In the process of game development, identifying and deleting currently abandoned assets as content iterates can effectively reduce the size of game packages. But the built-in reference checking tool in UE4 can only check static references of assets and cannot identify dynamically referenced resources in the program. We have developed a static analysis tool for analyzing unused assets in the UE4 project to address this issue. This tool checks the function parameters of all loading points, analyzes the value range of the parameter string based on the data dependency relationship of the actual parameter variable, and considers that the assets that match within the range are referenced. Due to the fact that in some cases, the exact data stream of the actual parameter variable is not computable (resulting in false negatives), the reverse analysis tool supports manually marking the parameter range at the loading point. This tool can generate asset collections that are dynamically referenced. The union of its results with the built-in reference checking tool in UE4 is the set of all referenced assets. The difference set between all asset sets and the referenced asset set is the abandoned asset set. This achieves a more complete cleaning of redundant resources and reduces the size of game packages.

In this paper, based on the cumulated damage generated by the cyclical application of the testing vibration profile, a methodology to determine the reliability index of the analyzed component is given. In the analysis, the testing time, component geometry, applied weight, and material resonant frequency are all of them considered by using a dynamic, and amplitude factor. Then, from the generated vibration response data of the analysis, the corresponding bending stress is determined for each one of the rows of the testing profile. And by the cyclical application of the whole testing profile, the corresponding damage is cumulated to each profile cycle until the cumulated damage is D=1. Finally, the reliability that each one of the cumulated blocks (cyclical profile application) is determined by considering, the random vibration is a stress variable. Thus, we use the cumulative damage model with the inverse power law stress/life relationship to determine the two parameter Weibull distribution used to estimate the reliability index of each cumulated block. As a numerical application, we analyze a cantilever aluminum beam Al 6061-T6.

In this exploratory work, we have examined the impact of an external static electric field on the H2 storage capacity of clathrate hydrates. To this end, we have chosen the 512 clathrate hydrate and examined the encapsulation of 1 - 4 H2 molecules within it. Results suggest that with the help of moderate electric fields (±0.10 to ±0.31V/Å), the encapsulation of 1 H2 molecule within the 512 clathrate hydrate becomes thermodynamically more favorable. In the cases of 4H2@512 and 2H2@512, however, the concerned processes become thermodynamically more favorable only when the field is applied along a specific direction. No favorable outcome could be observed in the case of 3H2@512, irrespective of the direction of the applied field. It appears from the results obtained herein that it might be possible to design a suitable external electric field to facilitate the hydrogen storage capacity of clathrate hydrates at ambient conditions, at least in certain cases.

Albert Einstein, shortly after publishing his General Relativity Theory (GRT) applied it to the entire universe in a paper of 1917. Einstein assumed that such a universe was static in time and possessed a uniform distribution of matter on the largest scales, obtaining a static and finite universe of spherical spatial curvature of radius R. Although this model was refuted by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the expansion of the universe, it is still often studied as a theoretical framework for some problems, such as the twin paradox. This paper will show that Einstein's static universe model leads to a privileged frame of reference, so that any observer moving at the speed v will be able to measure speeds of light other than c depending on the direction of beam transmission. The above will refute the validity of the application to this closed and static universe of the Special Relativity Theory (SRT) proposed by Einstein in 1905 in his article . In addition, a new synchronization convention and new coordinate transformations will be deduced, the "generic" transformations, which will replace those of Lorentz. Finally, the twin paradox in this universe will be solved by making use of them.

Based on the elasticity theory, this paper deals with the static analysis of a cracked double beam system in presence of a Winkler medium. The double-beam system is also supposed to be constrained at both ends by elastically flexible springs, with transverse and rotational stiffness. Using a variational formulation, the static governing equations are derived and solved by using analytical and numerical approaches. In the first approach, the closed-form solutions for the displacements functions are obtained based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. In the second approach, the Cell-Discretization Method (CDM) is performed, according to which the two beams are reduced to a set of rigid bars linked together by means of elastic constraints, where the bending stiffness of the bars is concentrated. The resulting stiffness matrix is easily deduced, and the governing equations of the static problem can be immediately solved. A comparative analysis is performed in order to verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed method. This study focuses on the effect of various parameters including the crack depth and position, boundary conditions, elastic medium and slenderness. The validity of the proposed analysis is confirmed by comparing the present results with those obtained from the other approach. In particular, the results obtained by closed-form solution and Cell-discretization method (CDM) are compared by Finite element method (FEM). Accuracy of the results has been evaluated by making comparisons with the results in literature and reported in bibliography. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm provides a simple and powerful tool in dealing with the static analysis of a double-beam system. Finally, some concluding remarks are made.

This paper studies the trajectory tracking control of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) based on a stochastic uncertain nonlinear system. We investigate the time-varying gain adaptive control method looking for possible approaches to alleviate the heavy computational burden. Under nonlinear growth, conditions satisfy polynomial growth conditions. These two problems are resolved the fast response time and good path tracking, respectively. Novel adaptive algorithms are developed exploiting the dynamic properties of the AUV motion. By appropriately turning the original controller design problems into parameters choosing problems and then solving them in a functional time-varying observer technical theorem. In order to deal with the station error of system converges to arbitrarily small domains with stochastic uncertain disturbance. A coordinate transformation is proposed for all system states to meet boundedness. We show that the convergence of the AUV trajectory errors can be guaranteed by the proposed contraction constraints in the stability analysis, closed-loop stability is proved, and the system is asymptotically probabilistic in the global scope. They are taking advantage of the guaranteed stability. Extensive simulation studies on the AUV model demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. A real-time time-varying gain constructive control strategy is further developed for the Hardware-in-the-loop simulation; the controller design results are imported into the AUV actuator model to verify the effectiveness of the controller design.

In this paper, thin plate theory and moderately thick plate theory are proposed for analyzing the bending problem of rectangular plates with stepped thickness resting on elastic half-space foundation. The ground reaction is considered as an unknown coefficient and the hypothesis of Winkler foundation model and two-parameter ground model is eliminated in this method, so as to obtain the law of internal force distribution of the plate and the distribution law of contact reaction force between the stepped rectangular plate and foundation. The stepped rectangular plate is divided into upper and lower plates, and thin plate theory and moderately thick plate theory are used to obtain the analytical solution. The obtained analytical solutions in this paper are compared with results reported in other publications to verify the accuracy of this method. The effects of the elastic modulus and dimensions of the plate, and theory of plate are also considered. The analytical solutions show that it is feasible to decompose the stepped rectangular plate into two plates for analyzing the bending properties of stepped rectangular plate, and this method provide a reference for the study of multilayer stepped rectangular plates.

Background: Initial phases of molecular and cellular maladaptive bone response at early CKD remain mostly unknown. Methods: We induced mild CKD in SHRs by either arterial hypertension lasting six months (sham-operated rats, SO6) or in its’ combination with 3/4 nephrectomy lasting two and six months (Nx2 and Nx6, correspondently). Sham operated SHRs (SO2) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY2) with two-month follow-up served as controls. Animals were fed standard chow containing 0.6% phosphate. We measured creatinine clearance, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, renal interstitial fibrosis, inorganic phosphate (Pi) exchange, intact PTH and FGF23, Klotho, dickkopf-1, sclerostin. And assessed bone response by static histomorphometric indices and gene expression profiles. Results: Mild CKD groups had no increase in renal Pi excretion, FGF23 and PTH levels. Serum Pi, dickkopf-1, and sclerostin were higher in Nx6. Decrease in trabecular bone area and osteocyte number was obvious in SO6. Nx2 and Nx6 had additionally lower osteoblast number. The decline in eroded perimeter was only apparent in Nx6. Significant downregulation of genes related to Pi transport, MAPK, WNT, and BMP signaling accompanied histological alterations in Nx2 and Nx6. Conclusions: We found an association of mild CKD with histological and molecular features suggesting lower bone turnover, which occurred at normal levels of systemic Pi-regulating factors.

Globally 30% of landslides occur in the northeastern part of India [1]. One of the major earthquake events in Sikkim, India occurred on 18th September 2011 (Mw 6.9) led to over 300 landslides and 122 human deaths [2]. These landslides not only controlled by natural disasters but initiated due to human activities. The present study considered Lungchok landslide occurred in south district of Sikkim due to 2011 seismic event. The study focused on the failure mechanism of the landslide based on finite element analysis by adopting eight different cases. The deformation characteristic was investigated for dry and saturated slope conditions under static and dynamic behavior considering vehicle loads using GeoStudio software. The FEM analysis has been carried out using load deformation and linear elastic. The analysis shows that the failure of the slope was not sudden due to the 2011 earthquake event, but progressive failure was observed with time and construction activity. The paper demonstrates that, an increase in infrastructure development including construction by hill cutting increased the initiation of landslide with soil erosion. The cracks developed after 2011 earthquake event led to further deformations during future disasters required effective stabilization measures.

Fourier expansions by the polyharmonic-Neumann eigenfunctions showed improved convergence compared to the Fourier expansions by the classical trigonometric system due to the rapid decay of the corresponding Fourier coefficients. Based on this evidence, we investigate interpolations on a finite interval that are exact for the polyharmonic-Neumann eigenfunctions and show the same benefits. Further, we improve the convergence of the interpolations by applying the idea of quasi-periodicity, where the basis functions are periodic on a slightly extended interval. We show that those interpolations have much better convergence rates away from the endpoints of the approximation interval. Moreover, the interpolations are more accurate on the entire interval. We prove those properties for a specific case of the polyharmonic-Neumann eigenfunctions known as the modified Fourier system. For other basis functions, we provide evidence based on the results of numerical experiments.

For many disciplines of science, all conceivable collisional cross sections and reactions must be precisely known. Although the recent decades were a trial of large-scale research to give these data, many essential atomic and molecular cross section data still missing, and the reliability of the existing cross sections has to be validated. In this paper, we present electron stripping, electron capture, and system breakdown cross sections in carbon (C5+) ions and lithium (Li2+) ions collisions with atomic hydrogen based on the Monte Carlo models of classical and quasi-classical trajectories. According to our expectation, the QCTMC results show higher results in comparison to standard CTMC data, emphasizing the role of Heisenberg correction constraint, especially in the low energy regime. On the Other hand, at high energy, the Heisenberg correction term has less influence as a projectile momentum increase. We present the total cross sections of electron stripping, electron capture, and system breakdown in C5+ ions and Li2+ ions collisions with atomic hydrogen in the impact energy range from 10 keV to 160 keV, which is of interest in astrophysical plasmas, atmospheric sciences, plasma laboratories, and fusion research.

Layered halide perovskites have emerged as a promising contender in solid-state lighting thanks to their tunable bandgap, high luminescence quantum yield, and high color purity. However, the fabrication of perovskite light-emitting devices in laboratories usually experiences low de-vice-to-device reproducibility since perovskite crystallization is highly sensitive to ambient condi-tions, such as humidity and temperature. Although device processing inside gloveboxes is primarily used to reduce the influence of oxygen and moisture, several extraneous variables, including gas-eous pollution traces and thermal fluctuations in the inert atmosphere or contaminations from re-sidual solvents confined in the enclosed environment, can destabilize the crystallization process and alter the properties of the emissive layers. Here, we examine different experimental set-ups for spin-coating deposition of layered perovskites in inert atmospheres and their influences on the formation of polycrystalline thin films. Our results demonstrate that fluctuations in the glovebox properties (concentrations of residual O2 and H2O or solvent traces), even in very short timescales, can negatively impact the consistency of the perovskite film formation, while thermal variation plays a relatively minor role in this phenomenon. Furthermore, careful storage of chemical species inside the workstation is critical for reproducing high-quality perovskite layers. Consequently, when applying our most controlled environment for perovskite deposition, the photoluminescence life-time of perovskite thin films shows a standard deviation of only 3%, whereas the reference set-up yields a 15% standard deviation. Regarding complete perovskite light-emitting diodes, the uncer-tainties in statistical luminance and EQE data are significantly reduced from 230% and 140% to 38% and 42%, respectively.

