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Robyn Horan, Nathan J. Rickards, Alexandra Kaelin, Helen E. Baron, Thomas Thomas, Virginie D.J. Keller, Prabhas K. Mishra, Manish K. Nema, Sekhar Muddu‬, Kaushal K. Garg, Rishi Pathak, Helen A. Houghton-Carr, Harry Dixon, Sharad K. Jain, Gwyn Rees

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: large-scale model; hydrology; groundwater; reservoirs; Cauvery; Narmada.

Online: 13 September 2021 (09:17:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202411.0115.v1

Are CMB Derived Cosmological Parameters Affected by Foregrounds Associated to Nearby Galaxies?

Facundo Toscano, Frode K. Hansen, Diego Garcia Lambas, Heliana Luparello, Pablo Fosalba, Enrique Gaztañaga

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Cosmology; Cosmic Microwave Background; Cosmological Parameters; Large--Scale Structure

Online: 1 November 2024 (18:42:45 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0320.v1

Huge Filaments as Regions of Space-Time Deformation

Irina Rozgacheva

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: cosmology; large scale structure; huge filaments; space-time deformation

Online: 20 May 2020 (06:52:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0096.v1

Test of a Modified Rainfall-runoff Model in Large-scale River Basins

Spyros Giakoumakis, Dimitris Tigkas

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Rainfall-runoff model; large-scale river basins; calibration; validation

Online: 9 October 2019 (10:16:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0459.v1

Fractal Structure and Non Extensive Statistics

Airton Deppman, Eugenio Megias, Debora P. Menezes, Tobias Frederico

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: fractal structure; non extensive statistics; Tsallis statistics; self-similarity; scale invariance

Online: 28 June 2018 (05:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1929.v1

Performance Scaling of Silicon after Moore’s Law

Ohm Rishabh Venkatachalam

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: semiconductors; chips; hardware; large scale silicon die; chiplets; quantum hardware

Online: 30 November 2023 (10:33:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1638.v1

Using the ISO 9705 Room Corner Test for Smoke Toxicity Quantification of Oriented Strand Board

Gabrielle Peck

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Physical Chemistry Keywords: Smoke Toxicity; Large-Scale; Oriented Strand Board; ISO 9705; Flammability

Online: 28 November 2023 (01:40:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0899.v1

CFD Model Verification and Aerodynamic Analysis in Large-Scaled Venlo Greenhouse Complex for Tomato Cultivation

Anthony Kintu Kibwika, Hyo-Jae Seo, Il–Hwan Seo

Subject: Engineering, Other Keywords: Grid independent test; Large-scale greenhouse; Natural ventilation; Ventilation efficiency

Online: 13 July 2023 (09:33:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1691.v1

Influence of Key Strata on the Evolution Law of Mining-induced Stress in the Working Face of Deep and Large-scale Mining

Jianlin Xie, Shan Ning, Weibing Zhu, Xiaozhen Wang, Tao Hou

Subject: Engineering, Mining And Mineral Processing Keywords: key strata; mining-induced stress; DOFS; 3DEC; large-scale mining

Online: 23 June 2023 (14:09:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0575.v1

Large Eddy Simulation Inflow Generation Using Reduced Length Scales for Low-Rise Buildings

Ava Shahrokhi, Julien Berthaut-Gerentes, Lin Ma, Derek Ingham, Mohamed Pourkashanian

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: large eddy simulation; integral length scale; wind assessment; wind measurement

Online: 8 June 2023 (08:47:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0165.v1

One-Point Statistics Matter in Extended Cosmologies

Alex Gough, Cora Uhlemann

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: cosmology; theory; large scale structure of the Universe; analytical methods

Online: 10 December 2021 (07:31:46 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0128.v1

Comparative Analysis of Risk Management Techniques for Large-Scale Systems

Mehreen Sirshar, Aliya Shahid, Zoya Alam

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: large scale systems; risk assessment; risk management techniques; risk mitigation

Online: 10 December 2019 (07:14:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0637.v1

Untangling Cosmic Magnetic Fields: Faraday Tomography at MetreWavelengths with LOFAR

Shane O'Sullivan, Marcus Brüggen, Cameron Van Eck, Martin Hardcastle, Marijke Haverkorn, Timothy Shimwell, Cyril Tasse, Valentina Vacca, Cathy Horellou, George Heald

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: magnetic fields; Faraday tomography; large-scale structure; AGN; Milky Way

Online: 26 October 2018 (15:35:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0830.v1

A New Type of WENO Scheme for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbomachinery Flows

Shuo Zhang, Dongdong Zhong, Hao Wang, Xingshuang Wu, Ning Ge

Subject: Engineering, Aerospace Engineering Keywords: WENO scheme; turbomachinery flow; NUAA-Turbo; large scale engineering application; LES

Online: 12 April 2024 (08:07:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0436.v2

Quarantine Disinfestation of Papaya Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Using Gamma and X-rays Irradiation

Zi-Jiao Song, Qing-Ying Zhao, Chen Ma, Ran-Ran Chen, Tian-Bi Ma, Zhi-Hong Li, Guo-Ping Zhan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Insect Science Keywords: Phytosanitary irradiation; Paracoccus marginatus; dose-response test; large-scale confirmatory test.

Online: 21 July 2023 (10:21:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2125.v1

Performance of Water Indices for Water Resources Monitoring Using Large-Scale Sentinel-2 Data

Mathias Tesfaye, Lutz Breuer

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: Sentinel-2; remote sensing; Google Earth Engine; large-scale; water resource

Online: 30 May 2023 (11:24:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0520.v1

Are Cosmic Isotropy Limits from Analyses of the Cosmic Microwave Background Credible?

Michael J. Longo

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: Large-scale structure of Universe; cosmic background radiation; cosmology; early Universe

Online: 19 November 2020 (20:45:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0300.v1

Day-ahead Market Modelling of Large-scale Highly-renewable Multi-energy Systems: Analysis of the North Sea Region Towards 2050

Juan Gea Bermúdez, Kaushik Das, Hardi Koduvere, Matti Juhani Koivisto

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Energy System; Large Scale; Day Ahead Market; Operational Planning; Unit Commitment

Online: 10 November 2020 (10:34:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0081.v1

Halo Concentrations and the Fundamental Plane of Galaxy Clusters

Yutaka Fujita, Stefano Ettori, Megan Donahue, Keiichi Umetsu, Elena Rasia, Massimo Meneghetti, Elinor Medezinski, Nobuhiro Okabe, Marc Postman

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: galaxies; clusters; general—cosmology; theory—darkmatter—large-scale structure of universe

Online: 5 November 2018 (03:43:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1885.v1

Tubular Structure Segmentation via Multi-Scale Reverse Attention Sparse Convolution

