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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0016.v1

Motor Intentions Decoded from fMRI Signals

Sergio Ruiz, Sangkyun Lee, Josue Luiz Dalboni da Rocha, Ander Ramos, Emanuele Pasqualotto, Ernesto Soares, Eliana García, Eberhard Fetz, Niels Birbaumer, Ranganatha Sitaram

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: motor intention; fMRI; frontal lobe; parietal lobe; motor imaginary; neurorehabilitation; brain– computer interfaces

Online: 1 May 2024 (16:47:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0199.v1

In Silico Search for Drug Candidates Targeting the PAX8–PPARγ Fusion Protein in Thyroid Cancer

Kaori Sakaguchi, Yoshio Okiyama, Shigenori Tanaka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: follicular thyroid neoplasia; PAX8– PPARγ fusion; fusion protein; structure-based drug design

Online: 3 April 2024 (07:24:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2216.v1

Evaluating Preparedness and Overcoming Challenges in Electricity Trading: An In-Depth Analysis Using Analytic Hierarchy Process—a Case Study Exploration

Suraj Regmi, Abhinav Rayamajhi, Ramhari Poudyal, Sanjeev Adhikari

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: analytic hierarchy process (AHP); cross– border-energy trade; hydropower; multi-criteria decision making

Online: 31 January 2024 (13:05:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0344.v1

Endothelial Function and Hypoxic-Hyperoxic Preconditioning in Coronary Surgery with a Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Randomized Clinical Trial

Irina A. Mandel, Yuriy K. Podoksenov, Sergey L. Mikheev, Irina V. Suhodolo, Yulia S. Svirko, Vladimir M. Shipulin, Andrey G. Yavorovskiy, Andrey I. Yaroshetskiy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Anesthesiology And Pain Medicine Keywords: oxygen transport; cardioprotection; hypoxic-hyperoxic preconditioning; ischemia-reperfusion injury; cardiopulmonary bypass; endothelial damage markers

Online: 20 February 2023 (15:14:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0823.v1

Requirements of Constrictive Binding and Dynamic Systems on Molecular Cages for Drug Delivery

Giovanni Montà-González, Ramón Martínez-Máñez, Vicente Martí-Centelles

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: molecular cages; supramolecular chemistry; metal-organic cages; organic cages; drug-delivery; host– guest chemistry

Online: 10 October 2024 (12:57:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0893.v1

Theoretical Study of The Halogen Concentration Effect on The 1,3-Butadiene Polymerization Catalyzed by the Neodymium-Based Ziegler–Natta System

Alexey N. Masliy, Ildar G. Akhmetov, Andrey M. Kuznetsov, Ilsiya M. Davletbaeva

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Polymers And Plastics Keywords: DFT; ONIOM; 1,3-butadiene polymerization; stereospecificity; cis-1,4-polybutadiene; neodymium based Ziegler– Natta catalyst

Online: 11 September 2024 (11:26:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.2378.v1

Nurse-Driven Quality Improvement Interventions Reduced the Incidence of Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection and Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection to Close to Zero, a Turning Point in One Pediatric Oncologic Facility

Federico Turoldo, Antonella Longo, Mariavittoria Sala, Denis Valentini, Nicole De Vita, Sara Toniutti, Loredana Zuppel, Natalia Maximova

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: central venous catheter; pediatric; oncological; central-line– associated bloodstream infections; catheter-related bloodstream infections

Online: 30 July 2024 (07:34:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0047.v1

The “Galenic Question”: A solution Based on Historical Sources and Mathematical Analysis of Texts

Fernando La Greca, Liberato De Caro, Emilio Matricciani

Subject: Arts And Humanities, History Keywords: classical Greek; deep– language variables; Galen of Pergamum; history of medicine; statistical analysis; linguistics

Online: 1 May 2024 (07:20:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1521.v1

Key Aroma Differences in Volatile Compounds of Aged Feng-flavored baijiu Determined using Sensory Descriptive Analysis and GC×GC–TOFMS

Jinmei Ren, Zhi jian Li, Wei Jia

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Food Chemistry Keywords: feng-flavored baijiu; sensory descriptive analysis; GC×; GC– TOFMS; chemometrics; key differential compounds

Online: 24 April 2024 (02:48:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0742.v1

Trends and Paradoxes of Competitive Evolution in the Predation Mechanism

Evariste Sanchez-Palencia, M.A. Aziz-Alaoui

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematical And Computational Biology Keywords: predator– prey interactions; hopf bifurcation; limit cycle; evolutionary trend; evolutionary ecology; emergence of efficiency

Online: 13 March 2024 (11:35:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0997.v1

Role of KIBS in the Korean Economy as an Innovation Tool: Using Input–Output Analysis

Yong Jae Shin

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: KIBS; Input– output analysis; Demand inducement model; Supply inducement model; Interlinkage effect; Exogenous specification

Online: 12 January 2024 (09:06:25 CET)