We present evidence of the anchoring bias and disposition effect (DE) in investor trading decisions across different asset markets (stable and volatile assets) and market scenarios (stable and volatile markets), as well as how these biases affect investors' portfolio performance. The study employs a quasi-experimental design, allowing subjects to engage in interactive trading with four securities, two with potential negative returns and two with potential positive returns, within a simulated asset market. Our findings reveal the presence of the disposition effect and anchoring bias among individual investors in India. Second, market scenarios or volatility can influence the investors’ behavioral biases. The disposition effect was more prominent in volatile markets and the total market, while the anchoring bias was significant in stable and total markets. Additionally, investors exhibiting the disposition effect exhibit lower portfolio performance, while those demonstrating anchoring bias perform relatively better. The study's findings can help individual investors understand their behavioral biases, avoid them in future trading decisions, and improve portfolio performance. Financial institutions and regulatory agencies could identify investment products and supportive investor interactions towards better market trade decisions.

This paper proposes a parameter coordination optimization design of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) based on an improved Quasi-Affine Transformation Evolutionary (QUATRE) algorithm to suppress low-frequency oscillation and improve the dynamic stability of power system. To begin, the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm randomly updates the globally optimal solution of each QUATRE iteration and matches the inferior solution with a certain probability to escape the local extreme point. This new algorithm is first applied to power system. Second, Since damping ratio is one of the criteria to measure the dynamic stability of power system, this paper sets the objective function according to the principle of maximization of damping coefficient of electromechanical mode, and uses SA-QUATRE to search a group of global optimal PSS parameter combinations to improve the stability margin of the system as much as possible. Finally, the method's rationality and validity were validated by applying it to the simulation examples of IEEE 4-machine 2-area system with different operation states. The comparison with the traditional optimization algorithm shows that the proposed method has more advantages for multi-machine PSS parameter coordination optimization, and can restrain the low-frequency oscillation of power system more effectively and enhance the system stability.

Gradient based methods are popularly used in training neural networks and can be broadly categorized into first and second order methods. Second order methods have shown to have better convergence compared to first order methods, especially in solving highly nonlinear problems. The BFGS quasi-Newton method is the most commonly studied second order method for neural network training. Recent methods have shown to speed up the convergence of the BFGS method using the Nesterov’s acclerated gradient and momentum terms. The SR1 quasi-Newton method though less commonly used in training neural networks, are known to have interesting properties and provide good Hessian approximations when used with a trust-region approach. Thus, this paper aims to investigate accelerating the Symmetric Rank-1 (SR1) quasi-Newton method with the Nesterov’s gradient for training neural networks and briefly discuss its convergence. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on a function approximation and image classification problem.

Splines and quasi-interpolation operators are important both in approximation theory and applications. In this paper, we construct a family of quasi-interpolation operators for the bivariate quintic spline spaces S₅³ (∆_mn⁽²⁾). Moreover, the properties of the proposed quasi-interpolation operators are studied, as well as its applications for solving two-dimensional Burgers’ equation and image reconstruction. Some numerical examples show that these methods, which are easy to implement, provide accurate results.

This paper investigates the leader-following H∞ consensus of fractional-order multi-agent systems (FOMASs) under input saturation via the output feedback. Based on the bounded real lemma for FOSs, the sufficient conditions of H∞ consensus for FOMASs are provided in α∈0,1 and 1,2, respectively. Furthermore, the iterative linear matrix inequalities (ILMIs) approaches are applied for solving quadratic matrix inequalities (QMIs). The ILMI algorithms show a method to derive initial values and transform QMIs into LMIs. Mathematical tools are employed to transform the input saturation issue into optimal solution of LMIs for estimating stable regions. The ILMI algorithms avoid the conditional constraints on matrix variables during the LMIs construction and reduce conservatism. The approach does not disassemble the entire MASs by transformations to the Laplacian matrix, instead adopting a holistic analytical perspective to obtain gain matrices. In the end, numerical examples are conducted to validate the efficiency of the approach.

Spacecraft recovery technology is crucial in the field of aerospace, in which the parachute plays a key role in slowing down the descent speed of the spacecraft and realizing a smooth landing. In order to construct a dynamically adjustable parachute deployment strategy, it is necessary to measure the parachute dynamic load accurately in real time. However, the existing sensor measurement scheme is difficult to meet the measurement requirements due to its large structure and complex wiring. In order to meet the current demand for real-time measurement of parachute cords dynamic load, a miniature measuring instrument is designed.According to the function and technical requirements of the miniature measuring instrument, the hardware modules of the acquisition system are selected and designed, and the integration debugging and performance optimization of the microcontroller module, A/D sampling module, signal acquisition circuit and power supply module are carried out. The software of the parachute cords tension acquisition system based on the miniature measuring instrument is developed. The elastomer is modeled by using SolidWorks and statically analyzed by using AnsysWorkbench finite element analysis software. Then the final structure of the elastomer and the pasting position of the strain gage are determined through the results analysis as well as experimental verification. The hardware module of the signal acquisition system for the miniature measuring instrument is then encapsulated. The force value of the miniature measuring instrument is calibrated and tested many times by using the microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testing machine. The experimental results show that the designed miniature measuring instrument has accurate data, strong stability and good real-time performance, which meets the demand for real-time accurate measurement of miniature measuring instrument, and can provide reliable data for parachute cords parameter validation and stepless unfolding design.

The research on the excavation mechanical properties of underpass tunnels has already had certain results, but fewer of them consider the effects of dynamic and static loads on the excavation mechanical properties of underground tunnels at the same time, especially the lack of research cases of double-line highway tunnels with angled underpasses of existing railway tunnels. In this paper, based on the tunnel project of the new double-line Shiqian Highway Tunnel passing under the Hurong Railway at an oblique angle, the mechanical parameters of the rock body in the cross-tunneling area under the influence of static and dynamic load coupling are obtained by using the disturbance quantification coefficients and the Hoek-Brown criterion based on the method of over-advanced geological prediction and the investigation of the surrounding rock on the palisade face, and the engineering-scale finite element model is constructed and the mechanical characteristics of the excavation in the tunnel of the double-lane highway tunnel passing under the existing railroad under the influence of the static and dynamic loads are analyzed. The results show that: the new tunnel rock movement law for the top of the arch sinking, bottom plate bulging, side wall to move outward, the height and width of the arch and bottom plate arch with the tunnel excavation and increase, the side wall rock displacement effect is smaller; left and right lines of the tunnel disturbed area of the rule of change is similar; the existing tunnel bottom plate displacement is more than the top plate and the left and right side walls by the excavation of the time step influence is larger. Typical profile displacement is mainly determined by the distance from the excavation surface; the new tunnel in the four types of calculation conditions of the rock disturbance angle is the same; the existing tunnel roof and side wall Von Mises stress extreme occurs in the tunnel structure, the bottom plate there are pressure relief and pressure-bearing areas; based on the displacement control criteria, the recommended upper and lower step blasting method.

The paper investigates the influence of ion nitriding on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and tensile strength at elevated temperatures of Haynes 282 nickel superalloy specimens produced by the Direct Metal Laser Sintering-DMLS technique. Analysis of the specimens’ surface morphology revealed that the ion nitriding process significantly affects the physical and chemical phenomena occurring on the surface of the specimens. Phase composition and stress analysis showed that Haynes 282 nickel alloy specimens produced by the DMLS technique and a chromium nitride layer produced in the ion nitriding process have tensile stress. The layer is also characterized by high nanohardness compared to specimens produced using the classical method (wrought) and DMLS technique. The conducted corrosion resistance tests confirmed the positive effect of the nitrided layer on the corrosion resistance of Haynes 282 nickel alloy produced by the DMLS technique. The ion nitriding process did not significantly affect the elevated-temperature tensile strength of Haynes 282 nickel alloy specimens produced by the DMLS technique.

Liquefaction risk assessment is critical for the safety and economics of structures. As the soil strata of Ramsar area in north Iran is mostly composed of poorly graded clean sand and the ground water table is found at shallow depths, it is highly susceptible to liquefaction. In this study, a series of isotropic and anisotropic consolidated undrained triaxial tests are performed on reconstituted specimens of Ramsar sand to identify the liquefaction potential of the area. The specimens are consolidated isotropically to simulate the level ground condition, and anisotropically to simulate the soil condition on a slope and/ or under a structure. The various states of soil behavior are studied by preparing specimens at different initial relative densities and applying different levels of effective stress. The critical state soil mechanics approach for identifying the liquefaction susceptibility is adopted and the observed phenomena are further explained in relation to the micro-mechanical behavior. As only four among the 27 conducted tests did not exhibit liquefactive behavior, Ramsar sand can be qualified as strongly susceptible to liquefaction. Furthermore, it is observed that the pore pressure ratio is a good indication of the liquefaction susceptibility

Electric and/or magnetic fields are generated by stationary charges, uniformly moving charges and accelerating charges. These field components are described in the literature as static fields, velocity fields (or generalized Coulomb field) and radiation fields (or acceleration fields), respectively. In the literature, the electromagnetic fields generated by lightning return strokes are presented using the field components associated with short dipoles and in this description the one to one association of the electromagnetic field terms with the physical process that gives rise to them is lost. In this paper, we will derive expressions for the electromagnetic fields using field equations associated with accelerating (and moving) charges and separate the resulting fields into static, velocity and radiation fields. The results illustrates how the radiation fields emanating from the lightning channel give rise to field terms varying as inverse of distance and distance squired, the velocity fields generating field terms varying as inverse of distance squired and the static fields generating fields components varying as inverse of distance squired and distance cube. These field components depend explicitly on the speed of propagation of the current pulse. However, the total field does not depend explicitly on the speed of propagation of the current pulse. It is shown that these field components can be combined to generate the field components pertinent to the dipole technique. However, in this conversion process the connection of the field components to the physical process taking place at the source that generate these fields (i.e. static charges, uniformly moving charges and accelerating charges) is lost.

This study aims to improve the shaft with hexagon joints to be a type not requiring welding or bolts in the static load test . In order to evaluate the bearing capacity of helical piles, two sites were selected to conduct pile installation for the field test and the pile load test. For the pile load test, the static pile load test and the dynamic pile load test were carried out, and torque was measured during pile installation for the field test to compare and analyze expected bearing capacity and thus assess the feasibility of the method for estimating the bearing capacity. The field pile load test revealed the bearing capacity of the gravity grout pile was the same or greater than 600kN in the static pile load test in accordance with AC 358 Code. The non-grout pile showed the bearing capacity the same or smaller than 600kN, suggesting gravity grouting is required. Moreover, the field pile load test was used to establish the bearing capacity equation considering the torque in pile installation, and a small number of samples were used to establish the equation which can be used as a basic data.

Tributyltin (TBT) is one of the most toxic anthropogenic compounds introduced into the marine environment. Despite its global ban in 2008, TBT is still a problem of great concern due to its high affinity for particulate matter, providing a direct and potentially persistent route of entry into benthic sediments. Bioremediation strategies may constitute an alternative approach to conventional physicochemical methods, benefiting from the microorganism’s potential to metabolize anthropogenic compounds. In this work, a simple, precise and accurate static headspace gas chromatography method was developed to investigate the ability of TBT degrading microbes in sedimentary microcosms over a period of 120 days. The proposed method was validated for linearity, repeatability, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The method was subsequently successfully applied for the detection and quantification of TBT and degrading compounds in sediment samples on day 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 of the experiment employing the principles of green chemistry. On day 120 the concentration of TBT remaining in the microcosms ranged between 91.91 ng/g wet wt for the least effective microbial inoculant to 52.73 ng/g wet wt for the most effective microbial inoculant from a stating concentration of 100 ng/g wet wt.

