Emergence of COVID-19 had profound impact on global stock markets, including Indian mar-ket. Key indices like NIFTY50 and Sensex dropped by approximately 40% within two months in 2020, which also affected major mutual funds, leading to significant depreciation of their Net Asset Value. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) allows mutual funds to use deriva-tives for hedging purposes, capped at 100% of the scheme's net assets covering debt, equity, and derivatives. However, circular amendment by SEBI in January-2019 permitted covered call strat-egies on constituent stocks of Sensex and NIFTY50 for mutual fund schemes, excluding ETFs and Index Funds. This study investigated whether mutual funds increased their derivative us-age as risk mitigation strategy during COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing derivative holdings from 2019-2023. Surprisingly, findings indicated a decline in derivative holdings in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels. Statistical tests and performance evaluation metrics such as T-test, F-test, Treynor Ratio, Sharpe Ratio, and Jensen's calculations were employed to assess mutual fund performance. Although derivative-holding mutual funds didn't outperform benchmarks in aver-age returns, it showcased significantly reduced volatility, offering investors favorable risk-return trade-offs. research sheds light on derivative utilization in Mutual Fund industry, potentially in-forming regulators, fund managers, and investors in their decision-making

Derivatives products have become essential in portfolio diversification, price discovery and risk hedging. Derivatives are complex instruments; their role is twofold, risk management and speculation, and their actual Impact on the underlying assets’ behaviours are not well understood. Little is documented empirically on how these instruments’ two-edged roles influence firms’ financing decisions, firm risk exposures, and stability. Given the growing interest in using derivatives in risk management and portfolio engineering, this study examines the practical impact of derivatives usage on the underlying firm’s financing policy and stability. The paper uses data from South African listed non-financial firms for the period 2000 to 2019. The study employs a dynamic panel model estimated with System Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM). The initial analysis shows that derivatives use reduces the cost of capital and increases firm stability. However, further in-depth analysis provides evidence that extensive use of derivatives increases firms’ capital costs and negatively impacts financial stability. These findings imply that the risk embedded in derivatives’ speculation dominates their risk management function. The results are subjected to numerous controls for robustness, including financial leverage, firm size, cashflows and asset tangibility.

Sulfenic acids as small molecules are too unstable to be isolated and their transient nature offers the possibility to involve them in concerted processes that lead to the obtainment of functional groups such as sulfoxides, sulfones and disulfides. All these functions are present in a number of natural and synthetic drugs and can represent structural motives inducing biological relevant properties. In this small review the generation and reactions of sulfenic acid bearing naturally occurring residues are described. Carbohydrate and aminoacid-derived sulfenic acids have been used in concerted addition to triple bonds to obtain alliin derivatives and thiosugars in enantiomerically pure form. Glycoconjugates with sulfinyl, sulfonyl and disulfane functional groups and pyridine-derived disulfides have been obtained from bis and tris-sulfinyl precursors of sulfenic acids. Small families of such compounds have been subjected to preliminary biological tests. Starting from the evidence that the control of molecular architecture and the presence of suitable functional groups can play a significant role on the exhibition of biological properties, apoptotic effects on malignant cells by glycoconjugates and inhibitory activity against the important human pathogen S. aureus by pyrimidine-derived disulfides have been found.

The methods for constructing solutions to integro-differential equations of the Volterra type are considered. The equations are related to fractional conformable derivatives. Explicit solutions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous equations are constructed and a Cauchy-type problem is studied. It should be noted that the considered method is based on the construction of normalized systems of functions with respect to a differential operator of fractional order.

Triazole derivatives of fluorescein containing N,N-dimethylaminopropyl fragments and their ammonium salts were synthesized with yields of 74 - 85%. The resulting compounds exhibit fluorescent properties in the green region of the visible spectrum. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) was estimated using a py-rene fluorescent probe corresponding to a range of 0.28 - 1.43 mM, and at concentrations above the CAC the compounds form stable aggregates ranging from 165 to 202 nm. A relative quantum yield of 5-24% has been calculated based on fluorescence and UV spectra. The best value is shown by a derivative containing a tetradecyl substituent. When studying the photocatalytic properties of synthesized compounds through the reaction between N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and malonic ester, the mono-tetradecyl deriva-tive demonstrated the best results. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data, the conversion of the initial heterocycle reached 95%. Therefore, these resulting compounds have the potential to act as an effective photocatalysts.

Cordycepin has good antitumor activity, but its clinical application is limited due to the easy deamination of N6 in structure. In this study, a large lipopolysis group was introduced at the cordycepin N6 to improve the problem, Cordycepin derivatives(3a-4c) were synthesized, and biological evaluation of compounds were studied. In the study, the vitro antitumor activity of the compounds against MCF7 cells, HepG2 cells and SGC-7901 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. In the results, compound 4a showed the most obvious inhibitory effect on MCF7 cells with IC50 value of 27.566±0.52 μM, which was much lower than cordycepin. Compound 4a showed high selectivity between MCF7 and normal MCF-10A cells. Further biological evaluation showed that compound 4a promoted apoptosis and blocked the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. Then, Western Blot was used to detect related apoptotic proteins. It was found that Compound 4a could down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 protein and up-regulate the expression of p53, Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 proteins. The mitochondrial membrane potential decreased continuously and the positive expression rate decreased. It was speculated that compound 4a induced the apoptosis of MCF7 cells through the mitochondrial pathway.

This paper aims to present a robust computational technique utilizing finite difference schemes for accurately solving time fractional reaction-diffusion models, which are prevalent in chemical and biological phenomena. The time-fractional derivative is treated in the Caputo sense, addressing both linear and nonlinear scenarios. The proposed schemes were rigorously evaluated for stability and convergence. Additionally, the effectiveness of the developed schemes was validated through various linear and nonlinear models, including the Allen-Cahn equation, the KPP-Fisher equation, and the Complex Ginzburg-Landau oscillatory problem. These models were tested in one, two, and three-dimensional spaces to investigate the diverse patterns and dynamics that emerge. Comprehensive numerical results were provided, showcasing different cases of the fractional order parameter, highlighting the schemes' versatility and reliability in capturing complex behaviors in fractional reaction-diffusion dynamics.

Human Insulin (HI) is a well-characterized natural hormone which regulates glycose levels into the blood-stream and is widely used for diabetes treatment. Numerous studies have manifested that despite significant efforts devoted to structural characterization of this molecule and its complexes with organic compounds (ligands), there is still a rich diagram of phase transitions and novel crystalline forms to be discovered. Towards the improvement of drug delivery, identification of new insulin polymorphs from polycrystalline samples, simulating the commercially available drugs, is feasible today via macromolecular X- ray powder diffraction (XRPD). This approach has been developed and is considered as a respectable method, which can be employed in biosciences for various purposes such as observing phase transitions and characterizing bulk pharmaceuticals. An overview of structural studies on human insulin complexes performed over the past decade employing both synchrotron and laboratory sources for XRPD measurements, is reported herein. This review aims to assemble all recent advances in diabetes treatment field in terms of drug formulation, verifying in parallel the efficiency and applicability of protein XRPD for quick and accurate preliminary structural characterization in large scale.

Imidazoline derivatives, such as xylometazoline, naphazoline, tetryzoline, tramazoline or oxymetazoline play an important pharmacological role as nasal drops in the symptomatic treatment of rhinitis. When comparing the toxicological data of these substances, it is noticeable that Oxymetazoline has an LD₅₀ value which is two orders of magnitude lower than all other imidazoline derivatives. Thus, ten vials of commercially available oxymetazoline nasal drops already contain a lethal amount. An explanation for this unusually high toxicity has not yet been found.

Bank crisis can mostly be traced to a decrease in the value of bank assets. Banks are vulnerable to a number of risks. This happens in one or a combination of the following incidences; when loans turn bad and cease to perform (credit risk), when there are excess withdrawals over available funds (liquidity risk) and rising interest rates (interest rate risk). Bad credit management, market inefficiencies and operational risk, among a host others can trigger panic withdrawals by depositors with a sense of insecurity emanating from the fear of loss of investment. In fact, the failure of Barings Bank and Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc was attributable to varied factors spanning from non-monitoring of employee activities, management’s involvement in dubious accounting practices, unethical business practices by management, over indulging in risky and unsecured derivative trade. To guide against similar bank collapse in the near future, there should be an enhanced communication among international regulators and authorities that exercise oversight responsibilities on the security market. National bankruptcy laws should be invoked to forestall liquidity crisis so as to prevent freezing of margins and positions of solvent customers.

In this paper, two types of the general fractional derivatives of distributed order as well as a corresponding fractional integral of distributed type are defined and their basic properties are investigated. The general fractional derivatives of distributed order are constructed for a special class of the one-parametric Sonin kernels with a power law singularities at the origin. The conventional fractional derivatives of distributed order based on the Riemann-Liouville and the Caputo fractional derivatives are particular cases of the general fractional derivatives of distributed order introduced in this paper.

Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) is an important DNA repair enzyme and one of the causes of tumor resistance to topoisomerase 1 inhibitors such as topotecan. Inhibitors of this Tdp1 in combination with topotecan may improve the effectiveness of therapy. In this work, we synthesized usnic acid derivatives, which are hybrids of its known derivatives - tumor sensitizers to topotecan. New compounds inhibit Tdp1 in the micromolar and submicromolar concentration range; some of them enhance the effect of topotecan on the metabolic activity of cells of various lines according to the MTT test. One of the new compounds (compound 7) not only sensitizes Krebs-2 and Lewis carcinomas of mice to the action of topotecan, but also normalizes the state of the peripheral blood of mice, which is disturbed in the presence of a tumor. Thus, the synthesized substances may be the prototype of a new class of additional therapy for cancer.

The purpose of our work was the search for safe and effective biologically active substances of cardiotropic action among 1,3- thiazole derivatives. New derivatives of 1-[(2Z)-2-[R-imin]-4-methyl-3-R¹-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-5-yl]ethan-1-one and ethyl-(2Z)-2-[R-imin]-4-methyl-3-R¹-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate were synthesized by the Hantzsch reaction. The structure of the compounds obtained was confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and by the elemental analysis. The pharmacological screening showed that the obtained substances possess cardiotropic activity. The cardiotropic properties of the new 1,3-thiazole derivatives were studied on the isolated rings of the thoracic aorta of laboratory rats. A prospective substance 1-[(2Z)-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)imin]-4-methyl-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) -2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]ethan-1-one hydrochloride, which exhibits cardiotropic activity exceeding the activity of L-carnitine and meldonia has been revealed during pharmacological researches of the substances obtained.

Synthesis of new series of 1-phenyl-3-(4-(pyridin-3-yl) phenyl) urea derivatives and its in vitro antiproliferative activities against NCI-60 human cancer cell lines of nine different cancer types are described. Fourteen compounds 5a-n have been synthesized with three different hydrogen bondable moieties (4-hydroxylmethylpiperidinyl and trimethoxyphenyloxy and 4-hydroxyethylpiperazine) attached to the core structure 1-phenyl-3-(4-(pyridin-3-yl) phenyl) urea. Different substituents with different π and σ values were added on the terminal phenyl group. Compounds with 4-hydroxymethylpiperidine moiety showed higher mean percentage inhibition values over the 60-cell line panel at 10-µM concentration. They showed broad-spectrum antiproliferative activity over many cell lines of different cancer types. For instance, compound 5a elicited some lethal rather than inhibition effects on SK-MEL-5 melanoma cell line, 786-0, A498, RXF 393 renal cancer cell lines, and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line by 146.1, 108.7, 136.2, 134.8, 116.6 % at 10 µM, respectively. Compounds 5a-e exhibited superior antiproliferative activity than Paclitaxel and Gefitinib against the most sensitive cell lines. Two compounds, 5a and 5d showed promising mean growth inhibitions and thus were further tested at five-dose testing mode to determine their IC₅₀ values. The data revealed that 5a and 5d urea compounds are the most active derivatives with significant efficacies and superior potencies than Paclitaxel in 21 different cancer cell lines, belonging particularly to renal cancer and melanoma cell lines. Moreover, 5a and 5d had superior potencies than Gefitinib in 38 and 34 cancer cell lines, respectively; belonging particularly to colon cancer, breast cancer and melanoma cell lines.