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Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) are professional services that create new added value by creating, accumulating, and disseminating new knowledge. When it comes to conducting business involving new technology, KIBS play the roles of innovator, user, and producer of new technology that has led to technological innovation. This study aimed to determine the role of KIBS as a tool for innovation in a country’s economic system. Specifically, the degree and role of their impact on the Korean economy were analyzed and compared for the entire KIBS sector, T-KIBS (a new technology-based professional service), P-KIBS (a traditional professional service), and every subsector. For this purpose, the demand-inducement model, supply inducement model, and interlinkage effects method were applied using the 2019 input-output table published in 2022. The analysis showed that the indirect production inducement effect of the entire KIBS industry on other industries was 0.800 KRW, the indirect added value inducement effect was 0.330 KRW, and the supply disruption effect was 1.144 KRW. For T-KIBS, the indirect production inducement effect was 0.687 KRW, the indirect added value inducement effect was 0.272 KRW, and the supply disruption effect was 0.730 KRW. For P-KIBS, the indirect production inducement effect was 1.472 KRW, the indirect added value inducement effect was 0.646 KRW, and the supply disruption effect was 2.657 KRW. Finally, regarding the economic ripple effect of the KIBS subsector, legal and management support services and advertisements corresponding to P-KIBS showed higher figures than the T-KIBS subsectors in all sectors, including production inducement, the added value inducement effect, and the supply disruption effect. These results revealed that in the South Korean economic system, KIBS contribute to production and value addition across all industrial sectors. It is apparent that the absence of supply significantly disrupts other industries. Furthermore, production inducement effects are evenly distributed among all the KIBS subsectors in the secondary and tertiary sectors, while the value-added effects have a greater impact on the tertiary sector. In terms of the supply shortage effects, the secondary sector experiences a more significant impact. This underscores the crucial role of KIBS in sustaining and enhancing overall economic activity in South Korea. This study is significant in that it not only investigated KIBS as an industry group using the advantages provided by industry linkage analysis but also examined and compared detailed subsectors, thereby elaborately evaluating the influence relationship between KIBS and other industries. Therefore, the results presented in this study are expected to be useful for fostering the KIBS industrial sector and establishing economic innovation policies using KIBS.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0139.v1

Topology of Saliva

Arturo Tozzi, James Peters

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: Antipodal cells, Collective behavior; topological distance; flow; Borsuk– Ulam theorem. ; ;

Online: 4 December 2023 (04:42:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1229.v1

The Impact of the Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Variability on the Dynamical Processes and Ozone Layer in the Arctic Atmosphere

Andrew R. Jakovlev, Sergei P. Smyshlyaev

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: atmosphere– ocean dynamics; sea surface temperature; polar vortex; air temperature; ozone concentration; zonal wind

Online: 20 November 2023 (07:50:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1715.v1

Percutaneous Deep Venous Arterialization for Limb Salvage of No Option Patients with Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia

Stavros Spiliopoulos, Efstathia Davoutis, Nikolaos-Achilleas Arkoudis, Kaji Sritharan, Symeon Lechareas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: chronic limb-threatening ischemia; peripheral arterial disease; endovascular treatment; tibial vessels; percutaneous deep venous arterialization

Online: 26 September 2023 (04:44:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1171.v1

Topical Application of Autologous Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Small Artery Disease and Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Efficacy, Safety and Economic Evaluation

Benedetta Ragghianti, Bianca Maria Berardi, Edoardo Mannucci, Matteo Monami

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Foot ulcer; Cell-therapy; Small Artery Disease; Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia; Economic evaluation

Online: 17 May 2023 (02:41:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0230.v1

How the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted Patients’ Care in the Vascular Surgery Divisions of the Southern Regions of the Italian Peninsula

Eugenio Martelli, Giovanni Sotgiu, Laura Saderi, Massimo Federici, Giuseppe Sangiorgi, Matilde Zamboni, Allegra Rosa Martelli, Giancarlo Accarino, Giuseppe Bianco, Francesco Bonanno, Umberto Marcello Bracale, Enrico Cappello, Giovanni Cioffi, Giovanni Colacchio, Adolfo Crinisio, Salvatore De Vivo, Carlo Patrizio Dionisi, Loris Flora, Giovanni Impedovo, Francesco Intrieri, Luca Iorio, Gabriele Maritati, Piero Modugno, Mario Monaco, Giuseppe Natalicchio, Vincenzo Palazzo, Fernando Petrosino, Francesco Pompeo, Raffaele Pulli, Davide Razzano, Maurizio Ruggero Ruggieri, Carlo Ruotolo, Paolo Sangiuolo, Gennaro Vigliotti, Pietro Volpe, Antonella Biello, Pietro Boggia, Michelangelo Boschetti, Enrico Maria Centritto, Flavia Condò, Lucia Cucciolillo, Amodio Salvatore D'Amodio, Mario De Laurentis, Claudio Desantis, Daniela Di Lella, Giovanni Di Nardo, Angelo Disabato, Ilaria Ficarelli, Angelo Gasparre, Antonio Nicola Giordano, Alessandro Luongo, Mafalda Massara, Vincenzo Molinari, Andrea Padricelli, Marco Panagrosso, Anna Petrone, Serena Pisanello, Roberto Prunella, Michele Tedesco, Alberto Maria Settembrini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Hematology Keywords: COVID-19; carotid stenosis; abdominal aortic aneurysm; chronic limb-threatening ischemia; amputation; deep venous thrombosis

Online: 16 June 2022 (04:40:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0411.v1

An Orthologics Study of the Notch Signalling Pathway

Wilfred Donald Stein

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: evolution; orthologs; notch signaling system; cell– to‐cell communication; origin of multicellularity; co‐option ;

Online: 7 October 2024 (07:41:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0032.v1

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Effects on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

Fayda Protásio, Carlos Tomaz, Joaquim Brasil-Neto, Pedro Brandão, Nasser Allam, Maria Clotilde Henriques Tavares