The current work addresses the control of two-input two-output (TITO) Wood and Berry model of a binary distillation column. The controller design problem is formulated in terms of multivariable H_∞ control synthesis. The controller structure takes the form of simplest static output feedback (SOF) control. The controller synthesis is performed using a hybrid approach of blending linear matrix inequalities (LMI) and genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of the static output feedback controller is compared with three other controllers designed for Wood and Berry model available in the literature. The first simulation study is performed for the case of tracking a unit step command in the presence of a step change in output disturbance. A second simulation study is performed for rejecting a change in sinusoidal output disturbance.

A novel experimental technique, quasi-equilibrated temperature-programmed desorption and adsorption (QE-TPDA) was used to study the water sorption properties and hydrothermal stability of aluminum trimesate MIL-96 and aluminum isophthalate CAU-10, which have been selected due to their remarkable sorption properties. The QE-TPDA profiles of water observed for MIL-96 and CAU-10 confirmed the hydrophilic nature of these materials. Complex QE-TPDA profiles indicate that water sorption in MIL-96 follows a three-step pore filling mechanism. The shape of single desorption peaks in the QE-TPDA profiles for CAU-10 confirms that water sorption involves a reversible phase transition. Based on the QE-TPDA profiles, the water adsorption heat were determined: 45-46 kJ/mol for CAU-10 and 43-56 kJ/mol for MIL-96, in the latter case depending on the adsorption extent. Hydrothermal stability tests revealed that MIL-96 retained its stable porosity-related sorption capacity for water after hydrothermal treatment up to 290°C. Gradual changes in the QE-TPDA profiles due to the hydrothermal treatment above 290°C, with decreasing the high-temperature desorption peak and increasing the low-temperature one, indicate minor structural changes occurring in this material. Only after 410° C treatment was fast degradation of MIL-96 observed. CAU-10 exhibited high and unchanged hydrothermal stability up to 400°C.

The aim of this work is to study the zonally asymmetric stratopause that occurred in the Arctic winter of 2019/2020, when the polar vortex was particularly strong and there was no sudden stratospheric warming. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder temperature data were used to analyze the evolution of the stratopause with a particular focus on its zonally asymmetric wave 1 pattern. There was a rapid descent of the stratopause height below 50 km in the anticyclone region in mid-December 2019. The descended stratopause persisted until mid-January 2020 and was accompanied by a slow descent of the higher stratopause in the vortex region. The results show that the stratopause in this event was inclined and lowered from the mesosphere in the polar vortex to the stratosphere in the anticyclone. It was found that the vertical amplification of wave 1 between 50 km and 60 km closely coincides in time with the rapid stratopause descent in the anticyclone. Overall, the behavior contrasts with the situation during sudden stratospheric warmings when the stratopause reforms at higher altitudes following wave amplification events. We link the mechanism responsible for coupling between the vertical wave 1 amplification and this form of zonally asymmetric stratopause descent to the unusual disruption of the quasi-biennial oscillation that occurred in late 2019.

The process of senescence (aging) is largely determined by the action of wild-type genes. For most organisms, this does not reflect any adaptive function of senescence, but rather evolutionary effects of declining selection against genes with deleterious effects later in life. To understand aging requires an account of how evolutionary mechanisms give rise to pathogenic gene action and late-life disease, that integrates evolutionary (ultimate) and mechanistic (proximate) causes into a single explanation. A well-supported evolutionary explanation by G.C. Williams argues that senescence can evolve due to pleiotropic effects of alleles with antagonistic effects on fitness and late-life health (antagonistic pleiotropy, AP). What has remained unclear is how gene action gives rise to late-life disease pathophysiology. One ultimate-proximate account is T.B.L. Kirkwood’s disposable soma theory. Based on the hypothesis that stochastic molecular damage causes senescence, this reasons that aging is coupled to reproductive fitness due to preferential investment of resources into reproduction, rather than somatic maintenance. An alternative and more recent ultimate-proximate theory argues that aging is largely caused by programmatic, developmental-type mechanisms. Here ideas about AP and programmatic aging are reviewed, particularly those of M.V. Blagosklonny (the hyperfunction theory) and J.P. de Magalhães (the developmental theory), and their capacity to make sense of diverse experimental findings is described.

Sumudu transform of the Dixon elliptic function with non zero modulus a ≠ 0 for arbitrary powers sm^N(x,a) ; N ≥ 1 ; sm^N(x,a)cm(x,a) ; N ≥ 0 and sm^N(x,a)cm²(x,a) ; N ≥ 0 is given by product of Quasi C fractions. Next by assuming denominators of Quasi C fraction to 1 and hence applying Heliermann correspondance relating formal power series (Maclaurin series of Dixon elliptic functions) and regular C fraction, Hankel determinants are calculated and showed by taking a = 0 gives the Hankel determinants of regular C fraction. The derived results were back tracked to the Laplace transform of sm(x,a) ; cm(x,a) and sm(x,a)cm(x,a).

Based on the perspective of complex directed weighted network analysis, this paper constructs a static resilience evaluation framework for trade networks from two dimensions: structural resilience and node resilience. It studies the evolution of static resilience in the upstream, midstream, downstream, and recycling trade networks of global wood forest products from 2002 to 2021. The study finds that the total trade volume of global wood forest products has increased by 58.0%, 77.3%, 71.2%, and 77.2% in the upstream, midstream, downstream, and recycling sectors, respectively. The downstream trade network exhibits efficient information transmission and resource mobility capabilities. All four types of trade networks exhibit scale-free characteristics, with core countries such as China, the United States, and Germany playing a dominant role in the network and playing a crucial role in network robustness, but also increasing network vulnerability. In terms of unweighted assortativity, all four networks exhibit the characteristic of "small countries relying on hubs," while the weighted assortativity of the downstream network is positive, indicating enhanced network resilience. In terms of node resilience, countries exhibit significant differences and dynamic changes. China demonstrates strong resilience and adaptability, while the United States maintains its core position. China's influence in the downstream network has significantly increased, and India has rapidly emerged in the recycling network. To enhance network resilience, it is necessary to increase diversity and redundancy, establish effective emergency response mechanisms, and promote the diversification and green transformation of the supply chain.

Autonomous navigation in dynamic environments poses a significant challenge in the field of ro-botics with the primary goals of ensuring both smooth and safe movement. This study introduces control strategy based on an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to enhance au-tonomous robot navigation in dynamic environments, emphasizing on collision-free path plan-ning. This strategy employs, a path planning technique to develop a trajectory that allows the ro-bot to navigate smoothly while avoiding collisions with both static and dynamic obstacles. The developed control system incorporates four ANFIS controllers: two are tasked with guiding the robot toward its end point, and the other two are activated for obstacle avoidance. The experi-mental setup conducted in CoppeliaSim involves a mobile robot equipped with ultrasonic sensors navigating in an environment with static and dynamic obstacles. Simulation experiments are conducted to demonstrate the model's capability in ensuring collision-free navigation, employing a path planning algorithm to ascertain the shortest route to the target destination. The simulation results highlight the superiority of the ANFIS-based approach over conventional methods, partic-ularly in terms of computational efficiency and navigational smoothness.

The impact of propeller effects and power contribution on the aerodynamics of small aircraft is indispensable. The aerodynamic analysis of wings in flight varies from rigid wing analysis due to wing deflection caused by transferred aerodynamic loads. This paper investigates the intertwined influence of propeller effects and elasticity on the aerodynamics of small propeller-driven aircraft. Through a detailed methodology, a twin-engine propeller-driven aircraft is analyzed as a case study, providing insights into the proposed approach. Two critical analyses are presented: an examination of propeller effects in rigid aircraft and the incorporation of elastic wing properties. The former establishes a foundational understanding of aerodynamic behaviour, while the latter explores the impact of wing elasticity on performance. Validation is achieved through comparative analysis with wind tunnel test results from a similar rigid structure aircraft. Utilizing NASTRAN software, aerodynamic analysis of the elastic aircraft is conducted, complemented by semi-empirical insights. The results highlight the importance of these factors across different angles of attack. Furthermore, deviations from the rigid aircraft configuration emphasize the considerable influence of static aeroelasticity analysis, notably increasing longitudinal characteristics by approximately 20%, while showing a lower impact of 5% in lateral-directional characteristics. This study contributes to enhanced design and operational considerations for small propeller-driven aircraft, with implications for future research and innovation, particularly for the purpose of efficient concepts in advanced air mobility.

Objective. To test the hypothesis that a session of unilateral tSMS over the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy subjects produces a transient decrease in manual dexterity. Methods. A triple-blinded randomized control trial was conducted in 40 healthy participants who were allocated to real- or sham-tSMS group. Each participant underwent one session of tSMS and were assessed before, immediately after, 15 minutes, and 40 minutes after stimulation. Outcome measures were Finger Tapping Test (FTT), 5-seconds FTT, nine Hole Peg Test, and the hand grip assessment. Results: Significant differences were found between groups 15 minutes after stimulation in favor of the tSMS group in the FTT (2.2 ± 0.99; CI= .18-4.22; d= .84p=.034), and 5-second FTT (4.2 ± 1.98; CI= .199-8.2, d= .68; p=.04). In the intragroup analysis, a significantly lower number of taps 15 minutes after stimulation was observed in sham group (3.3 ± 1.01; CI= .47-6.13; d= .42; p=.015), but not in the real stimulation group. Conclusion: A unilateral session of tSMS in the M1 of the dominant hemisphere of healthy individuals does not reduce manual dexterity or grip strength. This technique could have benefits on the motor performance of the arm contralateral to the stimulated motor cortex

Dolichandrone spathacea is a rare and endangered semi-mangrove plant species with an extremely small population, naturally distributed only in Zhanjiang City and the east coast of Hainan Island, China. Regrettably, the present situation of the D. spathacea population in China has not yet been carefully investigated. In this study, we aim to evaluate the current resource status and population dynamic characteristics of D. spathacea on Hainan Island, China, in order to propose sustainable conservation and management strategies for future ecological restoration of its natural population. Our results show that D. spathacea on Hainan Island can be divided into four populations. All the D. spathacea populations present a state of overall dispersion, local concentration, and occasionally sporadic existence, and they exist in geographical isolation. The young, middle, and old D. spathacea plants account for 20.42%, 66.20%, and 13.38%, respectively, indicating that the overall age class of the D. spathacea population on Hainan Island belongs to a declining type. Furthermore, instead of temporal structure, we chose diameter at breast height (DBH) to establish a static life table, draw a population survival curve, and quantify the future development trend through population dynamic analysis and time-series prediction. These results directly point out that the D. spathacea population on Hainan Island is sensitive to external disturbances and possesses two main increases in mortality rate—namely, in its juvenile and mature stages—due to weak vitality, competition, and anthropogenic interferences, which are the most important reasons for its endangered status. Depending on the current conditions of the D. spathacea population, we should conserve and expand mature trees in situ, preserve their germplasm resources, rehabilitate their habitats to promote provenance restoration, and conduct artificial cultivation and spreading planting in order to realize the sustainable conservation and management of D. spathacea.

Modification the biodegradable matrix was carried by graft-copolymerization polylactide with methacrylic acid of various concentrations. Ultraviolet irradiation with different exposure times to the samples was chosen as the initiator of copolymerization. In the experiment the effect of ultraviolet light on polylactide and graft copolymerization was investigated: the resulting samples were studied by viscosimetry, gravimetry, FTIR, static cation- exchange capacity analysis . The conditions for obtaining grafted copolymers and the dependence of the characteristics on the reaction conditions are established.

Using graph theory, computer aided motion, static force and power flow analysis of planetary gear mechanism is realized. The motion, static force and efficiency calculations of 6HP26 automatic transmission are carried out. Based on kinematic and static force analysis model, related matrices are acquired. Hence, kinematic and static force analysis of planetary gear mechanism is achieved. The link power can be determined by the link speed and torque. Power flow diagrams of each gear are acquired. The efficiency is calculated by transmission ratio method.