Xueqiang Zeng, Yingwei Guo, Asim Zaman, Haseeb Hassan, Jiaxi Lu, Jiaxuan Xu, Xiaoqiang Miao, Huihui Yang, Anbo Cao, Yingjian Yang, Rongchang Chen, Yan Kang

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: cerebrovascular; airway; tubular structures; multi-scale; reverse attention; sparse convolution

Online: 26 May 2023 (07:58:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.2469.v1

Research and Development of a Large Scale Axial Flux Generator for Hydrokinetic Power System

Georgi Dimitrov Todorov, Konstantin Hristov Kamberov, Blagovest Nikolov Zlatev

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: AFPM; electricity generator; large scale structure; virtual prototyping; electromagnetics; hydrokinetic power system

Online: 31 October 2024 (09:41:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1995.v1

Modeling and Simulation of a Hydro Generator Stator Bar

Yujia Cheng, Guang Yu

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Motor insulation; Large-scale hydro generator; Electric field distribution; Corona structure simulation

Online: 25 September 2024 (17:58:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0988.v1

Ecological Quality Evaluation of Large-scale Farm Based on Improved Remote Sensing Ecological Index

Jun Wang, Lili Jiang, Qingwen Qi, Yongji Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: large-scale farms; ecological environment; remote sensing imagery; remote sensing ecological index

Online: 13 December 2023 (11:24:28 CET)

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Large-scale farms are pivotal sites for the development of the agricultural industry, and the quality of the ecological environment is a significant factor affecting the growth of cereal crops. Consequently, assessing the ecological quality of large-scale farms is of great importance. This paper leverages the advantages of remote sensing imagery for long-term, quantitative, and dynamic monitoring of ecological quality over extensive areas. It develops an ecological assessment procedure suitable for agricultural regions based on an Improved Remote Sensing Ecological Index (IRSEI), which considers the coupling of ecosystem component elements. This procedure introduces a Pan-Salinity Index (PSI) tailored to the characteristics of soil salinization in farming areas and incorporates an ecological greenness index based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), an ecological humidity index derived from the K-T transform (WET), an ecological dryness index synthesized from the bare soil index and the built-up index (NDBSI), and an ecological heat index represented by the Land Surface Temperature (LST) calculated from atmospheric parameter models. These five indices are integrated into the ecological assessment system. The experimental results visually demonstrate the development and changes of ecological impact factors in the farm research area over the past decade, as well as the spatiotemporal variations in the quality of the farm's ecological environment. The findings indicate that between 2010 and 2019, the overall trend of IRSEI first declined, then rose, and subsequently experienced a slight decrease. Through differential analysis, regions and areas with declining ecological quality were identified, providing a data reference for the formulation and implementation of future ecological protection and management measures for the farm. The proposed IRSEI method offers a rapid and effective new monitoring approach for agricultural planting areas with a tendency towards soil salinization.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0608.v1

The Impact of Utility-Scale Photovoltaics Plant on Near Surface Turbulence Characteristics in the Barren Areas

Junxia Jiang, Xiaoqing Gao, Chen Bolong

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: large-scale photovoltaic plants; M-O similarity theory; roughness; stability; turbulence intensity

Online: 24 November 2020 (09:46:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0296.v1

Study on the Construction of Landscape Ecological Classification System for Large-Scale Coal-Power Base in Semi-Arid Steppe Region

Zhenhua Wu, Shaogang Lei, Zhengfu Bian

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: semi-arid steppe region; large-scale coal-power base; landscape ecological classification

Online: 23 April 2018 (12:48:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1868.v2

On the Spanwise Periodicity within the Gap between Two Different-Sized Tandem Circular Cylinders at Re=3900

Di Zhang, Dongfang Liang, Jun Deng, Yakun Liu, Jialiang Xie

Subject: Engineering, Marine Engineering Keywords: Spanwise periodicity; Small-scale periodic reattachment; Large-scale periodic reattachment; Non-periodic reattachment; Bi-stable flow; Co-shedding flow

Online: 16 May 2024 (11:55:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0558.v1

Enhanced Vehicle Logo Detection Method Using Mamba Structure for Electric Vehicle Application

Shuo Yang, Yisu Liu, Ziyue Liu, Changhua Xu, Xueting Du

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Vision And Graphics Keywords: Vehicle logo detection; Mamba; Multi-Head Attention; Multi-Scale Feature Fusion

Online: 6 September 2024 (16:52:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1279.v1

Research on Large-Scale Urban 3D Geological Modeling – A Case Study of Wuhan Metropolitan Development Area

Jixiang Zhu, Tao Gan, Shunchang Liu, Xiaoyuan Zhou, Zhaohuan Huang, Chunhao Zhang, Qian Wang, Zhibin Huo, Wei Wang, Guangjun Ji

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Other Keywords: Three-dimensional geological modeling; Urban geology; Large-scale; Wuhan Metropolitan De-velopment Area

Online: 16 July 2024 (12:56:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0139.v1

LP-based Row Generation using Optimization-based Sorting Method for Solving Budget Allocation with a Combinatorial Number of Constraints

Aphisak Witthayapraphakorn, Sasarose Jaijit, Peerayuth Charnsethikul

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computational Mathematics Keywords: row generation; sorting method; linear programming; large-scale problem; budget allocation; capital budgeting

Online: 2 November 2023 (08:44:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0331.v1

On the Role of Electric Vehicles towards Low-Carbon Energy Systems: Italy and Germany in Comparison

Sara Bellocchi, Kai Klöckner, Michele Manno, Michel Noussan, Michela Vellini

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: large-scale RES; curtailments; electric vehicles; EnergyPLAN; integrated energy systems analysis; CO2 emissions

Online: 28 May 2019 (10:33:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0100.v1

On the Application of Massive MIMO Systems to Machine Type Communications

Felipe A. P. de Figueiredo, Fabbryccio A. C. M. Cardoso, Ingrid Moerman, Gustavo Fraidenraichz

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Large-scale antenna systems, 5G networks, machine type communications, channel estimation, linear detection

Online: 10 December 2018 (12:38:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1861.v1

Stability Analysis and Dynamic Simulations for Gravity Gradient of a Large Rigid Space Structure

Chenglei Tang, Jialiang Sun, Dongping Jin

Subject: Engineering, Aerospace Engineering Keywords: Stability analysis; Gravity gradient; Large rigid space structure; Orbit dynamics; Natural coordinate formulation

Online: 29 March 2024 (13:45:30 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1082.v1

Application of Multiscale Hierarchical Porous Structure Design in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: A Review

Yun Wang, Yufeng Meng, Yuning Wang, Shuai Yuan, Yiyuan Li, Yanhuizhi Feng, Zuolin Wang

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Biomaterials Keywords: multi-scale; hierarchical structure; porous scaffold; bone tissue engineering; bone regeneration

