The algorithmic complexity vulnerability (ACV) that may lead to denial of service attacks greatly disrupts the security and availability of applications, and due to the widespread use of third-party libraries, its impact may be amplified through the software supply chain. The existing work in the field is dedicated to abstract loop or iterative patterns and fuzzing the entire application to discover algorithm complexity vulnerabilities, but they still face efficiency and effectiveness issues. Our research focuses on: (1) Proposing a representation and extraction method for code features related to algorithmic complexity vulnerabilities, helping analysts quickly understand program logic; (2) Providing a new ACV detecting model, focusing on the spatial complexity anomalies caused by deep recursion structures, and proposing a new filtering method; (3) Aiming at the difficulty of efficiently generating complex-data-type-related payloads using existing symbol execution techniques, a call-chain-guided payload construction method is proposed. We tested third-party components in the open-source Java Maven Repository, identified many unexposed vulnerabilities and 8 of them received CVE (Common Vulnerabilities & Exposures) identifiers, and demonstrated that our method can discover more algorithmic complexity vulnerabilities compared to existing tools with better performance.

The emergence of diverse infections worldwide, which is a serious global threat to human existence, necessitate the urgent development of novel therapeutic candidates that can combat these diseases with efficacy. Isatin, a secondary metabolite from tryptophan is considered a privileged scaffold and favorable pharmacophore with a unique structural moiety and varied chemical and biological properties resulting in its widespread applications by medicinal chemists. Molecular hybridization is one of the most common and important techniques use in the synthesis of their bioactive hybrids in drug discovery. This review containing published articles from 2005 to 2022 focuses on isatin hybrids which have been synthesized and reported in the literature alongside a discussion on their biological properties. The purpose of this review is to set up the direction for the design and development of isatin-hybrids with tailored biological properties as effective therapeutic candidates inspired by nature.

Evidence from large epidemiological studies has shown that obesity may predispose to increased Th2 inflammation and increase the odds of developing asthma. On the other hand, there is growing evidence suggesting that metabolic dysregulation that occurs with obesity, and more specifically hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, may modify immune cell function and in some degree systemic inflammation. Insulin resistance seldom occurs on its own, and in most cases constitutes a clinical component of metabolic syndrome, along with central obesity and dyslipidemia. Despite that, in some cases, hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance has been proven a stronger risk factor than body mass in developing asthma. This finding has been supported by recent experimental studies showing that insulin resistance may contribute to airway remodeling, promotion of airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility and proliferation, increase of airway hyper-responsiveness and release of pro-inflammatory mediators from adipose tissue. All these effects indicate the potential impact of hyperinsulinemia on airway structure and function, suggesting the presence of a specific asthma phenotype with insulin resistance. Epidemiologic studies have found that individuals with severe and uncontrolled asthma have a higher prevalence of glycemic dysfunction, whereas longitudinal studies have linked glycemic dysfunction to an increased risk of asthma exacerbations. Since the components of metabolic syndrome interact with one another so much, it is challenging to identify each one's specific role in asthma. This is why, over the last decade, additional studies have been conducted to determine whether treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus affects comorbid asthma as shown by the incidence of asthma, asthma control and asthma-related exacerbations. The purpose of this review is to present the mechanism of action, and existing preclinical and clinical data, regarding the effect of insulin resistance in asthma.

In many developing countries of the world including Pakistan motorcycle steeling is one of the main issue that needs to be dealt with an iron hand as it leads to economic losses as well as crime increase in the society, according to the DOWN REPORT there were 28609 motorcycle stolen in 2019 and this number has been increased to 34908 in 2020. Now due to the increasing motorcycles stealing crime what measures can we take to reduce the number of motorcycle theft the rule of technology is enormous in this regards specially information technology (IT) , information technology can play an important role in the security of motorcycles from being theft by the thieves, Information technology provide us the GSM based control system which can be very help full to construct a security system for motorcycle in order to make it antitheft.

Guided image filter implicitly balances noise and details based on local variance, achieving noise suppression while preserving prominent edges. However, we have observed limitations in using variance to distinguish between noise and image details, resulting in the suppression of fine structures alongside noise. Furthermore, the goal of enhancing image details, which is crucial in image filtering, has not been adequately addressed in edge-preserving filter design. In this paper, we approach image filtering as a problem of spectral energy reconfiguration, where the gain of each spectral band is adaptively regulated to achieve simultaneous noise suppression and detail enhancement. Instead of relying on variance, we employ a linear noise estimator to obtain the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) measurement necessary for dynamic gain regulation. Similar to the guided image filter, we determine the filter coefficients by solving the closed-form solution of the optimizer. We demonstrate that the proposed extended guided filter effectively integrates information from multiple spectral bands locally, allowing for the joint enhancement of meaningful details while simultaneously smoothing noise.

Background: The association of echocardiographic findings and subsequent risk of left-sided native valve endocarditis (LS-NVE) is undefined. The aim of this study was to determine if transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) measurements are associated with the subsequent development of LS-NVE in patients without cardiac predisposing conditions. Methods: Institutional databases were evaluated for adults diagnosed with LS-NVE from 2008 to 2020. Patients with prosthetic valves, cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, intracardiac devices, injection drug use, and predisposing cardiac conditions were excluded. Only patients who had a TTE performed 6 months to 3 years before the development of LS-NVE were included as cases. Controls were patients within the same Mayo location with a TTE report and were matched in a 1:3 ratio according to age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and echocardiography date. Results: There were 148 cases and 431 matched controls. As compared to controls, IE cases had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (46.6% vs. 30.4%) and chronic kidney disease (46.6% vs. 28.1%) (p<0.001). Left ventricular outflow tract velocity (p=0.017), left ventricular ejection fraction (p=0.018), and E: e’ ratio (p=0.050) were associated with LS-NVE. Conclusions: Echocardiographic measurements were associated with subsequent LS-NVE development in this pilot study. A larger cohort of LS-NVE patients, however, is needed to validate these findings.

This study examines the absorption and concentration of anthracene (AN) in the garden radish. Studies were conducted to grow radishes from the sowing stage in soil contaminated with AN, and to grow radishes in soil contaminated with AN following maturity (27 days after sowing). For the growth in AN-containing soil from sowing onward, AN levels immediately after seeding ranged from 12,500-36,300 ng/g-ww. AN concentrations during growing period ranged from 7140-16,000 ng/g-ww in soil and from 38.2-2160 ng/g-ww in radish, respectively. For the growth in AN-containing soil after maturity, AN concentrations in soil and radish ranged from 9560-22,100 ng/g-ww and 342-2270 ng/g-ww. The concentrations of AN in the roots and leaves had a higher density than those in the stems. In these experiments, positive relationships between AN levels in soil and radishes were observed. It is inferred that the greater the degree of soil contamination, the greater the effect on the amount of AN assimilated by the radishes. The concentration ratio (radish-to-soil; Cr/Cs) decreased exponentially with days since AN application. This indicates that the concentration ratio is affected by time in contact with AN. According to the results for the change over time of Cr/Cs and contents by radish part, it is thought that AN in the soil has good absorption through the roots to circulate within the organism, and is preferentially distributed and accumulated in the roots and leaves, which have high organic matter content.

Clinical work conducted over the last seventeen years at the EEG Institute in Los Angeles and by other neurofeedback providers around the world has demonstrated the utility of extending frequency-based neurofeedback deep into the infra-low frequency (ILF) region, using the method of endogenous neuromodulation described herein. The method is characterized by the absence of any overt reinforcements, which makes it possible to extend the clinical reach to extremely low frequencies. As the training frequency is lowered, the signal becomes more difficult to discriminate, and ultimately it can only be discerned by the brain itself, in the process of endogenous neuromodulation. The method emulates how the brain does skill learning in general: It must observe itself performing the skill, with feedback on its performance. While the immediate target of ILF neurofeedback is enhanced self-regulatory competence--with symptomatic relief and functional recovery the secondary consequences, progressive lowering of the target frequencies has led to improved outcomes in application to challenging dysfunctions such as episodic suicidality, migraine, seizures, and bipolar mood swings. The work has also yielded insights into how the frequency domain is organized. The training proceeds best at frequencies that are specific to each individual, and these are referred to as optimal response frequencies (ORFs). These frequencies differ for various placements but stand in two fixed relationships to one another, one that holds over the EEG spectral range, and another that holds over the entire ILF range. Training in the ILF region engages the dynamics of the glial-neuronal networks, which govern tonic, resting state regulation. The collective clinical experience with ILF neuromodulation within a large practitioner network supports the case for making protocol-based, individualized ‘homeodynamic’ regulation a therapeutic priority, particularly for our most impacted clinical populations: addiction, trauma formations, traumatic brain injury, and the dementias. The case is made for further outcome studies and foundational research.

Vasculitis diseases include Kawasaki Disease (KD), Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS), Multisystem Inflammatory Syndromes (MIS), Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HS) or IgA Vasculitis, and additional vasculitis diseases. These diseases are often preceded by infections or immunizations. Disease incidence rates are higher in children than adults. These diseases have been extensively studied, but understanding of the disease etiology remains to be established. Many studies have failed to demonstrate an association between these vasculitis diseases and vaccination. Here, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is used to demonstrate that, in certain rare cases, the number of cases of KD, MIS, and HS is higher than background following vaccination. These rare cases are predicted to occur in individuals with genetic risk factors who produce antibody titer levels above primary immune response level. Herein, the model of humoral immune response antibodies bound to antigens (pathogen or vaccine) creating immune complexes is proposed. These immune complexes are proposed to bind Fc receptors on immune cells and platelets resulting in cell activation and release of inflammatory molecules including histamine and serotonin. Immune complexes and inflammatory molecules including serotonin and histamine likely trigger vasculitis. Elevated serotonin and likely histamine drive initial vasoconstrictions disrupting blood flow. Increased blood flow pressure from cardiac capillary vasoconstrictions is predicted to trigger coronary artery aneurysms in some patients. For KDSS and MIS patients, these cardiac capillary vasoconstrictions are predicted to result in ischemia followed by ventricular dysfunction. Ongoing ischemia can result in long-term cardiac damage. Cases associated with pathogens are likely to have persistent infections triggering disease onset.

To obtain a cost-effective and high-performance composite material of polybutylene adipate-terephthalate (PBAT), for this study we selected microcrystalline cellulose, which is inexpensive and easily available, as the reinforcing medium. Hexadecyl trimethoxysilane (HDTMS) containing a long carbon chain was chosen to silanize the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to obtain silanized cellulose (SG). Three types of SGs with different degrees of silanization were obtained by controlling the reaction ratio. Characterization of these three types of SGs was conducted using FTIR, TEM, and water absorption analysis. Subsequently, PBAT/SG composites were prepared through a sol-gel method, and the effects of these three types of SGs on the thermal stability, compatibility, mechanical properties, and dynamic thermomechanical properties of PBAT were evaluated. Furthermore, the mechanism behind enhancing the mechanical properties of the composite was analyzed. The results demonstrated successful synthesis of SG. As the reaction ratio between HDTMS and MCC increased, the nanoparticle size increased, while the water absorption decreased significantly. After SG was added to the PBAT composites, the yield stress increased while maintaining good thermal stability. Both the SEM and DMA results indicated good compatibility of the PBAT/SG composites. Analysis of the mechanical properties revealed that the tensile strength initially increased and then decreased with increasing blending ratio for all three composites tested; among them, the PBAT/SG2 composites exhibit superior performance, with a maximum tensile strength reaching 22 MPa at an 85/15 blending ratio—nearly 30% higher than that of pure PBAT alone. The addition of SG significantly improved the strength of the PBAT, and we speculated as to the underlying mechanism involved. This study provides a new idea for the industrial-scale development of degradable polyesters with low cost and good mechanical properties.

California and most other coastlines around the world are being impacted by both long-term sea-level rise and short-term extreme events. Because of California’s long and intensively developed coastline, it is an important area for evaluating responses to these challenges. The predominant historic approach to coastal erosion in California and globally has been the construction of hard coastal armoring such as seawalls and rock revetments. The concept of living shorelines – defined as using natural elements like plants, sand or rocks to stabilize the coastline – has been widely proposed as a soft or green response to coastal erosion and flooding. These approaches have very limited application in high-energy environments, however, such as California’s 1,100-mile-long outer coast and are not realistic solutions for protection from wave attack at high tides or long-term sea-level rise. Each of the state’s coastal communities need to identify their most vulnerable areas, develop adaptation plans, and plan eventual relocation strategies in response to an accelerating sea-level rise.

