Recent work on time-crystals, superluminal fronts and superfluid light will be reviewed. Time-gates, based on spacetime optical effects will be discussed. We also mention recent work on optical metamaterials. Finally, the quantum properties of time-refraction, which imply the emission of photon from vacuum, are considered, while similar problems in high energy QED associated with electron-positron pairs are briefly mentioned.

The P versus NP problem is a cornerstone of theoretical computer science, asking whether problems that are easy to check are also easy to solve. "Easy" here means solvable in polynomial time, where the computation time grows proportionally to the input size. While this problem's origins can be traced to John Nash's 1955 letter, its formalization is credited to Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin. Despite decades of research, a definitive answer remains elusive. Central to this question is the concept of NP-completeness. If even one NP-complete problem could be solved efficiently, it would imply that all problems in NP could be solved efficiently, proving P equals NP. This research proposes that EXACT CLOSURE, a notoriously difficult NP-complete problem, can be solved efficiently, thereby potentially establishing the equivalence of P and NP. This work is an expansion and refinement of the article "Note for the P versus NP problem", published in IPI Letters.

This paper is devoted to the finite time internal and the external synchronization (hybrid synchronization) for complex networks by means of intermittent control. Different from most previous research achievements, the finite time synchronization include internal and the external synchronization, this article employs the intermittent control to drive the complex networks to achieve synchronization in finite time. To be specific, the internal and the external synchronization all achieve consistent synchronization in finite time by devise Lyapunov function. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the validness of theoretical results.

In this paper, we will describe the general theory of relativity. The special theory of relativity is based on the ideal inertial frames. These ideal inertial frames are assumed to exist in every event in space-time. In contrast, in the general theory of relativity, we do not have to make that assumption. Additionally, the space-time is considered to be part of the solution to the motion. Moreover, interpretation of geometrical quantities is introduced.

In the World one of the main issues with public health is the lack of fermented cereal grain. One of the solutions is understanding the physicochemical properties of millet grains is optimizing their processing and fermentation. This study examines the effects of fermentation time on the physicochemical properties of finger millet flour batter, using four varieties: Axum, Meba, Padet, and Quncho Teff. Batters were fermented for 24, 48, and 72 hours at room temperature. The pH decreased from 5.8 to 4.5, while titratable acidity (TA%) increased from 0.5% to 1.2%. Viscosity decreased significantly from 420 cP to 190 cP over 72 hr. The number of eyes (NOE) increased from 170 to 240 eyes per 2x2 cm², indicating enhanced porosity. Sensory attributes (SAI%) improved, reflecting better acceptability. These results confirm that fermentation time significantly influences the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of finger millet flour batter, enhanced quality for finger millet-based food products.

A consistent theory of quantum entanglement requires that constituent single-particle states belong to the same Hilbert space, the coherent eigenstates of a complete set of operators in a given representation, defined with respect to a shared continuous parameterization. Formulating such eigenstates for a single relativistic particle with spin, and applying them to the description of many-body states, presents well-known challenges. In this paper, we review the covariant theory of relativistic spin and entanglement in a framework first proposed by Stueckelberg and developed by Horwitz, Piron, et.\ al. This approach modifies Wigner's method by introducing an arbitrary timelike unit vector $n^\mu$ on which one induces a representation of $SL(2,C)$, rather than induce on the spacetime momentum $p^\mu$. Generalizing this approach, we construct relativistic spin states on an extended phase space $\{(x^\mu,p^\mu),(\zeta^\mu,\pi^\mu)\}$, inducing a representation on the momentum $\pi^\mu$, thus providing a novel dynamical interpretation of the timelike unit vector $n^\mu = \pi^\mu / M$. Studying the unitary representations of the Poincar\'e group on the extended phase space allows us to define basis quantities for quantum states and develop the gauge invariant electromagnetic Hamiltonian in classical and quantum mechanics. We write plane wave solutions for free particles and construct stable singlet states, and relate these to experiments involving temporal interference, analogous to the spatial interference known from double slit experiments.