Online: 18 October 2023 (02:34:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.2344.v1

Pre-Dam Vltava River Valley—A Case Study of 3D Visualization of Large-scale GIS Datasets in Unreal Engine

Michal Janovský

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geography Keywords: Game engine; Unreal Engine; large-scale landscape visualization; GIS data; procedural modeling; CityEngine; Vitruvio

Online: 29 July 2024 (16:09:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0376.v1

Large-Scale Printed Chinese Character Recognition for ID Cards Using Deep Learning and Few Samples Transfer Learning

Yi-Quan Li, Hao-Sen Chang, Daw-Tung Lin

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Large-Scale Image Classification; Printed Chinese Character Recognition; Data Synthesis; GoogLeNet-GAP; Transfer Learning

Online: 22 December 2021 (16:31:53 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Reassessing Dust's Role in Forming the CMB

Fulvio Melia

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: cosmic microwave background; cosmological parameters; cosmology: observations; cosmology: redshift; cosmology: theory; large-scale structure

Online: 14 June 2020 (16:16:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0302.v1

From Local to Global: A Transfer Learning-Based Approach for Mapping Poplar Plantations at Large Scale

Yousra Hamrouni, Éric Paillassa, Véronique Chéret, Claude Monteil, David Sheeren

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: active learning; poplar plantations; spatial transfer; sentinel-2; large scale; image classification; random forest

Online: 17 April 2020 (15:05:54 CEST)

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Reliable estimates of poplar plantations area are not available at the French national scale due to the unsuitability and low update rate of existing forest databases for this short-rotation species. While supervised classification methods have been shown to be highly accurate in mapping forest cover from remotely sensed images, their performance depends to a great extent on the labelled samples used to build the models. In addition to their high acquisition cost, such samples are often scarce and not fully representative of the variability in class distributions. Consequently, when classification models are applied to large areas with high intra-class variance, they generally yield poor accuracies. In this paper, we propose the use of active learning (AL) to efficiently adapt a classifier trained on a source image to spatially distinct target images with minimal labelling effort and without sacrificing classification performance. The adaptation consists in actively adding to the initial local model, new relevant training samples from other areas, in a cascade that iteratively improves the generalisation capabilities of the classifier, leading to a global model tailored to different areas. This active selection relies on uncertainty sampling to directly focus on the most informative pixels for which the algorithm is the least certain of their class labels. Experiments conducted on Sentinel-2 time series showed that when the same number of training samples was used, active learning outperformed passive learning (random sampling) by up to 5% of overall accuracy and up to 12% of class F-score. In addition, and depending on the class considered, the random sampling required up to 50% more samples to achieve the same performance of an active learning-based model. Moreover, the results demonstrate the suitability of the derived global model to accurately map poplar plantations among other tree species with overall accuracy values up to 14% higher than those obtained with local models. The proposed approach paves the way for national-scale mapping in an operational context.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0266.v1

Improved Collecting Line Current Protection Scheme against Large-scale Wind Generators Tripping off

Wei Jin, Yuping Lu, Tao Huang

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Collecting line current protection (CLPC); coordination protection; large-scale WGs trip-off; risk indicator

Online: 18 June 2018 (13:48:38 CEST)

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There have been several cases of large-scale wind generators (WGs) tripping off caused by untimely fault removing in recent years. Currently, the discoordination between the box-type transformer fuse protection (BTFP) and two-section collecting line current protection (CLCP) brings a security risk to wind farm. In order to ensure the selectivity, the first section (Sec-I) CLCP should be set a enough interval that is longer than the fuse melting time, and another interval is set for the Sec-II CLCP, which weakens the speed of the CLCP. When a fault occurs on the collecting line, there is no doubt that WGs cannot work too long in abnormal operation, which may cause WGs to be placed off the grid. For a power system with high penetration of wind power, large-scale WGs tripping off will cause a great power shortage, and affect the stability of the power system. The selectivity and sensitivity of the CLCP is analyzed in detail to make the CLCP speed better. Considering the fault ride-through ability of WGs, the fault clear time is an important factor to lead to large-scale WGs tripping off. Two main works are done in this paper. The first is to accelerate the speed of the Sec-I CLCP though reducing the protection zone. Another one is introduce the risk assessment module into the CLCP, which not only improve the speed of the CLCP but also ensure the safety of the wind farm during faults. According to the deference in trip-off causes of WGs, the matching functions are created to assess the trip-off risk of WGs on the spot. In the case of fault, the trip-off risk indicators of WGs are timely updated to data sharing center and open to the CLCPs. The set of risk indicators is divided into several subsets according to the risk range. The dynamic changes of the subsets during fault help to improved CLCP scheme. This scheme can accelerate protection speed based on the increasing risk of large-scale WGs tripping off in wind farms. Compared with traditional CLCP, this approach can make the CLCP combines selectivity and speed better based on the analysis of the ride- through ability of WGs.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1107.v1

Two-Tier Efficient QoE Optimization for Partitioning and Resource Allocation in UAV-Assisted MEC

Huaiwen He, Xiangdong Yang, Feng Huang, Hong Shen

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Networks And Communications Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicle; Multi-access edge computing; Task offloading; Large-scale IoT network; Shrinkage ratio

Online: 17 June 2024 (08:02:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1702.v1

Research on the Shock Environment Characteristics of Marine Diesel Engine Based on a Large Floating Impact Platform

Yu Zhang, Jun Li, Chun hui Zhang, Wei Chen, Zhi peng Du, Xiao bin Li

Subject: Engineering, Marine Engineering Keywords: large-scale floating shock platform (LFSP); shock environments; underwater explosion; marine diesel engines; shock spectra

Online: 26 October 2023 (11:40:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1174.v1

ENN: Hierarchical Image Classification Ensemble Neural Network for Large-Scale Automated Detection of Potential Design Infringement

Chan Jae Lee, Seong Ho Jeong, Young Yoon

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Design Right Infringement; Deep Learning; Ensemble Learning; Image Classification; Object Detection; Large-Scale Detection System

Online: 19 September 2023 (03:03:46 CEST)