Abstract: Chemical investigation of the leaves from Ageratina glabrata yielded four new thymol derivatives, namely: 10-Benzoyloxy-8,9-dehydro-6-hydroxythymol isobutyrate (4), 10-benzoyloxy-8,9-dehydro thymol (5), 10-benzoyloxythymol (6) and 10-benzoyloxy-6,8-dihydroxy-9-isobutyryloxythymol (7). In addition, (8S)-10-benzoyloxy-8,9-epoxy-6-hydroxythymol isobutyrate (1), together with other two already known thymol derivatives identified as: 10-benzoyloxy-8,9-epoxy-6-methoxythymol isobutyrate (2) and 10-benzoyloxy-8,9-epoxythymol isobutyrate (3). In this paper, we wish to publish the structures and complete assignments of ¹H and ¹³C NMR data of compounds 1 – 7, and the absolute configuration for compound 1, unambiguously established by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and evaluation of the Flack parameter. The in vitro antiprotozoal assay showed that compound 1 and its derivative 1a were the most potent antiamoebic and antigiardial compounds. Both compounds showed selectivity and good antiamoebic activity like emetine and metronidazole, respectively, two antiprotozoal drugs used as positive controls. In relation of anti-propulsive effect, compound 1 and 1a showed moderate inhibitory activity, their activities were comparable to quercetin and compound 9, respectively, two natural antipropulsive compounds used as positive controls. These data suggest that compound 1 may play an important role in antidiarrheal properties of Ageratina glabrata.

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) are becoming more important every day in drug targeting. We prepared here MNPs in a simple one-step reaction by following the solvothermal method assisted by azide and alkyne functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG400) polymers, as well as by PEG6000 and the polyol -cyclodextrin (CD). The composition, morphology, and structure of the nanospheres were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-Ray Diffraction Diffractometry (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). The obtained nanoparticles (@Fe3O4-PEGs and @Fe3O4-CD) showed diameters between 90-250 nm, depending on the polymer used and the Fe3O4·6H2O precursor concentration, typically, 0.13 M, 200 °C, and 24 h of reaction. MNPs exhibited superparamagnetic properties with high saturation of magnetization at room temperature, reaching values of 59.9 emu/g (@Fe3O4-PEG6000), and no ferromagnetism. Likewise, they showed temperature elevation after applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF) in all cases, obtaining Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values of up to 51.87 ± 2.23 W/g in the case of @Fe3O4-PEG6000. Both PEGs and the βCD played a crucial role as electrostatic stabilizers in the formation of Fe3O4 nanospheres, providing a polymeric/polyol coating around the magnetic cores. Additionally, the formed systems are susceptible for click chemistry, as was demonstrated in the case of the cannabidiol-propargyl derivative (CBD-Pro), which was synthesized and covalently attached to the azide functionalized surface of the system @Fe3O4-PEG400-N3. Prepared MNPs are highly dispersible in water, remaining in suspension for over 3 days, and non-toxic in the T84 human colon cancer cell line, indicating that they are ideal candidates for biomedical applications.

The reaction between cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate and N,N'-bis(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)oxalamide (L) in 1:3 molar ratio in water/acetonitrile (1:6 v/v) mixture afforded single crystals of compound 1 suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 consists of the coordination polymer (CP) [[Cd(L)2(H2O)2](NO3)2·4H2O]∞, in which CdII ions are bridged by the neutral L antiperiplanar N-ligands in a wavy ribbon fashion developing along the c-axis. Two trans-disposed water molecules complete the pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry of the metal ion. The crystal packing of 1 revealed the interplay between π-π stacking interactions and an intricate hydrogen-bonded network involving oxalamides, nitrates and water molecules. The donor properties of L and the intermolecular interactions in compound 1 are interpreted based on hybrid-DFT calculations.

Insurance serves as a mechanism to effectively manage and transfer revenue-related risks. We conducted a study to explore the potential financial advantages of index insurance, which protects agricultural producers, specifically sugarcane, against excessive rainfall. Creation of the index involved utilizing generalized additive regression models, allowing for consideration of non-linear effects and quantile generalized additive regression to evaluate relationships with lower quantiles, such as low yield events. To quantify the financial benefits for farmers, should they opt for excessive rainfall index insurance, we employed efficiency analysis based on metrics such as Conditional Tail Expectation, Certainty Equivalence of Revenue, and Mean Root Square Loss. The results of the regression model demonstrate its accuracy in predicting sugar cane yields, with a split testing R2 of 0.691. Additionally, our study suggests that this type of insurance could also apply to sugarcane farmers and other crop producers in regions where extreme rainfall threatens the financial sustainability of agricultural production.

Recently, pharmaceutical research has been focused on the design of new antibacterial drugs with higher selectivity towards several strains. Major issues concern the possibility to obtain com-pounds with fewer side effects, at the same time effectively overcoming the problem of antimi-crobial resistance. Several solutions include the synthesis of new pharmacophores starting from piperazine or morpholine core units. Mass spectrometry-based techniques offer important sup-port for the structural characterization of newly synthesized compounds to design safer and more effective drugs for various medical conditions. Here, two new piperazine derivatives and four new morpholine derivatives were synthesized and structurally characterized through a combined approach of FT-ICR and LTQ mass spectrometry. The support of both high-resolution and low-resolution mass spectrometric data namely accurate mass measurements, isotopic distribu-tion and MSn spectra, was crucial to confirm the success of the synthesis. These compounds were further evaluated for inhibitory activity against a total of twenty-nine Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to determine the action spectrum and the antimicrobial effectiveness. Results demonstrated compounds’ antimicrobial activity against many tested bacterial species, providing an inhibitory effect linked to different chemical structure and suggesting that the new-synthesized derivatives could be considered as promising antimicrobial agents.

A magnetite (CDC@Fe3O4) heterogeneous photocatalyst was synthesized via treated and modified cotton in two steps. The designed nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM, and VSM analyses. The Fenton-photocatalytic decomposition efficiency of the synthesized magnetic catalyst was evaluated under visible sunlight using Methyl Orange (MO) as a model organic pollutant. The impacts of several degradation parameters, including the light source, catalyst load, irradiation temperature, oxidant dose, and pH of the dye aqueous solution and its corresponding concentration on the Fenton photodegradation performance, were methodically investigated. (CDC@Fe3O4) heterogeneous catalyst showed a remarkable MO removal rate of 97.9% at 10 min under visible-light irradiation. (CDC@Fe3O4) nanomaterials were also used in a heterogeneous catalytic optimized protocol for a multicomponent reaction procedure to obtain nine tetra-substituted imidazole derivatives. The green protocol afforded imidazole derivatives in 30 min with good yields (91-97%) at room temperature and under ultrasound irradiation. Generally, a synthesized recyclable heterogeneous nano-catalyst is a good example and is suitable for wastewater treatment and organic synthesis.

In this article we investigate the generalized Kawahara-KdV system. A new topological approach is applied to prove the existence of at least one classical solution and at least two nonnegative classical solutions. The arguments are based upon recent theoretical results.

A series of novel indole Schiff base derivatives (2a–2t) containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold modified with a thioether group were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, andHR-MS. In addition, the antifungal activity of synthesized indole derivatives was investigated against Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum), Fusarium moniliforme (F. moniliforme), Curvularia lunata (C. lunata), and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotiana (P. p. var. nicotianae) using the mycelium growth rate method. Among the synthesized indole derivatives, compound 2j showed the highest inhibition rates of 100%, 95.7%, 89%, and 76.5% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL against F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, and P. p. var. nicotianae, respectively. Similarly, compounds 2j and 2q exhibited higher inhibition rates of 81.9% and 83.7% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL against C. lunata. In addition, compound 2j has been recognized as a potential compound for further investigation in the field of fungicides.

Nanofluids are a novel class of heat transfer fluid that plays a vital role in industries. In mathematical investigations, these fluids are modeled in terms of traditional integer-order partial differential equations (PDEs). It is recognized that traditional PDEs cannot decode the complex behavior of physical flow parameters and memory effects. Therefore, this article intends to study the mixed convection heat transfer in nanofluid over an inclined vertical plate via fractional derivatives approach. The problem in hand is modeled in connection with Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivatives without singular and local kernel having strong memory. The human blood is considered as base fluid dispersing carbon nanotube (CNTs) (single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs )) into it to form blood-CNTs nanofluid. The nanofluids are considered to flow in a saturated porous medium under the influence of an applied magnetic field. The exact analytical expressions for velocity and temperature profiles are acquired using the Laplace transform technique and plotted in various graphs. The empirical results indicate that the memory effect decreases with increasing fractional parameters in the case of both temperature and velocity profiles. Moreover, the temperature profile is higher for blood-SWCNTs by reason of higher thermal conductivity whereas, this trend is opposite in case of velocity profile due densities difference.

Using the techniques of computer-aided drug design, the docking of Survivin and known active small molecules was simulated and then the key amino acid residue fragment of the target protein was analyzed. It led to the discovery of active groups capable of binding to the critical sites. Through the use of the natural product, Oleanolic Acid, as a lead compound, the introduction of the active groups onto the A-ring, and the modification of the carboxyl group at the C-28 position using esterification or amidation, twenty new Oleanolic acid derivatives had been designed and synthesized.A549 and SGC-7901 cells were used to screen the antitumor activity in vitro through the standard MTT method. The compounds, II₃, III₅ and Ⅳ_4, exhibited more potent cytotoxicity than positive drugs.

Some aporphine alkaloids, such as crebanine, were found to present arrhythmic activity and also higher toxicity. A series of derivatives were synthesized by using three kinds of aporphine alkaloids (crebanine, isocorydine, and stephanine) as lead compounds. Chemical methods, including ring-opening reaction, bromination, methylation, acetylation, quaternization, and dehydrogenation, were adopted. Nineteen target derivatives were evaluated for their antiarrhythmic potential in the mouse model of ventricular fibrillation (VF), induced by CHCl₃, and five of the derivatives were investigated further in the rat model of arrhythmia, induced by BaCl₂. Meanwhile, preliminary structure-activity/toxicity relationship analyses were carried out. Significantly, N-acetamidesecocrebanine (1d), three bromo-substituted products of crebanine (2a, 2b, 2c), N-methylcrebanine (2d), and dehydrostephanine (4a) displayedantiarrhythmic effects in the CHCl₃-induced model. Among them, 7.5 mg/kg of 2b was able to significantly reduce the incidence of VF induced by CHCl₃ (p<0.05), increase the number of rats that resumed sinus rhythm from arrhythmia, induced by BaCl₂ (p<0.01), and the number of rats that maintained sinus rhythm for more than 20 minutes (p<0.01). Therefore, 2b showed remarkably higher antiarrhythmic activity and a lower toxicity (LD₅₀=59.62 mg/kg, mice), simultaneously, indicating that 2b could be considered as a promising candidate in the treatment of arrhythmia. Structural-activity analysis suggested that variationsin antiarrhythmic efficacy and toxicity of aporphines were related to the C-1,C-2-methylenedioxy group on ring A, restricted ring B structural conformation, N-quaternization of ring B, levoduction of 6a in ring C, and the 8-, 9-, 10-methoxy groups on ring D on the skeleton.