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Behavioral Sciences Keywords: Parkinson’ s disease; neuromodulation; transcranial direct current stimulation – tDCS; movement disorders; mood; sleep; cognition

Online: 1 April 2024 (09:56:57 CEST)

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Abstract Introduction: In the last thirty years, brain neuromodulation techniques have been used as an alternative to pharmacological treatment of neurological disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to bradykinesia, rest tremor, postural changes, and non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, pain, and cognitive decline that compromises executive functions (EFs), responsible for the orderly execution of behaviors and tasks of daily life and intentional and directed actions. To this date, a few studies with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown beneficial effects in PD patients concerning specific motor and non-motor symptoms, targeting the motor cortex and/or prefrontal regions. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of left prefrontal tDCS across a broad spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD using established validated scales. Method: Single-blind randomized clinical trial with 18 volunteers with PD, aged between 45 and 80 years (66.1 ± 9.65), who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were submitted to assessments of motor and non-motor functions employing psychometric scales and tests to evaluate EFs and were randomly divided into two groups: control (sham stimulation) and experimental (active stimulation). All participants were involved in three separate tDCS sessions. The anode was positioned over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the cathode over the right supraorbital region, with a direct current intensity of 2mA, lasting 20 minutes. At the end of the three sessions, all participants were reassessed. Results: Significant effects of tDCS on non-motor functions were observed for cognition (verbal fluency of actions, clock copy test, appointment by visual confrontation, and verbal memory with immediate free recall) and subjective assessment of sleep quality (overall restlessness and discomfort in the arms and legs at night, leg and arm cramps at night and distressing dreams). There was also an improvement in the rate of errors and successes for congruent and incongruent stimuli of the Stroop Test. The beneficial effects on motor function were decreased rigidity, improved gait, and greater agility in the finger-tapping test. Conclusion: Three tDCS sessions showed positive results for participants with PD, producing significant improvements in various motor and non-motor functions, including sleep quality, cognition, and EFs. Additionally, the present results indicate that tDCS neuromodulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex region is feasible, safe, and provides significant objective benefits for PD patients.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0202.v1

Developing a Model for Integrating of Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Primary Healthcare Services in Oliver Reginald (O.R) Tambo District, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Ntandazo Dlatu, BENJAMIN LONGO-MBENZA, Kelechi Elizabeth Oladimeji, Teke Apalata

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: model developement; TB– HIV integrated model; TB and HIV; model; quantitative and qualitative data ;

Online: 11 April 2023 (05:39:06 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1488.v1

Partial Reversal of Coronary Stenosis with Intravenous Hydrogen and Oxygen Nanobubble Administration: A Case Report

Aditya T. Hernowo, James C. Pardosi, S. Subagjo, Aning Tyas K. Dewi, Sutiman B. Sumitro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Complementary And Alternative Medicine Keywords: coronary artery disease; stenosis; nanobubble; hydrogen; oxygen; antioxidant; ultrafine bubble; nanomedicine; anti‐inflammatory; cardiovascular; ischemia; atherosclerosis

Online: 21 June 2024 (07:24:22 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0193.v1

Current Status of Cell-Based Therapy in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia

Frantisek Jaluvka, Peter Ihnat, Juraj Madaric, Vaclav Prochazka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: Cell therapy, Peripheral arterial disease, Bone marrow, Adipose tissue, Mesenchymal stem cells, Exosome, Critical limb ischemia.

Online: 4 November 2020 (12:37:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0266.v1

Spin–Orbit Coupling Free Nonlinear Spin Hall Effect in a Triangle-Unit Collinear Antiferromagnet with Magnetic Toroidal Dipole

Satoru Hayami

Subject: Physical Sciences, Condensed Matter Physics Keywords: nonlinear spin Hall effect; triangular lattice; magnetic toroidal moment; spin– orbit coupling; multipole; tight-binding model

Online: 6 June 2024 (02:56:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0401.v1

Experimental and Analytical Study of Additively Manufactured Ti-TiB Metal Matrix Composite on Directional Isothermal-Fatigue

Thevika Balakumar, Reza A. Riahi, Afsaneh Edrisy

Subject: Engineering, Metallurgy And Metallurgical Engineering Keywords: Additive manufacturing; directional fatigue; isothermal fatigue; Ti– TiB MMC; Paris’ equation; modified Paris’ equation

Online: 7 March 2024 (07:43:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1403.v1

Semi-Structured Complex Numbers:Extending the Cauchy–Riemann Equations and developing Semi-Structured Complex Analytic Functions

Peter Jean Paul, Shanaz Wahid

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematics Keywords: Semi-structured Complex numbers; Semi-structured Complex analytic functions; Cauchy– Riemann Equations; Laplace Equation; Poisson Equation

Online: 19 December 2023 (08:01:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1121.v1

Effects on Oxidative Stress of Oncological Surgery, Assessed by Plasma Xanthine Oxidase and Adenosine Deaminase Activity

Bruno Pastene, Marion Marlinge, Julien Fromonot, Julia Dodivers, Amin Ben Lassoued, Nathalie Lalevée, Pascal-Alexandre Thomas, David Jérémie Birnbaum, Marc Leone, Laurent Zieleskiewicz, Régis Guieu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: solid tumor cancers; oxidative stress; adenosine deaminase; xanthine oxidase; ischemia modified albumin; redox potential; major surgery; anesthesia

Online: 16 July 2024 (04:49:59 CEST)