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This paper presents a two-stage hierarchical neural network using image classification and object detection algorithms as key building blocks for a system that automatically detects a potential design right infringement. This neural network is trained to return the Top-N original design right records that highly resemble the input image of a counterfeit. Design rights specify the unique aesthetic characteristics of a product. Due to the rapid change of trends, new design rights are continuously generated. This work proposes an Ensemble Neural Network (ENN), an artificial neural network model that aims to deal with a large amount of counterfeit data and design right records that are frequently added and deleted. At first, we performed image classification and objection detection learning per design right using the existing models with a proven track record of high accuracy. The distributed models form the backbone of the ENN and yield intermediate results aggregated at a master neural network. This master neural network is a deep residual network paired with a fully connected network. This ensemble layer is trained to determine the sub-models that return the best result for a given input image of a product. In the final stage, the ENN model multiples the inferred similarity coefficients to the weighted input vectors produced by the individual sub-models to assess the similarity between the test input image and the existing product design rights to see any sign of violation. Given 84 design rights and the sample product images taken meticulously under various conditions, our ENN model achieved average Top-1 and Top-3 accuracies of 98.409% and 99.460%, respectively. Upon introducing new design rights data, a partial update of the inference model was done an order of magnitude faster than the single model. ENN maintained a high level of accuracy as it scaled out to handle more design rights. Therefore, the ENN model is expected to offer practical help to the inspectors in the field, such as the customs at the border that deal with a swarm of products.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0282.v2

Design Optimization of Centrifugal Microfluidic "Lab-on-a-Disc" Systems towards Fluidic Larger-Scale Integration

Jens Ducrée

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Software Keywords: centrifugal microfluidics, Lab-on-a-Disc, large-scale integration, reliability, tolerances, band width, packing density

Online: 8 June 2021 (12:07:35 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

A New 3D Geological Modeling Method Based On Remote Sensing and Its Application in Ya 'an Area Sichuan Province

Zhaoyang Ma, Lihai Zhang, Yan Wang, Guifan Zhu, Yinping Liang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: Multi-source heterogeneity; remote sensing; large-scale high-precision modeling; grid division; geostatistics; spatial interpolation

Online: 20 January 2021 (16:19:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0298.v2

Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory

Piotr Homola, Dmitriy Beznosko, Gopal Bhatta, Łukasz Bibrzycki, Łukasz Bratek, Michalina Borczyńska, Nikolay M. Budnev, Dariusz Burakowski, David Edwin Alvarez-Castillo, Kevin Almeida Cheminant, Aleksander Ćwikła, Punsiri Dam-o, Niraj Dhital, Alan Duffy, Piotr Głownia, Krzysztof Gorzkiewicz, Dariusz Góra, Alok C. Gupta, Zuzana Hlávková, Martin Homola, Joanna Jałocha, Robert Kamiński, Michał Karbowiak, Marcin Kasztelan, Renata Kierepko, Marek Knap, Péter Kovács, Szymon Kuliński, Bartosz Łozowski, Marek Magryś, Mikhail V. Medvedev, Justyna Mędrala, Jerzy W. Mietelski, Justyna Miszczyk, Alona Mozgova, Antonio Napolitano, Vahab Nazari, Y. Jack Ng, Michał Niedźwiecki, Cristina Oancea, Bogusław Ogan, Gabriela Opiła, Krzysztof Oziomek, Maciej Pawlik, Marcin Piekarczyk, Bożena Poncyljusz, Jerzy Pryga, Matías Rosas, Krzysztof Rzecki, Jilberto Zamora-Saa, Katarzyna Smelcerz, Karel Smolek, Weronika Stanek, Jarosław Stasielak, Slawomir Stuglik, Jolanta Sulma, Oleksandr Sushchov, Manana Svanidze, Kyle Tam, Arman Tursunov, José-M. Vaquero, Tadeusz Wibig, Krzysztof W. Woźniak

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: cosmic rays; cosmic ray ensembles; extensive air showers; large scale cosmic ray correlations; CREDO Collaboration

Online: 15 October 2020 (16:13:43 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Effect of Interlayer Cooling Time, Constraint and Tool Path Strategy on Deformation of Large Components made by Laser Metal Deposition with Wire

Yousub Lee, Yashwanth Bandari, Peeyush Nandwana, Brian Gibson, Brad Richardson, Srdjan Simunovic

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: large-scale additive manufacturing; interlayer cooling time; tool path optimization; part deformation; Ti-6Al-4V

Online: 10 November 2019 (09:04:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1537.v1

Converting Candlenut Shell Waste into Graphene for Electrode Applications

Rikson Siburian, Kerista Tarigan, Yosia Gopas Oetama Manik, Fajar Hutagalung, Yatimah Alias, Yong Ching Chan, Boon Peng Chang, Jonathan Siow, Amanda Jiamin Ong, Jingfeng Huang, Suriati Paiman, Boon Tong Goh, Lisnawaty Simatupang, Ronn Goei, Alfred Iing Yoong Tok, Yahya Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja, Fathan Bahfie

Subject: Engineering, Other Keywords: graphene; candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus) shell; Ce/graphene; carbon large scale production; energy storage electrodes

Online: 24 June 2024 (04:28:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1714.v1

Large-Scale Group Decision-Making Method with Public Participation and Its Application in Urban Management

Xiuhong Niu, Yongming Song, Zhongwen Xu

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Business And Management Keywords: Large-scale group decision-making; Public participation; Multi-granular probabilistic linguistic preference relations; Consensus reaching process

Online: 27 May 2024 (13:07:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0371.v1

Is Entropy a Force of Nature?

Martin Johnson

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: dark energy
cosmic background radiation
dark ages
large-scale structure of the Universe

Online: 7 February 2024 (03:37:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0137.v1

Observational Constraints and Future of the Universe with Dynamic Dark Energy

Florian Neukart

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Hubble tension; Cosmic Microwave Background; Large-scale structures; Dark energy constraints; Future cosmological observations

Online: 3 January 2024 (04:20:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0329.v1

Modeling of Protein Structural Flexibility and Large-Scale Dynamics: Coarse-grained Simulations and Elastic Network Models

Sebastian Kmiecik, Maksim Kouza, Aleksandra Elzbieta Badaczewska-Dawid, Andrzej Kloczkowski, Andrzej Kolinski

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: protein dynamics; coarse-grained simulation; Monte-Carlo dynamics; structural flexibility; large-scale dynamics; elastic network model;

Online: 15 October 2018 (17:10:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0175.v1

Antineutrino Star Model of the Big Bang and Dark Energy

Tom F. Neiser

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmology: theory; gravitation; early universe; dark energy; large-scale structure of universe; cosmic background radiation; neutrinos

Online: 12 June 2018 (08:43:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0464.v1

Efficient Large-Scale Urban Parking Prediction: Graph Coarsening Based on Real-Time Parking Service Capability

Yixuan Wang, Zhenwu Chen, Kangshuai Zhang, Yunduan Cui, Lei Peng

Subject: Engineering, Transportation Science And Technology Keywords: Large-scale urban parking prediction; Real-time parking service capacity; Graph coarsening; Temporal convolutional autoencoder; Graph attention

Online: 5 September 2024 (12:07:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1657.v1

Upscaling and Risk Evaluation of the Synthesis of the 3-5-Diamino-1H-Pyrazole, Disperazol