Cancer remains a one of a leading cause of death worldwide, and thus there is a need for the de-velopment of innovative and more effective treatment strategies. The aim of the study was to evaluate two types of nanoparticles – nanospheres and micelles obtained from PLA-based pol-ymers for discovering their potential for delivery of four types of phenothiazine derivatives. The morphology, drug loading properties, cytocompatibility, hemolytic properties and anti-cancer activity has been analyzed. The micelles exhibited significantly higher drug loading properties, release process and cytotoxic activity against cancer cells compared to the nano-spheres. The micelles containing 5-methyl-12H-quino[3,4-b][1,4]benzothiazinium chloride with OH group as substituent in 10-position of the quinobenzothiazine ring showed the highest drug loading content, the most efficient drug release, the lowest hemolytic activity and the most sig-nificant cytotoxic effect against HeLa cells. The conducted study enabled to develop delivery system for the new anticancer compound and showed that the choice of drug carrier has a crucial effect on its cytotoxic potential against cancer cells.

Metformin is a drug recommended as the first-line agent for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its high efficiency and good safety profile. Additionally, literature has described its favourable effect in treating several other diagnoses. This review aims to summarize recent research on metformin modification and derivatization, which has led to agents with higher efficiency or expanded the application possibilities of metformin. Namely, buformin, phenformin, imeglimin, lixumistat, IM176 derivatives, moroxydine, proguanil, cycloguanil, metformin sulfenamides and sulphonamides, polypeptide derivative LysMET, artesinate-metformin conjugate AM2. Additionally, salts such as metformin hydrochloride, metformin hydrobromide, metformin hydroiodide, metformin acetate, metformin embonate, metformin threonate, metformin tartrate, metformin citrate, metformin mesylate and metformin maleate. The goal is to highlight recent research efforts and introduce perspectives for novel and effective biomedical substances within the still unexplored field.

Utilizing lignocellulosic biosourced platforms, we synthesized novel cyanostilbene (CS) deriva-tives featuring the 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl moiety. These derivatives were investigated for their emission properties in both solution and solid states. The two simple CS derivatives exhibit very weak luminescence in solution but significant luminescence in the solid state, indicating distinct Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) characteristic. Furthermore, combining these two CS units, without conjugation and with quasi perpendicular orientation, results in Dual-State Emission (DSE) fluorophore showing luminescence both in solution and solid states. X-ray crys-tallography studies on the solid-state compounds reveal a structure-emission relationship, demonstrating that the colour emission correlates with the conformations adopted by the mol-ecules in the solid state, which influence the type of stacking.

This study focuses on the development and characterization of a series of six new dansyl derivatives (L1 to L6) and their integration into PMMA polymers for application in environmental sensing. The photophysical properties of these derivatives were extensively studied in various solvents and in solid state. A remarkable positive solvatochromic effect was observed, indicating their potential in microenvironmental polarity assessment. The dansyl derivatives demonstrated selective sensing capabilities for Cu2+ and Hg2+ metal ions, with the formation of mononuclear species. Additionally, their acid-base responsive nature was explored, revealing potential for pH-sensitive applications. The incorporation of these derivatives into PMMA polymers resulted in acid-base sensitive materials suitable for environmental monitoring, particularly in detecting hazardous gases and changes in pH levels. This integration overcomes the solubility limitations of dansyl compounds and extends their applicability in diverse sensing scenarios.

The increase in fungal infections, accompanied by adverse effects and acquired resistance associated with the use of antifungal agents used for their clinical management, have facilitated the search for new substances with antifungal properties. Naphthoquinones have been investigated due to their multiple biological activities, including their significant antifungal potential. This study aimed at evaluating the antifungal potential of naphthoquinones against opportunistic fungi and dermatophytes and to assess the impact of a selected naphthoquinone on the formation of the cell wall, ergosterol membrane, and cellular membrane of Candida albicans ATCC 60193. Additionally, cytotoxicity in the MRC-(Medical Research Council-)5 cell lineage, Artemia salina, and tomato as well as arugula seeds was evaluated. The antifungal activity of four naphthoquinones was assessed using well-characterized fungal strains, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined applying the microdilution assay technique. Antifungal activity of the assessed naphthoquinones could be confirmed, particularly for 2,3-DBNQ (2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone), which showed prominent antifungal activity (MIC of &lt;1.56 - 6.25 µg/mL) in all chosen test settings. However, its toxicity in MRC-5 cells (IC50 = 15.44 µM), a recorded 100% mortality in A. salina at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, as well as inhibition of 94.8% of the tomato seeds at a concentration of 400 µg/mL and inhibition of 64.1% of arugula seeds at a concentration of 200 µg/mL may limit hypothetical therapeutic applications. It was demonstrated that the likely mechanism of action of 2,3-DBNQ involves interfering with fungal membrane permeability, leading to increased leakage of nucleotides. This study adds to available knowledge on antifungal effects of naphthoquinones, especially of 2,3-DBNQ, against opportunistic yeasts and dermatophytes. However, the observed cytotoxicity in the MRC-5 cell lineage, A. salina, as well as tomato and arugula seeds highlights a need for further research to optimize the selectivity and safety profile of naphthoquinones like 2,3-DBNQ before potential clinical use may be assessed.

Biomimetic materials are substances that replicate natural structures. There are several methods for producing such materials with highly developed surfaces from a wide range of polymers, but electrospinning is of particular interest due to its simplicity of implementation and the ability to modify the produced fibrous materials resembling structures found in living organisms. This study explores new biomimetic materials based on polyhydroxyalkanoates, specifically poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, modified with chlorophyll derivatives. The research investigates the impact of chlorophyll derivatives on the morphology, supramolecular structure, and key properties of nonwoven materials. The obtained results are of interest for the development of new biomimetic environmentally friendly materials for biomedicine with special properties.

Eurotium is the teleomorph genus associated with section Aspergillus. Eurotium comprises approximately 20 species, which are widely distributed in nature and human environments. Eurotium is usually the key microorganism for the ferment ation of traditional food, such as Fuzhuan brick tea, Liupao tea, Meju, and Karebushi, thus Eurotium is an important fungus in food industry. Eurotium has been extensively studied because they contain a series of interesting, structurally diverse, and biologically important secondary metabolites, including anthraquinones, benzaldehyde derivatives, and indol diketopiperazine alkaloids. These secondary metabolites have shown multiple biological activities, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antitumor, insecticidal, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study presents an up-to-date review of the phytochemistry and biological activities of all Eurotium species. This review will provide the recent advances on the secondary metabolites and their bioactivities in genus Eurotium for the first time and serve as a database for future research and drug development from the genus Eurotium.

Hyperactivation of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling is an attractive therapeutic target for tumor therapy. Herein, forty-eight novel meridianin derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their anti-tumor activity were evaluated in vitro both for activity optimization and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. The results indicated that most derivatives exhibited significantly improved anti-tumor activity, especially for compound 6e. The compound 6e contains an isothiouronium linked by an alkyl chain consisting of 6 carbon atoms with IC50 ranging from 1.11 to 2.80 μM on various cancer cell lines. Consistently, 6e dose dependently induced the apoptosis of A549 and DU145 cells, in which STAT3 are constitutively active. Western blotting assays indicated that the phosphorylation levels of JAK1, JAK2 and STAT3 were inhibited by 6e at 5 μM without significant change in total STAT3 level. Moreover, 6e also suppressed the expressions of STAT3 downstream genes, including c-Myc, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-XL at 10 μM. An additional in vivo study revealed that 6e at the dose of 10 mg/kg could potently inhibit the DU145 xenograft tumor without obvious body-weight loss. These results clearly indicate that 6e could be a potential anti-tumor agent by targeting JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.

The study compared the influence of chitosan sources on rumen fermentation, methane emission and milk production in lactating dairy cows fed a glycerin-based diet. Six, lactating Holstein-Frisian crossbreeds (410 ± 5.0 kg BW, 120 ± 21 day-in-milk), were arranged in a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square design. In addition to control, a 2% chitosan extract supplement and a 2% commercial chitosan supplement of dry matter intake were the treatments. The results denoted that no significant differences on daily dry matter, nutrients or estimated energy intake were noted when cows received different sources of chitosan. Nutrient digestibility was not influenced differently by extraction based or commercial chitosan supplements. The pH, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, blood urea and microbial count were similar among treatments. The different sources of chitosan supplements did not change the totals of volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate; in contrast, different chitosan sources influenced (P<0.05) propionate content. The ruminal acetate to propionate ratio was markedly (P<0.05) reduced with chitosan supplement, but no change appeared between sources of chitosan. At 4 hours after feeding, the methane estimation significantly decreased with the addition of chitosan supplementation (P<0.05) compared to the control group. The purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were not altered by the treatments. No significant differences existed on milk yield, milk composition or milk urea nitrogen when cows received different sources of chitosan (P>0.05). In sum, supplementing extracted chitosan showed more potential than did commercial chitosan for enhancing economic efficiency and recycling shrimp residues, therefore, reducing environmental waste.

A derivative series of 3,4-dimethoxy-β-nitrostyrene were synthesized and identified including new compound 6. The effect of antimicrobial activity of 3,4-alkyloxy modification of β-nitrostyrene was investigated. A molecular docking was also performed to obtain information about their interactions with Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). PTP1B containing cysteine 215 and arginine 221 as essential active residues plays a key role in signaling pathways that regulate various cell functions of microorganisms, which also act as negative regulator in signaling pathways of insulin that are involved in type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Compound 5 and 6 were the most potent as fragment of PTP1B inhibitor based on molecular docking, but compound 5 was more effective against Candida albicans. These compounds interact with serine 216 and arginine 221 residues. However, further research is needed to investigate their potential medicinal use.

We present organic, diamagnetic materials based on structurally simple (hetero-) tolane derivatives. They form crystalline thin-film aggregates that are suitable for Faraday rotation (FR) spectroscopy. The resulting new materials are characterized appropriately by common spectroscopic (NMR, UV-Vis), microscopy (POM), and XRD techniques. The spectroscopic studies give extremely high FR activities thus makes these materials promising candidates for future practical applications. Other than a proper explanation, we insist in the complexity of designing efficient FR materials starting off from single molecules.

Under the guidance of our previous achievements, and in order to extend this small molecular library. In current work, other 21 novel structures of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines containing isoxazole-moiety (1a-1u) were firstly synthesized and the cytotoxicity to A549, HCT116 and MCF-7 cell lines was evaluated using the MTT method. The results showed that most target compounds exhibited good to excellent cytotoxicity to A549, HCT116 and MCF-7 cell lines, especially 6-Methyl-4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl-]-methoxy-}-thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidine (1e) exhibited a broad-spectrum and the most potent cytotoxicity to A549, HCT116 and MCF-7 cell lines (IC50s: 2.79, 6.69 and 4.21×10^-3 μM, respectively) as compared with the reference drug gefitinib (IC50s: 17.90, 21.55 and 20.68 μM, respectively). 1e can be seen as the best drug candidates for development of anticancer drugs.