This research investigates the socio-economic impact of rattan cane processing on the livelihoods of practitioners in Ibadan Metropolis. It comprehensively assesses raw material availability, examines factors influencing demand and supply, and evaluates sales to determine the profitability of rattan processors. With the snowball and total enumeration sampling methods, the study engages with a diverse group of rattan processors. The study reveals a concerning 36% acknowledgement of a decline in the availability of canes attributed to deforestation and over-exploitation. Notably, it emphasizes that rattan product manufacturing in Ibadan Metropolis operates at a craft level, employing tools like saws, hammers, knives, gas cylinders, pinches, and tape rules, impacting production efficiency and product longevity. Additionally, the research underscores the absence of government support and credit facilities reported by all respondents. The Market Margin analysis highlights varying profitability levels across rattan products, with chairs exhibiting notably higher profitability (32.22%) than others. Individual profit margins for specific products, such as chairs (145.00%), underscore the significance of processing costs, production time, and market demand. The study offers strategic recommendations, advocating for district-level service centres for training, technology transfer, and support to enhance skills and technical efficiency. It calls for government intervention through incentives, facilities, tax breaks, and policies to fortify the rattan trade, improving production standards and unlocking export market potential. Furthermore, financial support, technical assistance, and mechanization should be employed to reduce production costs and time, ultimately elevating income generation in the rattan industry. This research contributes valuable insights to the discourse on sustainable livelihoods and economic viability within the rattan sector.

The study presents the evaluation of integrating Extended Reality applications in situ to foster visitors' experience at the Tomato Industrial Museum "D. Nomikos". This paper firstly provides an outline of the methodological, technological, and museological approaches undertaken to integrate XR in a quest to enhance visitors’ meaningful engagement with the industrial heritage-related exhibition. Storytelling and narration are key elements of the museums’ museological design [1] through audio tours and interactive AR-based visualization of the machinery’s role as well as internal function. This paper presents and discusses the evaluation findings. We adopted the User Experience Questionnaire method as the main vehicle for gathering quantitative data and analyzing the results with the use of corresponding metrics and benchmarks embedded in this evaluation tool. Moreover, we conducted semi-structured interviews and combined the qualitative data accrued in the form of accounts, suggestions, and remarks to reach more rich and dependable conclusions. This paper aims to offer both an instance of practice to the research community and a broader discussion of the challenges and prospects connected to the quest of employing emerging technologies and assessing their impact on visitors’ museum experience.

Novel genetic risk markers have helped to advance the field of cardiovascular epidemiology and refine our current understanding and risk stratification paradigms. Discovery and analysis of variants can help to tailor prognostication and management. However, populations underrepresented in cardiovascular epidemiology and cardiogenetics research may experience inequities in care if prediction tools are not applicable to them clinically. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to outline the barriers that underrepresented populations can face in participating in genetics research, describe current efforts to diversify cardiogenetics research, and outline strategies that researchers in cardiovascular epidemiology can implement to include underrepresented populations. Mistrust, a lack of diverse research teams, improper use of sensitive biodata, and constraints of genetic analyses are all barriers for including diverse populations in genetics studies. Current work is beginning to address the paucity of ethnically diverse genetics research and has already begun to shed light on the potential benefits of including underrepresented and diverse populations. Reducing barriers for individuals, utilizing community-driven research processes, adopting novel recruitment strategies, and pushing for organizational support for diverse genetics research are key steps that clinicians and researchers can take to develop equitable risk stratification tools and improve patient care.

While typically exhibiting characteristic features, fungal infections can sometimes present in an unusual context, having improbable localization (eyelid, face, joint), mimicking other skin diseases such as eczema, psoriasis, or mycosis fungoides, and appearing with unexpected color, shape, or distribution. The emergence of such a challenging clinical pictures is attributed to complex interplay of host characteristics (hygiene, aging population), environment (climate change), advances in medical procedures, and agent factors (fungal resistance, species emergence). We aim to provide a better understanding of unusual epidemiological contexts and atypical manifestations of fungal superficial diseases, knowing that there is no pre-established clinical guide for these conditions.

The transition region is a very thin but most peculiar layer in the solar atmosphere, located between the solar chromosphere and the corona. It is a key region for understanding the coronal heating, the solar eruptions triggering, and the origin of solar winds. Here, the gradients of all physical parameters are very high, including plasma density, ionization degree, temperature, and magnetic fields, etc. Therefore, the transition region should be highly dynamic, such as fast energy releasing and transporting, plasma heating, and even particle accelerating. They include two physical aspects: thermal and non-thermal processes. The thermal processes can be observed from the ultraviolet (UV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission by multi-wavelength images. The non-thermal processes, however, should be related to radio emissions especially at millimeter wavelengths, and the frequency range should span from several GHz to beyond 300 GHz, and the emission mechanism should be highly related to the magnetic fields and variations. The ultra-wide broadband spectral observations at millimeter wavelengths with high spectral resolutions may provide rich dynamic information about the transition region, such as non-thermal energy release and transmission, the flows of plasma and energetic particles, the magnetic fields and their variations, the generation and transportation of various waves, and the formation and evolution of the source regions of solar eruptions. Here, we discussed the spectral characteristics of millimeter-wave emission from the transition region and proposed a new conception of ultra-wide broadband millimeter-wave spectrometers to observe them.

The aim of this paper was to determine the soil phosphorus release risk from drained and re-wetted peatlands under different landcovers. The study was carried out at 10 soil profiles (organic soils, frequently with mursh in the topsoil, developed from low peat with various degrees of decomposition, on mineral subsoil or gyttja) located south-west of Lake Kośno nature reserve in northern-central Europe (north-eastern Poland). The soil samples were collected from the depths of 0-30 cm, 50-80 cm and 100-130 cm during spring, summer and autumn (in April, July, and October). In the laboratory, the following soil properties were determined: ash content, soil reaction, content of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total and plant-available phosphorus. Gyttja formations and hemic peats had the highest total P content (6.77 g∙kg-1 and 2.29 g∙kg-1, respectively). Murshes contained twice less P (1.18 g∙kg-1). In spring, more plant-available phosphorus (AP sp) was released in murshes (0.29 g∙kg-1) than in peats (0.07-0.14 g∙kg-1). In the summer, higher amounts of plant-available P were stated in fiber peats (0.37 g∙kg-1) than in murshes (0.26 g∙kg-1), whereas in autumn, the amounts of P in murshes (0.22 g∙kg-1) and peats (0.21-0.23 g∙kg-1) did not vary. Generally, average contents of AP were the highest in murshes (0.26 g∙kg-1) and fiber peats (0.25 g∙kg-1), and the lowest in sapric peats (0.15 g∙kg-1). The release of phosphorus from organic compounds or binding of P by organic matter (immobilization) depends on the C:P ratio in plant residues and soil. If it is wide (&gt;300), P is bound, if it is narrower (150–200), P is released. In the tested soil formations, the C:P ratio was frequently above 300. Only in some murshes and gyttjas the C:P ratio was below 150, which may indicate a risk of phosphorus release to groundwaters.

Achieving sustainable development will require improved water management, but the main framework to address it, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), lacks clarity and acceptance among a diverse community of many stakeholders. This creates communication problems and obscures issues that people care about like drinking water and pollution prevention. As a process within IWRM, the concept of water resources assessment also suffers from a lack of clarity, which leads to ambiguity and reports that are too general to lead to action. This lack of acceptance of IWRM and water resources assessment saps support for essential data collection, analysis, and reporting. Clarifying IWRM will require work within the water community and better messaging to stakeholders. Methods for water resources assessment can be clarified by linking outcomes to higher level reporting of policy and issues. Acceptance of the role of water resources assessment can be facilitated by adding it to the management instruments in the IWRM Toolbox. Stovepipes among water management agencies require coordination to achieve this, usually through framework studies. Improved messaging will involve what people and stakeholders care about and will require changed approaches to presentation of outcomes by categories, such as drinking water, pollution prevention, and flood risk reduction. Researchers can report outcomes with technical messaging that trends toward uniform language and definitions and the water resources management community can nudge its media outlets to carry unifying messages.

There is an urgent need to develop new therapies for cancer treatment due to high rates of resistance and tumor relapse. Moreover, chemotherapy and radiation weaken the immune system and leave patients susceptible to sudden death from infections and organ failure since antineoplastic drugs lack specificity. Hence, scientists worldwide continue the search for natural alternatives with anticancer activities and fewer side effects. In this regard, traditional medicine offers strategies for preventing and treating numerous diseases and nowadays scientific studies worldwide highlight some of the mechanisms underlying their potential as an effective alternative for the management of cancer. In Mexico, Mayan healers have been prescribed mainly medicinal plants for more than 2,000 years. Furthermore, their ethnomedical knowledge has led to drug discovery or the development of herbal remedies. Medicinal plants from the genus of Cissus remain an important element of all indigenous medical systems in Mexico including the Mayan tribes in Yucatan, particularly for the management of gastrointestinal illnesses, sores, cutaneous diseases, and tumors. In this review, we present the reported bioactivities against cancer cells of the extract and compounds from the species of Cissus with a particular focus on recent studies on the phytochemistry of C. trifoliata which is widely distributed in Mexican territory and used for tumor management in traditional medicine.

This paper explores the interactions of dynamic dark energy with other components of the cosmos, such as dark matter and baryonic matter, and its wide-ranging implications in cosmology. By investigating the interplay between dynamic dark energy and the universe's large-scale structure, we aim to provide a deeper understanding of cosmic evolution and the behavior of dark energy in different cosmological epochs. We also examine the potential of dynamic dark energy to offer novel insights into long-standing cosmological puzzles and their impact on the formation and evolution of cosmic structures.

Rapid haemostasis during surgery is essential when one wants to reduce the duration of opera-tions, reduce the need for transfusions, and above all when one wants to achieve better patient management. The use of haemostatic agents, sealants and adhesives improves the haemostatic process by offering several advantages, especially in vascular surgery. These agents vary widely in their mechanism of action, composition, ease of application, adhesion to wet or dry tissue, im-munogenicity and cost. The most used are cyanoacrylate-based glues (Glubran 2) or polysaccharide hydrogel-microsphere powder (AristaTMAH). This work is based on a retrospective study carried out on a sample of patients with different vascular diseases (FAV, pseudoaneurysm and PICC application) in which two different haemostatic sealants were used. The aim was to assess the safety, the advantages and the ability of both sealants to activate the haemostatic process at the affected site, also in relation to their chemical-physical characteristics. The obtained results showed that the application of Glubran 2 and AristaTMAH as surgical wound closure systems is effective and safe as the success achieved was ≥94% on anastomoses of FAV; 100% on stabilization of Picc catheters; ≤95% on pseudoaneurysms.

Glaucoma poses a serious public health concern as it is the second leading cause of blindness after cataracts, while also being the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Glaucoma is more prevalent among Black, Latino, and Asian populations and it is essential to examine both racial and ethnic disparities that exist in treatment and prevention. As the number of people with glaucoma continues to grow, it is important to review aspects of this condition in order to better care for those affected. This article will review significant forms of glaucoma and what differentiates them in a diagnosis, treatment options, and recommendations on prevention and improving awareness

Mesothelioma of the peritoneum is the second most prevalent type. The peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdomen and abdominal organs, is affected in this type of cancer. A common risk factor is exposure to asbestos. There isn’t a cure, but surgery, chemotherapy, and palliative care can improve your prognosis and quality of life. Here we present a case of a 47-year-old female with peritoneal mesothelioma.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a primary genetic disease caused by mutations of the desmosome genes. Ever since the introduction of new imaging criteria, like cardiovascular magnetic resonance, the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is more challenging as left ventricular or biventricular variants may cause resemblance with other cardiomyopathies or myocarditis. Not only this, but they may also share an acute phase that might determine even more confusion and misdiagnosis which can influence prognosis and outcome. In this case report we present a 31-year-old patient with multiple clinical pictures: acute chest pain, new onset of heart failure and arrhythmia symptoms which determined a dynamic change in clinical diagnosis and management, ultimately taking into consideration arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Through the article we try to emerge and explain common pathophysiological pathways shared by arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and other clinical entities with a special focus on inflammation. The final question remains: “If there is more than one heart disorder that eventually will lead to the same clinical picture, one could not but wonder if arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is rather a syndrome than a specific condition?”