Charlotte Uldahl Jansen, Katja Egeskov Grier, Jens Bo Andersen, Louise Dahl Hultqvist, Martin Nilsson, Claus Moser, Michael Graz, Tim Tolker-Nielsen, Michael Givskov, Katrine Qvortrup

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Organic Chemistry Keywords: biofilm; dispersal; pyrazole; c-di-GMP; large scale synthesis; flow chemistry; safety; dust analysis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; preclinical

Online: 27 May 2024 (09:46:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0241.v1

Indirect Model Predictive Control on Epidemiological Stochastic Blockmodels

Jonas Hjulstad, Morten Hovd

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: identification for control; optimization and control of large-scale network systems; Monte Carlo methods; high performance computing

Online: 6 May 2024 (07:49:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0642.v1

PointBLIP: Zero-Training Point Cloud Classification Network Based on BLIP-2 Model

Yunzhe Xiao, Yong Dou, Shaowu Yang

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Vision And Graphics Keywords: point cloud classification; zero-training; large-scale vision-and-language model; zero-shot classification; few-shot classification

Online: 8 January 2024 (17:03:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0412.v1

An Adaptive Layered Clustering Framework with Improved Genetic Algorithm for Solving Large-Scale Traveling Salesman Problems

Hai-yang Xu, Heng-You Lan

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: Computational complexity analysis; High parallelizability; Improved genetic algorithm; Adaptive layered clustering framework; Large-scale traveling salesman problem

Online: 24 February 2023 (01:20:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0062.v1

Optimization of Planting Structure for Irrigation Area with Biannual Cropping Patterns in Xinjiang Oasis in China

Bing Liu, Zhenhua Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: optimization of planting structure; biannual cropping pattern; arid oasis irrigation area; moderate scale; benefit of unilateral water use

Online: 5 June 2018 (11:08:42 CEST)

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Light and heat resources are ample in Xinjiang plain oasis region. Planting structure is single in irrigation area, which leads to severe seasonal water shortages due to high concentration of water utilization. Therefore, how to make full use of light and heat resources to develop oasis agriculture without expanding planting scale has become the focus of research. The biannual cropping patterns are possible solutions to the problem. Manas River Irrigation area, which is located on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang in China is regarded as a typical case study to analyze the suitable planting structure and planting scale for biannual cropping pattern. The effects of optimizing planting patterns on alleviating the contradiction between water supply and water need，and the efficiency of water resources utilization was also studied. The results of the study show that：(1) the suitable planting scales of Manas River irrigation area in wet year (P = 25%), normal year (P = 50%), and low flow year (P = 75%) are about 72.66%, 78.73% and 83.91% of the current planting scale. (2) After the planting structure was optimized, the water use process in the irrigation area extends from May to August at present to April to November. The water use ratio at the peak period of water use decreased from 0.847 to 0.601, and the water use peak was significantly dispersed. (3) Economic benefits per cubic metre of water of the biannual cropping patterns increased from 8.65 yuan·m⁻³ at present to 9.45 yuan·m⁻³, 10.31 yuan·m⁻³and 11.43 yuan·m⁻³in wet year (P = 25%), in normal year (P = 50%) and low flow year (P = 75%) respectively, which proved that replanting crops could improve the efficiency of water resources utilization in irrigated areas. Therefore, the optimal planting pattern can be implemented to improve the utilization efficiency of soil and water resources in irrigation area in the arid oasis with single planting pattern with excessive concentration of water use peak and serious water shortage.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0467.v1

Multi-Stream Graph-based Deep Neural Networks for Skeleton-based Sign Language Recognition

Abu Saleh Musa Miah, Md. Al Mehedi Hasan, Si-Woong Jang, Hyoun-Sup Lee, Jungpil Shin

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Sign Language Recognition (SLR); Large Scale Dataset; American Sign Language; Turkey Sign Language; Chinese Sign Language; AUTSL; CSL

Online: 8 May 2023 (08:24:04 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Our Peculiar Motion Inferred from Number Counts of Mid Infra Red AGNs and the Discordance Seen with the Cosmological Principle

Ashok K. Singal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: active galactic nuclei surveys; cosmic background radiation; large-scale structure of universe; solar system peculiar motion; cosmological principle

Online: 22 March 2021 (11:58:59 CET)

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According to the Cosmological Principle the Universe is isotropic and no preferred direction would be seen by an observer that might be stationary with respect to the expanding cosmic fluid. However, because of observer’s partaking in the solar system peculiar motion, there would appear in some of the observed properties of the Cosmos a dipole anisotropy, which could in turn be exploited to determine the peculiar motion of the solar system. The dipole anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) has given a peculiar velocity vector 370 km s−1 along l=264∘,b=48∘. However, some other dipoles, for instance, from the number counts, sky brightness or redshift distributions in large samples of distant Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), have yielded values of the peculiar velocity many times larger than that from the CMBR, though surprisingly, in all cases the directions agreed with the CMBR dipole. Here we determine our peculiar motion from a sample of 0.28 million AGNs, selected from the Mid Infra Red Active Galactic Nuclei (MIRAGN) sample comprising more than a million sources. From this, we find a peculiar velocity, which is more than four times the CMBR value, although the direction seems to be within ∼2σ of the CMBR dipole. A genuine value of the solar peculiar velocity should be the same irrespective of the data or the technique employed to estimate it. Therefore, such discordant dipole amplitudes, might mean that the explanation for these dipoles, including that of the CMBR, might in fact be something else. But, the observed fact that the direction in all cases, is the same, though obtained from completely independent surveys using different instruments and techniques, by different sets of people employing different computing routines, might nonetheless indicate that these dipoles are not merely due to some systematics, otherwise why would they all be pointing along the same direction. It might instead suggest a preferred direction in the Universe, implying a genuine anisotropy, which would violate the Cosmological Principle, the core of the modern cosmology.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0629.v1

Multiscale Hydro-Meteorological Factors Variations and Its Links to Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Systems in the Source Region of Yangtze River

Jian Tang, Hui-Qun Cao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: hydro-meteorological factors; large-scale atmospheric circulation systems; South Asia monsoon; streamflows; source region of the Yangtze River

Online: 26 October 2018 (11:52:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.1714.v1

High-performance On-orbit Intelligent Computing and Real-time Services for Remote Sensing Satellites Based on Space Large-scale Computing Power

Guoping Wang, Gang Wan, Zhijuan Su, Yang Wang, Yutong Jia, Gong Li, Shi Liang

Subject: Engineering, Aerospace Engineering Keywords: on-orbit processing; large-scale computing power; remote sensing satellites; artificial intelligence; ultra heterogeneous computing; ultra-low orbit constellations

Online: 22 October 2024 (11:04:43 CEST)