Native and exotic fruits from the Amazon have varied characteristics, with aroma being a decisive factor in attracting and accepting them and their medicinal use as a nutraceutical supplement. This work aimed to analyze the chemical constituents of the volatile concentrates of some Myrtaceous fruit species sampled in the Brazilian Amazon. The fruit's pulps were subjected to simultaneous distillation-extraction, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze their volatile chemical composition. In the volatile concentrate of Eugenia stipitata (Araçá-boi) were identified α-pinene (17.5%), citronellyl butanoate (15.6%), and pogostol (13.5%) as primary constituents; in Eugenia uniflora (Ginja) were curzerene (30.5%), germacrone (15.4%), atractylone (13.1%), and (E)-β-ocimene (11.1%); in Myrciaria dubia (Camu-Camu) were α-pinene (55.8%), (E)-β-ocimene (13.1%), and α-terpineol (10.0%); in Psidium guajava (Goiaba) were (2E)-hexenal (21.7%), hexanal (15.4%), caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-β-ol (10.5%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%), and pogostol (8.3%); and in Psidium guineense (Araçá) were limonene (25.2%), ethyl butanoate (12.1%), epi-β-bisabolol (9.8%), and α-pinene (9.2%). The analyzed fruit species' volatile concentrates presented a significant diversity of constituents with a predominance of functional groups, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acid derivatives, originating from the plant's secondary metabolism and representing significant importance regarding their nutritional and medicinal uses.

The functionalization of copolyfluorenes containing dicyanophenanthrene units by closo-decaborate anion is described. Target copolyfluorenes were analyzed using UV-vis, luminescence, NMR and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of complexation with the closo-decaborate anion on the photophysical properties was studied both experimentally and theoretically. The PL data indicate an efficient charge transfer from fluorene to the dicyanophenanthrene units coordinated to closo-decaborate. The coordination of closo-decaborate clusters to the nitrile groups of copolyfluorenes provides an important route to new materials for sensors and light-emitting devices while at the same time serving as a platform for further study of the nature of boron clusters.

This paper presents a numerical method for solving a two-dimensional subdiffusion equation with a Caputo fractional derivative. The problem considered assumes symmetry in both the equation’s solution domain and the boundary conditions, allowing for a reduction of the two-dimensional equation to a one-dimensional one. The proposed method is an extension of the fractional Crank-Nicolson method, based on the discretization of the equivalent integral-differential equation. To validate the method, the obtained results were compared with a solution obtained through Laplace transform. The analytical solution in the image of the Laplace transform was inverted using the Gaver-Wynn-Rho algorithm implemented in the specialized mathematical computing environment, Wolfram Mathematica. The results clearly show the mutual convergence of the solutions obtained by the two methods.

Here we present Hilfer-Polya, psi-Hilfer Ostrowski and psi-Hilfer-Hilbert- Pachpatte types fractional inequalities. They are univariate inequalities involving left and right Hilfer and -Hilfer fractional derivatives. All estimates are with respect to norms ||.||p, 1 <_ p <_infinite. At the end we provide applications.

To elucidate the chemical compositions of the sugar fall maple leaves, the methanol extracts were firstly fractionated by ethyl acetate and n-butanol respectively. The phenolic acids-rich fractions (ethyl acetate extracts) were further purified by various chromatographic columns including XAD macroporous resin, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and semi-preparative HPLC to yield the compounds. The isolated compounds were characterized by ¹H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR), ¹³C-NMR, and high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectral (HR-ESI-MS) spectroscopy. Twenty eight phenolics including fourteen flavonoids (1-14), five quinic acid derivatives (15-19), five galloyl tannins (20-24) and four other phenolic acids (25-28) were isolated and their structures were identified. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. All of the phenolics constituents showed DPPH scavenging antioxidant activities. While, glycosides of quercetin and myricetin, galloyl tannins were showed promising α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All of the compounds except 4, 11, 12 and 28 were isolated from sugar maple for the first time. Moreover, Compounds 9, 10, 14, 20, 21, 23, 25 and 26 were isolated from the Acer species for the first time.

Glucocorticoids (GC) are widely used in the treatment of hematological malignancies; however, the long-term treatment lead to atrophic and metabolic adverse effects. Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRA) with reduced side effects could be the better GC alternative. More than 30 SEGRA were described but none of them reached clinical trials as anticancer treatment. In the present work, we proposed the novel approach to broaden the list of potential SEGRA by synthesis of derivatives of synephrine, the molecule of natural origin. We synthesized 26 compounds from the class of synephrine derivatives, and studied their anticancer effect in vitro in leukemia and lymphoma cells with MTT assay as well as their potential affinity to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in silico using molecular docking approach. Novel derivative 1-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-(hexylamino)ethanol (10S-E2) with the highest GR affinity in silico revealed the micromolar range cytotoxicity in lymphoma and leukemia cells after 24 h of treatment. The other compound, 2-(hexylamino)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanol (13S-G2) with high GR affinity demonstrated cytotoxicity in the range of 50-70 µM. Overall, our results provide the rationale for the development and further investigation of synephrine derivatives as SEGRA with anticancer activity.

Background: Colorectal cancer is a major global health burden, with surgical resection being the standard treatment aimed at curative tumor removal. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in colorectal cancer progression and prognosis. This study hypothesized that physical removal of colorectal cancer, a primary source of oxidative stress, would reduce blood levels of reactive oxygen metabolite derivatives (d-ROMs), a marker of oxidative stress, and biologic antioxidant potential (BAP) levels, a marker of antioxidant potential. Methods: The study included 123 patients who underwent radical resection for colorectal cancer. d-ROM and BAP levels were measured before and one month after surgery. Results: The clinicopathological analysis showed a correlation between preoperative d-ROM levels and tumor size (p&lt;0.001). The study confirmed a significant reduction in d-ROM levels following tumor resection, indicating reduced systemic oxidative stress. The reduction was significant in stages II and III but not in stage I. The d-ROM ratio before and after tumor resection was significantly higher in cases with positive lymph node metastasis and larger tumor size. BAP levels showed no significant changes post-surgery. Conclusion: These results suggest that d-ROMs could serve as a valuable biomarker for monitoring tumor burden and surgical efficacy in patients with colorectal cancer.

The reaction between 5-acetylbarbituric acid and 4-dimethylthiosemicarbazide or 4-hexamethyleneiminyl thiosemicarbazide produces 5-acetylbarbituric-4-dimethylthiosemicarbazone (H2AcbDM) and 5-acetylbarbituric-4N-hexamethyleneiminyl thiosemicarbazone (H2Acbhexim). Eight new complexes with different cooper (II) salts have been prepared and characterized using elemental analysis, molar conductance, UV–vis, ESI-HRMS, FT-IR, magnetic moment, EPR and cyclic voltammetry. In addition, three-dimensional molecular structures of [Cu(HAcbDM)(H2O)2](NO3)·H2O (3a), [Cu(HAcbDM)(H2O)2]ClO4 (4), and [Cu(HAcbHexim)Cl] (6) were determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography, and was carried out an analysis of their supramolecular structure. The H-bonded assemblies were further studied energetically using DFT calculations, MEP surface and QTAIM analyses. In these complexes, the thiosemicarbazone coordinates to the metal ion in an ONS-tridentate manner, in the O-enolate/S-thione form. The electrochemical behavior of the thiosemicarbazones and their copper(II) complexes has been investigated at room temperature using the cyclic voltammetry technique in DMFA. The Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox system was found to be consistent with the quasi-reversible diffusion-controlled process.

The purpose of the present paper is to introduce and investigate new subclasses of analytic function class of bi univalent function defined in open unit disk connected with a linear q-convolution operator, which are associated with the quasi-subordination. We find coefficients estimate |h_2 |,|h_3 | for functions in these subclasses. Several known and new consequences of these results are also pointed out.

Rapid analysis and characterization of compounds by mass spectrometry may overlook trace compounds, although targeted analysis methods can significantly improve detection sensitivity, it is difficult to discover novel scaffold compounds. This study developed a strategy for discovering trace compounds in the aging process of traditional Chinese medicine based on MS fragmentation and known metabolic pathway. Specifically, we found that the characteristic component of C. reticulata 'Chachi', methyl N-methylanthranilate (MMA), fragmented in ESI-CID to produce rearrangement ion 3-hydroxyindole, which has been proven to exist in trace amounts in C. reticulata 'Chachi' comparing with the reference substance by LC-MS/MS. By combining the known metabolic pathways of 3-hydroxyindole and the possible methylation reactions that may occur during aging, 10 possible indole derivatives were untargeted predicted. These compounds were confirmed to originate from MMA by purchasing or synthesizing reference substances and all of them were detected in C. reticulata 'Chachi' through LC-MS/MS analysis, achieving trace compound analysis from untargeted to targeted. It may contribute to explain the aging mechanism of C. reticulata 'Chachi' and the strategy of CID-induced special rearrangement ion binding metabolic pathway has potential application value in discovering trace compounds.

The extraction method for simultaneously analyzing fatty acids (Myristic acid, cis-Palmitvaccenic acid, Palmitic acid, Palmitic-9,9-d2 acid, Oleic acid, Stearic acid and Stearic-2,2-d2 acid) related to biodiesel fuel in large algae was developed. The introduction of trimethylaminoethyl (TMAE) derivatives into the hydroxyl group (-OH) functional group of the analyte was able to improve ionization and obtain high sensitivity. Liquid Chromatography (LC) was used to investigate the optimal mobile phase composition and flow rate for the separation of five derived fatty acids. In this study, a solid phase extraction (SPE) column was introduced for efficient extraction of fatty acids, and the optimal conditions for SPE were set by comparing the recovery rate according to the solvent for each step (loading, washing, and elution) of SPE from macroalgae.

: Introduction: Discovering compounds with antibacterial activity is crucial in the current fight against antibiotic-resistance. Material and Methods: We generate two QSAR model to design six new heteroaryl drug candidates; we assessed the antibacterial properties of the compounds against nine ATCC strains, the majority being part of the ESKAPE group, that include Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and also Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. We performed a synergic assay in which we combined PB4, a compound that we have previously tested in published studies, with GC-VI-70, one of the new compounds with the best cytotoxicity/MIC profile. We tested sub-MIC concentrations of PB4 with five antibiotics (linezolid, gentamycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, rifampin and imipenem) to examine the synergic effect on the ATCC strains. To evaluate compounds’ cytotoxicity, we performed a 24-hour and 48-hour 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) cells. The antibiotics were tested, alone and in combination with PB4. Results: PB4 lowered the MIC measured for GC-VI-70 and for the various antibiotics employed in clinical use, and all the compounds presented in this study have cytotoxic activity against cells. Conclusions: These compounds show promising use in combination with antibiotics to improve their effectiveness at low concentrations, to prevent unwanted cytotoxic effects.

Oil-tea (Camellia oleifera) is a woody oil crop whose nectar includes galactose derivatives that are toxic to honey bees. Interestingly, some mining bees of the genus Andrena can entirely live on nectar (and pollen) of oil tea and are able to metabolize these galactose derivatives. We present the first next-generation genomes for five and one Andrena species that are respectively specialized and non-specialized oil-tea pollinators, and combining with published genomes of six other Andrena species which did not visit oil-tea, we performed molecular evolution analyses on genes involved in metabolism of galactose derivatives. Six genes (NAGA, NAGA-like, galM, galK, galT, and galE) involved in galactose derivatives metabolism were identified in the five oil-tea specialized species, but only five (with the exception of NAGA-like) were discovered in the other Andrena species. Molecular evolution analyses revealed that NAGA-like, galK and galT in oil-tea specialized species appeared under positive selection. RNASeq analyses showed that NAGA-like, galK, and galT were significantly up-regulated in the specialized pollinator A. camellia compared to the non-specialized pollinator A. chekiangensis. Our study demonstrated that the genes NAGA-like, galK, and galT had played an important role in the evolutionary adaptation of the oil-tea specialized Andrena species.