Bamboo engineering materials are green, high-strength, tough, durable, and structurally safe, and have promising application prospects in various modern green and low-carbon buildings. To invest the vibration behavior of new bamboo bundle veneer -laminated lumber (BLVL) for use in floor slabs, this study designed two kinds of full-scale vibration tests under a pedestrian load: an extraction hammer impact test, and a static concentrated load test, it is expected to provide theoretical and data support for the application of bamboo bundle veneer laminated composite materials in the construction field. The results showed that the self-oscillation frequency and mid-span deflection of the BLVL composite met the requirements of multiple relevant regulations when used as the structural material of floor slabs. The BLVL floor slab had a higher flexural stiffness and better vibration-damping performance than the OSB floor slab. The first-order self-oscillation frequency of the BLVL composite floor slab was 13.769 Hz, the damping ratio of the first three orders of modalities was 1.262–2.728%, and the maximum static deflection in the span of the joist was 0.932 mm under a 1 kN concentrated load. The 1 kN static deflection of the BLVL was reduced by 22.33%, and the root mean square (RMS) acceleration of the walking load response was significantly lower than that of the OSB floor slab. The preparation of BLVL composite materials by homogeneous lamination of bamboo bundle veneer and wood veneer may help improve the vibration behavior of bamboo-wood structures such as floor slabs and walls.

For a wide industrial application of magnesium alloys, a method for imparting high damping properties while maintaining mechanical properties is required. Controlling the crystallographic texture seems to be useful, because dislocations are known to have a significant influence on the damping characteristics of magnesium alloys. Therefore, the effect of twinning and annealing, which can affect to the recrystallization were investigated in this study. An AZ31 alloy was hot rolled at 673K with a reduction ratio of 10 % and 50 %, and then annealed at 673K and 723K for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3H respectively. SEM-EBSD was used to examine the microstructure and texture. In addition, each specimen’s hardness and internal friction were contemporarily measured. As a result, hot rolling produced tensile twins and their fraction increased with internal friction when the reduction ratio increased. Due to annealing, a discontinuous type of static recrystallization occurred within the twinning grains, and was highly activated along with the increasing annealing temperature and the fraction of twinning. In the samples annealed at 723K, the internal friction continuously increased over the annealing time, whereas in the samples annealed at 673K, the decrease in dislocation density was delayed while, the internal friction showed a relatively low value.

Non-viral gene carriers because of their limited side effects, biocompatibility, simplicity and taking the advantages of electrostatic interactions have shown noticeable potential in gene delivery. The low transfection rate of non-viral vectors under physiological conditions is a significant issue. Here, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups on gene carriers such as two synthesized amphiphilic polymer of dextran-stearic acid-spermine (DSASP) with verified lipid and amine conjugations that associated with Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles to promote the target delivery and decrease the transfection time using static magnetic field. Our findings illustrate that magnetic nanoparticles are spherical with positive surface charges and superparamagnetic behaviors. The DSASP–pDNA/MNPs offered a strong pDNA condensation, protection against DNase degradation, significant cell viability in HEK 293T cells and. Although conjugations of spermine play a critical role in transfection efficiency, amphiphilic polymer with more derivatives of stearic acid showed better transfection yields. Therefore, DSASP amphiphilic magnetic carriers offer new insights for gene delivery due to the amine contents and ameliorate the uptake of complexes via cell membrane based on its hydrophilic surface.

Near-fault ground motions can cause severe damage to civil structures, including bridges. Safety assessment of these structures for near fault ground motion is usually performed through Non-Linear Dynamic Analyses, while faster methods are often used. IMPAb (Incremental Modal Pushover Analysis for Bridges) permits to investigate the seismic response of a bridge by considering the effects of higher modes, which are often relevant for bridges. In this work, IMPAb is applied to a bridge case study considering near-fault pulse-like ground motion records. The records were analyzed and selected from the European Strong Motion Database and the pulse parameters were evaluated. In the paper results from standard pushover procedures and IMPAb are compared with nonlinear Response-History Analysis (NRHA), considering also the vertical component of the motion, as benchmark solutions and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Results from the case study demonstrate that the vertical seismic action has a minor influence on the structural response of the bridge. Therefore IMPAb, which can be applied considering vertical motion, remains very effective conserving the original formulation of the procedure, and can be considered a well performing procedure also for near-fault events.

Energy-efficient microprocessors are essential for a wide range of applications. While near-threshold computing is a promising technique to improve energy efficiency, optimal supply demands from logic core and on-chip memory are conflicting. In this paper, we perform static reliability analysis of 6T SRAM and discover the variance among different sizing configuration and asymmetric minimum voltage requirements between read and write operations. We leverage this asymmetric property in near-threshold processors equipped with voltage boosting capability by proposing an opportunistic dual-supply switching scheme with a write aggregation buffer. Our results show that proposed technique improves energy efficiency by more than 21.45% with approximate 10.19% performance speed-up.

Ice covering on overhead transmission lines would cause damage to transmission system and long-term power outage. Among various de-icing devices, modular multilevel converter (MMC) based DC de-icer (MMC-DDI) is recognized as a promising solution due to its excellent technical performance. Its principle feasibility has been well studied, but few literature discuss its economy or hardware optimization, thus the designed MMC-DDI for high voltage transmission lines is usually too large and too expensive for engineering applications. To fill this gap, this paper presents a quantitative analysis on the converter characteristics of MMC-DDI, and calculates the minimal converter rating and its influencing factors. It reals that, for a given de-icing requirement, the converter rating varies greatly with its AC-side voltage. Then an optimization configuration is proposed to reduce the converter rating and improve its economy. The proposed configuration is verified in a MMC-DDI for a 500kV transmission line as a case study. The result shows, in the case of outputting same de-icing characteristics, the optimized converter rating is reduced from 151 MVA to 68 MVA, and total cost of MMC-DDI is reduced by 48%. This analysis and conclusion are conductive to the optimized design of multilevel DC de-icer, then to its engineering application.

In this paper we consider the standard Schur problem for a square matrix A, namely the similarity unitary transformation of A into upper Schur form containing the eigenvalues of A on its diagonal. Since the profound work of Issai Schur (1909), this is a fundamental issue in the theory and applications of matrices. Nevertheless, certain details concerning the Schur problem need further clarification especially in connection with the perturbation analysis of the Schur decomposition relative to perturbations in A. In particular, the concept of regular solution to the perturbed Schur form is introduced and illustrated by several examples. We also introduce the concepts of diagonally spectral matrices and of quasi-Schur condensed forms of a matrix A, and show that they may be much less sensitive to perturbations in A.

A simple bounded stochastic motion is employed for modelling equity price dynamics under shocks, where the prices are constrained to lie between two positive bounds. While the stochastic process has an inaccessible boundary, the other boundary is quasi-bounded, implying that the boundary can be breached if the probability leakage condition is met. The quasi-boundedness of the process at the boundary can thus provide an indicator of possible risk of equities under price shocks. Empirical calibration of model parameters of the proposed process for equities can be performed easily due to the availability of an analytically tractable probability density function which generates fat-tailed distributions consistent with empirical observations. The volatility and mean-reversion of the S&P500 dynamics calibrated by the process is positively and negatively co-integrated respectively with the VIX index representing the level of market distress. The process captures the high likelihood of Hertz’s default about two months earlier, using only information until that point, and before the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in May 2020 as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Empirical calibration of the process for GameStop’s stock price shows that the short squeeze of the stock occurred when the condition for breaching an upper boundary was met on 14 January 2021, i.e., about two weeks before major short sellers closed out their positions with significant losses. The trading volume of the stock was positively co-integrated with the probability leakage ratio.

The purpose of this work is to study quasi-stationary wave structure in the mid-latitude stratosphere and mesosphere (40–50°N) and its role in the formation of the annual ozone cycle. Geopotential height and ozone from Aura MLS data are used and winter climatology for January–February 2011–2020 is considered. More closely examined is the 10-degree longitude segment centered on Longfengshan Brewer station, China, and located in the region of the Aleutian Low influence associated with the quasi-stationary zonal maximum of total ozone. Annual and semi-annual oscillations in ozone were compared using units of ozone volume mixing ratio and concentration, as well as changes in ozone peak altitude and in time series of ozone at individual pressure levels between 316 hPa (9 km) and 0.001 hPa (96 km). The ozone maximum in the vertical profile is higher in volume mixing ratio (VMR) values than in concentration by about 15 km (5 km) in the stratosphere (mesosphere), in consistency with some previous studies. We found that the properties of the annual cycle are better resolved in the altitude range of the main ozone maximum: middle–upper stratosphere in VMR and lower stratosphere in concentration. Both approaches reveal SAO/AO-related changes in the of ozone peak altitudes in a range of 4–6 km during the year. In the lower-stratospheric ozone of the Longfengshan domain, an earlier development of the annual cycle takes place with a maximum in February and a minimum in August compared to spring and autumn, respectively, in zonal means. This is presumably due to the higher rate of dynamical ozone accumulation in the region of the quasi-stationary zonal ozone maximum. The “no-annual-cycle” transition layers are found in the stratosphere and mesosphere. These layers with undisturbed ozone volume mixing ratio throughout the year are of interest for more detailed future study.

Firstly, a new set of Quasi-Cubic Trigonometric Bernstein basis with two tension shape parameters is constructed, and we prove that it is an optimal normalized totally basis in the framework of Quasi Extended Chebyshev space. And the Quasi-Cubic Trigonometric Bézier curve is generated by the basis function and the cutting algorithm of the curve are given, the shape features (cusp, inflection point, loop and convexity) of the Quasi-Cubic Trigonometric Bézier curve are analyzed by using envelope theory and topological mapping; Next we construct the non-uniform Quasi-Cubic Trigonometric B-spline basis by assuming the linear combination of the optimal normalized totally positive basis have partition of unity and continuity, and its expression is obtained. And the non-uniform B-spline basis is proved to have totally positive and high-order continuity. Finally, the non-uniform Quasi Cubic Trigonometric B-spline curve and surface are defined, the shape features of the non-uniform Quasi-Cubic Trigonometric B-spline curve are discussed, and the curve and surface are proved to be continuous.

This research emphasizes a meta-heuristic Modified Ant Lion Optimizer (MALO) optimization approach for simultaneous utilization of DSTATCOM devices and distributed Photovoltaic (PV) sources with network reconfiguration in a radial power distribution scheme. In a radial power distribution network with network reconfiguration majority of the research is based on Constant Power model analysis. However, it is noticed that load models have a substantial impact on the distributed PV sources and the D-STATCOM device's optimal size and position. The effect of the Constant Power (CP) and Polynomial (ZIP) with load growth load models for the simultaneous insertion of distributed PV sources and DSTATCOM devices with network reconfiguration examined in this research work for power system planning. The penetration levels of distributed PV sources considered for the investigation are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The principal objective of this research is to reduce network total power losses, enhance the voltage magnitude profile at all buses, and reduce the overall operating cost while adhering to equality and inequality constraints. The proposed algorithm verified on 118-node test systems. The investigation is carried out for planning network upgradation to a High Voltage Distribution System(HVDS) on 317 nodes in the rural Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited(BESCOM) radial distribution scheme. Simulated results obtained by this method are validated with the BAT algorithm and available techniques in the literature.

The article is dedicated to addressing the current challenge of augmenting the load- bearing ca-pability of pile foundations. This predicament is most effectively addressed by employing piles with unconventional geometries, along with atypical methodologies for installing these foun-dation piles. The primary objective of research is to examine the impact of various fill materials (including both soil and rigid substances) on the energy consumption during pile driving and the resistance to static loads by piles with multiple shaft expansions. The findings derived from model-based investigations demonstrate that the load-bearing capacity of piles with shaft ex-pansions, installed with bulk material filling, surpasses that of conventional piles (prismatic and pyramidal) by a factor ranging from 1.5 to 4.6. Furthermore, the research outcomes also indicate greater energy consumption (1.14-1.66 times) and enhanced load-bearing capacity (1.15-1.68 times) for piles with shaft expansions driven with backfill, in comparison to piles installed without backfill. It is noteworthy that the type of backfill material significantly influences the energy consumption during pile driving and their stability under axial static loads. The correla-tion relationships can be applied to approximate projection of the energy-related and structural parameters of piles with shaft expansions embedded with the addition of bulk materials.