Headache is considered to be one of the most common causes of medical treatment and evaluation worldwide in both acute and outpatient settings. It is the most common neurological symptom seen worldwide affecting all genders, ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic levels. It’s impact is noted in educational decline in school-aged children and decreased productivity through sick leave in adults. Its overall burden is well documented in well-resourced countries but limited data is seen low resourced countries. While many underlying causes bring about secondary headaches, primary headaches and more specifically migraines have been more widely explored. Migraines have a distinct criterion that is inclusive of one day duration (4 hours to 7 days, unilateral distribution, nausea and vomiting and disability as a few examples. However, migraines can vary and proper documentation through a migraine diary can help to guide treatment. Management of migraines can vary. Lifestyle modification is a key factor in the overall prevention and reduction of triggers in migraines. In addition to this, pharmacotherapy can be given in a tier-based approach based on overall severity and frequency of the migraine. Interventions have progressed from botox injection and have seen the advent of new medications such as nasal sprays to novel formulations of pre-existing drug formulations. Nonetheless, there is great room for further studies of headaches and migraines. Research specifically in low-resource countries can prove to beneficial.

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) and phaeohyphomycosis (FEO) are infections caused by melanized filamentous fungal agents, primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions. Both infections pose significant challenges for the correct identification of the causative agent due to their morphological similarity, making conventional methods of morphological analysis highly subjective. Therefore, molecular techniques are necessary for the precise determination of these species. In this regard, this study aimed to contribute to a new methodology based on PCR-RFLP for the identification of agents causing CBM and FEO. Sequences from the ITS region were used to identify potential restriction enzyme sites in silico, followed by in vitro validation using the selected restriction enzymes. The obtained results were compared with species identification through morphological analyses and sequencing. The results demonstrated that the PCR-RFLP applied in this study accurately identified two major agents of chromoblastomycosis, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Fonsecaea monophora, as well as Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala dermatitidis, both causative agents of phaeohyphomycosis. In this context, the proposed assay can complement current methods for identifying these species, aiding in diagnosis, and contributing to the proper management of these infections.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common congenital infection worldwide, affecting between 0.7% and 1% of all live births. Approximately 11% of infected newborns are symptomatic at birth, and between 30% and 40% of these are at risk of developing long-term neurological sequelae. Until recently, the lack of an effective treatment did not justify universal testing of pregnant women. In recent years, however, valacyclovir at a dose of 8 g/day has been shown to be effective in preventing vertical transmission, and ganciclovir has been shown to be effective in preventing long-term sequelae in the treatment of symptomatic neonates. The aim of this article is to review congenital CMV infection, from its epidemiology to its treatment, using the most recent studies in the literature, and to help in the decision to modify protocols for universal testing of pregnant women according to the possibilities of each locality.

Vulnerable carotid plaques are responsible for 20% of the ischemic strokes. The identification of those asymptomatic carotid plaques that will become symptomatic is essential but remains unclear. Our main goal was to investigate whether the amount of the peri-carotid adipose tissue, estimated by the extra-media thickness (EMT) is associated with the atherosclerotic characteristics at the carotid bifurcation in patients with PAD. An observational, prospective, single-center, longitudinal study was conducted. 177 patients performed carotid Doppler-ultrasound. The following data was collected: EMT, intima-media thickness (IMT), presence of carotid plaques, area of the highest plaque, and grade of internal carotid stenosis. From each carotid bifurcation a right and left EMT was determined. We analyzed both the mean EMT (calculated as the mean between the right and the left EMT) and the EMT ipsilateral to the carotid bifurcation. The presence of carotid plaques was associated with a higher mean EMT, [Median=1.14; IQR=0.66 versus Median=0.97; IQR=0.40; p=.001]. A positive correlation was found between mean EMT and IMT (right: ρ=.20; p=.010; left: ρ=.21; p=.007) and between mean EMT and area of the largest carotid plaque (right: ρ=.17; p=.036; left: ρ=.22; p=.004). Left carotid stenosis ≥ 70% was associated with higher mean EMT. [Median=1.55; IQR=0.68 versus Median=1.00; IQR=0.46; p=.019]. Patients with “acute culprit” carotid stenosis had a higher ipsilateral EMT [Left ipsilateral EMT: Median=1.46; IQR=0.63; “non-acute”: Median=0.94; IQR=0.43; p=.009; Right ipsilateral EMT: Median=2.25; IQR=0.62; “non-acute”: Median=1.00; IQR=0.51; p=.015]. This difference was not found in the contra-lateral EMT. Six months after the neurologic event, EMT ipsilateral to an “acute culprit” carotid stenosis decreased (p=.036). The amount of peri-carotid adipose tissue, estimated with EMT was associated with atherosclerosis at the carotid arteries. In particularly EMT could be a non-invasive marker of “acute culprit” carotid stenosis, easily determined in clinical practice. These findings may have implications in personalized medicine, for the determination of the best treatment approach.

Knowledge about the genesis and evolution of black soils in the Eastern Mediterranean is vital for sustainable land management. In this study, the black soils that currently occur in the Eastern Mediterranean were analyzed in different bioclimatic zones and were found to genetically be long to three soil types: 1-Calcareous black soils (Rendzina, Para-Rendzina) (Rendzic or Somerirendzic Leptosols -Typic Rendolls or Lithic Rendolls), 2-Hydromorphic black soils (Calcic Chernozems -Haploxerolls). 3- Black soils on Basalt (Somerirendzic Leptosols) (Haploxerolls). The impact of the relief was obvious on both the thickness of the solum and the mollic horizon. Rendzina occurs on the toe and feet slope, Para-Rendzina on the shoulders, and Chernozems on a flat plain. The color of the epipedon in Rendzina reflects the origin of the prevailing parent material from which they are derived: Proper Rendzina found on limestone, chalk, sandstone, conglomerate, and claystone; Reddish Rendzina on Dolomite and hard limestone, and Grayish Rendzina on Serpentine. It was also found that the Hydromorphic black soils only occur on calcic marl and lacustrine deposits in the depressions arising from the Dead Sea faults under saturation or bad drainage conditions. This soil has a thick, dark mollic horizon and high organic matter content.

Microplastic contamination, defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, has become a major global environmental concern. This study synthesizes findings from carefully chosen studies undertaken in a variety of geographical areas and ecosystems, offering light on the multifaceted issues posed by microplastic pollution. These articles show the global prevalence of microplastics in both land and marine ecosystems. Seasonal fluctuations in microplastic abundance highlight the cyclical nature of this pollution, with larger amounts being reported during the summer months. Tourism, industrialization, and urbanization have all been highlighted as significant contributors to microplastic contamination, stressing the impact of man-made influences. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as hotspots for microplastic release into aquatic habitats, emphasizing the need for enhanced treatment procedures. Because microplastics can build up in the food chain, it underlines the possible health problems connected with microplastic pollution for both aquatic creatures and human consumers. Longitudinal studies, geographical variety, in-depth health and ecological impact evaluations, standardization, and effective mitigation methods should be prioritized in future studies. To address this worldwide issue, interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, health professionals, politicians, and industrial stakeholders is required.

Cognitive linguistics is founded on the assumption that language is a reflection of universal cognitive principles, implying that all cognitive processes share a common origin. This assumption is known as the 'Cognitive Commitment.' The present article examines the sensory schema hypothesis, which traces all forms of expression back to sensations. This theoretical framework integrates the physicality of the body with sensations that underlie human experiences and their linguistic and non-linguistic expressions. By challenging the traditional dichotomy between mind and body, it provides a more integrated understanding.

Cannabinoid metabolites have been reported to be more potent than the parent compounds. Among them, Ajulemic acid (AJA) is a synthetic analogue of Δ9-THC-11-oic which will be a good template structure for discovery of more potent analogues. Herein, we optimized the key allylic oxidation step to introduce the C-11 hydroxy group with high yield. And a series of compounds were prepared with this condition applied including HU-210, 11-Nor-Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid and Δ9-THC-COOH.

The treatment, disposal, and resource utilization of waste mud are challenges for engineering construction. This study investigates the road performance of waste mud–solidified soil and reveals the mechanism of how solidifying materials influence the strength and deformation characteristics of waste mud. Waste mud, collected from a highway reconstruction project, was mixed with ordinary Portland cement as a solidifying material. Unconfined compressive strength tests, consolidated undrained triaxial shear tests, resonant column tests, and consolidation compression tests were conducted to evaluate the solidification effect. The test results show that with an increase in cement content from 5% to 9%, the unconfined compressive strength of the waste mud–solidified soil increased by over 100%, the curing time was extended from 3 days to 28 days, and the unconfined compressive strength increased by approximately 70%. However, an increase in initial water content from 40% to 60% reduced the unconfined compressive strength by 50%. With the increase of cement content from 5% to 9%, the cohesion and friction angles increased by approximately 78% and 24%, respectively. The initial shear modulus under dynamic shear increased by approximately 38% and the shear strain corresponding to a damping ratio decay to 70% of the initial shear modulus decreased by nearly 11%. The compression coefficient decreased by approximately 55%. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction tests showed that a higher cement content led to the formation of more hydration reaction products, especially an increase in the content of AlPO4. The bonding material between soil particles significantly increased, exerting a bonding and filling effect on soil particles and firmly adhering them together. Consequently, the strength of the waste mud–solidified soil increased significantly while its compressibility decreased.

Cholesterol siRNA conjugates attract attention because they allow the delivery of siRNA into cells without the use of transfection agents. In this study, we compared the efficacy and duration of silencing induced by cholesterol conjugates of selectively and totally modified siRNAs and their heteroduplexes of the same sequence and explored the impact of linker length between the 3' end of the sense strand of siRNA and cholesterol on the silencing activity of “light” and “heavy” modified siRNAs. All 3'-cholesterol conjugates were equally active under transfection, but the conjugate with a C3 linker was less active than those with longer linkers (C8 and C15) in a carrier-free mode. At the same time, they are significantly inferior in activity to the 5'-cholesterol conjugate. Shortening the sense strand carrying cholesterol by 2 nucleotides from the 3'-end did not have a significant effect on the activity of the conjugate. Replacing the antisense strand or both strands with fully modified ones has a significant effect on silencing as well as improving the duration in transfection-mediated and carrier-free modes. A significant 78% suppression of MDR1 gene expression in KB-8-5 xenograft tumors developed in mice promises an advantage from the use of fully modified siRNA cholesterol conjugates in combination chemotherapy.

The article presents a technology for producing nitrogen-containing nanoporous biocarbon with high degree of elemental composition homogeneity, confirmed by electron spectroscopy. The research explores the relationship among the electronic characteristics of supramolecular nanoporous carbon, its porous structure, and the capacitance at its interface with the electrolyte. The obtained biocarbon is characterized by micro and mesopores, as evidenced by the results of studies by the method of nitrogen adsorption/desorption. The specific area of the available porous surface was found to be 1247 m2/g. Comparing this result with the data of small-angle X-ray scattering, we conclude that micropores are open while mesopores remain closed. This material was found to have a saturation magnetization σs of 1.4 A∙m2∙kg-1 and a coercive force Hc of 10 kA/m. The impedance studies of electrochemical cells of supercapacitors made of the experimental biocarbon were carried out. Equivalent electrical circuits of the studied electrochemical processes were constructed and characterized.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare has ushered in a revolutionary era by transforming the way we provide care and reduce adverse consequences. This paper explores the field of AI applications in healthcare, including side effect management, streamlined administrative procedures, and customized treatment programs.