This research article provides criticism and arguments why the canonical framework for derivatives pricing is incomplete and why the delta-hedging approach is not appropriate. An argument is put forward, based on the efficient market hypothesis, why a proper risk-adjusted discount rate should enter into the Black-Scholes model instead of the risk-free rate. The resulting pricing equation for derivatives and in particular the formula for European call options is then shown to depend explicitly on the drift of the underlying asset, which is following a geometric Brownian motion. It is conjectured that with the generalized model, the predicted results by the model could be closer to real data. The adjusted pricing model could partly also explain the mystery of volatility smile. The present model also provides answers to many finance professionals and academics who have been intrigued by the risk-neutral features of the original Black-Scholes pricing framework. The model provides generally different fair values for financial derivatives compared to the Black-Scholes model. In particular, the present model predicts that the original Black-Scholes model tends to undervalue for example European call options.

A new set of alkoxy alcohols were synthesised by reaction of eugenol oxirane with aliphatic and aromatic alcohols. These eugenol derivatives were evaluated against their effect upon the viability of the insect cell line Sf9 (Spodoptera frugiperda).The most promising compounds, 4-(3-(tert-butoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenol and 4-(2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenol were submitted to in silico assays to predict possible targets. Thought an Inverted Virtual Screening approach, 23 common pesticide targets were screened and the top 2 targets predicted were further evaluated through molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. In addition, these to eugenol derivatives were subjected to encapsulation and release assays using liposome-based nanosystems of egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (7:3), with encapsulation efficiencies higher than 90% and release profiles well described by both Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull models.

Autonomous differential equations of fractional order and non-singular kernel are solved. While solutions can be obtained through numerical, graphical, or analytical solutions, we seek an implicit analytical solution.

L\'evy walks represent important modeling tools for variety of real life processes. Their natural scaling limits are known to be described by the so-called material fractional derivatives. So far these scaling limits were derived for spatially homogeneous walks, where Fourier and Laplace transforms represent natural tools of analysis. Here we derive the corresponding limiting equations in the case of position depending times and velocities of walks, where Fourier transforms cannot be effectively applied. In fact, we derive three different limits (specified by the way the process is stopped at an attempt to cross the boundary), leading to three different multi-dimensional versions of Caputo-Dzherbashian derivatives, which correspond to different boundary conditions for the generators of the related Feller semigroups and processes. Some other extensions and generalisations are analysed.

This mini-review discusses the development and applications of naturally derived bioconjugates from hydroxycinnamic acids, such as coumaric, sinapic, ferulic, and caffeic acids, combined with various biomaterials. These bioconjugates offer a range of benefits including antioxidant properties, UV protection, customized hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, improved safety, solubility, emolliency, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and targeted delivery for biomedical, cosmetic, and food applications. The increasing demand for sustainable and natural products in the biomedical, cosmetic, and food industries has led to the exploration of these hydroxy cinnamic acids and their derivatives. We discuss the synthesis and modification of hydroxy cinnamic acids with biomaterials such as ω-hydroxy fatty acids, castor and lesquerella oils, glycerol, isosorbides, and synthetic polyethylene glycol to form functional phenolipids for biomedical, sunscreen and skincare applications. Techniques such as encapsulation with β-cyclodextrins and modification of biopolymeric supports like polysaccharides and starch are discussed for enhancing bioavailability and solubility. The fine-tuned development of bioconjugates from hydroxycinnamic acids using glycerol to modify the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, substitution by water-soluble carboxylic acid groups, vegetable oil-based phenolipids, polysaccharides, PEGylation provide enhanced functionalities and offers a promising avenue for creating sustainable and effective products across various applications.

(1) Background: The typical transporter protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), has been proven to be associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). Pyxinol and 24S-Pyxinol amino acid ester derivatives had been demonstrated to be promising P-gp inhibitors for reversal of tumor MDR in KBV cells, however, their roles in MDR reversal in other tumor-resistant cells are still unclear. (2) Methods: In the present study, we synthesized 40 amino acid ester derivatives of Pyxinol and 24S-Pyxinol. The MDR reversal effects of these derivatives were evaluated in A549/Tax, MCF-7/ADR, and HCT-8/VCR cells using the CCK-8 assay. Subsequently, western blot assay, intracellular Rhodamine123 (Rh123) accumulation assay and P-gp ATPase activity assay were utilized to investigate the effects of active compound on P-gp. Molecular docking was used to predict the possible binding patterns of active compound to P-gp. Moreover, based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS cellular metabolomics technology to identify endogenous differential metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with tumor MDR effects of the active compound. (3) Results: The results of the CCK-8 assay showed that compounds 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 25, 34, 36, 37 exhibited strong MDR reversal effect in A549/Tax, MCF-7/ADR and HCT-8/VCR cells, which were screened by reversal fold (RF) greater than 5. Among them, 10 μM of derivative 37 (new compound) showed the outstanding activity (RF: 15.31) in reversing MDR in A549/Tax cells. Compound 37 could act as a substrate for P-gp and inhibit the efflux function of P-gp by competitively binding to the binding site of antitumor drugs. Meanwhile, the molecular docking results confirmed that compound 37 was identified to under-go high-affinity binding to the drug binding site of P-gp. In addition, 14 endogenous differential metabolites and 6 metabolic pathways involved closely associated with the reversal of tumor MDR effects of compound 37 were identified. (4) Conclusions: Overall, a new candidate compound 37 (24S-3-L-threonyl-Pyxinol) could be provided for reversing tumor MDR by this study.

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is widely existed in the inner coating of canned foods. It migrates into food and generate various derivatives in the process of storage, such as Bisphenol A (2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·H2O), Bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·HCl) and Bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2, 3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·HCl·H2O), which have negative effects on human health. A gold nanoparticle-based immu-nochromatographic assay for simultaneous detection of BADGE and its derivatives was developed by using a broad-spectrum polyclonal antibody, and the detection can be finished in 15 min. The visuali-zation of results was processed by Adobe Photoshop CC software to achieve quantitative analysis and the detection limit (IC15) is 0.97ng/mL. The recoveries of BADGE and its derivatives at various spiking levels in canned food samples ranged from 79.86% to 93.81%. The detection results of the proposed immu-nochromatographic assay were also validated by HPLC analysis, and got good consistency (R2=0.9580).

Fourteen quinolizidine derivatives, structurally related to the alkaloids lupinine and cytisine and previously studied for other pharmacological aims, were presently tested for antiarrhythmic, inotropic, and chronotropic effects on isolated guinea pig heart tissues, and to assess calcium antagonism in comparison to amiodarone, lidocaine, procainamide, and quinidine. All compounds, but two, compared favorably with the reference drugs. Potent antiarrhythmic activity was observed for compounds (in increasing order) 4, 1, 6 and 5. The last compound N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)aminohomolupinane) was outstanding, exhibiting a nanomolar potency (EC50 = 0.017 µM) for the increase of threshold of ac-arrhythmia, and being devoid of antihypertensive activity against spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Background. Many anticancer drugs used in clinical practice cause adverse events such as oral mucositis, neurotoxicity, and extravascular leakage. We have reported that two 3-styrylchromone derivatives, 7-methoxy-3-[(1E)-2-phenylethenyl]-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (compound A) and 3-[(1E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-7-methoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (compound B) showed the highest tumor-specificity against human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines among 291 related compounds. After confirming their superiority by comparing their tumor specificity with newly synthesized 65 derivatives, we investigated the neurotoxicity of these compounds, in comparison with 4 popular anticancer drugs. Methods: Tumor-specificity (TSM, TSE, TSN) was evaluated as the ratio of mean CC50 for human normal oral mesenchymal (gingival fibroblast, pulp cell), oral epithelial cells (gingival epithelial progenitor), and neuronal cells (PC-12, SH-SY5Y, LY-PPB6, differentiated PC-12) to OSCC cells (Ca9-22, HSC-2), respectively. Results: Compounds A and B showed one-order of magnitude higher TSM as compared with newly synthesized derivatives, confirming its prominent tumor-specificity. Docetaxel showed one order of magnitude higher TSM, but two order of magnitude lower TSE than compounds A and B. Compounds A and B showed higher TSM, TSE and TSN values than doxorubicin, 5-FU and cisplatin, damaging OSCC cells at concentrations that do not affect the viability of normal epithelial and neuronal cells. QSAR prediction based on the Tox21 database suggested that compounds A and B may inhibit the signaling pathway of estrogen-related receptors.

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by a progressive process of degeneration and neuronal death, where oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are key factors that contribute to the progression of these diseases. Therefore, two major pathways involved in these pathologies have been proposed as relevant therapeutic targets: The nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2), which responds to oxidative stress with cytoprotecting activity and the nuclear factor NF-κB pathway, which is highly related to the neuroinflammatory process by promoting cytokine expression. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a phenylpropanoid naturally found in propolis that shows important biological activities, including neuroprotective activity by modulating the Nrf2 and NF-kB pathways, promoting antioxidant enzyme expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Its simple chemical structure has inspired the synthesis of many derivatives, with aliphatic and/or aromatic moieties, some of which have improved the biological properties. Moreover, new drug delivery systems increase the bioavailability of these compounds in vivo, allowing its transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier, thus protecting brain cells from the increased inflammatory status associated to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of CAPE derivatives, their miscellaneous activities, and relevant studies (from 2010 to 2023) addressing their neuroprotective activity in vitro and in vivo.

The near-infrared (NIR) organic dyes with strong ultrafast nonlinear optical (NLO) activities are of importance for various applications. However, such kinds of dyes are still scarce. In this work, we have compared the NLO properties of two NIR Aza-BODIPY derivatives, in which the strong electron-donating groups, namely 4-(N, N-dimethylamino) phenyl and 1-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline groups, are connected with the cores of Aza-BODIPY. Z-Scan experimental results show that two Aza-BODIPY derivatives exhibit strong saturation absorption and large modulation depth under the excitation of femtosecond pulses at 800 nm. Under 1300 nm excitation, two derivatives exhibit strong nonlinear refraction. In addition, the Aza-BODIPY derivatives also display effective two-photon excited fluorescence emission in the wavelength range of 1200-1600 nm. Based on the experimental results, it is found that 1-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline group can more effectively enhance the NLO properties of Aza-BODIPY derivatives compared with the 4-(N, N-dimethylamino) phenyl group, thus providing new possibilities for the design and development of NIR NLO materials.

A series of cysteine-based perfluoroaromatic (hexafluorobenzene (I) and decafluorobiphenyl (II) were synthesized and established as a chemoselective and available core to simple or more complex systems since small molecules to biomolecules with interesting properties. As proof of concept of the potential application of perfluorinated derivatives as non-cleavable linkers, some antibody-perfluorinated conjugates were prepared via thiol, demonstrating that the bioconjugation process doesn’t affect to the macromolecular entity. Besides, some molecular properties of synthesized compounds are evaluated using a combination of spectroscopic characterization (FT-IR and 19F-NMR chemical shifts) and theoretical calculations. Moreover, molecular Docking was also developed to predict cysteine-based hexafluorobenzene and decafluorobiphenyl derivatives’ affinity against topoisomerase Il and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). The results suggested that mainly cysteine-based decafluorobiphenyl derivatives could be potential topoisomerase II α and COX-2 inhibitors, becoming potential anticancer agents and candidates for anti-inflammatory treatment.

The nonlocal boundary value problem, dtρu(t)+Au(t)=f(t) (0&lt;ρ&lt;1, 0&lt;t≤T), u(ξ)=αu(0)+φ (α is a constant and 0&lt;ξ≤T), in an arbitrary separable Hilbert space H with the strongly positive selfadjoint operator A, is considered. The operator dt on the left hand side of the equation expresses either the Caputo derivative or the Riemann-Liouville derivative; naturally, in the case of the Riemann - Liouville derivatives, the nonlocal boundary condition should be slightly changed. Existence and uniqueness theorems for solutions of the problems under consideration are proved. The influence of the constant α on the existence of a solution to problems is investigated. Inequalities of coercivity type are obtained and it is shown that these inequalities differ depending on the considered type of fractional derivatives. The inverse problems of determining the right-hand side of the equation and the function φ in the boundary conditions are investigated.