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In solid cancer surgery, oxidative stress (OS) is of particular interest because both the malignancy itself and the surgical intervention are major contributors to the modulation of OS levels. This study aimed to investigate the effects of solid cancer surgery on OS levels. Because solid cancer is often accompanied by intense cell death, the study specifically focused on the pathway leading to uric acid formation, (i.e. adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO). Ische-mia-modified albumin (IMA), a recognized marker of oxidative stress, and plasma redox poten-tial (RP) were also measured. Thirty-six patients undergoing major solid cancer surgery (median age 68 years (58-76), 23 men and 13 women) and thirty controls (62 years (51-80)) were included. During the surgical procedure, serum ADA levels did not change significantly (10.4 International Units (IU) (6.9 – 13.7) vs. 8 IU (6 – 12); p = 0.47). In contrast, XO (IU), IMA (Arbitrary Units(AU)) and redox potential (mV) decreased significantly (22.5 IU (11 – 63) vs. 8.4 IU (5 – 27); p = 0.0041, 89 AU (69 – 105) vs. 74 AU (66 – 80); p = 0.01 and 98 mV (78 – 118) vs. 79 mV (65 – 101); p = 0.033). The correlation between XO and IMA or redox potential was positive (Spearman’s r = 0.32 ; p = 0.007, and r = 0.58; p < 0.001, respectively). XO was negatively correlated with ADA (r = -0.26; p = 0.03). Redox potential was positively correlated with IMA (r = 0.26; p = 0.04) and nega-tively correlated with ADA (r = -0.25 ;p = 0.04). We found that a major source of OS in solid cancer could be the result of an increase in xanthine oxidase activity and that the global effect of solid cancer surgery is a significant decrease in OS levels. We also found that ADA and XO were inversely correlate, suggesting the existence of a negative retrocontrol between the production of free radicals and the production of their sub-strate. Finally, our study highlights the potential value of XO inhibitors as adjuvant therapy in solid tumor surgery.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0214.v1

Theory and Applications of the (Cardio) Genomic Fabric Approach to Post-Ischemic and Hypoxia-Induced Heart Failure

Dumitru Andrei Andrei Iacobas, Lei Xi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Adra1b; cardiac ischemia; hypoxia; Crem; gene expression control; gene expression coordination; gene hierarchy; heart failure; transcriptomic stoichiometry

Online: 15 June 2022 (07:37:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0044.v1

Early Effects of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Cells in Renal Ischemia Followed by Reperfusion: Mechanisms Rely on the Restoration of the Redox Tissular Environment

Jarlene A Lopes, Federica Collino, Clara Rodrigues-Ferreira, Luzia da Silva Sampaio, Glória Costa-Sarmento, Camila H.C. Wendt, Fernando P. Almeida, Kildare R. Miranda, Tais H. Kasai-Brunswick, Rafael S. Lindoso, Adalberto Vieyra

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: extracellular vesicles; mesenchymal cells; proximal tubular cells; renal ischemia/reperfusion; mitochondria; anion superoxide; acellular therapy; regenerative medicine

Online: 3 February 2022 (10:07:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1268.v1

Prevention of Delayed Graft Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients by Continuous Infusion of Prostaglandin-Analogue Iloprost: A Single-Center Prospective Study

Massimiliano Veroux*, Floriana Sanfilippo, Giuseppe Roscitano, Martina Maria Giambra, Alessia Giaquinta, Giordana Riccioli, Domenico Zerbo, Daniela Corona, Massimiliano Sorbello, Pierfrancesco Veroux

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: Kidney transplantation; Marginal Donor; Cold Ischemia Time; Donor Age; Acute kidney Injury; Deceased Donor; Graft Survival; Patient Survival

Online: 18 December 2023 (06:07:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0384.v1

Prospects of Intraoperative Multimodal OCT Application in Patients With Acute Mesenteric Ischemia

Elena Kiseleva, Maxim Ryabkov, Mikhail Baleev, Evgeniya Bederina, Pavel Shilyagin, Vladimir Beschastnov, Ivan Romanov, Grigory Gelikonov, Natalia Gladkova

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI); optical coherence tomography (OCT); optical coherence angiography (OCA); intraoperative diagnostics; gut vitality; image assessment

Online: 17 February 2021 (12:02:23 CET)

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Introduction: Despite the introduction of increasingly multifaceted diagnostic techniques and the general progress of emergency abdominal and vascular surgery, the outcome of treatment of patients with acute impaired intestinal circulation remains unsatisfactory. The non-invasive and high-resolution technique of optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used intraoperatively to assess intestine viability and associated conditions that frequently emerge under conditions of impaired blood circulation. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of multimodal (MM) OCT for intraoperative diagnostics of both the microstructure (cross-polarization OCT mode) and microcirculation (OCT angiography mode) of the small intestine wall in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI). Methods and Participants: A total of 18 patients were enrolled in the study. Nine of them suffered from AMI in segments II-III of the superior mesenteric artery (AMI group), where the ischemic segments of the intestine were examined. Nine others were operated for adenocarcinoma of the colon (control group), thus allowing areas of their normal small intestine to be examined for comparison. Data on the microstructure and microcirculation in the walls of the small intestine were obtained intraoperatively from the side of the serous membrane using the MM OCT system (IAP RAS, Russia) before bowel resection. The MM OCT data were compared with the results of histological examination. Results: The study finds that MM OCT visualized the damage to serosa, muscularis externa, and blood vessels localized in these layers in 100% of AMI cases. It also visualized the submucosa in 33.3% of AMI cases. The MM OCT image of non-ischemic (control group), viable ischemic and necrotic small intestines (AMI group) differed significantly across stratification of the distinguishable layers, the severity of intermuscular fluid accumulations and the type and density of the vasculature. Conclusion: The MM OCT diagnostic procedure optimally meets the requirements of emergency surgery. Data on the microstructure and microcirculation of the intestinal wall can be obtained simultaneously in real time without requiring contrast agent injections. The depth of visualization of the intestinal wall from the side of the serous membrane is sufficient to assess the volume of the affected tissues. However, the methodology for obtaining MM OCT data needs to be improved to minimize the motion artefacts generated in actual clinical conditions.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0578.v1