Automated Guided Vehicles are self-guided vehicles used in manufacturing and warehouses for material transport. They play a vital role in just-in-time material delivery, ensuring smooth production lines. However, disruptions in their fixed routes can lead to efficiency losses. This paper studies unexpected disruptions in mobile robot routes, assessing the costs of rectification using the E* analysis. The study highlights the significant additional cost of such disruptions, underscoring the importance of their consideration in AGV route planning to enhance system resilience.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health issue worldwide that affects the world economy. The concern associated with this issue increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The misuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic will have catastrophic implications for the control of AMR. In 2019, the coronavirus illness COVID-19 first appeared in China. COVID-19 infection is a surface-to-surface communicable disease. It is considered the most vital global health disaster of the century. It has rapidly spread around the world and is the greatest challenge for humankind. This chapter discusses the origin, symptoms, transmission, treatment, and recommendations of the COVID-19 disease.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome 27-31kbases in length. Critical genes include the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and 9 accessory open reading frames encoding for non-structural proteins (NSPs) that have multiple roles in the replication cycle and immune evasion (1). There are 7 known human CoVs that most likely appeared after zoonotic transfer, the most recent being SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic. Antivirals that have been approved by the FDA for use against Covid-19 such as Paxlovid can potentially target and successfully inhibit the main protease (MPro) activity of multiple human CoVs, however alternative proteomes encoded by CoV genomes have a closer genetic similarity to each other, suggesting that antivirals could be developed now that target future CoVs. New zoonotic introductions of CoVs to humans are inevitable and unpredictable. Therefore, new antivirals are required to control not only the next human CoV outbreak, but also the 4 common human CoVs (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1) that circulate frequently and to contain sporadic outbreaks of the severe human CoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS and SARS-CoV-2). The current study found that emerging antiviral drugs, such as Paxlovid, have only been proven to target SARS-CoV-2. Other drugs which have the potential to target other human CoVs, are still within clinical trial and are not yet available for public use. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 can reduce mortality and hospitalisation rates, however they target the Spike protein whose sequence mutates frequently and drifts. Spike also is not applicable for targeting other HCoVs as these are not well conserved sequences among human CoVs. Thus, there is a need for readily available treatments globally that target all 7 human CoVs and improve the preparedness for inevitable future outbreaks. Here we discuss antiviral research contributing to the control of common and severe CoV replication and transmission, including the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The aim was to identify common features of CoVs for antivirals, biologics and vaccines that could reduce the scientific, political, economic and public health strain caused by CoV outbreaks now and in the future.

Tritordeum is an amphiploides species resulting from the hybridization between durum wheat (T. durum) and wild barley (H. chilense). This new cereal is considered a natural crop as it is obtained by traditional breeding techniques. Given its appreciable organoleptic characteristics, agronomic features, presence of interesting components, and good technological properties, tritordeum is of promising interest for the development of health-oriented foods. In this study, we evaluated two registered tritordeum cultivars, Bulel and Aucan. T. durum (Provenzal) was employed as the positive control. The extracted proteins were digested by gastric /pancreatic proteases and their biological effects on Caco-2 differentiated on transwell inserts were determined. Changes in cell viability, monolayer permeability, organization of F-actin microfilaments, and ER stress, triggered by protein-digested samples (DPs) were inspected. Our results showed that exposure to Provenzal-DPs promptly disrupted the tight junction barrier. Conversely, Aucan-DPs did not enhance monolayer permeability; whereas, Bulel-DPs exerted only slight effects. Provental-DPs-induced toxicity was also confirmed by changes in cell viability and by the deep reorganization of the enterocyte cytoskeleton. In contrast, Aucan-DPs and Bulel-DPs did not affect monolayer viability and cytoskeleton structure. Overall, our findings suggest that both tritordeum cultivars could be potential candidates for mitigating the toxicity of wheat flour.

The COST Action ‘PED-EU-NET’, JPI Urban Europe, IEA EBC Annex 83 and EERA JP Smart Cities can be considered as the main promoters and pioneer initiatives of the research on Positive Energy Districts (PEDs), that collaborated to develop a tool called 'PED Database'. The tool aims to map, filter, sort, and compare PED experiences, providing a balanced overview of the technological and non-technological solutions adopted in different PED projects and case studies around Europe and beyond. The paper aims to present the collaborative step-by-step process leading to the PED DB implementation, describing the adopted methodology, the current results and potentials of the online version platform and introducing its future possible developments towards a more user-friendly and stakeholders-tailored tool.

Since ancient times, various scientists and doctors have utilized different herbs to heal diseases. Due to the rise in drug resistance and the negative effects of chemosynthetic drugs, researchers and the general public around the world have become more interested in medicinal herbs and plant metabolites/extracts. This is due to its non-toxicity and several health benefits when used to treat diseases in clinical and medical settings. Ocimum basilicum is one such plant, possessing a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroids and glycosides, as well as complex pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing and antiviral properties. The results of many studies on Ocimum basilicum plant extracts are collected and presented in this review. The plant extracts have an excellent potential to be used as medicinal raw materials and exhibit an extensive variety of therapeutic capacities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral properties.

Endoscopic medical images can suffer from uneven illumination, low contrast, and lack of texture information due to the use of point directional light sources and the presence of narrow tissue structures, posing diagnostic difficulties for physicians. In this paper, a deep learning-based su-pervised illumination enhancement network is designed for low-light endoscopic images, aiming to improve both global illumination and local details. Initially, a global illumination enhancement module is formulated utilizing a higher-order curve function to improve global illumination. Sec-ondly, a local feature extraction module incorporating dual attention is designed to capture local detailed features. Considering the significance of color fidelity in biomedical scenarios, the designed loss function prioritizes introducing color loss to alleviate image color distortion. Compared with seven state-of-the-art enhancement algorithms on Endo4IE endoscopic datasets, experimental re-sults show that the proposed method can better enhance low-light endoscopic images and avoid image color distortion. It provides an efficient method to enhance images captured by endoscopes which can effectively assist clinical diagnosis and treatment.

In order to achieve the target, several activities are being undertaken, including the development of multipurpose reservoir planning for the water supply and sanitation infrastructure, irrigation, and hydropower development for the H project. To undertake this work, the main data given was rainfall data, flow data, catchment area, base population for water supply, and so on. This report presents a specifically preliminary study and design of water supply, irrigation, and hydropower development for the project, which is carried out in accordance with the scope of work given by our professor. The preliminary study and design are therefore to investigate scenarios and alternatives and prepare a document of water supply, irrigation, and hydropower infrastructures for the provision of the assignment. This report, as required in the assignment, contains project background, water sources assessment, selection of suitable hydropower potential, and irrigation sizing, design criteria, descriptions of the proposed scheme, preliminary design of water supply components. The objective of the project is to recommend and design a cost-effective water supply system, irrigation, and hydropower development to supply reliable, sufficient, and safe water from a defined water source to the H project. The specific objectives of the investigation works are: • To assess potential water source alternatives for water supply • Selecting appropriate size for the reservoir which could satisfy all water demand • Assess and select suitable irrigation development and hydropower potential. • Preliminary study and design of all components of the reservoir and appurtenant structures The scope of the project generally focuses on preliminary study and design of water supply, irrigation and hydropower development components from water sources potential and the water balance output.

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) regulates many physiological processes that are involved in cancer development and progression such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by deacetylation of multiple substrates and association with interacting proteins. Due to its the ability to remove misfolded proteins, induce autophagy, and regulate unfolded protein response, HDAC6 plays a protective role in responses to stress and enables tumor cells survival. HDAC6 is often overexpressed in tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC) and is correlated with poor disease prognosis. However, it has been shown in animal models that HDAC6 is not essential for normal mammalian development. Therefore, it represents a good target for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 impairs growth and progression of many tumors without inducing major adverse events in experimental animals. In CRC, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown potential to reduce tumor progression and to enhance the therapeutic effect of other drugs. As HDAC6 is involved in regulation of immune responses, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown potential to improve antitumor immunity by increasing immunogenicity of tumor cells, augmenting immune cell activity and alleviating immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Therefore, HDAC6 inhibitors may represent promising candidates to improve the effect and to overcome resistance to immunotherapy.

Here we analyze three well-known conjectures: (i) the existence of infinitely-many twin primes, (ii) Goldbach’s strong conjecture, and (iii) Polignac’s conjecture. We show that the three conjectures are related to each other. In particular, we see that in analysing the validity of the Goldbach’s strong conjecture, one must consider also the existence of an infinite number of twin primes. As a consequence of how we approach this analysis, we also observe that if this conjecture is true, then so is Polignac’s conjecture. Our first step is an analysis of the existence of infinitely-many twin primes numbers. For this, using the formula 4((n−1)!+1) ≡ −n (mod n(n + 2)) – satisfied if and only if (n, n + 2) are twin primes –, together with Wilson’s theorem, we obtain conditions that must be met for two numbers to be twin primes. Our results, obtained from an analytic and functional study, lead us to conclude that there may exist infinitely-many twin primes. Next, we consider the validity of the Goldbach’s strong conjecture. After showing that the conjecture is true for the first even numbers, we notice a pattern that we analyze for any even number, reducing it to three cases: (i) when the even number 2n is two times a prime number n; (ii) when the even number 2n is such that n = 2m, with 2m − 1 and 2m + 1 twin primes; (iii) all other cases, i.e., for any 2n even number ∀n ∈ N with n > 1, n prime or not, with independence of n = 2m being 2m−1 and 2m+1 twin primes or not. In this last case we show that one can always find a certain r ∈ N such that 1 < r < n satisfying that n−r and n+r are primes, so that their sum is 2n. In this case we use the reduction to absurd method, and our results lead us to conclude that Goldbach’s strong conjecture is true to the best of our calculations, as well as the Polignac’s conjecture.

Polyurethane is used extensively in the furniture industry, primarily in beds and sofas. There is a significant volume of research pertaining to the flammability of polyurethane materials, but very little regarding smoke toxicity. Given toxic fire effluents are a primary cause of injury and fatalities, more work needs to be done to test the toxicity of polyurethane materials and the fire retardants they are coated/bound with. The aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the decomposition of polyurethane and discuss the development and application of modern fire retardants and their effect on smoke toxicity. This work then provides discussion on the challenges faced when attempting to quantify the toxicity of the effluent produced during combustion. Future work should aim to reduce the toxicity and flammability of polyurethane simultaneously by; reducing the pyrolysis of the polymer, preventing the escape of volatile products, reducing radicals within the system and lowering the temperature of the system. Before this can be achieved, a better understanding of smoke toxicity and the ability to test materials is needed.

Micro/Nano Robot is an intelligent and efficient microrobot that can perform specific tasks under the influence of external stimuli. Depending on the application scenarios, the microrobot can adaptively transform into appropriate functional forms under different external stimuli, thus perfectly matching the needs. To date, microbots have been widely used in targeted therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering, environmental remediation, and other fields. Although the applications of microrobots are promising, there are only a few reviews that can focus on the preparation methods and driving mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to outline the current status of the development of these microrobots in order to provide some new insights for the further development of the field. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of microrobots in terms of preparation methods, stimulus response mechanisms and applications, and highlights the applicability of different preparation methods and stimulus types. Finally, the current challenges faced by microrobots are highlighted and possible solutions are proposed to facilitate the practical application of microrobots.

This paper introduces the implementation of a genetic programming (GP)-based procedure to the automatic design and tuning of process controllers. The proposed approach makes a significant contribution to the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in control engineering. Unlike other controller design methods, the GP-based program handles the entire design in the time domain, including differential operations like derivatives and integrals, without the need for intermediate inverse Laplace transformation. This approach not only simplifies the design process but also ensures that all generated controllers are implementable in physical systems. Furthermore, GP’s functions set includes various mathematical operations beyond basic arithmetic operators, such as trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic operators. The performance and validity of the resulting controllers generated by the proposed GP-based approach are evaluated by verifying whether the generator can replicate the structure and performance of those produced by traditional controller design methods and, in some cases, achieve even better results. As a result, the GP-based approach presents a promising solution for automating the controller design process and addressing control problems in various engineering applications.