This paper presents proof of Riemann's hypothesis by utilizing the golden ratio and the ellipse's eccentricity in six dimensions. This proof extends across all scientific fields. this research introduces logical and mathematical principles for distributing, recognizing, and categorizing prime numbers. It also explores the relationship between prime numbers and the complex conjugate of five prime numbers in various dimensions. Accordingly, it delves into the classification of even numbers based on prime numbers. This study examines the proof of Riemann's hypothesis from a geometric dimension perspective. Based on this, the mathematical structure of an integrated theory is defined. properties and principles associated with prime numbers reveal connections between quantum mechanics and general relativity.

Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras are subject to high levels of noise and errors due to Multi-Path-Interference (MPI). To correct these errors, algorithms and neuronal networks require training data. However, the limited availability of real data has led to the use of physically simulated data, which often involves simplifications and computational constraints. The simulation of such sensors is an essential building block for hardware design and application development. Therefore, the simulation data must capture the major sensor characteristics. This work presents a learning-based approach that leverages high-quality laser scan data to generate realistic ToF camera data. The proposed method employs MCW-Net (Multi-Level Connection and Wide Regional Non-Local Block Network) for domain transfer, transforming laser scan data into the ToF camera domain. Different training variations are explored using a real-world dataset. Additionally, a noise model is introduced to compensate for the lack of noise in the initial step. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated on reference scenes to quantitatively compare to physically simulated data.

In this paper we introduce the Adomian decomposition method for a class of first order fuzzy dynamic equations on arbitrary time scales for existence of solutions. The results are provided with suitable numerical examples.

The effect of the heterogeneity in sex factor is considered in the Markovian manpower modeling model. The estimation of the transition probability matrix of the staff flow was done using the maximum likelihood method. The expected future durations of the individuals in the manpower system were obtained under the aggregated and disaggregated (male and female) staff flow as well as their variances. Test for the heterogeneity of the staff based on sex factor was performed and the result of the heterogeneity test shows that there is difference between the disaggregated staff flows. The computed entrant probabilities also indicate that the male group has higher probabilities of attaining higher grades than the female group.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries implemented restrictions, social distancing measures, and lockdowns to limit the spread of the disease. The lockdowns have affected children’s screen time (ST), pain, and physical activity (PA) levels. The present study aimed to explore the relationships between several personal factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The caregivers of 329 children (median age=8 years) filled out an online self-reported survey about the children’s PA, ST, and pain before, during, and after the COVID-19 curfew. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to explore the associations between these variables. Results: After the curfew, pain that existed before the pandemic had a weak negative relationship with PA intensity (-0.11, p=0.04) and a weak positive relationship with ST (r=+0.12, p=0.04). There was a strong positive relationship between ST in all time periods (p&gt;0.01). PA and ST had a weak negative relationship (p&gt;0.05) during the curfew and after the curfew but not before the COVID-19 pandemic. Age had a weak positive correlation with ST in all time periods (p&gt;0.01). In addition, ST was affected by the curfew. Conclusion: The study findings indicated that young children had longer ST during the curfew and after the curfew compared with before the curfew. Increasing PA could lessen children’s ST, which could, in turn, increase the probability that their general pain would decrease.

This work investigates the stability conditions for linear systems with time-varying delays via augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional(LKF). Two types of augmented LKFs with cross terms in integral are suggested to improve the stability conditions for interval time-varying linear systems. Through this work, the compositions of the LKFs are considered to enhance the feasible region of stability criterion for linear systems. Mathematical tools such as Wirtinger-based integral inequality(WBII), zero equalities, reciprocally convex approach, and Finsler’s lemma are utilized to solve the problem of stability criteria. Two sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the asymptotic stability of the systems using linear matrix inequality(LMI). First, asymptotic stability criteria are induced by constructing the new augmented LKFs in Theorem 1. And then simplified LKFs in Corollary 1 are proposed to show the effectiveness of Theorem 1. Second, asymmetric LKFs are shown to reduce the conservatism and the number of decision variables in Theorem 2. Finally, the advantages of the proposed criteria are verified by comparing maximum delay bounds in two examples. Two numerical examples show that the proposed Theorem 1 and 2 obtained less conservative results than existing outcomes. Also, Example 2 shows that the asymmetric LKF methods of Theorem 2 can provide larger delay bounds and fewer decision variables than Theorem 1’s in some specific systems.