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Investigation on the Permeation of Sodium and Chloride Ions through Nanopores in Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Membranes

Yasaman Dehhaghi, Ali Kiakojouri, Irmgard Frank, Ebrahim Nadimi

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: Car– Parrinello molecular dynamics; graphene nanopores; hexagonal boron nitride nanopores; structure of water; partial ion dehydration; water desalination

Online: 11 March 2024 (18:12:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0458.v1

Induced Isotensor Interactions in Heavy Ion Double Charge Exchange Reactions and the Role of Initial and Final State Interactions

Horst Lenske, Jessica Bellone, Maria Colonna, Danilo Gambacurta

Subject: Physical Sciences, Nuclear And High Energy Physics Keywords: Reaction theory; nuclear many– body theory; double charge exchange reactions; double beta decay; induced interactions; nuclear matrix elements

Online: 5 January 2024 (04:44:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1542.v1

Molecular Docking Analysis of Flavonoid Compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra on the Interleukin – 1 Receptor (IL-1R) as a Candidate for Anti-Inflammatory Drug in Periodontitis

Elza Ibrahim Auerkari, Samantha Ruth Andriawan, Pertti Auerkari

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: IL-1R; Interleukin– 1 receptor; Il-1 receptor; Glycyrrhiza glabra; Licorice; Flavonoid; Inflammation; Periodontitis; Molecular docking; In silico

Online: 24 November 2023 (02:39:37 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1240.v1

Advancements in Treatment Strategies for Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia: A Comprehensive Review

Genti Xhepa, Andrea Vanzulli, Lucilla Violetta Sciacqua, Agostino Inzerillo, Pierre Faerber, Anna Maria Ierardi, Gianpaolo Carrafiello, Filippo Del Grande, Alexis Ricoeur

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Surgery Keywords: review; chronic mesenteric ischemia; superior mesenteric artery; revascularization; treatment; endovascular revascularization (ER); percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA); primary stenting (PMAS)

Online: 19 October 2023 (10:14:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0249.v1

Ultra-High Resolution Electrocardiography Enables Earlier Detection of Transmural and Subendocardial Myocardial Ischemia Compared to Conventional Electrocardiography

Kirill V. Zaichenko, Anna A. Kordyukova, Dmitry L. Sonin, Michael M. Galagudza

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: heart; ischemia; reperfusion; electrocardiography; ultra-high resolution electrocardiography; power spectral density; ischemic heart disease; subclinical atherosclerosis; sensitivity; risk stratification

Online: 3 August 2023 (05:17:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1569.v1

Ricci–Bourguignon Almost Solitons with Special Potential on Sasaki-like Almost Contact Complex Riemannian Manifolds

MANCHO MANEV

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Geometry And Topology Keywords: Ricci– Bourguignon; almost contact B-metric manifold; almost contact complex Riemannian manifold; Sasaki-like manifold; vertical potential; conformal potential

Online: 23 May 2024 (14:16:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1558.v1

Fenoldopam for Renal Protection in Cardiac Surgery: Pharmacology, Clinical Applications, and Evolving Perspectives

Giuseppe Cuttone, Luigi La Via, Giovanni Misseri, Giulio Geraci, Massimiliano Sorbello, Federico Pappalardo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Anesthesiology And Pain Medicine Keywords: Acute Kidney Injury; AKI; Renoprotection; Dopamine-1 Receptor Agonist; Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Renal Blood Flow; Pharmacological Intervention; Perioperative Care

Online: 19 September 2024 (14:52:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1966.v1

Rasagiline Confers Neuroprotection to PC12 Cell Cultures Exposed to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation Insult by Activating the Akt/Nrf2 Redox-Signaling Pathway and by Decreasing the Nuclear Translocation of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydroge

Shimon Lecht, Adi Lahiani, Michal Klazas, Majdi Saleem Naamneh, Limor Rubin, Jiayi Dong, Wenhua Zheng, Philip Lazarovici

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Akt; cell death; GAPDH; ischemia-like insult; neuroprotection; Nrf2; phosphorylation; Rasagiline; ROS; PC 12 neuronal model; α-synuclein; Parkinson’s disease; stroke

Online: 1 July 2024 (08:40:53 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0753.v1

Noninvasive Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Markers from Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Report of Three Cases

Motohiro Kimata, Kenichi Hashimoto, Naomi Harada, Yusuke Kawamura, Yoshifumi Kimizuka, Yuji Fujikura, Mayuko Kaneko, Nobuaki Kiriu, Yasumasa Sekine, Natsumi Iwabuchi, Tetsuro Kiyozumi, Akihiko Kawana, Susumu Matukuma, Yuji Tanaka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: ambulatory electrocardiographic markers; coronavirus disease-19; COVID-19; global cardiac ischemia; Holter electrocardiograph; myocardial remodeling; SARS-CoV-2; sudden cardiac death