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The rapid advancement of Earth observation systems and satellite networks driven by commercial space has led to a significant increase in the number of remote sensing satellites, thereby establishing the groundwork for all-weather, continuous cluster collaborative observation. Following anti-irradiation hardening measures, low-cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices are effectively operated within intricate space environments, leading to substantial enhancements in on-orbit computing capabilities of individual satellites. Leveraging the on-board distributed processing framework, it fully utilizes wide-area scattered space computing resources and automatically establishes a network of neighboring satellites through inter-satellite communication links to construct a spatially distributed and computationally cooperative space cloud computing environment. This enables the sharing of space computing resources and facilitates satellite-based mission coordination, reducing reliance on ground-based remote sensing satellite services while enhancing the response efficiency of remote sensing application services. The present paper pro-vides a comprehensive review of the current development status, existing challenges, and problems faced by space-based remote sensing on-orbit processing platforms and on-board intelligent processing algorithms, starting from the immediate application requirements of remote sensing satellite in-orbit processing. In view of the anticipated surge in large-scale computing resources in space, a distributed remote sensing satellite data processing architecture based on large-scale on-board computing power is constructed, and the architecture is designed in detail from the aspects of physical architecture, software architecture, workflow and key technologies. Finally, three real-time service scenarios that align with the construction content of an ultra-low orbit satellite constellation and 6G technology have been designed to provide solutions and references for subsequent development of space-based intelligent remote sensing constellations.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0418.v1

Scale-up of Physics-based Models for Predicting Degradation of Large Lithium Ion Batteries

Hong-Keun Kim, Kyu-Jin Lee

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: large sized lithium-ion battery; physic-based model; life prediction; scale-up model; reduced order cell model; electric vehicles

Online: 18 September 2020 (04:29:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0222.v1

Film Boiling Around a Finite Size Cylindrical Apecimen - A Transient Conjugate Heat Transfer Approach

Alen Cukrov, Yohei Sato, Ivanka Boras, Bojan Ničeno

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: low Biot number material; conjugate heat transfer; film boiling; large-scale domain; turbulent flow; Kelvin-Helmholtz instability; frozen turbulence approach

Online: 2 June 2023 (16:40:35 CEST)

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The DNS of film boiling requires strong computational resources that are difficult to obtain for a daily CFD use by the practitioners of the industrial R&D experts. On the other hand, the film boiling experiments are associated with the usage of the expensive and highly sophisticated apparatus, and the research to this end is found to be relatively difficult due to high heat flow rates that are present in the process itself. When combined with a transient heat conduction in a solid, the problem becomes significantly difficult. Therefore, a novel method in computation of conjugate heat transfer during film boiling in a quiescent liquid has been proposed in this paper. The method relies on the solution of mass, momentum and energy conservation equations in a two-fluid framework, supplemented with the appropriate closures. Furthermore, the turbulent flow has been found as an important parameter in obtaining the accurate solution of the temperature field evolution in a solid specimen, via the proper modeling of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) value, that has been imposed as a constant value, i.e., the frozen turbulence approach. It was found, in addition, that the appropriate TKE value can be obtained by use of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability theory in conjunction with the boundary layer theory. The obtained results show excellent agreement with the experimental data within the first 15 s of the experiment, i.e., the first ca. 10 % of the total duration of the film boiling mode of heat transfer. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient has matched the error bands prescribed by the authors of the paper that has presented the correlations, whilst the averaged values are far beyond this band, i.e., are slightly more than 30 % higher. The further inspection has revealed a measure of similarity between the computational result of the volume fraction field distribution and the experiment, thus confirming the capability of the method to obtain realistic interface evolution in time. The method has shown full capability for further pursuing the industrial-scale film boiling problems that involve turbulent flow and the conjugate heat transfer approach.

Working Paper REVIEW

Ten Golden Rules for Reforestation to Optimise Carbon Sequestration, Biodiversity Recovery and Livelihood Benefits

Alice Di Sacco, Kate Hardwick, David Blakesley, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Elinor Breman, Loic Cecilio Rebola, Susan Chomba, Kingsley Dixon, Stephen Elliott, Godfrey Ruyonga, Kirsty Shaw, Paul Smith, Rhian J. Smith, Alexandre Antonelli

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Forestry Keywords: Afforestation; Climate change mitigation; Ecological Restoration; Forest landscape restoration; Large-scale tree planting; Natural regeneration; Nature-based solutions; Stakeholders participation

Online: 5 September 2020 (08:01:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0534.v1

Saint Venant and Navier-Stokes Models for Tsunami Simulations

Camille Journeau, Kévin Pons, Richard Marcer

Subject: Engineering, Marine Engineering Keywords: tsunami; CFD; Saint Venant (SV) model; Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR); large scale propagation; 3D Navier-Stokes (NS) model; coastal impact

Online: 22 November 2018 (04:43:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0092.v1

Principal Mismatch Patterns across a Simplified Highly Renewable European Electricity Network

Mads Raunbak, Timo Zeyer, Kun Zhu, Martin Greiner

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: renewable energy networks; principal component analysis; large-scale integration of renewables; wind power; solar power; super grid; energy system design

Online: 20 September 2017 (04:44:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0256.v1

Structural Analysis and Experimental Tests of a Morphing Flap Scaled Model

Mürüvvet Sinem SICIM DEMIRCI, Rosario PECORA, Luca CHIANESE, Massimo Viscardi, Metin Orhan KAYA

Subject: Engineering, Aerospace Engineering Keywords: Morphing structures; Smart aircraft; Morphing flap; Adaptive systems; Intelligent systems; Finger-like ribs; Mechanical systems; Large airplanes; Wind tunnel tests; Large-scale morphing architectures; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis; Variable camber airfoil

Online: 5 August 2024 (11:09:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0457.v1

Generic Framework for the Optimal Implementation of Flexibility Mechanisms in Large-Scale Smart Grids

Alejandro J. del Real, Andrés Pastor, Jaime Durán

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: large-scale systems; aggregated constraints; aggregated terms; flexibility mechanisms; control algorithm; Model Predictive Control; Centralised MPC; Decentralised MPC; state-space model

Online: 29 October 2021 (14:33:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0002.v1

Tests and Problems of the Standard Model in Cosmology

Martin Lopez-Corredoira

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: Cosmology; Observational cosmology; Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements; dark matter; dark energy; superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe

Online: 1 February 2017 (16:06:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1554.v2

Quantum-Cosmos Nexus Theory

Abdulrahman Sheikh Nemeh

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: cosmic scale; Planck scale; gravity; fundamental constants

Online: 26 October 2023 (11:01:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1085.v2

Large Language Models in Entrepreneurship: A Survey

Yutong Li, Yuechen Yang, Chaoran Zhao, Chunling Cao

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Large Language Models; Entrepreneurship

Online: 10 October 2024 (09:41:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0257.v1