Chitosan decorated copper nanoparticles (CS/CuNPs) catalysts were synthesized via reduction methods utilizing green protocol. The CS/CuNPs hybrid catalysts were tested for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives utilizing one-pot multicomponent reaction (MCR) under ultrasonic irradiation. The best catalyst (CS/CuNPs) that provided good conversion reaction yield and high turnover frequency (TOF) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), , scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Generalization of the scope of the proposed catalytic process was studied using different aldehydes. Excellent products yield and high TOF in even shorter reaction time (~5 min) was attained. Recyclability performance of the catalyst over five times re-use without detectable loss in product yield was recorded. The current method is green process utilizing environmentally benign catalyst and considered to be promising sustainable protocol for the synthesis of fine chemicals.

Polyphenols are well-known health promoting agents, but they have some limitations due to their spontaneous oxidation. This evidence has limited their use as drugs in the last years. In this field, several chemical modifications have been proposed to overcome these restrictions; among these, the esterification seems to be the preferred. Ester derivatives could be able to reduce the bioavailability problems connected to polyphenols. On the other hand, the presence of the esterase enzymes in the body guarantees the ester hydrolysis, which in turn frees the two molecules that make it up. Lipase-catalyzed esterifications afforded several derivatives of flavonoids glycosides, in green conditions. In this short note, pancreatic porcine lipase was firstly used as a cheap bio-catalyst, to synthesize oleoyl derivatives of quercetin in aglycone form. Results demonstrated how the enzyme acyl regioselective in position C-3, with high yields and easy purification processes

We propose a methodology for the quantification of model risk in the context of credit derivatives pricing and CVA, where the uncertain or unmodelled parameter is often the correlation between rates and credit. We take the rates model to be Hull-White (normal) and the credit model to be Black-Karasinski (lognormal). We show how highly accurate analytic pricing formulae, hitherto unpublished, can be derived for CDS and extended to address instruments with defaultable Libor flows which may in addition be capped and/or floored. We also consider the pricing of a contingent CDS with an interest rate swap underlying. We derive explicit expressions showing how to good accuracy the dependence of model prices on the uncertain parameter(s) can be captured in analytic formulae which are readily amenable to computation without recourse to Monte Carlo or lattice-based computation. In so doing, we take into account the impact on model calibration of the uncertain (or unmodelled) parameter.

This paper is concerned about the novel exact solitons to the truncated M-fractional (1+1)-dimensional non-linear generalized Bretherton model with arbitrary constants . This model is used to explain the resonant nonlinear interaction between the waves in different phenomenon, including fluid dynamics, plasma physics, ocean waves, and many others. A series of exact solitons, including bright, dark, periodic, singular, singular-bright, singular-dark, and other solitons are obtained by applying the extended sinh-Gordon equation expansion (EShGEE), and the modified (G′/G2)-expansion tech- niques. A novel definition of Fractional derivative provides the solutions distinct from the present solutions. Mathematica software is used to obtain, and verify the solutions. The solutions are shown through 2-D, 3-D, and density plots. The stability process is performed to verify that the solutions are exact and accurate. The modulation instability is used to determine the steady-state stable results to the corresponding equation.

We introduce a series of twisted donor-acceptor (D-A) carbazole-benzophenone based electroactive bipolar derivatives that were synthesized through the reaction of 4-fluorobenzophenone with various partially alkylated 3,3’-bicarbazoles. The comprehensive structural characterization of these compounds is provided. These amorphous materials exhibit suitable glass transition temperatures ranging from 57 to 102 °C and demonstrate high thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures reaching 400 °C. Moreover, the developed materials exhibit elevated photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of up to 75.5% and favorable HOMO-LUMO levels, along with suitable triplet-singlet state energy values. Due to their good solubility and suitable film-forming properties, all the compounds were evaluated as blue emitters dispersed in 4,4’-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,10-biphenyl (CBP) host for the fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in concentration dependent experiments. Among these experiments, the device containing 15 wt% of the guest 4-(9’-{2-ethylhexyl}-[3,3’]-bicarbazol-9-yl)benzophenone demonstrated the best characteristics, achieving maximum brightness of 3581 cd/m2, current efficiency of 5.7 cd/A, power efficiency of 4.1 lm/W and external quantum efficiency of 2.7%.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection and the Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) are major risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In CHB infection, HBx induces mitochondrial dysfunction, exhaustion and impaired function in hepatocytes. Restoring hepatocyte health along with reduction in virus replication could be an ideal treatment for CHB. Thiourea derivatives are well known for their antiviral property though their effect on mitochondrial and/ or hepatocyte health remains obscure. This study focus on the repurposing of thiourea derivatives (DSA-00, DSA-02, and DSA-09) on hepatocyte replenishment. HepG2.2.15 cells were treated with thiourea derivatives, alongside Entecavir (ETV). The proteomics analysis showed both DSA-00 and ETV were enriched with proteins associated with antiviral responses. In addition, DSA-00 additionally showed increase in proteins linked to mitochondrial response. Whereas DSA-02 exhibited association with innate immune system and citric acid cycle and DSA-09 displayed pathways similar to DSA-00 and ETV. Treated groups exhibited enhanced bio-energetic and antiviral response as compared to the untreated group. FACS analysis revealed the restoration of exhausted hepatocytes by thiourea derivatives through targeting mitochondria. Our findings suggest that thiourea derivatives hold potential as a novel therapeutic agent that seems to restore mitochondrial health along with anti-viral response in CHB.

Over the last decades, the increased incidence of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity has motivated researchers to investigate new enzyme inhibitors. In this study, the inhibitory effects of synthetic amino acid derivatives (PPC80, PPC82, PPC84, PPC89, and PPC101) on the activity of digestive enzymes was assessed by in vitro assays. The inhibitory effect was determined by the inhibition percentage and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), and the mechanism of action was investigated by Lineweaver–Burk plots. PPC80, PPC82, and PPC84 inhibited pancreatic lipase (IC50 of 1.67–10.23 x 10-1 mmol/L). The activity of pancreatic α-amylase was suppressed by PPC80, PPC82, PPC84, PPC89, and PPC101 (IC50 of 1.62–5.19 x 10-1 mmol/L). Finally, PPC84, PPC89, and PPC101 also showed a potent inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase (IC50 of 0.51–3.53 x 10-1 mmol/L). PPC80 and PPC82 followed a non-competitive inhibition mechanism against pancreatic lipase, while PPC84 acted through competitive inhibition. The inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase by the derivatives was non-competitive, as well as for PPC84, PPC89 and PPC101 against α-glucosidase. The results suggest that these synthetic amino acid derivatives have inhibitory potential against digestive enzymes and may be used as therapeutic agents to control metabolic disorders.

Membranes are a selective barrier that allows certain species (molecules and ions) to pass through while blocking others. Some rely on size exclusion, where larger molecules get stuck while smaller ones permeate through. Others use differences in charge or polarity to attract and repel specific species. Membranes can be used to purify air and water by allowing only air and water molecules to pass through but preventing contaminants such as microorganisms and particles or to separate target gas or vapor, such as H2, CO₂, from other gases. The higher the flux and selectivity, the better a material is for membranes. The desirable performance can be tuned through material type (polymers, ceramics, and biobased materials), microstructure (porosity and tortuosity), and surface chemistry. Most membranes are made from plastic from petroleum-based resources, which contribute to global climate change and plastic pollution. Cellulose can be an alternative sustainable resource to make renewable membranes. Cellulose exists in plant cell walls as natural fibers, which can be broken down into smaller components such as cellulose fibrils, nanofibrils, nanocrystals, and cellulose macromolecules through mechanical and chemical processing. Membranes made from reassembling these particles and molecules have variable pore architecture, porosity, and separation properties and therefore have a wide range of applications in nano-, micro-, and ultrafiltration or forward osmosis. Despite their advantages, cellulose membranes face some challenges. Improving the selectivity of membranes for specific molecules often comes at the expense of permeability. The stability of cellulose membranes in harsh environments or under continuous operation needs further improvement. Research is ongoing to address these challenges and develop advanced cellulose membranes with enhanced performance. This article reviews the microstructure, fabrication methods, and potential applications of cellulose membranes, providing some critical insights into processing-structure-property relationships for current state-of-the-art cellulosic membranes that could be used to rationally improve their performance.

This paper is devoted to the study of multi-dimensional integral transform with Fox H-function in the kernel in weighted spaces integrable functions in the domain R+n with positive coordinates. Mapping properties such as the boundedness, the range, the representations of the considered transformation are established.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. In recent years, significant progress has been made in BC therapy. However, serious side effects resulting from the use of standard chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR), limit the effectiveness of approved therapies. Advanced research in the BC area is necessary to create more effective and safer forms of therapy to improve the outlook for individuals diagnosed with this aggressive neoplasm. For decades, plants and natural products with anti-cancer properties have been successfully utilized in treating various medical conditions. Anthracene derivatives are tricyclic secondary metabolites of natural origin that have been identified in plants, lichens, and fungi. They represent a few botanical families, e.g., Rhamnaceae, Rubia-ceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and others. The review comprehensively covers and analyzes the most recent advances in the anticancer activity of anthracene derivatives (emodin, aloe-emodin, hypericin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion) applied both individually, or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in in vitro and in vivo BC models.

A series of eight 5-nitrofuran-tagged oxazolyl tetrahydropyrazolopyridines (THPP’s) has been prepared in six stages with excellent regioselectivity. The testing of these compounds against pathogens of ESKAPE panel showed a good activity of lead compound 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-(5-nitro-2-furoyl)-3-(1,3-oxazol-5-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c] pyridine (13g), which is superior to nitrofurantoin. These results confirmed the benefit of combining a THPP scaffold with a nitrofuran warhead. Certain structure-activity relationships were established in the course of this study which were rationalized by the induced-fit docking experiments in silico.

To study the feasibility and effect of compounding lignin and its derivatives to improve expansive soil, the physical properties, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the improved soil mixed with calcium lignosulfonate alone, calcium lignosulfonate and lignin fibers were investigated through indoor experiments and electron microscope scanning. Select samples with better performance for water stability tests, and discuss the improvement mechanism of expansive soil by combining macroscopic mechanical changes with microstructural characteristics. The research results show that the addition of calcium lignosulfonate can reduce the water content of the soil and enhance its strength of the soil. The overall performance is the best when the calcium lignosulfonate content is 3%. 3% calcium lignosulfonate compounded with 1.5% lignin fiber has the best all-around performance; the composite improved soil has a better pore-filling effect, the whole is more compact, and the connection between particles significantly enhances the strength, which greatly inhibits the development of cracks good water stability. Lignin and its derivatives compound improved expansive soil have better effect than traditional improvement methods, and have no pollution to the environment, which can provide a particular reference for engineering practice

To study the feasibility and effect of compounding lignin and its derivatives to improve expansive soil, the physical properties, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the improved soil mixed with calcium lignosulfonate alone, calcium lignosulfonate and lignin fibers were investigated through indoor experiments and electron microscope scanning. Select samples with better performance for water stability tests, and discuss the improvement mechanism of expansive soil by combining macroscopic mechanical changes with microstructural characteristics. The research results show that the addition of calcium lignosulfonate can reduce the water content of the soil and enhance its strength of the soil. The overall performance is the best when the calcium lignosulfonate content is 3%. 3% calcium lignosulfonate compounded with 1.5% lignin fiber has the best all-around performance; the composite improved soil has a better pore-filling effect, the whole is more compact, and the connection between particles significantly enhances the strength, which greatly inhibits the development of cracks good water stability. Lignin and its derivatives compound improved expansive soil have better effect than traditional improvement methods, and have no pollution to the environment, which can provide a particular reference for engineering practice.