Online: 13 March 2024 (07:31:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2168.v1

Alterations in the amyloid protein precursor, α-secretase, β-secretase, presenilins and tau protein Genes in the CA3 Area of the Hippocampus in a 2-Year Ischemic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Stanisław Czuczwar, Janusz Kocki, Barbara Miziak, Jacek Bogucki, Anna Bogucka-Kocka, Ryszard Pluta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: brain ischemia; Alzheimer’s disease; CA3 area; amyloid protein precursor; amyloid; α-secretase; β-secretase; presenilin 1 and 2; tau protein; genes

Online: 30 September 2023 (08:01:45 CEST)

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Understanding the phenomena underlying the non-selective susceptibility to ischemia of py-ramidal neurons in the CA3 area of the hippocampus is important from the point of view of elu-cidating the mechanisms of memory loss and the development of post-ischemic dementia. We used an ischemic model of Alzheimer's disease to study changes in amyloid protein precursor gene expression, its cleavage enzymes and tau protein in the CA3 area of the hippocampus af-ter a 10-minute brain ischemia with 12, 18, and 24-month survival. Quantitative reverse tran-scriptase PCR assay showed that the expression of all the genes that contribute to amyloid pro-duction was dysregulated within 2 years in the CA3 area of the hippocampus after ischemia. The expression of the amyloid protein precursor gene was above the control values at all times of the study. The expression of the α-secretase gene also exceeded the control values throughout the study. In contrast, the expression of the β-secretase gene reaching its maximum increase 12 months after ischemia, was below control values after 18 months and again above control values after 24 months of survival. Presenilin 1 and 2 gene expression was significantly elevated throughout the follow-up period, with peak expression of both genes occurring 12 months after ischemia. This suggests that the genes studied are involved in the non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid protein precursor. Also, tau protein gene expression was significantly elevated throughout the observation period, and peak gene expression was present 12 months after is-chemia. Data indicate that an episode of brain ischemia with long-term survival causes damage and death of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 area of the hippocampus in a manner dependent on modified tau protein. Thus defining a new and important mechanism of pyramidal neuronal death in the CA3 area after ischemia. In addition tau protein gene modification after brain is-chemia is useful in identifying ischemic mechanisms occurring in Alzheimer's disease.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0302.v1

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF DYSFUNCTIONAL AND HEALTHY MITOCHONDRIA IN STROKE PATHOLOGY AND ITS TREATMENT

Hung Nguyen, Sydney Zarriello, Mira Rajani, Julian Tuazon, Eleonora Napoli, Cesar Borlongan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: cerebral ischemia, blood brain barrier, endothelial cells, impaired mitochondria, neurovascular unit, regenerative medicine, stem cell therapy, transfer of healthy mitochondria, vasculature

Online: 19 June 2018 (14:27:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0881.v2

Transfusions of Blood Products Derived from Genetic Vaccine Recipients: Safety Concerns and Proposals for Specific Measures

Jun Ueda, Hideyuki Motohashi, Yuriko Hirai, Kenji Yamamoto, Yasufumi Murakami, Masanori Fukushima, Akinori Fujisawa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine; genetic vaccine; blood product; blood transfusion; spike protein; post-vaccination syndrome; harm– benefit assessment; prion; spikeopathy; inspection standard; diagnostic criteria

Online: 29 May 2024 (08:33:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1159.v1

Stress Wave Propagation in a Rayleigh–Love Rod with a Sudden Cross-Sectional Area Variation Impacted by a Striker Rod

Chung-Yue Wang, Nguyen Ngoc Thang, Helsin Wang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: nondestructive testing; impact echo; stress wave propagation; Rayleigh– Love rod; Poisson’ s effect; cross-sectional area variation; transmitted and reflected stress waves

Online: 20 March 2024 (12:25:47 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0342.v1

Three-Step Synthesis of N-(7-chloro-4-morpholinoquinolin-2-yl)benzamide from 4,7-Dichloroquinoline

Deiby F. Aparicio Acevedo, Marlyn C. Ortiz Villamizar, Vladimir V. Kouznetsov

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Organic Chemistry Keywords: 4,7-dichloroquinoline; N-oxides; C– H bond functionalization; C2-amidation reaction; C4 SNAr reaction; N-(quinolinyl)morpholines; N-(quinolinyl)amides; Lipinski’ descriptors

Online: 6 March 2024 (12:02:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1148.v1

Method for Revealing the Violation of Synchronization in the Operation of Geomagnetic Observatories of Intermagnet Network

Ivan Veniaminovich Vassilyev, Zhassulan Korabayevich Mendakulov, Inna Nikolaevna Fedulina, Beibit Tenelovich Zhumabayev

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Intermagnet; SuperMAG; ecliptic coordinate system; magnetic storms; violation of synchronization in operation of magnetic observatories; correlation; signal-to-noise ratio; SSC – storm sudden commence

Online: 17 May 2024 (11:36:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1729.v2

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: A Groundless Skyscraper

Ying Cao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: epithelial– mesenchymal transition, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, epithelial state, mesenchymal state, controversy, developmental biology, fibrosis, cancer, neural stemness, tumorigenicity, pluripotency

Online: 16 April 2024 (15:50:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0176.v1

Surface Thermodynamic Properties of 3D/4D Printing Poly Lactic Acid by Inverse Gas Chromatography

Tayssir Hamieh

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: 3D/4D printing; adhesion; London and polar surface energies; glass transition; enthalpic and entropic Lewis’ s acid– base constants; acid and base surface energies

Online: 4 March 2024 (14:41:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0041.v1

Genetics of Vascular Inflammation in Lower Limb Ischemia: The TNF-α Hypothesis in Peripheral Arterial Disease

Diego Caicedo, Clara V. Álvarez, Sihara Pérez, Jesús Devesa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: Vascular inflammation; Peripheral arterial disease (PAD); Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI); GHAS trial; TNF-α; hs-CRP; Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR); NOX4; eNOS; VEGF-A.