A Performance Evaluation of Large Language Model in Keratoconus: A Comparative Study of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, Gemini, Copilot, Chatsonic, and Perplexity

Ali Hakim REYHAN, Çağrı MUTAF, İrfan UZUN, Funda YÜKSEKYAYLA

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: Keratoconus; Chatbots; Large Language Models

Online: 5 September 2024 (07:01:17 CEST)

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This study evaluates the ability of six popular chatbots; ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, Gemini, Copilot, Chatsonic, and Perplexity to provide reliable answers to questions concerning keratoconus. Methods: Chatbots responses were assessed using mDISCERN and Global Quality Score (GQS) metrics. Readability was evaluated using nine validated readability assessments. We also addressed the quality and accountability of websites from which the questions originated. Results: We analyzed 20 websites, 65% "Private practice or independent user" and 35% "Official patient education materials." The mean JAMA Benchmark score was 1.5±0.68, indicating low accountability. Reliability, measured using mDISCERN, ranged from 42.9±3.16 (ChatGPT-3.5) to 46.95±3.53 (Copilot). The most frequent question was "What is Keratoconus?" with 70% of websites providing relevant information. This received the highest mDISCERN score (49.33±4.96) and a relatively high GQS score (3.50±0.55), with an Automated Readability Level Calculator score of 13.17±2.13. Moderate positive correlations were determined between the website numbers and both mDISCERN (?=0.265,?=0.25) and GQS (?=0.453,?=0.05) scores. The quality of information, assessed using the GQS, ranged from 3.01±0.51 (ChatGPT-3.5) to 3.3±0.65 (Gemini) (p=0.34). The differences between the texts were statistically significant. Gemini emerged as the easiest to read, while ChatGPT-3.5 and Perplexity were the most difficult. Based on mDISCERN scores, Gemini and Copilot exhibited the highest percentage of responses in the "Good" range (51-62 points). For the GQS, the Gemini model exhibited the highest percentage of responses in the "Good" quality range, with 40% of its responses scoring 4-5. Conclusions: While all chatbots performed well, Gemini and Copilot showed better reliability and quality. However, their readability often exceeded recommended levels. Continuous improvements are essential to match information with patients' health literacy for effective use in ophthalmology.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1559.v2

Elucidating Common Fallacies and Misconceptions Around LLMs

Muhammad Al-Zafar Khan, Nouhaila Innan, Jahvaid Hammujuddy

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Large Language Models, Artificial Intelligence

Online: 25 November 2023 (14:29:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1969.v1

Research on the Range of Appropriate Spatial Scale of Underground Commercial Street Based on Psychological Perception Evaluation

Tianning Yao, Shanmin Ding, Yiyun Zhang, Xing Chen, Yao Xu, Kuntao Hu, Xin Xu, Liang Sun, Zheng Liang, Yin Huang, Jin Wang

Subject: Engineering, Architecture, Building And Construction Keywords: Virtual Reality; Underground Commercial street; Appropriate Spatial Scale; Multidimensional Scale; Perception Evaluation

Online: 29 May 2024 (11:58:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1446.v1

Leveraging Large Language Models to Enhance an Intelligent Agent with Multifaceted Capabilities

Sree Ganesh Thottempudi, Sagar Borra

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: large language models; retrieval augmented generation

Online: 19 September 2024 (10:01:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1446.v1

Optimizing AI-Driven Disaster Management through LLMs

Wei Chen, Jiing Fang

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Large Language Models; Natural Language Processing

Online: 17 July 2024 (12:59:08 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0926.v1

In-Context Learning in Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey

Clyde Highmore

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: large language model; in-context learning

Online: 11 July 2024 (10:26:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0304.v1

Religion and Neoliberalism from the Periphery: Elements to Understand Conservatism in Brazil from The Large Evangelical Corporations of The State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

Paulo Gracino Junior, Fábio Py

Subject: Social Sciences, Religion Keywords: Large Evangelical Corporations, neoliberalism; conservatism; peripheries

Online: 6 February 2024 (09:21:25 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1554.v1

Leveraging Large Language Models for Educational Enhancement: A Case Study of ChatGPT, BingChat, and Bard

Thu Nguyen

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: ChatGPT; BingChat; Bard; large model language

Online: 22 September 2023 (11:29:01 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1500.v1

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Misdiagnosed as a Hematoma: Case Report

Jae Hyun Lee, Jiyoung YUN

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: lymphoma; large B-cell; diffuse; hematoma

Online: 22 September 2023 (08:36:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0028.v9

Revealing the Phenomena of Heat and Photon Energy on Dealing Matter at Atomic Level

Mubarak Ali

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: heat energy; photon energy; fundamental forces; nanoscale phenomenon; atomic scale phenomenon; electron scale phenomenon

Online: 8 December 2017 (03:46:45 CET)

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Technology is in the way to reach in its climax but the basic understanding of science in many phenomena is still awaited even though the nature witnesses it. Scientific research reveals strong analogy between photon and electron. When an atom deals neutral state, it levitates electron of outer ring from the back surface while placing the bit-energy at front surface. Gravitation behavior of that electron starts at the centre of relaxation point by including the force of side pole where the pulling force of nearby unfilled state of that atom from the front surface results into depict forcing energy shape like Gaussian distribution symbol with both ends turned called unit photon. The inertia is being involved at each stage of changing direction of that electron by introducing the disappearances of forces of two poles against the appearances of forces of two opposite poles during rest to motion and motion to rest in the first half-cycle. The same is the case in the second half-cycle of that electron during rest to motion and motion to rest but it is under different introduction of the disappearances of forces against appearances of forces. However, at stage of levitating or gravitating period of electron, only one force is being involved at one time where the opposite force is disappeared. The uninterrupted confined inter-state electron-dynamics of atom under the availability of several bits of bit-energy results into generate forcing energy shape like a wave. Two bits of bit-energy where shape of bit for first half-cycle is like integral symbol and second half-cycle is like opposite integral symbol which are being placed along the configuring trajectory of inter-state electron-dynamics during forward-direction cycle and two bits of bit-energy shape in opposite order are being placed along the trajectory of inter-state electron-dynamics during back-direction cycle. Generating forcing energy of unit photon in each cycle is pushing to the rear side by remaining connected till the electron is not restoring the state of rest. Silicon atom is considered as a model system under neutral state. Uninterrupted confined inter-state electron-dynamics result into generate forcing energy that can travel immeasurable length and unavailability of necessitating bit-energy at any interrupted stage result into generate an overt photon. Inter-state electron-dynamics for at least two cycles generate an overt photon –a photon length twice to unit photon. Under certain interaction of unit photon, it divides equally into two bits of bit-energy instead of dividing into tits and bits of heat. The mechanism of generating photon characteristic current by the electron of neutral state atom validates that atoms are four-dimensional discs at centre of dealing no force. An isolated electron is being grounded under directed forcing energy to impinge a neutral state atom where the gained instantaneous velocity under merged energy resulting into distort atom at that point. Matter changes the role of energy and force under various sorts of interactions. Here, heat energy and photon energy explore matter at atomic and electron levels, thus, devise basis of science to describe.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0664.v1

Assessment of the Psychological Impact and Perceived Stress Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Young Adult Population of India.