N-acyl hydrazone (NAH) has been remarked as a promising scaffold in drug design, given its versatility, ease of synthesis, and appealing biological activities (i.e., antimicrobial, antitumoral, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties). In the global context of increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics, NAHs represent potential solutions for developing improved treatment alternatives. Thus, this study presents 6 new derivatives of (EZ)-N'-benzylidene-(2RS)-2-(6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)propanohydrazide that were obtained through a microwave-assisted synthesis method. In more detail, we have joined two pharmacophore fragments in a single molecule, represented by an NSAID-type carprofen structure and a hydrazone-type structure, obtaining a new series of NSAID-N-acyl hydrazone derivatives that were further characterized spectrally using FT-IR, NMR, and HRMS investigations. Moreover, the compounds have been evaluated for their tuberculostatic activity, testing their effects on four M. tuberculosis strains (two of them susceptible to rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), one susceptible to RIF and resistant to INH and one resistant to both RIF and INH). The results of our research highlight the potential of the prepared compounds in fighting against antibiotic-resistant M. tuberculosis strains.

The time interval set approach depends on results for radiation propagation from star sources, where properties relate to sphere like propagation surfaces, finite for any realistic event and measurement. In contrast usually applied to stationary and parallel propagation is the traditional vector and one moment time coordinate kinematic approach from Newton’s laws. A time interval only description necessarily has to start from it's own definitions, and properties since time intervals have to be defined with time intervals. In this paper studied are time interval only set properties, commutation, addition and multiplication, and derivatives, and how to define these corresponding consistently with one moment time set properties. Time development and equilibrium within the time interval description depend on the well-known ‘mean velocity theorem’ and the time interval version of the Legendre transform. Radiation propagation ‘away from’ and gravitation ‘towards’ the star source are part of the one time interval description. In the second, discussion, part the time interval only set approach with only the fundamental properties is applied to radiation. Included is a derivation of star source radiation energy for both zero and non zero wave particle mass. The time interval set is not one of the usual sets encountered and the canonical property does not apply, the approach in this paper starts from commutation properties of one moment time coordinates and of time intervals and relates to Noether charges and structure constants. These are found to be equal to the radiation wave group-velocity, for photons the light velocity c, and, different from the usual derivative to one moment time, they equal specific arguments of the time interval only set derivative.

The aim of this article is to evaluate and compare, retrospectively, the efficacy of two regenerative periodontal procedures in patients suffering from aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Twenty-eight patients were diagnosed with AgP, suffering from multiple intra-bony defects (IBD); that were treated by one of two regenerative modalities of periodontal therapy randomly assigned to each patient: a. guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or b. an application of enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) combined with DBX. The monitoring of the treated sites included recordings of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival recession. Pre-treatment and follow-up (up to 10 years from the surgery) recordings were analyzed statistically within and between groups. A significant reduction was shown at time on PD and CAL values, however, not between subject groups. CAL values decreased in all sites. At EMD group (44 sites) CAL gain was 1.92 mm (±1.68) from pre-treatment to follow-up (p<0.001) and at the GTR group (12 sites) CAL gain of 2.27 (±1.82) mm. In conclusion, 1-10 years observations have shown that surgical treatment of AgP patients by either GTR or by application of EMD/DBX results in similar successful clinical results.

In this study, we actually want to explore the time-fractional Phi-four equation via two methods, the exp _a function method and the hyperbolic function method. We transform a fractional order dierential equation into an ordinary differential equation using a wave transformation and the fractional derivative in conformable form. Then, the resulting equation has successfully been explored for new explicit exact solutions. The procured solutions are simply showed the effectiveness and plainness of the projected methods.

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of suppression of the prostaglandin synthesis by new derivatives of N-phenylanthranilic acids; they inhibit the activity of the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) enzyme using the method of a flexible molecular docking. For the docking studies the crystallographic structural models with high resolution from Protein Data Bank were used: mPGES-1 in the complex with glutathione (pdb code 4AL0). A flexible molecular docking was carried out using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software package. According to the results of the docking studies four scoring functions were calculated (Affinity dG Scoring, Alpha HB Scoring, London dG Scoring, GBVI/WSA dG Scoring). The values of the scoring functions calculated indicate the thermodynamic probability and energy favorability of forming complexes between molecules of the substances under research and the specified receptor, in which arrangement of ligands in the active site of the receptor and residues of amino acids of side chains are of similar geometry and types of binding of the known inhibitors of mPGES-1 determined on the basis of the crystallographic studies.

A hydrophilic silica-based stationary phase with surface bound N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc-silica) was prepared in house and characterized physically via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and chromatographically over a wide range of mobile phase compositions. While both FTIR and TGA confirmed the attachment of the GlcNAc ligands to the silica surface, the chromatographic evaluation of the GlcNAc-silica with polar and slightly polar standard solutes (e.g., sugars, nucleic acid fragments, phenolic and benzoic acid derivatives) yielded the typical hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) behaviors in the sense that retention increased with increased solute’s polarity and the organic content (i.e., acetonitrile) of the hydro-organic mobile phase (i.e., ACN-rich mobile phase). Sugars derivatized with 1-naphthylamine (1-NA) and 2-aminoanthrcene (2-AA) such as xylose, glucose and short chains maltooligosaccharides constituted the most polar species for HILIC retention evaluation, and in addition the maltooligosaccharides offered a polar homologous series for gauging the hydrophilicity of the GlcNAc-silica in analogy with alkylbenzene homologous series and other nonpolar homologous for evaluating the hydrophobicity of non-polar stationary phases. On the other hand, the benzoic acid and phenolic acid derivatives were the probe solutes for evaluating the HILIC retention dependence of ionizable solutes on the pH of the mobile phase. Similarly, the nucleobase and nucleoside weak basic solutes as well as some typical cyclic nucleotide acidic solutes allowed the examination of the dependence of solute retention on the pH of the mobile as well as the polarity of the species.

Many problems in the fields of finance and actuarial science can be transformed into the problem of solving backward stochastic differential equations (BSDE) and partial differential equations (PDE) with jumps, which are often difficult to solve in high-dimensional cases. To solve this problem, this paper applies the deep learning algorithm to solve a class of high-dimensional nonlinear partial differential equations with jump terms and their corresponding backward stochastic differential equations (BSDE) with jump terms. Using the nonlinear Feynman-Kac formula, the problem of solving this kind of PDE is transformed into the problem of solving the corresponding backward stochastic differential equations with jump terms, and the numerical solution problem is turned into a stochastic control problem. At the same time, the gradient and jump process of the unknown solution are separately regarded as the strategy function and they are approximated respectively by using two multilayer neural networks as function approximators. Thus, deep learning-based method is used to overcome the “curse of dimensionality” caused by high-dimensional PDE with jump, and the numerical solution is obtained. In addition, this paper proposes a new optimization algorithm based on the existing neural network random optimization algorithm, and compares the results with the traditional optimization algorithm, and achieves good results. Finally, the proposed method is applied to three practical high-dimensional problems: Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, bond pricing under the jump Vasicek model and high-dimensional option pricing model with default risk. The proposed numerical method has obtained satisfactory accuracy and efficiency. The method has important application value and practical significance in investment decision-making, option pricing, insurance and other fields.

The widespread use of antibiotics has led to a gradual increase in drug-resistant bacterial infections, which severely weakens the clinical efficacy of antibacterial therapies. In recent decades, stilbenes aroused great interest because of their high bioavailability, as well as for their manifold biological activity. Our research efforts are focused on synthetic heteroaromatic stilbene deriva-tives as they represent a potentially new type of antibiotic with a wide antibacterial spectrum. Herein, a preliminary molecular modeling study and a versatile synthetic scheme allowed us to define eight heteroaromatic stilbene derivatives with potential antimicrobial activity. In order to evaluate our compound’s activity spectrum and antibacterial ability, Minimum Inhibitory Con-centration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) tests have been performed on Gram-positive and Gram-negative ATCC strains. Compounds PB4, PB5, PB7 and PB8 showed the best values in terms of MIC and were also evaluated for MBC, which however was found to be greater than MIC, confirming a bacteriostatic activity. For all compounds, we evaluated toxici-ty on colon-rectal adenocarcinoma cells tumor cells (CaCo2), once established that the whole se-lected set was more active than 5-Fluorouracil in reducing CaCo-2 cells viability. To the best of our knowledge, the biological assays have shown for these derivatives an excellent bacteriostatic activity, compared to similar molecular structures previously reported, thus paving the way for a new class of antibiotic compounds.

Histone Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) is overexpressed in many cancers and become a new target for anticancer drugs. In recent years, the small molecule inhibitors with various structures targeting LSD1 have been reported. Here we report the binding interaction modes of a series of thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamides LSD1 inhibitors using molecular docking, three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR). Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA q²=0.783, r²=0.944, r²_pred=0.851) and Comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA q²=0.728, r²=0.982, r²_pred=0.814) were used to establish 3D-QSAR models, which had good verification and prediction capabilities. Based on the contour maps and the information of molecular docking, 8 novel small molecules were designed in silico, among which compounds D4, D5 and D8 with high predictive activity were subjected to further molecular dynamics simulations (MD), and their possible binding modes were explored. It was found that Asn535 plays a crucial role in stabilizing the inhibitors. Furthermore, the ADME and bioavailability prediction for D4, D5 and D8 were carried out. The results would provide valuable guidance for designing new reversible LSD1 inhibitors in the future.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have garnered considerable attention in academic and industrial circles due to their potential applications in flat panel displays and solid-state lighting technologies, leveraging the advantages offered by organic electroactive derivatives over their inorganic counterparts. The thin and flexible design of OLEDs enables the development of innovative lighting solutions, facilitating the creation of customizable and contoured lighting panels. Among the diverse electroactive components employed in the molecular design of OLED materials, the benzophenone core has attracted much attention as fragment for synthesis of organic semiconductors. On the other hand, the benzophenone also functions as a classical phosphor with high intersystem crossing efficiency. This characteristic makes it as compelling candidate for effective reverse intersystem crossing, potentially leading to the development of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters. These emitting materials witnessed a pronounced interest in recent years due to their incorporation in metal-free electroactive frameworks and the capability to convert triplet excitons into emissive singlet excitons through reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), consequently achieving exceptionally high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs). This review article comprehensively overviews the synthetic pathways, thermal characteristics, electrochemical behaviour and photo-physical properties of the derivatives based on benzophenone. Furthermore, we explore their applications in OLED devices, both as host materials and emitters, shedding light on the promising opportunities that benzophenone-based compounds present in advancing OLED technology.

Biomaterials have been the subject of extensive research, with their applications in medicine and pharmacy expanding rapidly. Collagen and its derivatives stand out as valuable biomaterials due to their high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and lack of toxicity and immunogenicity. This review comprehensively examines collagen from various sources, its extraction and processing methods, and its structural and functional properties. Preserving the native state of collagen is crucial for maintaining its beneficial characteristics. The challenges associated with chemically modifying collagen to tailor its properties for specific clinical needs are also addressed. The review discusses various collagen-based biomaterials, including solutions, hydrogels, powders, sponges, scaffolds, and thin films. These materials have broad applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing. Additionally, the review highlights current research trends related to collagen and its derivatives. These trends may significantly influence future developments, such as using collagen-based bioinks for 3D bioprinting or exploring new collagen nanoparticle preparation methods and drug delivery systems.