Traumatic events, especially massive trauma resulting from catastrophic incidents, wars, or severe abuse, can elicit significant neuropsychological alterations, with profound implications for cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. This mini review delineates the primary neural changes post-trauma and underscores the importance of timely neuropsychological and clinical interventions. Specific brain regions, including the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, undergo physiological changes that can lead to memory impairments, attention deficits, and emotional disturbances. PTSD, a commonly diagnosed condition post-trauma, exemplifies the intricate relationship between trauma and memory processing. Furthermore, the concept of neuroplasticity, the brain's inherent ability to adapt and rewire, offers hope for recovery. Current clinical interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness practices, and biofeedback, leverage this neuroplastic potential to foster healing. The review underscores the vital importance of early intervention to mitigate long term neuropsychological impacts, emphasizing the role of timely and targeted clinical interventions. The synthesis of this knowledge is crucial for clinicians, allowing for informed therapeutic approaches that holistically address both the physiological and psychological dimensions of trauma.

Tumors are complex tissues of malignant cells surrounded by a diverse cellular micro-environment with which they interact. The molecular and cellular underpinnings of cancer cells have been increasingly understood during the last few decades. Nonetheless, a great deal remains unknown regarding the ways in which tumour cells modify their surroundings and impact the organisation and makeup of cells. This review aims to concentrate on recent advancements in molecular characterization of tumor cells and its immunology, provides recent and general insight into cancer immunity and immunotherapy, and discusses the immunobiology of human adaptive and innate immunity to malignant growth of cancer cells, the mechanisms that support human immune response from beneath, an up-to-date scientific development to cancer immunotherapy, and how tumor and host responses can Encircle as a military tactic effective anti-cancer immunity.

The exact, non perturbative, response theory developed within the field of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, also known as TTCF (Transient Time Correlation Function) applies to quite general dynamical systems. Its key element is called dissipation function, because it represents the power dissipated by external fields acting on the particle system of interest, whose coupling with the environment is given by deterministic thermostats. This theory has been initially developed for time independent external perturbations, and then it has been extended to time dependent perturbations. It has also been applied to dynamical systems of different nature, and to oscillator models undergoing phase transitions, which cannot be treated withe.g. linear response theory. The present work includes time dependent stochastic perturbations, in the theory, using the Karhunen-Loeve theorem. This leads to three different investigations of a given process. One in which a single realization of the stochastic coefficients is fixed, and averages are taken only over the initial conditions, as in a deterministic process. In the second, the initial condition is fixed, and averages are taken with respect to the distribution of stochastic coefficients. In the last investigations, one averages over both initial conditions and stochastic coefficients. We conclude illustrating the applicability of the resulting exact response theory with simple examples.

The leaf essential oils from five Eucalyptus spp.: E. astringens, E. camaldulensis, E. lehmanii, E. leucoxylon and E. sideroxylon growing in the same plantation area and conditions (plants with the same age and subjected to the same agronomic practices) were analyzed and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. The essential oil yields ranged from 0.14 to 0.96% (w/w), and their chromatographic profiles were resolved into 48 compounds; among them, 11 were common to all essential oils. Terpenoids (oxygenated mono, and sesquiterpenes) dominated (55.66-76.67%) the oil profiles. Although 1,8-cineole (21.97-50.93%) was found as the main oxygenated monoterpene in all examined essential oils, principal component analysis observed and confirmed an interspecific chemical variability. Additionally, a set of distinctive chemical markers that could serve as a reliable tool for discrimination of Eucalyptus species and for authentication and quality control purposes (for commercial samples) has been defined for each essential oil. The antimicrobial disc-diffusion assay results revealed that all essential oils were endowed with a strong antimicrobial activity, with those derived from E. camaldulensis, E. lehmanii and E. leucoxylon being the most active.

The research on the distribution of rural buildings is one of the fundamental works of urban-rural development in Vietnam. Adopting Mask R-CNN deep learning framework and collecting sub-meter remote sensing images, this research used a remote sensing interpretation model of rural buildings trained based on East Asian characteristics of rural buildings and successfully recognized about 2.87 million rural buildings in 34 Vietnamese provincial administrative districts with a total area of rural buildings of 2,492 million square meters. The reliability of the identification results was verified by manual detection and quantitative statistics, and a multi-scale database of rural buildings in Vietnam based on individual rural buildings was created. Based on the database, this paper analyzes the distribution characteristics of rural buildings and summarizes characteristics of rural buildings distribution at the country, regional, and provincial scales. The identification results lay the foundation for the next study of urban-rural relations in Southeast Asia and the construction of a basic database on villages.

In recent years, Neural networks are increasingly deployed in various fields to learn complex patterns and make accurate predictions. However, designing an effective neural network model is a challenging task that requires careful consideration of various factors, including architecture, optimization method, and regularization technique. This paper aims to comprehensively overview the state-of-the-art artificial neural network (ANN) generation and highlight key challenges and opportunities in machine learning applications. It provides a critical analysis of current neural network model design methodologies, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. Also, it explores the use of different learning approaches, including convolutional neural networks (CNN), deep neural networks (DNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN) in image recognition, natural language processing, and time series analysis. Besides, it discusses the benefits of choosing the ideal values for the different components of ANN, such as the number of Input/output layers, hidden layers number, activation function type, epochs number, and model type selection, which help improve the model performance and generalization. Furthermore, it identifies some common pitfalls and limitations of existing design methodologies, such as overfitting, lack of interpretability, and computational complexity. Finally, it proposes some directions for future research, such as developing more efficient and interpretable neural network architectures, improving the scalability of training algorithms, and exploring the potential of new paradigms, such as Spiking Neural Networks, quantum neural networks, and neuromorphic computing.

Defining measures of network efficiency and vulnerability for networks is a pivotal aspect in modern networking paradigms. We approach this problem from a game-theoretical perspective. We will consider networks in which actors have social or economic interests modeled by means of a cooperative game. This allows to define, for each network, a family of efficiency measures and another of vulnerability measures, parameterized by the game. The proposed measures use the within groups and the between groups Myerson values. These two values respectively measure which part of the classical allocation of Myerson corresponds to the productivity of players and which part to the intermediation costs. Also, which part of total centrality in social networks is due to communication or to beteewnness. In our proposal, the efficiency of a network is the proportion of the total productivity (or centrality) that players can retain using the network topology. The intermediation costs (and the betweenness centrality) can be viewed as a weakness with a negative impact. Then, we propose to calculate vulnerability as the proportion expent by players in intermediation payments. We explore the properties of these measures and we particularize them to several structures and particular games, also analyzing their asymptotic behaviour.

Solar flares are broadly classified as impulsive or gradual. Ions accelerated in a gradual flare are thought to be accelerated through a shock acceleration mechanism, but the particle acceleration process in an impulsive flare is still largely unexplored. To understand the acceleration process, it is necessary to measure the high-energy gamma-rays and neutrons produced by the impulsive flare. Under such circumstances, on November 7, 2004, a huge X2.0 flare occurred on the solar surface, where ions were accelerated to energies greater than 10 GeV. The accelerated primary protons collided with the solar atmosphere and produced line gamma-rays and neutrons. These particles were received as neutrons and line gamma-rays, respectively. Neutrons of a few GeV, on the other hand, decay to produce secondary protons while traveling 0.06 au in the solar-terrestrial space. These secondary protons arrived at the magnetopause. Although the flux of secondary protons is very low, the effect of collecting secondary protons arriving in a wide region of the magnetosphere (the Funnel or Horn effect) has resulted in significant signals being received by the solar neutron telescope at Mt. Sierra Negra (4,600 m). This information suggests that ions on the solar surface are accelerated to over 10 GeV with an impulsive flare.

When describing the tribological behaviour of technical surfaces, the need for full length scale microtopographic characterization often arises. The self-affine of surfaces and the characterization of self-affine by a fractal dimension and its implantation into tribological models are commonly used. The goal of our present work was to determine the frequency range of fractal behaviour of surfaces by analysing the microtopographic measurements of a brake plunger. We also wanted to know if the bifractal and multifractal behaviour can be detected in real machine parts. As a result, we developed a new methodology for determining the fractal range boundaries to separate the nano- and micro-roughness. In order to reach our goals, we used atomic force microscope (AFM) and stylus instrument to provide measurements in wide frequency range (19 nm - 3 mm). As a result of the power spectral density (PSD) based fractal evaluation, it was found that the examined surface could not be characterized by a single fractal dimension and that we developed a methodology for stopping the margin of validity of each fractal dimension, and we also developed a methodology for determining the limits of validity of certain fractal dimensions.

Product Development Process is widely known among industry and automobile companies. With the advance of technology and the need to improve product efficiency, many companies have been applying Lean Thinking principles. Their benefits lead those companies to implement their concepts and tools, like Value Stream Design in Indirect Areas, Obeya, Just-in-time (JIT) which is based on the production control system developed and implemented by Toyota. This article describes the case study of the implementation of Lean Product &amp; Process Development (LPPD) on the current Product Development Process (PDP) in an automotive company. The PDP was created by the organization and adapted from Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP). The main findings were a Value Stream Design model of an improved PDP as a useful and successfully contribution for the company. These improvements reduced the product development lead time from 700 days to 369 days. The process efficiency increased from 68% to 85%. The communication and transparency between the cross-functional team (CFT) was improved and show promise for achieving a successful launch of new products.

The interplay between thrombosis and inflammation, known as thromboinflammation, is a significant pathway driving cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, as well as COVID-19. Key modulators of this process have emerged as innate immune cells. Strategically positioned to promote thromboinflammation are neutrophils, the most predominant white blood cells in humans. Neutrophils can trigger an organized cell death pathway by releasing decondensed chromatin structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps. These structures are decorated with histones, cytoplasmic, and granular proteins, and have cytotoxic, immunogenic, and prothrombotic effects, which can accelerate disease progression. The activities of PAD4, which catalyses the citrullination of histones, and the neutrophil inflammasome are required for distinct steps leading to extracellular DNA release (NETosis). PAD4 activity has important implications for understanding the processes that drive thromboinflammation by linking the immunological function of neutrophils with the procoagulant and proinflammatory activities of monocytes and platelets. We will discuss how vascular blockages in thromboinflammation occur due to the interaction between neutrophil extracellular traps and ultra-large VWF (von Willebrand Factor). PAD4 activity has important implications for understanding the processes that drive thromboinflammation by linking the immunological function of neutrophils with the procoagulant and proinflammatory activities of monocytes and platelets. It will also review the mechanisms whereby vaso-occlusive events in thrombo-inflammation depend on the interaction of neutrophil extracellular traps with von Willebrand factor and suggest the importance of PAD4 in neutrophil inflammasome assembly and neutrophil extracellular traps in thrombo-inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and CVD.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an essential legume crop providing healthy and nutritious food for people in low- to middle-income countries, worldwide. Lentil roots support symbiotic interactions with soil rhizobia species fostering nitrogen fixation; however, assemblage and diversity of the complete microbial rhizosphere community and the effect of seed genotype and origin remains largely unexplored. In this study we examined with metagenomic analysis, the effects of seed origin on the rhizosphere’s communities in samples of the famous Greek lentil landrace Eglouvis derived from different local farmers and farming systems including a Gene Bank sample, in comparison to a commercial variety. The landrace exhibited higher rhizosphere microbiome diversity compared to the commercial variety for all indexes. A core microbiome comprised of 158 taxa was present in all samples, while higher number of unique bacterial taxa was recorded in the landrace samples compared to the commercial cultivar. Noteworthy, landrace samples originated from organic farming had more than double unique taxa compared to conventional counterparts. The study revealed higher diversity of N2 fixers and archaea, Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, in landrace samples and particularly in those derived from organic farming, underpinning the distinct recruiting efficiency of beneficial soil microbes by the landrace.

Cytokine adsorption can resolve different complications characteristic of transplantation medicine, such cytokine storm activation, blood immuno- and AB0- incompatibilities but can also be performed for the treatment of various life-threatening conditions, such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and cardiogenic shock, all of which can contribute to adverse clinical outcomes during transplantation. After surgery, dysmetabolism and stress response limit successful graft survival and can lead to primary (PGD) or secondary graft dysfunction. In this clinical context, and given that a major problem in transplant medicine is that the demand for organs far exceeds the supply, a technological innovation such as a hemoadsoption system could greatly contribute to increasing the number of usable organ donors. The objectives of this review are to describe the specific advantages and disadvantages of the application of cytokine adsorption in the context of transplantation and also to examine, before and/or after organ transplantation, the benefits of addition of a complementary cytokine adsorption therapy protocol.