In this work, we investigated whether the Pseudo-Newtonian theory (PNP) is applicable to black hole solution in modified gravity. In this regard, as an example, a static spherically symmetric 4D AdS Schwarzschild Yang-Mills black hole in EinsteinGauss-Bonnet gravity is considered. Also, a brief discussion on the structure and horizons of this black hole spacetime is presented. We calculated angular momentum and energy in the framework of the general theory of relativity as well as in PNP theory. In both of these framework, a graphical comparison of angular momentum has been studied

To study the strengthening effect on recycled concrete columns by carbon fiber composite materials (CFRP) under different levels of seismic damage, four column specimens were designed for pseudo-static tests. The four specimens were respectively non-destructive without strengthening (prototype), non-destructive strengthening, medium seismic damage strengthening and severe seismic damage strengthening, according to the replacement rate of recycled aggregates and the level of seismic damage. The characteristics of the deformation damage and seismic performance indicators of each specimen were compared and analyzed. A decrease was observed in the initial stiffness of the seismically damaged recycled concrete column specimens strengthened with CFRP, while the ductility, peak bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens were improved. On the other hand, with the reduction of seismic damage and the increase of recycled aggregate replacement rate, the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the reinforced seismic damaged recycled concrete column specimens were enhanced to different levels. In particular, the cumulative energy consumption of the strengthened specimens under medium seismic damage increased most significantly by 32.5%. In general, the hysteretic curves of the strengthened specimens were full, and the average ductility coefficients were 4.1–6.8. CFRP strengthening was more effective in restoring and enhancing the performance of the recycled concrete column specimens with medium and lower seismic damage levels (displacement ratio ≤ 3%).

With increased vulnerabilities and vast technology landscapes, it is extremely critical to build systems which are highly resistant to cyber-attacks, to break into systems to exploit. It is almost impossible to build 100% secure authentication & authorization mechanisms merely through standard password / PIN (With all combinations of special characters, numbers & upper/lower case alphabets and by using any of the Graphical password mechanisms). The immense computing capacity and several hacking methods used, make almost every authentication method susceptible to cyber-attacks in one or the other way. Only proven / known system which is not vulnerable in spite of highly sophisticated computing power is, human brain. In this paper, we present a new method of authentication using a combination of computer’s computing ability in combination with human intelligence. In fact this human intelligence is personalized making the overall security method more secure. Text based passwords are easy to be cracked ^[6]. There is an increased need for an alternate and more complex authentication and authorization methods. Some of the Methods ^{[7] [8]} in the category of Graphical passwords could be susceptible, when Shoulder surfing/cameras/spy devices are used.

In this study, the efficiency of an anaerobic treatment system for wastewater from a South African poultry slaughterhouse was evaluated using a lab-scale static granular bed reactor (SGBR). The down-flow SGBR (2 L) was operated continuously for 138 days under mesophilic conditions (35-37 ˚C), at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranging from 24 to 96 h and average organic loading rates (OLRs) of 0.78 to 5.74 g COD/L.day. The SGBR achieved an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 80% and the maximum COD removal achieved was 95%, at an HRT of 24 h and average OLR of 5.74 g COD/L.day. The optimization of the SGBR, with regard to a suitable HRT and OLR, was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal SGBR performance with regard to the maximum COD removal efficiency was predicted for an OLR of 12.49 g COD/L.day and a HRT of 24 h, resulting in a 95.5% COD removal efficiency. The model R2 of 0.9638 indicated that the model is a good fit and is suitable to predict the COD removal efficiency for the SGBR.

Photovoltaic (PV) energy has been a preferable choice with the rise in global energy demand, as it is a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective source of energy. Optimizing the power generation is necessary to fully utilize the PV system. Harvesting more power uses cascading of impedance source converters taking input from low-voltage PV arrays which requires multiple maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. To solve this problem, a three-level inverter topology with a new PV arrangement, offering a smaller size with lower cost is designed in this article. The design criteria for parameters are discussed with the help of the small signal analysis. In this paper, three PV arrays are used to harvest maximum energy, which requires only one MPPT controller and employs a modified perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, being faster, highly efficient, and reducing the computational burden of the controller. Moreover, a three maximum power points tracker algorithm, which perturbs one parameter and observes six variables, is designed for the selected converter topology. This MPPT algorithm offers better dynamics and is highly efficient with a conversion efficiency of 99.2% during uniform irradiance and 97% efficiency during variable irradiance conditions.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation on an innovative mechanical system inspired by recent advancements in metamaterials, more specifically the work is focused on Origami-type structures for their intriguing mechanical properties. Originating from the specific fields such as aerospace for their lightweight and foldable characteristics, Origami mechanical devices exhibit unique non-linear stiffness, in particular, when suitably designed, they show Quasi-Zero Stiffness (QZS) characteristics within a specific working range. The QZS property, aligned with the High Static Low Dynamic (HSLD) stiffness concept, suggests promising applications such as a low-frequency mechanical passive vibration isolator. The study explores the vibration isolation characteristics of Origami-type suspensions, with a particular emphasis on their potential application as low-frequency passive vibration isolators. The Kresling Origami Module (KOM) has been selected for its compactness and compatibility with 3D printers. A detailed analysis using 3D CAD, Finite Element Analysis, and experimental testing have been carried out. The investigation includes the analysis of the influence of geometric parameters on the non-linear Force-Displacement curve. Multibody simulations validate the low-frequency isolation properties within the QZS region, and disparities in dynamic properties beyond the QZS range. The study underscores the transformative potential of Origami-type metamaterials in enhancing low-frequency vibration isolation technology. It also highlights challenges related to material properties and loading mass variations, providing valuable insights for future developments in this promising field.

This study considers ways to increase the consumption of sustainable fashion, given the significant environmental and social damages, associated with the industry. A series of experiments were conducted examining the impacts of choice architecture (nudges) under field conditions in collab-oration with one of Israel’s largest shopping centers. The study sought to identify which inter-ventions at the retail level successfully motivate sustainable fashion behavioral change regarding purchases and willingness to pay more, along with agreement with several statements regarding the climate crisis and sustainable fashion. Among the types of nudges examined in this field study were providing information, increasing accessibility to sustainable alternatives and appealing to social identity, in relation to demographics and green self-image. The study found that offering alterna-tives to consumers constitutes the most effective way to “nudge” consumers toward more sus-tainable purchasing behavior. Nonetheless, this does not negate the contribution of providing in-formation and strengthening social norms regarding sustainable fashion. Additionally in all groups, most participants reported that they do not know how to distinguish between sustainable and non-sustainable fashion, nor do they believe that the clothes they purchased were actually sustainable. The findings emphasize the need for policies that will increase the accessibility of sustainable fashion.

Quasi-bound state in the continuum (QBIC) can effectively enhance the interaction of terahertz (THz) wave with matters due to the tunable high-Q property, which has a strong potential application in detection of low-concentration biological samples in the THz band. In this paper, a novel THz metamaterial sensor with a double-chain separated resonant cavity structure based on QBIC is designed and fabricated. The process of excitation of the QBIC mode is verified and the structural parameters are optimized after considering the ohmic loss by simulations. The simulated refractive index sensitivity of the sensor is up to 544 GHz/RIU, much higher than those of recently reported THz metamaterial sensors. Sensing sensitivity of the proposed metamaterial sensor is confirmed in experiment by detecting low-concentration lithium citrate (LC) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. The limits of detection (LoDs) are obtained to be 0.0025 mg/mL (12 μM) for LC and 0.03125 mg/mL (0.47 μM) for BSA, respectively, both of which excel over most of reported results in previous studies. These results indicate that the proposed THz metamaterial sensor has excellent sensing performances and can well be applied to the detection of low concentration biological samples.

Induction heating (IH) technology is widely recognized and utilized in residential applications due to its high efficiency and safe operating characteristics. Resonant inverter circuits are widely used in IH systems because of their high efficiency and ability to perform soft-switching. Among the various resonant inverters used in IH systems, the single-switch quasi-resonant (SSQR) inverter topology is typically preferred for low-cost and low-output-power applications. Despite its cost advantage, the SSQR topology has a relatively narrow soft-switching range, which can be unstable depending on the electrical parameters of the load and the resonant converter circuit. Accurately determining the capacitance value of the resonant capacitor and the inductance value of the induction coil, which are the key circuit elements of the SSQR induction cooker, is crucial for designing a reliable, efficient, and durable cooking system. In other words, there exists a critical relationship between the resonant converter circuit parameters, load characteristics, and safe operating conditions. Additionally, when considering closed-loop control methods used for power control and safety, selecting appropriate resonant circuit elements becomes vital in ensuring both reliable and efficient operation. This paper focuses on a novel and simplified design method for the SSQR inverter utilized in household appliances. The proposed method and its advantages in terms of the safe operating area of the switch are theoretically investigated and verified through simulations and prototype circuits.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a pathogenic, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae. Structural studies of flavivirus virions have primarily focused on mosquito-borne species with only one cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a tick-borne species published. Here, we present a 3.3 Å cryo-EM structure of the TBEV virion of the Kuutsalo-14 isolate, confirming the overall organisation of the virus. We observe conformational switching of the peripheral and transmembrane helices of M protein, which can explain the quasi-equivalent packing of the viral proteins and highlights their importance in stabilizing the membrane protein arrangement in the virion. The residues responsible for the M protein inter-actions are highly conserved in TBEV but not in the structurally studied Hypr strain, nor in mosquito-borne flaviviruses. These interactions may compensate for the lower number of hydrogen bonds between E proteins in TBEV compared to the mosquito-borne flaviviruses. The structure reveals two lipids bound in the E protein, which are important for virus assembly. The lipid pockets are comparable to those recently described in mosquito-borne Zika, Spondweni, Dengue, and Usutu viruses. Our results thus advance the understanding of tick-borne flavivirus architecture and virion-stabilising interactions.

The impacts of inflation on international finance are generally reflected in the decline of buying power, risks of investment and deposit loss from currency devaluation. For the purpose of optimized allocation and management of asset values, i.e., annual income or research grants, a framework of a three-level model for static financial management is presented to maximize banking interests, bonuses, and the remaining balance after spending necessary expenditures. Meanwhile, in retrospect to higher-level financial inflation, strategies of dynamic investment, i.e., posing regular tests of flipping coins, exploiting variations of the currency exchange rate, as well as applying the theory of broad money, are presented to increase the appreciation rate of net assets in and post the era of COVID-19. Quantitative evaluations in case studies verify the feasibility of improving the financial situation, indicating broader applications for budgeting and investing when US inflation rate is below 3.0%. Besides, combining approaches of static and dynamic strategies, the expected annual growth rate of individual zero-risk asset investment is predicted as within the range of 8.30~9.62% according to budgeted appreciation on net assets in 12 months, which is capable of overcoming negative impacts from higher level annual inflation, i.e., those as highest as 8.01% in the Year 2022.

The research on the impact of excavation of underpass tunnels has already had certain results, but there is a lack of research cases of double-line highway tunnels with oblique angles underpass the existing railway tunnels, especially the method of determining the area of the impact of the dynamic and static loads of the new tunnels and existing trains to be enriched by considering them at the same time. In this paper, based on the tunnel project of the new double-line Shiqian Highway Tunnel with oblique angles underpass the Hurong Railway in Wanshoushan. By constructing a three-dimensional finite element model and simulating the application of static tunnel excavation load, dynamic blasting load and dynamic train operation load of the existing tunnel, the overall displacement of the existing tunnel and the settlement value of the bottom plate of the track surface by the static tunnel excavation load were analyzed. Then, the stresses, vibration speeds and displacements of the tunnel due to the dynamic blasting loads and the dynamic train operation loads were obtained. The results show that: the area of influence of the static loads of the new tunnel excavation on the existing tunnel is divided into three types of perturbations presenting strong, weak and slight; the area affected by the blasting dynamic load of new tunnel excavation is a circular domain with the datum point in the tunnel section as the center; the area affected by the dynamic load of train operation in the existing tunnel is an ellipse with the center of the track surface of the existing tunnel as the datum; there is an anomalous shape in the area affected by the blasting dynamic load of new tunnel excavation and the area affected by the dynamic load of train operation in the existing tunnel.