Health care operations in many hospitals are experiencing increasing demand which is however hindered by the limited resources available. The imbalance between the demand and service provision capacity within the hospitals have resulted in long waiting times for service delivery due to overcrowding, high costs of treatment as well as low levels of patient’s satisfaction. The above problems are attributed to the development of hospital management information system. This dissertation is focused on investigating some of the causes of the increased cost and time consumption as well as low levels of patient’s satisfaction in the application of hospital management information system. The study used comparative design to make a comparison of the respondents from two different hospital facilities where 400 health workers were drawn for research. The questionnaire was used as a survey tool for the study that involved both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of the study indicate various playing factors that arise due to the development of the hospital management information system. These factors include the large functionality of the system, the need for training of the end users, the increasing ageing population, and delays. The identified factors play a significant role in the way the information system impacts the time taken, the cost involved, and patient satisfaction. Keywords: health, hospital, doctors, technology, information system, time, and cost.

This article investigates the fundamental principles that establish universal limits in physical phenomena, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, leading to the concepts of maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. These principles guide me to explore Quantum Black Holes—relativistically rotating, miniature charged black holes with a singular core at the highest possible density. Uniquely, these Quantum Black Holes maintain all quantized charges, including gravitational ones. The study further demonstrates that quarks and leptons are composed of these Quantum Black Holes, redefining them as the actual elementary particles.Exploring these particles reveals that they emit Energy outward, modifying the curvature of nearby space-time. This discovery provides new insights into local space-time dynamics, characterized by a single equation that includes the influence of all charges and hidden Energy. By the conclusion of this article, I show that Quantum Black Holes offer explanations for several Standard Model deficiencies: the nature of luminous, dark, and anti-Matter; the mass, size, and quantized charges of all elementary particles (including gravitational); the nature of neutrino oscillations; and the mechanism by which electric charges remain bound even though the same type of electric charge components must repeal each other.

This study analyzed eye examination data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to investigate the relationship between cataract prevalence and sunlight exposure among Koreans. Out of 952 individuals from 192 districts surveyed from January to December, statistical analyses using SPSS version 26, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were conducted. Results: Results showed that the incidence of cataracts was higher in people exposed to sunlight for more than 5 hours. Regarding gender, the incidence of cataracts was higher in female in the 2-5 hours of sunlight exposure group, and in male in the group exposed to sunlight for more than 5 hours. Age significantly increased cataracts after age 45 in both groups. Additionally, the prevalence was higher among college graduates in the 2 to 5 groups, and among elementary school graduates in the more than 5 hours usage group. In urban areas, the cataract prevalence rate was higher in the 2-5-hour usage group, and in rural areas, the cataract prevalence was higher in the more than 5-hour usage group. In conclusion, prolonged sunlight exposure, particularly over 5 hours, correlated with higher cataract prevalence among Koreans, with various demographic factors influencing incidence rates.

As the adoption of renewable energy sources grows, ensuring a stable power balance across various time frames has become a central challenge for modern power systems. In line with the "dual carbon" objectives and the seamless integration of renewable energy sources, harnessing the advantages of various energy storage resources and coordinating the operation of long-term and short-term storage have become pivotal directions for future energy storage deployment. To address the complexities arising from the coupling of different time scales in optimizing energy storage capacity, this paper proposes a method for energy storage planning that accounts for power imbalance risks across multiple time scales. Initially, the Seasonal and Trend decomposition using the Loess (STL) decomposition method is utilized to temporally decouple actual operational data. Subsequently, power balance computations are performed based on the obtained data at various time scales to optimize the allocation of different types of energy storage capacities and assess the associated imbalance risks. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through hourly applications using real-world data from a province in China over recent years.