Microstructured optical fibres (MOFs) are a new type of optical fibres that possess a wide range of optical properties and many advantages over common optical fibres. Those are provided by unique structures defined by a pattern of periodic or quasi-periodic arrangement of air holes that run through the fibre length. In recent years, MOFs have opened up new possibilities in the field of optics and photonics, enabling the development of advanced devices and novel optical systems for different applications. The key application areas of PCFs vary from telecommunications and high-power energy transmission to quantum optics and sensing. The stack-and-draw method is a standard manufacturing technique for MOFs, where a preform is first manually created and then drawn in a high-tech furnace into a fibre with the required final dimensions and position of the air holes. Since in the manufacturing process experimenters can control only a few parameters, mathematical models and numerical simulations of the drawing process are highly requested. They not only allow to deepen the understanding of physical phenomena occurring during the drawing process, but they also accurately predict the final cross-section shape and size of the fibre. In this manuscript, we assume thermal equilibrium between the furnace and the fibre and propose a functional form of the fibre temperature distribution. We utilise it with asymptotic mass, momentum, and evolution equations for free surfaces already available in the literature to describe the process of fibre drawing. By doing so, the complex heat exchange problem between the fibre and the furnace need not be solved. The numerical results of the whole asymptotic model overall agree well with experimental data available in the literature, both for the case of annular capillaries and for the case of holey fibres.

Spray technology is widely used in various industries, including medicine, food production, mechanical engineering, and nanopowder manufacturing. Achieving high dispersion and a narrow particle size distribution is crucial for many applications. Ultrasonic spraying is commonly used to achieve this. On other hand, hydraulic nozzles provide high atomization performance. Combining these two technologies promises to offer significant benefits, but the complex processes that occur simultaneously in such a device require careful study. This work proposes a fundamental design for an acoustic-hydraulic nozzle and investigates the physical processes when a liquid is sprayed using this nozzle, both theoretically and experimentally. The study identifies the critical modes of spraying and confirms that the simultaneous use of ultrasound and hydraulic pressure can produce a fine spray (droplet size less than 50 μm) with high productivity (5-10 ml/s). This approach has significant potential for modern industries and technologies.

The digital economy, driven by information and communication technologies (ICT), has profoundly transformed in recent decades. The digitalization of society has given rise to an economic environment in which information, connectivity, and innovation play fundamental roles. In this context, a technology that has emerged as a fundamental pillar of the digital economy is the chain of blocks, commonly known as blockchain. Blockchain is a technology that has revolutionized the way online data and transactions are managed and shared. Through its ability to create secure, transparent, and decentralized ledgers, blockchain has paved the way for the digital economy, facilitating trust in digital transactions and enabling various applications ranging from cryptocurrencies to supply chain management and intellectual property. This study will delve into blockchain and its influence on the digital economy. It will explore how this technology has reshaped how companies interact, how consumers access services, and how new business models are developed in a constantly evolving digital environment. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities that blockchain presents in the context of the digital economy will be analyzed, and how it is helping to shape the future of business and society in general. As the exploration of blockchain and its impact on the digital economy progresses, it becomes evident how these two forces converge, generating a promising digital landscape full of significant opportunities and transformations. This phenomenon is consistently supported by a growing body of research and analysis, which underlines the growing influence of blockchain on the global economy (Smith, 2020; Johnson, 2019). The dynamic interplay between these two spheres, blockchain and the digital economy, constantly evolves and offers an exciting glimpse into the future regarding innovation and disruption across various sectors (Jones, 2021; Brown, 2018). As a result, significant opportunities are looming for those seeking to understand and capitalize on these emerging trends (García, 2022). Throughout this study, the current trends and most intriguing perspectives that shape this landscape will be broken down, offering a deeper insight into how blockchain and the digital economy are shaping an extraordinary digital future

Land plants have undergone their great diversification and evolution in the past 400 million years. Although appearing complex and hard to grasp, the evolution of plants centers around an invariable core development process, SRC (Sexual Reproductive Cycle). Various modifications have been added sequentially to this core process, and thus creating various novel organs and distinguishing their bearers one from another. Reproductive organs of all land plants, including sporangium, megasporangium, metamegasporangium (= ovule), and various metamegasporangium complexes, are derived from terminal sporangia in the earliest land plants. Throughout the million-year-long evolution, plants sequentially recruit associating accessories to protect their vulnerable core parts (spore and gamete). The occurrence of every single of these novelties is a stair marking land plant reproduction evolution and leads to enhanced offspring development conditioning (ODC).

Notable critics, including Sunday Anozie and Robert Morsberger, have branded Christopher Okigbo's Labyrinths as allusions to the Nigerian crisis of 1965, as well as Igbo traditional religion, the historical and personal idiosyncrasies, and as a literary work from Theocritus and Vergil to Howl. This article veers from such imputations into a hitherto less trodden ground. It subjects the mind of the persona in Labyrinths -from 'Heavensgate' to 'Limits' and 'Silences', and from 'Distances' to 'Path of Thunder' to behavioural patterns. The article concludes that the behavioural patterns not only define how the mind works imaginatively, but that the very imagination wrought in obscurities methodically defines madness.

Eurotium is the teleomorph genus associated with section Aspergillus. Eurotium comprises approximately 20 species, which are widely distributed in nature and human environments. Eurotium is usually the key microorganism for the ferment ation of traditional food, such as Fuzhuan brick tea, Liupao tea, Meju, and Karebushi, thus Eurotium is an important fungus in food industry. Eurotium has been extensively studied because they contain a series of interesting, structurally diverse, and biologically important secondary metabolites, including anthraquinones, benzaldehyde derivatives, and indol diketopiperazine alkaloids. These secondary metabolites have shown multiple biological activities, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antitumor, insecticidal, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study presents an up-to-date review of the phytochemistry and biological activities of all Eurotium species. This review will provide the recent advances on the secondary metabolites and their bioactivities in genus Eurotium for the first time and serve as a database for future research and drug development from the genus Eurotium.

Marine yeasts have versatile applications in industrial, medical and environmental fields, but have received little attention compared to terrestrial yeasts and filamentous fungi. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis of 11 marine-derived yeasts was conducted using internal transcribed spacers and nuclear large subunit rDNA, and their bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and tyrosinase inhibition activities, were investigated. The 11 marine-derived yeasts were identified to belong to seven species including Geotrichum candidum, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Papiliotrema fonsecae, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Vishniacozyma carnescens, Yamadazyma olivae, and Yarrowia lipolytica, and three strains of these were candidates for new species of the genera Aureobasidium, Rhodotorula, and Vishniacozyma. Most extracts showed antioxidant activity, whereas seven strains exhibited antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis. Only Aureobasidium sp. US-Sd3 among the 11 isolates showed tyrosinase inhibition. Metschnikowia bicuspidata BP-Up1 and Yamadazyma olivae K2-6 showed notable radical-scavenging activity, which has not been reported previously. Among the isolates, Aureobasidium sp. US-Sd3 exhibited the highest antibacterial and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of marine-derived yeasts as a source of bioactive compounds for improving industrial applications.

The basis for computation in the brain is the quantum threshold of the ‘soliton’ accompanying the ion changes of the action potential and the refractory membrane at convergences. We provide a logical explanation from the action potential to a neuronal model of the coding and computation of the retina and have explained how the visual cortex operates by quantum phase processing. In the small world network parallel frequencies collide into definable patterns of distinct objects. Elsewhere we have shown how many sensory cells are mean sampled to a single neuron and that convergences of neurons are common. We have also demonstrated, using the threshold and refractory period of a quantum phase pulse, that action potentials diffract across a neural network due to the annulment of parallel collisions in phase ternary computation (PTC). Thus, PTC applied to neuron convergences results in collective mean sampled frequency and is the only mathematical solution within the constraints of brain neural networks (BNN). In the retina and other sensory areas, we discuss how this information is coded and then understood in terms of network abstracts within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex. First by defined neural patterning within a neural network, and then in terms of contextual networks, we demonstrate that the output of frequencies from the visual cortex contain information amounting to abstract representations of objects in increasing detail. We show that nerve tracts from the LGN provide time synchronisation to the neocortex (defined as the location of the combination of connections of the visual cortex, motor cortex, auditory cortex, etc). The full image is therefore combined in the neocortex with other sensory modalities so that it receives information about the object from the eye, and all abstracts that make up the object. Spatial patterns in the visual cortex are formed from individual patterns illuminating the retina and memory is encoded by reverberatory loops of computational actions potentials (CAPs). We demonstrate that a similar process of PTC may take place in the cochlea and associated ganglia, as well as ascending information from the spinal cord, and that this function should be considered universal where convergences of neurons occur.

The formation of the required AC voltage level is currently one of the most important problems. An unstable voltage level can lead to the failure of domestic and industrial equipment, also to the appearance of a lighting equipment flicker effect, which can adversely affect the operating mode. In this regard, the development of AC voltage regulators that perform the function of stabilizers has become relevant. In turn, new topologies should be energy efficient and reliable, this can be achieved by reducing the number of semiconductor elements, which in turn will reduce losses and increase efficiency. In addition to voltage stabilization, AC voltage regulators have found application as soft-start devices for asynchronous motors, and have become competitors to frequency converters. The power level can vary from units to tens of kilowatts where such devices can be used. This paper provides a review of AC voltage regulators, which can be used both as soft starters and AC voltage stabilizers. The analysis of the circuits was carried out and the efficiency was evaluated through their total harmonic distortions (THD), power factor and efficiency coefficient. Experiments were also performed for a number of circuits, where their operating modes were evaluated. Eventually, all circuits were divided into full number of switches with two or more AC switches per phase, with a reduced number of switches, where one AC switch per phase and with low number of switches – with one complementary pair of AC switches for all three phases.

Over the past few decades, synthetic polymer production has increased, and the production of plastics has surpassed all other man-made materials due to their versatility. Moreover, packaging plastic makes up around 40% of global plastic production. However, the excessive usage of synthetic packaging materials has led to severe environmental and health-related issues. Therefore, biobased packages are considered alternatives to substitute synthetic packaging on the market. Furthermore, the choice of packing material in the food industry is a perplexing process as it depends on various factors, such as the type of food product, its sustainability, and environmental conditions. Interestingly, due to proven gas barrier properties and biological activity, polysaccharide-based bioplastics show the potential to expand the trends in food packaging, including edible films and intelligent and active food packaging. This review discusses the structure, properties and recent developments in polysaccharide-based bioplastics as food packaging materials.

The results of the most recent investigation of triterpenoid-based antiviral agents effective namely in the HIV-1 and HSV-1 treatment were reviewed and summarized. Several key historical achievements are included to stress consequences and continuity in this research. Most of the agents studied belong into a series of compound derived from betulin or betulinic acid, and their synthetic derivative called bevirimat. A termination of clinical trials of bevirimat in the Phase IIb initiated a search for more successful compounds partly derived from bevirimat or designed independently of bevirimat structure. Surprisingly, a majority of bevirimat mimics are derivatives of betulinic acid, while other plant triterpenoids, such as ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid or other miscellaneous triterpenoids, are relatively rarely involved in a search for novel antiviral agent. Therefore, this review article is divided into three parts based on the leading triterpenoid core structure.

Currently, in a context of biorefinery and bioeconomy, lignocellulosic biomass is increasingly used to produce biofuels, biochemicals and value-added products. Microwaves and ultrasounds are emerging techniques that enable efficient and environmentally more sustainable routes in the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass. This review is divided into four parts. In Part I, the theoretical foundations of microwaves and ultrasounds are revisited. Dielectric constants for biomass, factors that influence pre-treatment, are some of the subjects addressed. In Part II, the effects that these technologies have on lignocellulosic biomass (on the size and surface area of the particle; on the content of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose; on the crystallinity index of cellulose; on the effect of solubilization of organic matter; on hydrolysis and reduction of sugars) are analyzed. In Part III, emphasis is given on how microwaves and ultrasounds can contribute to the achievement of value-added products. In this context, several examples of liquefactions and extractions are presented. Part IV describes examples of sonocatalysis of lignocellulosic biomass to obtain value-added products such as for instancethe production of furfural, which is significantly reduced by ultrasound.