Sreelakshmi M, Irfanul Haque, Sarita Jangra Bhyan, Ankit Gaur, Aashi Jain, Amrita Kumari, Besty Thomas, Nancy Goel, Rashi Chauhan

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown; psychological impact; perceived stresses-R scale; PSS scale; young adults

Online: 28 July 2020 (04:39:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0318.v1

Numerical Analysis of Full-scale Ship Self-Propulsion Performance with direct Comparison to Statistical Sea Trail Results

Wenyu Sun, Qiong Hu, Shiliang Hu, Jia Su, Jie Xu, Jinfang Wei, Guofu Huang

Subject: Engineering, Marine Engineering Keywords: Hull-propeller interaction; Full-scale CFD; Scale effect; Self-propulsion; Statistical sea trails

Online: 24 December 2019 (11:16:25 CET)

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Accurate prediction of the self-propulsion performance is one of the most important factors for energy-efficient design of a ship. In general, the hydrodynamic performance of a full-scale ship could be achieved by model-scale simulation or towing tank test with extrapolations. With the development of CFD methods and computing power, directly predict ship performance with full-scale CFD is an important approach. In this article, a numerical study on the full-scale self-propulsion performance with propeller operating behind ship at model- and full-scale is presented. The study includes numerical simulations using RANS method with double-model and VOF model respectively and scale effect analysis based on overall performance, local flow fields and detailed vortex identification. Verification study on grid convergence is also performed for full-scale simulation with global and local mesh refinements. And a series of sea trail tests were performed to collect reliable data for the validation of CFD predictions. The analysis of scale effect on hull-propeller interaction shows that the difference on hull boundary layer and flow separation is the main source of scale effect on ship wake. And the results of the fluctuations of propeller thrust and torque along with circulation distribution and local flow field show that propeller’s loading is significantly higher for model-scale ship. It is suggested that the difference on vortex evolution and interaction is more pronounced and have larger effects on ship’s powering performance at model-scale than full-scale according to the simulation results. From the study on self-propulsion prediction, it could be concluded that the simplification on free surface treatment does not only affect the wave-making resistance for bare hull but also the propeller performance and propeller induced ship resistance which can produced up to 5% uncertainty to the power prediction. Roughness is another important factor in full-scale simulation because it has up to approximately 7% effect on the delivery power. As a result of validation study, the numerical simulations of full-scale ship self-propulsion shows good agreement with the sea trail data especially for cases that have considered both roughness and free surface effects. This result will largely enhance our confidence to apply full-scale simulation in the prediction of ship’s self-propulsion performance in the future ship designs.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0836.v1

Genome Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Scale Drop Disease Virus Isolated From Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer)

Putita Chokmangmeepisarn, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Jose A. Domingos, Ronny van Aerle, David Bass, Pochara Prukbenjakul, Saengchan Senapin, Channarong Rodkhum

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Aquatic Science Keywords: Scale loss; Metagenomics; Evolution; Mutations

Online: 12 June 2024 (17:50:57 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0354.v1

A Perceptive Scale Toolkit for Navigating Across Length Scales

Ipsa Jain, Minhaj Sirajuddin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: science communication; scale; education; toolkit

Online: 30 October 2019 (09:31:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.2462.v1

A Multi-Scale Mask Convolution based Blind Spot Network for Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection

Zhiwei Yang, Rui Zhao, Xiangchao Meng, Gang Yang, Weiwei Sun, Shenfu Zhang, Jinghui Li

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Geometry And Topology Keywords: hyperspectral anomaly detection; multi-scale anomaly targets; blind spot network; multi-scale mask convolution

Online: 30 July 2024 (11:39:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0252.v1

Fundamentally Good Alternative to Normal Distribution

Kabir Bindawa Abdullahi

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: alternative parameterization; normal distribution; dispersion estimators; location-invariance; scale-invariance; scale-and-location-invariance

Online: 19 September 2022 (02:06:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0006.v1

The differences between the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale When Assessing Resilience: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Predictive Effects

Yun-Ci Ye, Chia-Huei Wu, Cheng-Ta Yang

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: resilience; Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; Brief Resilience Scale; depression; life satisfaction; confirmatory factor analysis

Online: 4 January 2022 (12:34:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.1334.v1

Comparative Analysis of Prompt Strategies for LLMs: Single-Task vs. Multitasking Prompts

Manuel Gozzi, Federico Di Maio

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: artificial intelligence; large language model; prompt engineering

Online: 17 October 2024 (10:51:01 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2037.v1

Decoding by Factual Prompts and Hallucination Prompts Improves Factuality in Large Language Models

Bojie Lv, Ao Feng, Chenlong Xie

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: large language models; hallucinations; prompt; contrastive decoding

Online: 26 September 2024 (09:08:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1527.v1

Challenging LLMs Beyond Information Retrieval: Reasoning Degradation with Long Context Windows

Natanael Fraga

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Large Language Models; Context Window; Reasoning Ability

Online: 22 August 2024 (05:48:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1169.v1

Application of Open- source Large Language Model (LLM) for Simulation of a Vulnerable IoT System and Cybersecurity Best Practices Assistance

Veneta Yosifova

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: cybersecurity; open-source; large language models; IoT

Online: 17 May 2024 (11:45:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0102.v1

Subgrid Turbulent Flux Models for Large Eddy Simulations of Diffusion Flames in Space Propulsion

Daniel Martinez-Sanchis, Andrej Sternin, Sagnik Banik, Oskar Haidn, Martin Tajmar

Subject: Engineering, Aerospace Engineering Keywords: Large Eddy Simulation; Turbulence; Combustion; Methane; Propulsion

Online: 1 April 2024 (15:04:25 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0967.v1

Giant Intraabdominal Lymphangioma in a Pediatric Patient

Iuliana-Laura Candussi, Alexandru Petecariu, Mirela Lungu, Camelia Busila, Raul Mihailov, Anca Neagu, Claudiu N. Lungu, Ioan Sarbu, Carmen I Ciongradi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Intra-abdominal cyst; large masses; mesenteric lymphangioma

Online: 18 March 2024 (08:23:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1103.v1

Evaluation of DSSI Effects on the Dynamic Response of Bridges to Traffic Loads

Sharef Farrag, Nenad Gucunski

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Bridge testing; DSSI; FEM; large-amplitude shaking

Online: 15 August 2023 (09:00:16 CEST)

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