This paper proposes the impact of plug-in electric vehicles integrated into power distribution system based on voltage dependent control. The plug-in electric vehicles was modeled as the static load model in power distribution systems under balanced load condition. The power flow analysis is determined by using the basic parameters of the electrical network. The main point of this study are compare with voltage magnitude profiles, load voltage deviation, and total power losses of the electrical power system. There are investigating the affected from constant power load, constant current load, constant impedance load and plug-in electric vehicles load, respectively. The IEEE 33 bus test system is used to test the proposed method by assigning each load type to a balanced load in steady state and applied the solving methodology based on the bus injection to branch injection matric, branch current to bus voltage matrix, and current injection matrix to solve the power flow problem. The simulation results showed that the plug-in electric vehicles load had the lowest impact compared to other loads. The lowest plug-in values for the electric vehicle loads were 0.062, 119.67 kW and 79.31 kVar for the load voltage deviation, total active power loss and total reactive power loss, respectively. Therefore, this study can be verified that the plug-in electric vehicles load were affected to the lowest of the electrical power system in condition to same sizing and position. So that, in condition to the plug-in electric vehicles load added into the electrical power system with the conventional load type or complex load type could be considered that the affected from the plug-in electric vehicles load in next study.

The aim of this work was to determine if the development of low-cost or no-cost finite element analysis (FEA) software has advanced to the point where it can be used in place of trusted commercial FEA packages for linear static structural analyses using isotropic material models. Nonlinear structural analysis will be covered in a separate paper. Several suitable packages were identified, these underwent a process of systematic elimination when they were unable to meet the minimum imposed qualitative criteria. Three packages were chosen to be subjected to performance benchmarking, namely: Code_Aster/Salome Meca; Mecway and Z88 Aurora. SimScale, a browser-based analysis package was included as well because it met all the baseline criteria and has the potential to offer a completely cloud-based approach to computer aided engineering, potentially reshaping the way an engineering business views its operational capabilities. This paper presents the test cases and simulation results for packages that fall under the linear static structural analysis type.

A system of simultaneous multi-variable nonlinear equations can be solved by the Newton’s method with local q-quadratic convergence if the Jacobian is analytically available. If this is not the case, then quasi-Newton methods with local q-superlinear convergence give solutions by approximating the Jacobian in some way. Unfortunately, the quasi-Newton condition (secant equation) doesn’t completely specify the Jacobian approximate in multi-dimensional case, so its full-rank update is not possible with classic variants of methods. The suggested new iteration strategy (“T-Secant”) allows full-rank update of the Jacobian approximate in each iteration by determining two independent approximates for the solution. They are used to generate a set of new independent trial approximates, then the Jacobian approximate can fully be updated. It is shown, that the T-Secant approximate is in the vicinity of the classic quasi-Newton approximate, providing that the solution is evenly surrounded by the new trial approximates. The suggested procedure increases the super-linear convergence of the secant method (φS = 1.618...) to super-quadratic (φT = φS + 1 = 2.618...) and the quadratic convergence of the Newton-method (φN = 2) to cubic (φT = φN + 1 = 3) in one dimensional case. The Broyden-type efficiency (mean convergence rate) of the suggested method in multi-dimensional case is an order higher than the efficiency of other classic low-rank update quasi-Newton methods as shown by numerical examples on a Rosenbrock-type test-function with up to 1000 variables. The geometrical representation (hyperbolic approximation) in single variable case helps explaining the basic operations and a vector-space description is also given in multi-variable case.

The paper proposes an approach to determine the optimal number of medical specialists in the region. According to the author's theoretical model, in order to maximize public welfare, the marginal contribution of the last physician recruited to the growth of the public utility function should be equal to the marginal cost of attracting him and providing conditions for his work. To empirically assess the contribution of physicians to the number of lives saved, the CVD mortality rate is modeled using the instrumental variable method. On average, a 1% increase in the number of cardiologists is associated with a 0.6% decrease in cardiovascular mortality. At the level of provision with cardiologists in the amount of 1 per 100 thousand people, their marginal contribution to the number of lives saved is not less than 129 per 100 thousand people, with a further decrease by 5 people with the increase in the level of provision by 1 unit. The use of the obtained results will increase the validity of managerial decisions and in determining the optimal level of doctors when choosing between alternative possibilities of spending money on hiring doctors of different profiles or other expenses, especially in the case of limited resources.

A quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) modelling approach is introduced to mimic transverse mixing of an inflow into a river from one of its banks, either an industrial outfall or a tributary. The concentrations of determinands in the inflow vary greatly from those in the river, leading to very long mixing lengths in the river downstream of the inflow location. Ideally, a two-dimensional (2D) model would be used on a small scale to capture the mixing of the two flow streams. However, for large-scale applications of several hundreds of kilometres of river length, such an approach demands too many computational resources and too much computational time, especially if the application will at some point require ensemble input from climate-change scenario data. However, a one-dimensional (1D) model with variables varying in the longitudinal flow direction but averaged across the cross-sections is too simple of an approach to capture the lateral mixing between different flow streams within the river. Hence, a quasi-2D method is proposed in which a simplified 1D solver is still applied but the discretisation of the model setup can be carried out in such a way as to enable a 2D representation of the model domain. The quasi-2D model setup also allows secondary channels and side lakes in floodplains to be incorporated into the discretisation. To show proof-of-concept, the approach has been tested on a stretch of the lower Athabasca River in Canada flowing through the oil sands region between Fort McMurray and Fort MacKay. A dye tracer and suspended sediments are the constituents modelled in this test case.

Solidification microstructure is formed under high cooling rates and temperature gradients in powder-based additive manufacturing. In this study, a non-equilibrium multi-phase field method (MPFM), which was based on a finite interface dissipation model proposed by Steinbach et. al., coupled with a CALPHAD database was developed for a multicomponent Ni alloy. A qua-si-equilibrium MPFM was also developed for comparison. Two-dimensional equiaxed micro-structural evolution for the Ni (Bal.)–Al–Co–Cr–Mo–Ta–Ti–W–C alloy was performed at various cooling rates. The temperature–γ fraction profiles obtained under 10^5 K/s using non- and qua-si-equilibrium MPFMs were in good agreement with each other. Over 10^6 K/s, the differences between non- and quasi-equilibrium methods grew as the cooling rate increased. The non-equilibrium solidification was strengthened over a cooling rate of 10^6 K/s. Colum-nar-solidification microstructural evolution was performed under cooling rates from 5×10^5 K/s to 1×10^7 K/s at various temperature gradient values under the constant interface velocity (0.1 m/s). The results showed that as the cooling rate increased, the cell space decreased in both methods, and the non-equilibrium MPFM agreed well with experimental measurements. Our results show that the non-equilibrium MPFM can simulate solidification microstructure in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing.

Hand gestures are an essential part of human-to-human communication and interaction, and therefore for technical applications, the aim is increasingly to achieve interaction between humans and computers that is as natural as possible, for example by means of natural language or hand gestures. In the context of human-machine interaction research, these methods are consequently being explored more and more. However, the realization of natural communication between humans and computers is a major challenge. In the field of hand gesture recognition, research approaches are being pursued that use additional hardware such as special gloves to classify gestures with high accuracy. Recently, deep learning techniques using artificial neural networks have been increasingly proposed for the problem of gesture recognition without using such tools. In this context, in our approach convolutional neural network (CNN) will be explored in detail for the task of hand gesture recognition. CNN is a deep neural network that can be used in the field of visual object processing and classification. The goal of this work is to recognize ten types of static hand gestures in front of complex backgrounds and different hand sizes based on raw images without the use of extra hardware. We achieved good results with a CNN network architecture consisting of seven layers. Through data augmentation and skin segmentation, a significant increase of the model accuracy was achieved. On public benchmarks the ten gestures have been classified almost perfectly with a testing accuracy of 96.5%

Background: Pediatric Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) are expected to significantly lower pediatric mortality in healthcare settings. This study evaluates RRTs' effectiveness in decreasing cardiac arrests and unexpected Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admissions. Methods: A quasi-experimental study (2014-2017) at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, involved 3,261 pediatric inpatients, split into pre-intervention (1,604) and post-intervention (1,657) groups. The intervention entailed pediatric specialists collaboratively managing acute decompensations following set protocols. Results: RRT was activated 471 times, primarily for respiratory distress (29.30%), sepsis (22.30%), clinical anxiety (13.80%), and hematological abnormalities (6.7%). Family concerns triggered 0.1% of activations. Post-RRT implementation, unplanned PICU admissions significantly reduced (RR = 0.552, 95% CI 0.485-0.628, P < 0.0001), and non-ICU cardiac arrests were eliminated (RR = 0). Patient care improvement was notable, with a -9.61 coefficient for PICU admissions (95% CI: -12.65 to -6.57, P < 0.001) and a -1.641 coefficient for non-ICU cardiac arrests (95% CI: -2.22 to -1.06, P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis showed mixed results for PICU admissions, while zero-inflation Poisson analysis confirmed a reduction in non-ICU arrests. Conclusions: The deployment of pediatric RRTs is associated with fewer unexpected PICU admissions and non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrests, indicating improved PICU management. Further research using robust scientific methods is necessary to conclusively determine RRTs' clinical benefits.

Abstract: A new method for constructing exact solutions of the General Relativity equations for a dusty matter with fractal property is proposed. This method allows to find the solution of the GR-equations in terms of matter velocities : the connection coefficients and the Ricci tensor of space-time are expressed in terms of matter velocities; the metric tensor and the matter density are found as functions of velocity from the GR-equations. The connection coefficients and the Ricci tensor are invariant with respect to the discrete scaling transformation of velocity , where is constant. Therefore, the found solution can be used to simulate the fractal properties of the cosmic web in terms of matter velocities. This solution includes isotropic and anisotropic distributions of matter density. In an isotropic case, there is a class of exact solutions including both the well-known Friedmann’s solution and a solution with a periodic distribution of the matter density in space. This last solution may be used to simulate the quasi-periodic distribution of matter in the cosmic web. It is possible that, the cosmic web and its fractal properties are the space-time primary properties. These properties are described with a deformation tensor of the space-time.

This paper deals with a non-standard finite difference scheme defined on a quasi-uniform mesh for approximate solutions of the Magneto-Hydro Dynamics (MHD) boundary layer flow of an incompressible fluid past a flat plate for a wide range of the magnetic parameter. We show how to improve the obtained numerical results via a mesh refinement and a Richardson extrapolation. The obtained numerical results are favourably compared with those available in the literature.

In this work we have critically reviewed the processes in high-temperature sublimation growth of graphene in Ar atmosphere using enclosed graphite crucible. Special focus is put on buffer layer formation and free charge carrier properties of monolayer graphene and quasi-freestanding monolayer garphene on 4H-SiC. We show that by introducing Ar at different temperatures, TAr one can shift to higher temperatures the formation of the buffer layer for both n-type and semi-insulating substrates. A scenario explaining the observed suppresed formation of buffer layer at higher TAr is proposed and discussed. Increased TAr is also shown to reduce the sp3 hybridization content and defect densities in the buffer layer on n-type conductive substrates. Growth on semi-insulating substrates results in ordered buffer layer with significantly improved structural properties, for which TAr plays only a minor role. The free charge density and mobility parameters of monolayer graphene and quasi-freestanding monolayer graphene with different TAr and different environmental treatment conditions are determined by contactless terahertz optical Hall effect. An efficient annealing of donors on and near the SiC surface takes place in intrinsic monolayer graphene grown at 2000∘C, and which is found to be independent of TAr. Higher TAr leads to higher free charge carrier mobility parameters in both intrinsically n-type and ambient p-type doped monolayer graphene. TAr is also found to have a profound effect on the free hole parameters of quasi-freestanding monolayer graphene. These findings are discussed in view of interface and buffer layer properties in order to construct a comprehensive picture of high-temperature sublimation growth and provide guidance for growth parameters optimization depending on the targeted graphene application.