An especially important species in southern Brazil, yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is traditionally consumed as tea, chimarrão and tererê. Yerba mate consumption has been stimulated by scientific discoveries that have identified high concentrations of bioactive compounds and their health benefits. There are no studies or scientific evidence to certify or guarantee stability of these compounds’ concentrations during different years in the same plants. We were interested in quantifying caffeine, theobromine, total phenolic compounds and proteins concentrations in leaves of yerba mate genotypes and their stability in the same plants over four consecutive years. Mature leaves from yerba mate genotypes selected on a provenance and progenies trial were collected in August of 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine), total phenolic compounds and total protein contents were quantified. Our results indicate large variations between genotypes regarding caffeine (0.035 to 2.385 g 100 g^-1), theobromine (0.0004 to 1.772 g 100 g^-1), total phenolic compounds (7.028 to 9.424 g 100 g^-1) and proteins (10.39 to 16.58 g 100 g^-1) contents, and also high stability of those compounds over the four evaluated years. A great variation of the studied bioactive compounds in different Ilex paraguariensis genotypes was found and its stability over four consecutive years was showed.

In recent years, the economies of many countries of the world are in a situation of intense shock processes. The current situation urgently needs to change the economic paradigm in the near future, which objectively requires the development of new conceptual models. The purpose of the paper is to develop the basic theoretical provisions of a new macroeconomics based on impulse and jump processes. Research problems are the following: 1) to describe the main types of impulse and jump functions with examples from economic theory and practice; 2) to perform an analytical representation of impulse and jump functions; 3) to select macroeconomic characteristics for the analysis of rapidly changing processes in the economy; 4) to create models and mechanisms for predicting impulsive and abrupt changes in macroeconomics. The approaches to the development of macroeconomic theory and its methods proposed in the article are not associated with the use of evolutionary continuous functions, for example, power functions, which is typical for many canonical macroeconomic models. These approaches do not include management decisions to achieve optimal values of given target functions, which is typical for recursive macroeconomic models of dynamic programming. This article is about formulating the foundations of macroeconomic theory and its methods, which, with some degree of accuracy, could give a forecast about the impending possibility of abrupt changes (impulse, shock, jump, stepwise and others) in the macroeconomic situation. The research methodology is statistical analysis, special methods for studying impulse and jump processes developed by the author. As a result of the study, the main provisions of the macroeconomic theory based on rapid impulse and spasmodic changes were formulated, approaches were outlined for constructing the tools of this theory, problems and tasks for further research were identified.

This paper deals with the analysis of the cognitive functions of the cerebral cortex or cortex in the evolutionary context. The triune brain model is presented given its notorious popularity in fields that are not strictly neuroscientific, and its limitations and inaccuracies are also shown. Although it is an outdated theory, this one represented the passage to a new era, because it really was the model of the movement towards understanding the brain in evolutionary terms. Next, the paper illustrates the different areas of the cortex and their functions, as well as the evolution of the brain and the cortex in vertebrates. To date, the expansion of the cortex with the amniotes was placed 300 million years ago, although recent studies place it in the lampreys more than 500 million years ago. Evolutionary changes in mammalian brain and cortex size are discussed, showing the evolution from three to six cell layers and trends in different groups of mammals. Finally, the most recent contributions in the field of research are illustrated, such as the role of neurogenesis and the evolution of the connectivity of the cortex.

Eating disorders (EDs) refer to a group of diseases characterized by a strong tendency toward chronicity, often involving distortions in body image distortion and other related symptoms The prevalence of EDs has increased in recent years, specifically in athletic populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse risky eating attitudes in a sample of 1102 subjects from Se-ville (Spain): 142 women and 960 men aged between 15-25 years old. An online survey, designed using Google Forms, consisted of three questionnaires (EAT-26, SCOFF, and BITE), were com-pleted individually and anonymously. With regards to the cut-off points, the percentage of posi-tive cases with significant scores was 11.43% for EAT-26, 31.22% for SCOFF and 4.36% for BITE. The study found that the probability of testing positive for EDs is significantly higher in women than in men (p < 0.001). Specifically, the risk attitude for EDs in female athletes measured by the EAT-26 test is three times higher than in male athletes, while the risk attitude measured by the SCOFF test is twice as high in females. Risk attitude for EDs in athletes measured by the BITE test is 8 times higher in females than in males. This study’s findings confirm several important as-sumptions made at the outset of the research. There is indeed a higher risk of EDs in athlete populations. Moreover, all three tests therefore show a higher frequency of possible events of EDs in women, with very similar percentages of difference between sexes. The tests also confirm the role played by the coaches in the prevention of EDs in sports and their capacity to reduce ab-normal food-related behaviours. Thus, the future inclusion of these tests in the screening of athletes is highly recommended.

Seaweeds have been the target of much attention due to the known bioactivities of some of their compounds. Although many studies about the application of seaweeds in various areas are available, these data are mostly about the raw extracts and not about specific compounds, such as seaweeds pigments. Moreover, the fungal infections of the skin, nails and hair caused by dermatophytes, are the most common fungal infections in humans. These pathologies require long periods of topical and/or systemic treatment that are associated with adverse effects and contraindications. This study had two objectives, the first was to evaluate the possibility of isolating and characterizing the pigments of Calliblepharis jubata and Fucus vesiculosus; the second was to assess their antifungal activity. The extraction of pigments was performed using a method of extraction by exhaustion; the purification was carried out by column chromatography. Three techniques were used to characterize the pigments, thin layer chromatography (TLC), UV-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal activity was evaluated using the micro-dilution method, following the EUCAST international standards, on three dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. It was possible to observe that the extract obtained from the seaweed C. jubata and F. vesiculosus, corresponding to the purified pigment phycobiliprotein, and the crude extract, an enriched extract, obtained from the seaweed C. jubata showed antifungal activity against the three fungal agents of human skin infection.

Autonomous Driving (AD) has become a prominent research area in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in recent years. This opens the door wider for self-driving cars to surpass conventional vehicles in the current market share. Despite its apparent simplicity, AD is composed of complex and heterogeneous systems, which are in need of a high level of coordination and alignment to ensure both full automation and safety. Therefore, numerous research studies have been conducted over the last few years to facilitate such coordination and accelerate the capacity of these types of vehicles to be self-managed in complex situations. The paper summarises these approaches that led to building what is known nowadays as the autonomous driving pipeline. Moreover, although skepticism exists regarding the practicality of AD as a viable alternative to traditional vehicles, extensive research suggests the multiple benefits of relying on them for mobility. While challenges remain in implementing AD in the real world, including regulation and technical issues, substantial progress in recent years indicates a growing acceptance of AD in the near future. This paper further explores the advantages and opportunities of the conducted such systems in facilitating the practicality of Autonomous Driving.

In this study, seventeen faceted gem-quality chrysoberyls exhibiting an attractive canary yellow color were investigated by a series of gemological, spectral, and chemical methods. Microscopic observation reveals distinct growth lines and inclusions, including CO2 fluids, carbon, and mineral crystals such as calcite, quartz, sillimanite, and mica, identified by the Raman spectrum. The FTIR spectrum exhibits the 2405 and 2160 cm-1 feature peaks and a 3223 cm-1 peak in all samples, which can be accompanied by the 3112 cm-1 shoulder, 3301, and 3412 and 3432 cm-1 peaks. The UV-Vis spectrum shows a Fe-related peak at 440 nm, along with the 650–660 nm band and the absorption band in the blue zone of the visible light. The chemical results of EDXRF reveal a V-poor, Cr-poor, and Fe-rich feature. The spectral and chemical results could contribute to explaining the origin of the canary yellow color, which originates from the abundant amount of Fe with very little influence from Cr or V.

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. It’s composition includes barriers, mucus and other substances as well as phagocytic and other cells. The purpose of the paper is to analyze in general grounds the immune system and the body immunity to cancer. Simple ideas and the qualitative theory of differential equations are used along with general principles such as the minimization of the pathogen load and economy of resources. In the simplest linear model, the annihilation rate of pathogens in any tissue should be greater than the pathogen’s average rate of growth. When nonlinearities are added, a reference value for the number of pathogens is set, and a stability condition emerges, which relates strength of regular threats, barrier height and annihilation rate. On the other hand, in cancer immunity, the linear model leads to an expression for the lifetime risk, which accounts for both the effects of carcinogens (endogenous or external) and the immune response. The stability condition allows a comparison of immunity in different tissues. The way the tissue responds to an infection shows a correlation with the way it responds to cancer. These statements are formulated at the qualitative level, but may and deserve to be quantitatively checked.

We report on recent experimental results on β decay into self-conjugate (N=Z) nuclei with mass number 58≤A≤70. Super-allowed β decays from the Jπ=0+ ground state of a Z=N+2 parent nucleus are to the isobaric analogue state, through so-called Fermi transitions, and to Jπ=1+ states, by way of Gamow–Teller (GT) transitions. The operator of the latter decay is a generator of Wigner’s SU(4) algebra and as a consequence GT transitions obey selection rules associated with this symmetry. Since SU(4) is progressively broken with increasing A, mainly as a consequence of the spin–orbit interaction, this symmetry is not relevant for the nuclei considered here. We argue, however, that the pseudo-spin–orbit splitting can be small in nuclei with 58≤A≤70, in which case nuclear states exhibit an approximate pseudo-SU(4) symmetry. To test this conjecture, GT decay strength is calculated with use of a schematic Hamiltonian with pseudo-SU(4) symmetry. Some generic features of the GT β decay due to pseudo-SU(4) symmetry are pointed out. The experimentally observed GT strength indicates a restoration of pseudo-SU(4) symmetry for A=70.

This review provides information on acne transcriptomics allowing deeper insights into acne pathogenesis and isotretinoin´s mode of action. Puberty-induced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin and androgen signaling activate the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Western diet (hyperglycemic carbohydrates, milk/dairy products) as well co-stimulate AKT/mTORC1 signaling. AKT-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear FoxO1 and FoxO3 results in their extrusion into the cytoplasm, a critical switch, which enhances the transactivation of lipogenic and proinflammatory transcription factors including androgen receptor (AR), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) but reduces FoxO1-dependent expression of GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6), the key transcription factor of infundibular keratinocyte homeostasis. AKT-mediated phosphorylation of the p53-binding protein MDM2 promotes the degradation of p53. In contrast, isotretinoin enhances the expression of p53, FoxO1 and FoxO3 in sebaceous glands of acne patients. Overexpression of these proapoptotic transcription factors explains isotretinoin´s desired sebum-suppressive effect via induction of sebocyte apoptosis but also its adverse effects including teratogenicity (neural crest cell apoptosis), reduced ovarian reserve (granulosa cell apoptosis), risk of depression (apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons), VLDL hyperlipidemia, intracranial hypertension and dry skin.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation plays a crucial role as a pathogenetic mechanism in PD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolic profile of PBMCs from PD patients and to search for a possible relationship be-tween cellular bioenergetics and YKL-40. Materials and methods: The study included 18 naïve PD and an age-matched control group (HC, n=7). Patients were diagnosed according to the MDS-PD, the UPDRS and the Hoen–Yahr scales. Mitochondrial activity was measured by a metabolic analyzer on isolated PBMCs from PD’s patients. Gene (qPCR) and protein (ELISA) expression levels of YKL40 were investigated. Results: New data are reported revealing changes in mito-chondrial activity and YKL-40 levels in PD patients. Bioenergetic parameters showed increased respiratory reserve capacity in the PD compared to HC. The protein levels of YKL-40 were three-fold higher in PD. We found a correlation between YKL-40 protein levels and basal respiration and between YKL-40 and ATP production. Conclusion: These observations suggest an interplay between YKL-40 and mitochondrial function in PD. We assume that YKL-40 gene and protein levels in combination with changes in mitochondrial function might serve as an additional tool to monitor the clinical course of PD.