Online: 3 December 2021 (09:44:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0771.v1

Predicting Autonomous Driving Behavior through Human Factor Considerations in Safety-Critical Events

Jamal Raiyn, Galia Weidl

Subject: Engineering, Transportation Science And Technology Keywords: car– following; non-monotonic logic; driving behavior; naturalistic driving studies;
safety-critical events; cognitive vehicles

Online: 12 December 2023 (04:16:31 CET)

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This research explores the predictive capabilities of autonomous driving systems by integrating human factor considerations within the context of safety-critical events. Recognizing the significance of human behaviors in influencing driving dynamics, the study employs advanced modeling techniques to enhance the accuracy of predictions in scenarios that demand heightened safety measures. Traditional rule-based systems and monotonic logic often fall short in addressing the complexities of safety-critical events. To overcome these limitations, the research proposes the application of non-monotonic logic, allowing for flexible and adaptive reasoning that accommodates exceptions and context-specific information.The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating individual differences among drivers, such as risk-taking tendencies, reaction times, decision-making processes, and driving styles. By considering these human factors, the research aims to develop realistic and accurate autonomous driving models that capture the nuances of real-world driving scenarios, especially in safety-critical situations. The predictive model takes into account both internal and external factors, enabling the autonomous system to anticipate and respond effectively to unforeseen events.The primary goal is to provide autonomous vehicles with the capability to make plausible inferences, handle conflicting data, and adapt their behavior in real-time during safety-critical events. The proposed model integrates personalized cognitive agents for each driver, incorporating their unique preferences, characteristics, and needs. This personalized approach aims to optimize the safety and efficiency of autonomous driving, contributing to the ongoing evolution of intelligent transportation systems.In conclusion, this research contributes to advancing the field of autonomous driving by introducing a predictive model that leverages human factor considerations to enhance safety in safety-critical events. The incorporation of non-monotonic logic and individualized cognitive agents signifies a comprehensive approach to address the challenges associated with predicting autonomous driving behavior, paving the way for safer and more reliable autonomous vehicles in dynamic and unpredictable environments.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0033.v4

Circuit-Based Approaches for a Superconducting-Like Behavior with Relatively High Critical Current Density

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Condensed Matter Physics Keywords: temperature-independent superconductivity; circuit-approached superconductivity; electron pair; Bose– Einstein condensation; large superconducting energy gap; London equation; Meissner effect; macroscopic wave function; critical current density; negative voltages

Online: 20 February 2024 (22:14:28 CET)

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In general, a superconductor has zero resistance, although it requires significant refrigeration or high pressures with high manufacturing costs, which prevents it into practical applications. In other words, solving these issues implies main superconducting researches. To solve these problems, this paper describes a new type of superconductivity, which is independent for temperatures and which operates without pressures. The principles of the presented system are as follows:First a voltage source, a current source and a load are connected in series. Then, the voltage of the voltage source is adjusted to balance the voltage of the load. Under this condition, the balance of the two voltages provides a zero voltage between the taps of the current source and the generated current from the voltage source becomes zero because of the internal infinite resistance of the current source. As a result, the electric powers generated by the two sources are zero, and therefore, the load cannot generate Joule heating because of energy conservation. However, the current from the current source (not the voltage source) is not zero; therefore, we can predict that the resistance of the load must be zero. As a theory, we derived a new electric field and transient attractive force, which result in a very short coherence of an electron pair because there is not the Coulomb repulsive force due to the existence of the above transient attractive force. Note that both the forces are derived by the Poisson equation, which implies that they cannot be compatible. Therefore, the pair combination energy from spins becomes extremely strong, which is not destroyed by the normal heat energy. Moreover, every center-of-mass motion of electron pair results in the Bose-Einstein condensation and the macroscopic wave function, which produces the London equation (i.e., the Meissner effect). Moreover, by introducing the equivalent circuit, this paper conducted numerical calculations. As a result, we could derive numerically zero resistance and responses for additional static magnetic fields as a discharged current, which implies the Meissner effect. Note that this paper has prepared Appendix section, which provides a guide to reproduce actual experiments and preliminary experimental results. These results in the Appendix indicate the zero resistances and Meissner effects.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.0867.v1

Exploring the Structure and Properties of V_wSe_yTe_2–yMixed Crystals in the VTe2–VSe2 System

Sophia Kurig, Fabian Ketter, Anne Frommelius, B. Viliam Hakala, Jan van Leusen, Karen Friese, Richard Dronskowski

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Inorganic And Nuclear Chemistry Keywords: ternary chalcogenide; X-ray diffraction; single-crystal; energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; magnetism; vanadium chalcogenide; V_wSe_yTe_2– y

Online: 14 November 2023 (10:25:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1427.v1

Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Styrene–Divinylbenzene Copolymer Modified by Supramolecular Structure of Melamine using Inverse Gas Chromatography