The independent set, IS, on a graph $G=(V,E)$ is $V^{*}\subseteq V$ such that no two vertices in $V^{*}$ have an edge between them. The MIS problem on G seeks to identify an IS with maximum cardinality, i.e. MIS. $V^{*}\subseteq V$ is a vertex cover, i.e. VC of $G=(V,E)$ if every $e\in E$ is incident upon at least one vertex in $V^{*}$ . $V^{*}\subseteq V$ is dominating set, DS, of $G=(V,E)$ if $\forall v\in V$ either $v\in V^{*}$ or $\exists u\in V^{*}$ and $(u,v)\in E$ . The MVC problem on G seeks to identify a vertex cover with minimum cardinality, i.e. MVC. Likewise, MCV seeks a connected vertex cover, i.e. VC which forms one component in G, with minimum cardinality, i.e. MCV. A connected DS, CDS, is a DS that forms a connected component in G. The problems MDS and MCD seek to identify a DS and a connected DS i.e. CDS respectively with minimum cardinalities. MIS, MVC, MDS, MCV and MCD on a general graph are known to be NP-complete. Polynomial time algorithms are known for bipartite graphs, chordal graphs, cycle graphs, comparability graphs, claw-free graphs, interval graphs and circular arc graphs for some of these problems. We introduce a novel graph class, layered graph, where each layer refers to a subgraph containing at most some k vertices. Inter layer edges are restricted to the vertices in adjacent layers. We show that if $k=\Theta (log\mid V\mid )$ then MIS, MVC and MDS can be computed in polynomial time and if $k=O\left({(log\mid V\mid )}^{\alpha }\right)$ , where $\alpha <1$ , then MCV and MCD can be computed in polynomial time. If $k=\Theta \left({(log\mid V\mid )}^{1+ϵ}\right)$ , for $ϵ>0$ , then MIS, MVC and MDS require quasi-polynomial time. If $k=\Theta (log\mid V\mid )$ then MCV, MCD require quasi-polynomial time. Layered graphs do have constraints such as bipartiteness, planarity and acyclicity.

A method is proposed for describing the dynamics of systems of interacting particles in terms of an auxiliary field, which in the static mode is equivalent to given interatomic potentials, and in the dynamic mode is a classical relativistic composite field. It is established that for interatomic potentials, the Fourier transform of which is a rational algebraic function of the wave vector, the auxiliary field is a composition of elementary fields that satisfy the Klein-Gordon equation with complex masses. The interaction between particles carried by the auxiliary field is nonlocal both in space variables and in time. The temporal non-locality is due to the dynamic nature of the auxiliary field and can be described in terms of functional-differential equations of retarded type. Due to the finiteness mass of the auxiliary field, the delay in interactions between particles can be arbitrarily large. A qualitative analysis of the dynamics of few-body and many-body systems with retarded interactions has been carried out, and a non-statistical mechanisms for both the thermodynamic behavior of systems and synergistic effects has been established.

An ultra-low power (ULP), power gated static random access memory (SRAM) is presented for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, which operates in sub-threshold voltage ranges from 300mV to 500mV. The proposed SRAM has tendency to operate in low supply voltages with high static and dynamic noise margins. The IoT application involves battery enabled low leakage memory architecture in subthreshold regime which has low power consumption. Therefore, to improve power consumption along with better cell stability, a power gated 10T SRAM is presented. The proposed cell uses a power gated p-MOS transistor to reduce the leakage power or static power in standby mode. Moreover, due to the schmitt triggering and read decoupling of 10T SRAM the static and dynamic behavior in read, write and standby mode has shown enhanced tolerance at different process, voltage and temperature (PVT) conditions. The proposed SRAM shows better results in terms of leakage power, read static noise margin (RSNM), write static noise margin (WSNM), write-ability or write trip point (WTP), read-write energy and dynamic read margin (DRM). Further, these parameters are observed at 8-Kilo bit (Kb) and compared with already existing SRAM architectures. It is observed that the leakage power is reduced by 1/81×, 1/75× of the conventional 6T (C6T) SRAM and read decoupled 8T (RD8T) SRAM, respectively at 300mV VDD. On the contrary, RSNM, WSNM, WTP and DRM values are improved by 3×, 2×, 11.11% and 31.8% as compared to C6T SRAM, respectively. Similarly, proposed 10T has 1.48×, 25% and 9.75% better RSNM, WSNM and WTP values as compared to RD8T SRAM, respectively at 300mV VDD.

The application of the sensors optical fiber in the areas of scientific instrumentation and industrial instrumentation is very attractive due to its numerous advantages. In the industry of civil engineering for example, quasi-distributed sensors made with optical fiber are used for reliable strain and temperature measurements. Here, a quasi-distributed sensor in the frequency domain is discussed. The sensor consists of a series of low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometers where each Fabry-Perot interferometer acts as a local sensor. Fabry-Perot interferometers are formed by pairs of identical low reflective Bragg gratings imprinted in a single mode fiber. All interferometer sensors have different cavity length, provoking the frequency-domain multiplexing. The optical signal represents the superposition of all interference patterns which can be decomposed using the Fourier transform. The frequency spectrum is analyzed and sensor´s properties were defined. Following, a quasi-distributed sensor was numerically simulated. Our sensor simulation considers sensor properties, signal processing, noise system and instrumentation. The numerical results show the behavior of resolution vs. signal-to-noise ratio. From our results, the Fabry-Perot sensor has high resolution and low resolutions. Both resolutions are conceivable because the FDPA algorithm elaborates two evaluations of Bragg wavelength shift

Most of the research in data mining concentrated on finding the positive associations that exist in frequent patterns. Frequent patterns have no bearing on the time duration and, therefore, lose interestingness. The Regularity of an itemset is related to the time at which the transaction occurred and the time distance between the transactions. Frequent Regular item sets can be generated considering the Frequency and the Regularity of the occurrence of the Item Sets. The frequent and regular Item sets will be so huge that they cannot be handled in real time. The count of Frequent and regular item sets gets reduced drastically when the properties “closed” and “Maximality” are applied. Finding negative associations among such patterns are important in the field of medicine. Many drugs administered to cure some diseases have counter reactions leading to many other diseases. Negative associations among the mined patterns are important as they reveal significant contradictions frequently among medical drugs administered by medical practitioners to cure some diseases. This paper proposes a method that mines medical databases to find regular, frequent patterns applied with closed and maximal properties and find negative associations among those patterns. The proposed algorithm is accurate to 98% and performs 9% more efficiently than the other algorithms presented in the literature.

This paper presents the methodology to detect and identify the type of fault that occurs in shunt connected static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) transmission line using a combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Naive Bayes classifier. To study this, the network model is designed using Mat-lab/Simulink. The different faults such as Line to Ground (LG), Line to Line (LL), Double Line to Ground (LLG) and three-phase (LLLG) fault are applied at different zones of system with and without STATCOM considering the effect of varying fault resistance. The three-phase fault current waveforms obtained are decomposed into several levels using daubechies mother wavelet of db4 to extract the features such as standard deviation and Energy values. The extracted features are used to train the classifiers such as Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP), Bayes and Naive Bayes (NB) classifier to classify the type of fault that occurs in the system. The results reveal that the proposed NB classifier outperforms in terms of accuracy rate, misclassification rate, kappa statistics, mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative absolute error (RAE) and root-relative square error (RRSE) than MLP and Bayes classifier.

In this paper we provide some important and significant observations on invo-regular rings appeared in Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sklodowska Sect. A Mathematica (2018). In addition we exhibit that strongly invo-regular rings, invo-regular rings and quasi invo-regular rings all coincide with the well known and well characterized tripotent rings and all these rings further coincide with the well known unit regular rings.

Rubble stone masonry walls are widely diffused in most of the cultural and architectural heritage of historical cities. The mechanical response of such material is rather complicated to predict due to their composite nature. Vertical compression tests, diagonal compression tests, and shear-compression tests are usually adopted to experimentally investigate the mechanical properties of stone masonries. However, further tests are needed for the safety assessment of these ancient structures. Since the relation between normal and shear stresses plays a major role in the shear behavior of masonry joints, governing the failure mode, triplet test configuration was here investigated. First, the experimental tests carried out at the laboratory (LPMS) of the University of L'Aquila on stone masonry specimens were presented. Then, the triplet test was simulated by using the Total Strain Crack Model, which reflects all the ultimate states of quasi-brittle material such as cracking, crushing and shear failure. The goal of the numerical investigation was to evaluate the shear mechanical parameters of the masonry sample, including strength, dilatancy, normal and shear deformations. Furthermore, the effect of (i) confinement pressure and (ii) bond behavior at the sample-plates interfaces were investigated, showing that they can strongly influence the mechanical response of the walls.

Characterized in biomedical terms, stretching exercises have been defined as movements applied by external and/or internal forces – to increase muscle and joint flexibility, decrease muscle stiffness, to elevate joint range of motion (ROM), to increase the length of the morpho-functional unit “muscle-tendon”, to improve joint, muscle and tendon movements, contraction and relaxa-tion. The present review examines and summarizes the initial and recent literature data related to the biomechanical, physiological and therapeutic effects of static stretching (SS) on flexibility and other physiological characteristics of the main structural and functional unit “joint-ligaments-tendon-muscle”. The healing and therapeutic effects of SS, soon combined with other rehabilitation techniques (massage, foam rolling – with and without vibrations; hot/cold therapy, etc.) are discussed in relationship to creation of individual (patient-specific) or group programs for treatment and prevention of joint injuries as well as for improving performance in sports. From a theoretical point of view, the role of SS as positively affecting the composition of the connective tissue matrix is pointed out: type I-III collagen synthesis, hyaluronic acid and glucosaminoglycans (GAGs) turnover – under influence of the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β-1). Different variables as collagen type, biochemistry, elongation and elasticity are used as molecular biomarkers. Recent studies evaluated that the static progressive stretching therapy could prevent/reduce the development of arthrogenic contractures, joint capsule fibrosis, muscle stiffness and need new clinical applications. Combined stretch techniques are proposed and ap-plied in medicine and sports, depending on their long- and short-term effects on variables such as ROM, EMG activity, muscle stiffness, etc. The results obtained are of theoretical and practical interest for development of new experimental, mathematical and computational models and creation of efficient therapeutic programs. The healing SS effects on the main structural and functional unit – “joint-ligament-tendon-muscle” need further investigations, which could clarify and evaluate benefits of SS in prophylaxis and treatment of joint injuries - in healthy and ill in-dividuals, in older adults, as compared to young, active and well-trained persons, as well as to professional athletes.

In this paper, we study the deflection angle for wormhole-like static aether solution by using Gibbons and Werner technique in non-plasma, plasma and dark matter mediums. For this purpose, we use optical spacetime geometry to calculate the Gaussian optical curvature, then implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem in weak field limits. Moreover, we compute the deflection angle by using a technique known as Keeton and Petters technique. Furthermore, we analyze the graphical behaviour of the bending angle ψ with respect to the impact parameter b, mass m as integration constant and parameter q in non-plasma and plasma mediums. We examine that deflection angle is exponentially increasing as direct with charge. Also, we observe that for small values of b, ψ increases and for large values of b the angle deceases. We also considered an analysis to the shadow cast of the wormhole relative to an observer at various locations. Comparing it the the Schwarzschild shadow, shadow cast is possible for wormhole as r<2m. At r>2m, the Schwarzschild is larger. As r → ∞, we have seen that the behavior of the shadow, as well as the weak deflection angle, approaches that of the Schwarzschild black hole. Overall, the effect of plasma tends to decrease the value of the observables due to the wormhole geometry.