Abstract: : 2,3-dihydro-5,6,7,8-tetranitro-1,4-benzodioxine (TNBD), molecular formula =C8H4N4O10 is a completely nitrated in aromatic ring 1,4-benzodioxane derivative. The con-venient method of TNBD synthesis was developed (yield=81 %). The detailed structure of this compound has been investigated by X-ray crystallography. The results of differential thermal analysis (DTA) obtained with twice re-crystallized material showed onset at 247 and isoterm at 288 0C, with further total degradation at 300 0C. The experimental density 1,85 g/cm3 of TNBD was determined by X-ray crystallography. The spectral properties of TNBD (NMR, FT-IR, Ra-man) were explored. The detonation properties of TNBD calculated by EXPLO 5 code was slightly superior in comparison to standard high energy material - tetryl (detonation velocity of TNBD - 7727 m/s; detonation pressure - 278 kbar; tetryl – 7570 m/s and 226.4 kbar at 1.614 g/cm3, or 260 kbar at higher density - 1.71 g/cm3. The obtained preliminary results might suggest TNBD can be a potential thermostable high energy and density material (HEDM).

Modern organic synthesis is majorly focused on developing environmentally benign synthetic protocols by employing green chemistry principles. Accordingly, in our recent research work, we herein report the use of modified supramolecular host cyclodextrin as an effective solid based green catalyst for accessing structurally diverse and medicinally relevant pyrimidone architectures. The catalyst and the synthesized compounds 4 (a-r) were characterized using FT-IR, NMR and GC-Mass spectroscopy. Major highlights of the reported work include: atom economical process, extremely milder reaction conditions, operational simplicity, high isolated yields, and excellent catalyst turnover number. The molecular docking studies suggest that the compound 4n has the hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and π-pair interactions with the active site of active sites of CXT M 15 receptor.

The purpose of the research is to investigate the unique solvability of a nonlocal boundary value problem for a loaded equation of parabolic-hyperbolic type in a special domain. Methods: Using representations of a general regular solution, the existence and uniqueness of the problem posed is proved. Results: A new method for proving the unique solvability of nonlocal boundary value problems for one loaded equation of mixed type in a special domain has been formed and developed. Conclusions: The obtained results make it possible to solve some problems of genetics, immunology, transonic gas dynamics and thermal physics, which are associated with displacement.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have ushered in a technological revolution with their remarkable impact on diverse sectors of our daily lives. These versatile devices known for their outstanding display and lighting capabilities, have become indispensable components in various industries including smartphones, tablets, televisions, and automotive applications. This paper delves into the development of a group of twisted donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) derivatives incorporating bicarbazole and benzophenone structures for potential use as blue emitters in OLEDs. The synthesized compounds, namely DB14, DB23 and DB29, were designed with various alkyl side chains to enhance their film forming properties as for blue emitters. Characterization and evaluation of these derivatives included photophysical, electrochemical, thermal, and electroluminescent analysis. Some of the OLED devices incorporating these emitters demonstrated promising performance with maximum current efficiency (CEmax) of 2.6 cd/A and external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 5.3%. Notably, the DB23 emitter exhibited the highest EQE among all devices. The study also emphasizes the influence of host-guest energy transfer, optimal doping concentrations, and molecular structures on device performance. This research not only contributes to the understanding of advanced OLED materials but also provides insights into designing efficient blue emitters for future display and lighting applications, thereby advancing the field of organic electronics.

Gentiopicroside (GPS) is a leading component of several plant species from Gentianaceae botanical family. As a compound with plenty biological activities and a component that is often consumed in dietary supplements and herbal drugs, GPS has an important role in the regulation of physiological processes in humans. Recent studies on the type 2 receptors shed new light on GPS applications showing its agonistic properties that could be meaningful in the future therapeutic strategies of Parkinson’s disease, thyroid disorders or cancer states. This review aims to collect previously published reports on the biological properties of GPS as a single compound that were confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies, and to draw attention at the newly discovered role of this bitter-tasting secoiridoid as a type 2 receptor agonist. Thanks to these properties, the research on this substance could be revisited.

This article has been studied the synthesis of a new derivative of the known alkaloid cytisine contained in the seeds of plants of Cytisus laburnum L. and Thermopsis lanceolata R.Br., both of the Lugiminosae family. The new compound has been obtained from two biologically active compounds such as isoxazole and cytisine. It has been demonstrated that the reaction led to the single-stage method under very mild conditions to obtain some 4-[(3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole-4-yl)sulfonyl]amides. This class of compounds is promising to obtain the new biologically active compounds. This article has examined in detail a structure with using the 1H and 13C NMR and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of COSY (1H-1H), HMQC (1H-13C) and NMVS (1H-13C). As a result, the homo- and heteronuclear spin-spin couplings should be established. The X-ray diffraction analysis has determined the spatial structure of a new derivative based on cytisine alkaloid. Thus, its hemorheological activity has been studied.

Currently, studies are being conducted on the possible role of the cytoprotective effect of biologically active substances in conditions of cerebral hypoxia or cardiomyopathies. At the same time, oxidative stress is considered as one of the important mechanisms of cellular cytotoxicity and a target for the action of cytoprotectors. The aim of this study is to search for derivatives of 3-(arylmethyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-ones. The probability of cytoprotective action was assessed by two tests by measuring cell viability (with neutral red dye and MTT test). It was found that some derivatives of 3-(arylmethyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-ones under the conditions of our experiment have a pronounced cytoprotective activity, providing better cell survival in vitro, including the MTT test and conditions of blood hyperviscosity. To correlate the obtained results in vitro, molecular docking of the synthesized derivatives was also carried out. The standard drug omeprazole (co-crystallized with the enzyme) was used as a standard. It was shown that all synthesized derivatives of 3-(arylmethyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-ones had higher affinity for the selected protein than the standard gastro-cytoprotector omeprazole. The studied derivatives of 3-(arylmethyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-ones also fully satisfy Lipinski's rule of thumb of five (RO5), which increases their chances for possible use as orally active drugs with a good ability to absorption and moderate lipophilicity. Thus, the results obtained make it possible to evaluate derivatives of 3-(arylmethyl)-6-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-ones as having a relatively high cytoprotective potential.

This paper reports a novel fabric phase sorptive extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet detection (FPSE-HPLC-UV) method for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of four phenyltin derivatives that include triphenyltin hydroxide, triphenyltin acetate, triphenyltin chloride and tetraphenyltin in environmental water (agricultural waste water and municipal waste water) and canned food samples. The selected analytes were well resolved by Waters Nova pack C18 column (3.9 x 150 mm, 4 µm particle size) in isocratic elution mode within 15 minutes. The new microextraction media has been analytically evaluated using phenyltin derivatives as model compounds. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of FPSE have been evaluated and the optimum extraction conditions were determined. Under these optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for sol-gel C18 coated fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) media in combination with HPLC-UV for the analysis of the phenyltin derivatives were in the range of 10-100 ng/mL with high precision (low relative standard deviation) at 10 ng/mL concentration with good absolute recoveries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first FPSE extraction procedure applied to environmental water and canned food samples for the simultaneous determination of phenyltin derivatives and could be readily adopted as a rapid and robust green analytical tool for routine environmental and food analytical laboratories.

Our previous in vitro reports showed that crude extract prepared with 50% ethanol (ethanol crude extract, ECE) from Mongolian oak cups possessed excellent antioxidant capacities as well as inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation caused by its enrichment in phenolics, including mainly ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives. Nevertheless, few in vivo studies on antidiabetic activities of these phenolics were conducted. The present study investigated hypoglycemic effects with normal and diabetic rats being administrated orally without or with ECE at 200 and 800 mg/kg for 15 days. In normal rats, no significant differences were exhibited after ECE administration in body weight, fasting blood glucose level, levels of chelesterol, triglyceride, LDL and AST in serum, organ indexes, and levels of GSH and MDA in organs. In diabetic rats, the fasting blood glucose level, indexes of heart and liver, and levels of chelesterol and triglyceride in serum and MDA in heart tissue were significantly decreased. Moreover, HDL levels in serum and SOD activities in the four organs of diabetic rats were significantly improved after ECE administration at 800 mg/kg. Thus, in addition to inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation reported previously, oak cups might contain novel dietary phytonutrients in preventing abnormal changes in blood glucose and lipid profile and attenuating oxidant stress in vivo. The results also implied that it is ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives enriched in ECE that might play vital roles in managing type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes.

There were designed and synthesized two new sulfone 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives. Coordination compounds were obtained with nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and mercury(II) and these novel ligands. There were fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis was performed on order to study the relevant intra and inter non-covalent interactions, mainly H...π, lone pair·...π, π...π, highlighting the difference between the ethyl and phenyl groups in such interactions. Dimeric and trimeric supramolecular syntons were found for some of these compounds. Their biological activity was investigated, being the copper(II) compounds with the sulfone phenyl derivative the most active.

Since its first isolation in 1934, hyaluronic acid (HA) has been studied across a variety of research areas. This unbranched glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid is almost ubiquitary in humans and in other vertebrates. HA is involved in many key processes -including cell signaling, wound reparation, tissue regeneration, morphogenesis, matrix organization and pathobiology-, and has unique physico-chemical properties -such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesivity, hygroscopicity and viscoelasticity. For these reasons, exogenous HA has been investigated as drug delivery system and treatment in cancer, ophthalmology, arthrology, pneumology, rhinology, urology, aesthetic medicine and cosmetic. To improve and customize its properties and applications, HA can be subjected to chemical modifications: conjugation and crosslinking. The present review gives an overview regarding HA, describing its history, physico-chemical, structural and hydrodynamic properties, and biology –occurrence, biosynthesis (by hyaluronan synthases), degradation (by hyaluronidases and oxidative stress), roles, mechanisms of action and receptors. Furthermore, both conventional and recently emerging methods developed for the industrial production of HA and its chemical derivatization are presented. Finally, the medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications of HA and its derivatives are reviewed, reporting examples of HA-based products which currently are on the market or are undergoing further investigations.

As most of the current dynamic positioning systems are based on model ships, they cannot accu-rately reflect the motion state, position changes, and mutual influence of each part of the dynamic positioning system of actual ships in complex environments. Other actual ships such as cargo ships cannot add various sensors and auxiliary equipment to verify and analyze the positioning system. This article takes the intelligent research and training dual-use ship of Dalian Maritime University, which integrates scientific research and training, as the object of study. This ship will not be affected by the voyage period and route and can choose a suitable sea area for research. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the dynamic positioning system, research on the ship’s dynamic positioning system was carried out. Firstly, an accurate mathematical model of ship motion was established, and the hydrodynamic derivatives of ship model motion were obtained by nu-merical calculation, and applied to the three-degree-of-freedom model of the intelligent research and training dual-use ship. Then, the model was used as part of the closed-loop simulation model of the ship’s dynamic positioning system, and the terminal sliding mode controller was used for sim-ulation and emulation, thereby obtaining ideal simulation test results. This research helps to im-prove the accuracy and reliability of the dynamic positioning system and provides new ideas and methods for ship motion control.

Fractional differential systems have received much attention in recent decades likely due to its powerful ability in modeling memory processes, which are mostly observed in real world. Fractional models have been widely investigated and applied in many fields such as physics, biochemistry, electrical engineering, continuum and statistical mechanics. It is shown by many researchers that fractional derivatives can provide more accurate models than integer order derivatives do. Obviously, bang-bang property is of a significant importance in optimal control theory. In this paper a Bang-Bang property and time-optimal control problem for time-Fractional Differential System (FDS) is under consideration. First we formulate our problem and we prove the existence theorem. We state and prove the bang-bang theorem. Finally we give the optimality conditions that characterized the optimal control. Some illustrate applications are given to clarify our results.