Tayssir Hamieh, Vladimir Gus'Kov

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: Hamieh thermal model; Dispersive and polar free energy; thermal conductivity; London dispersive surface energy; Lewis’ s acid– base parameters; polar acid-base surface energy; intermolecular separation distance; supramolecular structure

Online: 17 July 2024 (12:46:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0755.v1

Determining the Position and Role of Isfahan Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture in the Porter’s Diamond Model

Sina Pournayebzadeh, Manoucher Ansari, Hossein Ashrafi

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Business And Management Keywords: International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) – Porter’ s Diamond Model - Isfahan Chamber of Commerce; Industries; Mines and Agriculture; Non-Governmental Organization (NGO); Iran Chamber of Commerce; Industries; Mines &; Agriculture (ICCIMA); Competitiveness

Online: 12 August 2024 (12:29:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0253.v1

Personalized Cell Therapy for Patients With Peripheral Arterial Diseases in the Context of Genetic Alterations: Artificial Intelligence-based Responder and Non-responder Prediction

Amankeldi Salybekov, Markus Wolfien, Shuzo Kobayashi, Takayuki Asahara

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: Cell therapy; chronic limb-threating ischemia; peripheral artery disease; diabetes; atherosclerosis obliterans; thromboangiitis obliterans; personalized medicine; artificial intelligence; machine learning; genome-wide association studies; transcriptome-wide association studies; clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential.

Online: 15 November 2021 (11:18:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1631.v1

Thermal Surface Properties, London Dispersive and Polar Sur-face Energy of Graphene and Carbon Materials by Inverse Gas Chromatography at Infinite Dilution

Tayssir Hamieh

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: London dispersion equation; Hamieh thermal model; Thermal conductivity; London dispersive and polar surface energy; Lewis’ s acid– base constants; coupling amphoteric constant; average separation distance between particles; acid and base surface energy

Online: 24 May 2024 (11:56:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1117.v1

Unlocking the Hidden Potential of the Data-Driven Nanocarbon Genome: Unleashing Novel Neural Pathways, Elucidating Growth-Property Relationships, and Enabling Inverse Design

Alexander Lukin, Oğuz Gülseren

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: low-dimensional nanocarbons; nano-informatics; data-driven nanocarbon genome approach; multifactorial predictive models; universal descriptors; growth-property relationships; data-driven neural pathways; nano-interfaces; collective atomic vibrations; phonon engineering; data-driven inverse design, cyber– physical systems

Online: 20 February 2024 (08:04:03 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0135.v1

Introducing the Framework of a "Dynamic" Higher Dimensional Spacetime. How Time behaves in It. Similarities with Quantum Mechanical and Relativistic Behaviour.

Georgios Alamanos

Subject: Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics Keywords: space; time; framework; higher dimensions; dynamic time; dynamic higher dimensional spacetime; quantum mechanics; relativity; special relativity; complex numbers; imaginary unit; Klein Gordon equation; gravity – induced quantum interference experiments; mass; emergent time; imaginary time; scalar energy field; time as space; 5 dimensional waves

Online: 4 March 2024 (11:03:25 CET)

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The aim of the present work is to explore a different non-traditional approach to higher dimensional spacetime which differs from the usual approaches such as large extra space dimensions, warped extra space dimensions and multiple extra time dimensions. This approach will be referred to as "Dynamic" higher dimensional spacetime. By this term will be introduced a new kind of higher dimensional spacetime (more than the usual 3+1 dimensions), which behaves dynamically in the sense that time is not a fixed dimension but is the extra plus one dimension to the spatial dimensions of the phenomenon we are studying. For a higher dimensional phenomenon, the lower dimensional time will behave as space and the new time will be a plus one dimension, meaning if we study a 3-dimensional phenomenon then time is the usual 4th dimension but if we are studying a 4-dimensional phenomenon then its time will be an extra 5th dimension and for this phenomenon the 4th dimension will behave as space. All spatial dimensions are indistinguishable from each other and behave in the exact same way, which means that the important parameter is not the dimension we are studying (for example the 4th or the 5th) but the number of dimensions in which a phenomenon can interact and how higher dimensional phenomena interact with lower ones. This non-traditional approach to higher dimensional spacetime may appear confusing at first but will become clearer in the rest of the paper. For this reason, we will first associate the time dimension with propagation relative to space dimensions and change orthogonal to them in order to give the reader a better intuition. Following that, we will describe how higher - dimensional phenomena would appear to us, the 3 - dimensional observer and try to set some guidelines on how we should mathematically model higher - dimensional phenomena in order for us to make accurate predictions of their behaviour. Then we will express the general framework of a "Dynamic" higher - dimensional spacetime and turn our gaze to 4+1 – dimensional phenomena. We will explore how a mass term arises for 4 – dimensional waves by generalizing the frequency – speed – wavelength relation of 3D waves and give a basic description on a possible way to describe a 4+1 – dimensional disturbance in a scalar Energy Field in order to make accurate predictions on our 3+1 dimensional plane. In this framework we will derive the Klein – Gordon equation by generalizing the wave equation and ignoring all lower than 4+1 - dimensional disturbances and compere our mass term findings with the Klein – Gordon equation mass term and with results from gravity – induced quantum interference experiments. Lastly, we will describe how a "Dynamic" 5 - dimensional spacetime would appear in a 3D observer and examine whether our findings are compatible with quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity.

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