Background: Evidence suggests that there is substantial comorbidity between fibromyalgia and Axis II pathology (i.e., personality disorders - PDs). The aim of the current study was to find out the exact cluster (A, B, C) PDs or traits that are more prominent in FM and may be predictors of FM diagnosis. Methods: Data from 86 subjects (53 with FM and 33 controls without FM) was analyzed in an observational, cross-sectional, comparative study. The assessment of categorical PDs and traits was performed independently with the Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Binary logistic regression was used to determine FM predictors among PDs traits. Results. Compared with controls, FM patients had higher rate of PDs diagnoses (56.7 vs 18.2%, P&lt;.001). However, the rate was significantly higher only for borderline PD diagnosis (28.3% vs 6.1% P&lt;.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that schizotypal and schizoid (cluster A), borderline (cluster B), and dependent (cluster C) personality traits may be significant predictors of fibromyalgia (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.415). Conclusions: Our results may reflect association of FM with personality traits of all three PD clusters: A (eccentric), B (dramatic), C (anxious). However, the most consistent evidence seems to be for borderline PD.

Pathogenic microorganisms can cause a range of infectious diseases and are often treated with antimicrobial agents. The rise of antimicrobial resistance caused by inappropriate use of these agents in various settings has become a global health threat. There is, therefore, a need to find new and effective agents to combat infections caused by resistant pathogens. Nanotechnology has seen significant growth and development in recent years and has a wide range of applications in various fields, including health, agriculture, and industry. This novel area offers the potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with antimicrobial activity, such as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The use of IONPs is a promising way to overcome antimicrobial resistance or pathogenicity because of their ability to interact with several biological molecules and to inhibit microbial growth. This review focuses on the most common green synthesis methods for producing IONPs using bacteria, fungi, plants, and organic waste, as well as the most common methods for the characterization of these IONPs. Finally, it summarizes their application as promising antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral agents.

Medical image analysis is an important branch in the field of medicine, which mainly uses image processing and analysis techniques to interpret and diagnose medical image data. Medical image data helps doctors to effectively observe and diagnose patients' body structures, tissues and lesions. Medical image analysis has been an important research area in the medical field, and it is important for disease diagnosis, treatment planning, and condition monitoring. In recent years, the rapid development of deep learning and computer vision technologies has contributed greatly to the automation, multimodal data fusion, real-time application, and accuracy improvement of medical image analysis. In addition, the development of deep learning has given rise to some new research areas in medical image analysis, such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for synthetic medical images, self-supervised learning for unsupervised feature learning, and neural network interpretability. In this paper, we will introduce some optimisation methods for medical images which are effective in improving the accuracy, efficiency and reliability of medical image analysis.

This article analyzes laws, normative reforms and regulations surrounding the practices and mechanisms of control over the consumption, cultivation and commercialization of cannabis. On the one hand, I investigate regulatory practices that deny rights for the consumption of cannabis classified as recreational. On the other hand, I study regulatory practices that extend rights for the production, consumption and commercialization of cannabis classified as medicinal and industrial. The empirical moment is composed of four stages and methodological tools. First, I conduct an analysis of state policies. Then, I analyze nine laws and codes on cannabis regulation from 1970 to the present. Next, I perform five semi-structured interviews. Finally, I develop two life stories of former people deprived of their liberty for cannabis cultivation and trade. In this way, I trace forms of regulation on multiple demands, knowledge, interests and beliefs. This research focuses on state regulation. Cannabis regulatory regimes are conceived as constructions of political, social and economic truths, meanings and rights. In sum, the answer to the question of how collective demands around cannabis are regulated in Ecuador stipulates that state action reinforces stigmatization and criminalization. In addition, it legitimizes moral entrepreneurs and counter-movements around cannabis.

Breast cancer is a common malignant tumour and studies have shown that early and accurate detection is crucial for patients. With the maturity of medical imaging and deep learning development, significant progress has been made in breast cancer classification, which greatly improves the accuracy and efficiency of classification. This review focuses on deep learning, migration learning, GAN, and lifelong learning to elaborate and summarise the important roles arising from breast cancer detection. This review also examines the dataset and labeling issues required for breast cancer classification. In conclusion, at the end of the article, we look at future directions for breast cancer classification research, including cross-migration learning, multimodal data fusion, model interpretability, and lifelong learning, and also explore how to provide personalized treatment plans for patients.

The required processes and steps for making bread include technological and innovative concepts. The current trend is the use of less toxic compounds and green processes. Besides lactic acid bacteria and yeast, other microorganisms with special properties, such as enzymes, new aroma and flavor, exopolysaccharides, and vitamins, among other compounds with beneficial properties, could be added to bread manufacture, improving bread quality and health effects for the consumers. Freeze drying, new encapsulation methods, cryoprotectants, spray drying, fluidized bed drying, and vacuum drying are used for probiotics and microorganism cultures that will be used as starters or biological additives in the fermentation. The same development is observed in the preservation methods, and studies with plant extracts and essential oils have been proposed and introduced, replacing chemical agents, such as propionate, within the clean-label bread formulations concept. Baking science is a growing research line incorporating innovative methods and biological additives.

Proposed study aims to investigate the digital transformation of Greek small and medium enterprises (SMEs), with a particular focus on their digital maturity and the strategic and organizational factors contributing to digital transformation. The research issue of digital transformation is attracting considerable interest among academics and business practicians since COVID-19 accelerated the procedure of implementing Industry’s 4.0 principles all over global economies. Quantitative research on 147 Greek SMEs revealed most important issues on how these businesses implement digital transformation, factors accelerating or decelerating the process, barriers and expected outcomes. Research enlights how SMEs face the transition to digital business and reveals the factors that can facilitate the whole process. Results can be valuable for stakeholders enabled to digital transformation process from both business and academic point of view, while there exist aspects that can contribute to policy makers / motivation developers in state’s level as well.

This review presents an updated overview of research concerning Leishmania protein structures, primarily sourced from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), that play a role in the metabolic pathways of the Leishmania parasite. Furthermore, we assess the current progress in the identification and development of bioactive chemical agents aimed at addressing this substantially overlooked tropical disease. We have analyzed experimental data obtained from in vitro, in vivo and in silico sources. This data has been categorized into four main areas: a) vector taxonomy and geographic distribution; b) parasite taxonomy and geographic distribution; c) enzymatic functions of proteins engaged in parasite/host interactions throughout various developmental stages (such as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, and cytokines); and d) established and experimental treatments employing bioactive chemical compounds. Our objective is to establish a foundational point of reference for research efforts concentrating on the elucidation of interaction mechanisms and the processes of ligand-protein activation/inactivation, specifically linked to Leishmania infections. Consequently, we emphasize enzymes recognized for their involvement in the biochemical pathways incited during Leishmania infection episodes. This review encapsulates the current understanding, offering insights to inform and direct future explorations aimed at targeting proteins and pathways to enhance the management of Leishmania-related diseases.

This article examines evolution of trans-regional Ethio-Djibouti railway corridor and its impact on urbanization. Exploratory and descriptive research methods were employed to examine the impact of this railway corridor. Case study also applied to examine eight selected intermediate cities. The article points out that, the Ethio-Djibouti railway corridor conceived different kinds of linear urban centers ranging from small towns to intermediate cities around stations. Those urban centers have been attracting industries along their fringes that leads to rural urban continuum ribbon urbanization. As the old railway line deteriorated, these linear urban centers on the railway corridor had also been declining from time to time. In 2011 new project was started to construct the Ethi-Djibouti standard gauge railway parallel to the old railway line. This new standard gauge railway infrastructure adopts ‘peripheral station’ development approach, which provides a room for width expansion for station based urban centers. It also attracts industries in a form of special economic zones, which causes for labour migration from rural and nearby small urban centers that caused rural-urban continuum of ribbon settlement; strengthen trade gate way for the landlocked Ethiopia that caused trans-regional integration.

Our knowledge of biology and mast cell (MC) function, as well as disorders associated with the pathologic activation of MCs has been evolving over the last few decades. Anaphylaxis, mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and mastocytosis are interrelated yet distinct conditions within the spectrum of mast cell activation disorders. Nevertheless, all three conditions can co-exist in one and same patient, as pathologic MC activation is the key finding in all three. When mediator release is excessive and involves multiple systems, anaphylaxis and MCAS may occur. Furthermore, mastocytosis is a clonal disorder of MCs and often presents with anaphylaxis and MCAS. Nevertheless, in some cases even proliferative and accumulative features of MCs in mastocytosis can account for symptoms and disease progression. In each case, diagnosis can be only made when diagnostic consensus criteria are fulfilled. The current article aims to provide a concise clinical update and pinpoint main difficulties in diagnosing these puzzling disorders of MCs in medical practice.

The expansion of Open World Video Games (OWVGs) has seen the emergence of multiple new fictional worlds. This type of video game is characterized by total immersion in a world built for the players entertainment. What videogames developers want when players enter an OWVG is that they could feel like if they were open a door to an entirely new world and leave the real world behind. These virtual worlds manifest as a complement, an alternative, or the successor to the physical universe, and in some way continue the philosophical tradition of possible worlds begun by Leibniz. Accustomed to ‘surviving’ in hostile environments, millions of people continued to improve their skills in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic while locked in their homes. Once the pandemic seems to start to be left behind, the paper analyzes the virtual worlds created by the video games and the relations between the pandemic and these fictional worlds.

Data Extraction is a technique is called as clustering which is used to retrieve data either from the files or data bases or both. This paper focuses on the performance evaluation parameters of the clustering algorithms based on different parameters or conditions or constraints and parameters which are used to perform the clustering process to get the clusters on the data sets. Therefore best clusters are retrieved when best parameters or conditions or constraints or preferences which are applied on the data sources for the clustering process. These parameters or conditions or constraints are opted by the user called as user preferences.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that poses a significant long-term health risk due to its debilitating complications. While the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes are well-established, the monitoring of its numerous complications presents a challenge, which can compromise patients' prognosis and quality of life. We analyzed the proteome of ten saliva samples, five from healthy individuals and five from patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The aim was to identify potential biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its complications. We used PANTHER and FUNRICH tools to conduct a functional analysis and enrichment approach. Our findings revealed 622 proteins involved in 16 disrupted biological processes, which are linked to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolic processes, response to stimuli, processes of the immune system, and signaling are notable due to their known relation with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Enrichment analysis has revealed that there are eleven biological processes that have been deregulated. These processes involve twenty different salivary proteins that are associated with multiple complications in diabetes. Our findings demonstrate that saliva is a dependable source of possible biomarkers that can be used to monitor diabetes and its complications.

Many of the potential immune therapeutic targets are similarly affected in adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD) disease, Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but also in a seemingly distinct Niemann-Pick type C disease with primarily juvenile-onset. This strongly argues for an overlap in pathogenic mechanisms. The commonly researched immune targets include various immune cell subsets such as microglia, peripheral macrophages, or regulatory T cells (Tregs), the complement system, and other soluble factors. In this review, we will compare these neurodegenerative diseases from a clinical point of view and point out the common pathways and mechanisms of protein aggregation, neurodegeneration and/or neuroinflammation that could potentially lead to shared treatment strategies. We also describe the common therapeutic approaches in treating the immune dysfunctions in these disorders, moving from immunization to microbiome regulation and stem cell treatment.

In the present work we consider two modified Chevallier-Polarski-Linder (CPL) models in the background of homogeneous and isotropic FLRW space-time, namely (i) the generalized CPL model (Model I) and (ii) the logarithmic form of the the equation of state for the dark energy. From the observational data sets ((Pantheon+)+BAO+HST), we find that at the present epoch (redshift $z=0$), the equation of state for the dark energy converges almost at the same value $\omega_{fld}\approx -0.86$ and the variation of $\omega_{fld}(z)$ with respect to the redshift parameter is very small for both models. we also find that the present value of the Hubble parameter $H_0$ is almost same for both the models. Finally, we compare the models in the light of Akaike, Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Bayesian Evidence. However, we find that Model II is better compared to the Model I from the estimated value of the deceleration parameter.