Previous studies generally reckon that the full converter-base wind power generation (FCWG) is a ’decoupled’ power source from the grid, which hardly participates in electromechanical oscillations. However, it is found recently that strong interaction could be induced which might incur severe resonance incidents in electromechanical dynamic timescale. In this paper, the participation of FCWG in electromechanical dynamics is extensively investigated, and particularly, an unusual transition of electromechanical oscillation mode (EOM) is uncovered for the first time. The detailed mathematical models of open-loop and closed-loop power systems are firstly established, and modal analysis is employed to quantify the FCWG participation in electromechanical dynamics, with two new mode identification criteria, i.e., FCWG dynamics correlation ratio (FDCR) and quasi-electromechanical loop correlation ratio (QELCR). On this basis, the impact of different wind penetration levels and controller parameter settings on the participation of FCWG is investigated. It is revealed that if an FOM has a similar oscillation frequency to the system EOMs, there is a high possibility to induce strong interactions between FCWG dynamics and system electromechanical dynamics of the external power systems. In this circumstance, an interesting phenomenon may occur that an EOM may be dominated by FCWG dynamics, and hence is transformed into a quasi-EOM, which actively involves the participation of FCWG quasi-electromechanical state variables.

This article focuses on developing a continuous authentication system using behavioral biometrics to recognize users accessing computing devices. The user’s distinct behavioral biometric is captured through keystroke dynamics, and reward-based reinforcement learning (RL) ideas are applied to recognize them throughout the session. The suggested system adds an extra layer of security to traditional authentication methods, forming a robust continuous authentication system that can be added to static authentication systems. The methodology involves training a RL model to detect unusual user typing patterns and flag suspicious activity. Each user has an agent trained on their historical data, which is preprocessed and used to create episodes for the agent to learn from. The environment involves fetching observations and randomly corrupting them to learn out-of-order behavior. The observation vector includes both running features and summary features. The re-ward function is binary and minimalistic. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model is used to encode the running features, and the Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) algorithm with a fully connected neural network is used as the policy net. The evaluation achieved an average training accuracy and EER (equal error rate) of 94.7% and 0.0126 and test accuracy and ERR of 81.06% and 0.0323 for all users when the number of encoder features was increased. Therefore, it is concluded that by continuously learning and adapting to changing behavior patterns, this approach can provide more secure and personalized authentication, lowering the possibility of unauthorized access and cyberattacks. Overall, the use of reinforcement learning and behavioral biometrics for continuous authentication has the potential to significantly enhance security in the digital age and are effective in identifying each user.

Examining the similarity of event environments or surroundings, more precisely settings, provides additional insight in analyzing event sequences as it provides information about the context and potential common factors that may have influenced them. This article proposes a new similarity measure for event setting sequences, which involve the space and time in which events occur. While similarity measures for spatiotemporal event sequences have been studied, the settings and setting sequences have not yet been studied. While modeling event setting sequences we consider spatial and temporal scales to define the bounds of the setting and incorporates dynamic variables alongside static variables. Using a matrix-based representation and an extended Jaccard index we developed new similarity measures that allow for the use of all variable data types. We successfully used these similarity measures coupled with other multivariate statistical analysis approaches in a case study involving setting sequences and pollution event sequences associated with the same monitoring stations, which validate the hypothesis that more similar spatial-temporal settings or setting sequences may generate more similar events or event sequences. In conclusion, these similarity measures have many potential real-world applications, and offer researchers a powerful tool for understanding different factors and their dynamics corresponding to occurrences of spatiotemporal event sequences.

The world is moving to the next phase of the energy transition with high penetrations of renewable energy. Flexible and scalable redox flow battery (RFB) technology is expected to play an important role in ensuring electricity network security and reliability. Continuous performance improvements will further enhance their value by reducing parasitic losses and maximizing available energy conversion over broader operating conditions. Concentration overpotentials from poor internal reactant distribution at high and low states of charge (SOC) limit power densities and are thus an important area of investigation. However, efforts to address these coupled electrochemical phenomena can compromise mechanical performance. Modelling and simulation of cell design innovations have shown it is possible to reduce losses from pump energy while increasing the availability of active species where required. The combination of wedge-shaped cells with static mixers investigated in this paper can reduce pressure drop and improve energy efficiency. Toroidal vanadium redox flow battery (VRB/VRFB) designs incorporating this innovation are presented for further development to improve community engagement with the technology.

A large number of bridges are designed and built without considering seismic actions and, differently from buildings, there are currently no comprehensive guidelines to evaluate existing bridges without performing, as in the well known incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), complex non linear dynamic analyses (RHA). Bridges are structurally very different from building but, at the same time, are sensitive to higher modes as well as many multi-storey buildings that inspired innovative pushover procedures such as the well known modal pushover analysis (MPA). In the present study the incremental modal pushover analysis (IMPA), a pushover based approach already proposed and applied on buildings by the same authors, is revised and proposed for bridges (IMPAβ). IMPAβ accounts for the effects of higher modes in order to accurately estimate the seismic response of bridges; the effect of higher modes is considered by introducing a suitable number of modes to ensure the participation of a predefined total effective modal mass. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by conducting a study on two bridges, one regular and one irregular, and the IDA analysis is employed as reference solution. Numerical results indicate good accuracy of the proposed method in assessing the seismic response and a very good accuracy if compared to other available pushover procedures available in the literature.

Green infrastructure systems are often overdesigned. This may be a byproduct of static sizing (e.g., accounting for a design storm’s runoff volume but not exfiltration rates) or may be deliberate (e.g., buffering against performance loss through time). Regardless, overdesign may compromise plants’ access to water in systems where soil pits are embedded in infiltration beds. It could raise the storm size required for water to reach soil pits, reducing water availability between storms, which could ultimately induce plant physiological stress. This study investigated the hydrological dynamics and water relations of a tree trench system suspected to have been overbuilt and identified factors contributing to, compounding, and mitigating the risk of plant stress. Results provided strong evidence that the abovementioned processes played out. Water in the infiltration bed reached soil pits only once in three years, with that event occurring during a hydrant release. Moreover, minimal water was retained in the soil pit during the event due to the hydraulic properties of the soil media. Through a growing season, one of the two tree types frequently experienced water stress, while the other did so only rarely. These contrasting responses can likely be attributed to roots either being largely confined to the soil pits or reaching a deeper water source. Implications of these results for green infrastructure design are considered.

In this paper, we investigate a class of hierarchical variational inequalities (HVIPs, i.e., strongly monotone variational inequality problems defined on the solution set of multiple-set split common fixed point problems) with quasi-pseudocontractive mappings in real Hilbert spaces, which special cases can be found in many important engineering practical applications such as image recognizing, signal processing and machine learning. In order to solve HVIPs of potential application value, inspired by the primal-dual algorithm, we propose a novel accelerated cyclic iterative algorithm that combines the inertial method with a correction term and a self-adaptive step-size technique. Our approach eliminates the need for prior knowledge of the bounded linear operator norm. Under appropriate assumptions, we establish strong convergence of the algorithm. Finally, we apply our novel iterative approximation to solve multiple-set split feasibility problems and verify the effectiveness of the proposed iterative algorithm through numerical results.

Based on the minimum conduction band edge caused by the minimum channel potential resulting from the quasi-3D scaling theory and the 3D density of state (DOS) accompanied by the Fermi-Dirac distribution function on the source and drain sides, a unified semiconductor-device-physics-based ballistic model is developed for the threshold voltage of modern multiple-gate (MG) transistors, including FinFET, W-gate MOSFET, and Nanosheet (NS) MOSFET. It is shown that the thin silicon, thin gate oxide, and high work function will alleviate the ballistic effects and resist the threshold voltage degradation. Besides, as the device dimension is further reduced to give rise to the 2D/1D DOS, the lowest conduction band edge is hence increased to resist the threshold voltage degradation. The nanosheet MOSFET exhibits the largest threshold voltage among the three transistors due to the smallest minimum conduction band edge caused by the quasi-3D minimum channel potential. Compared to P-type MOSFET (P-FET), the N-FET shows more threshold voltage because the electron has a more effective mass than the hole

The paper examines common elements between Lévai’s and Milson’s potentials obtained by Liouville transformations of two rational canonical Sturm-Liouville equations (RCSLEs) with even density functions which are exactly solvable via Jacobi polynomials in a real or accordingly imaginary argument. We refer to the polynomial numerators of the given rational density function as ‘tangent polynomial’ (TP) and thereby term the aforementioned potentials as ‘e-TP’ A special attention is given to the overlap between the two potentials along symmetric curves which represent two different forms of the Ginocchio potential exactly quantized via Gegenbauer and Masjed-Jamei polynomials respectively. Our analysis reveals that the actual interconnection between Lévai’s parameters for these two rational realizations of the Ginocchio potential is much more complicated than one could expect based on the striking resemblance between two quartic equations derived by Lévai for ‘averaged’ Jacobi indexes.

This paper presents a new method to model the nonlinear behaviour of masonry double curvature structures, possibly reinforced by composite materials, by means of conventional elasto-plastic analyses. It is meant to be used in professional design, especially for assessment and retrofitting purposes, therefore based on the exploitation of the simplest nonlinear Finite Elements available in a commercial software, namely trusses with elasto-fragile and elasto-ductile behaviour (Cutoff Bars). The numerical static nonlinear analyses are carried out by considering elastic hexahedral elements for bricks and lumping nonlinearities on joints. These have been assumed in turn elastic-brittle and elastic-plastic by using 1D elements, respectively Point Contacts, under No-Tension Material hypothesis, and Cutoff Bars, assigning small tensile resistance to the material. The reinforcement, realised with FRP hooping strips, has been successfully modelled in a similar fashion, i.e. by applying perfectly bonded elastic-plastic Cutoff Bars at the extrados of the dome, where the debonding is accounted for in a conventional way limiting the tensile strength according to Italian Standards indications. The procedure is validated against benchmark models with the same geometry, using experimental data and more refined structural model results for comparison.

We propose a new theory beyond the standard model of elementary-particle physics. Employing the concept of a quantized spacetime, our theory demonstrates that the zero-point energy of the vacuum alone is sufficient to create all the fields, including gravity, the static electromagnetic field, and the weak and strong interactions. No serious undetermined parameters are assumed. Furthermore, the relations between the forces at the quantum-mechanics level is made clear. Using these relations, we quantize Einstein’s gravitational equation: Beginning with the zero-point energy of the vacuum, and after quantizing Newtonian gravity equation, we combine the energies of a static electromagnetic field and gravity in a quantum spacetime. Applying these results to the Einstein gravity equation, we substitute the energy density derived from the zero-point energy in addition to redefining differentials in a quantized spacetime. This is how we derive the quantized Einstein gravitational equation without assuming the existence of macroscopic masses. For the weak interaction, by considering plane-wave electron and the zero-point energy, we obtain a wavefunction that represents a β collapse. In this process, from a different point of view than Weinberg-Salam theory, we derive the masses of the W and Z bosons and the neutrino, and we calculate the radius and lifetime of the neutron. For the strong interaction, we previously reported an analytical theory for calculating the mass of a proton by providing a specific linear attractive potential obtained from the zero-point energy, which agrees well with the measurements. In the present study, we further calculate the strong interaction between two nucleons, i.e., the mass of the pi-meson. The resulting calculated quantities agree with the measurements, which verifies our proposed theory.

Keywords: liquid alloys, microstratification, dispersed particles, spontaneous dispersion, criteria for true (entropic) spontaneous dispersion, mechanisms of quasi-spontaneous dispersion, methods and results for assessing size of dispersed particles.

In this study, we present the concept of interval-valued fuzzy soft point and then introduce the notions of neighborhood and quasi-neighbourhood of it in interval-valued fuzzy soft topological spaces. Separation axioms in interval-valued fuzzy soft topology, so-called $q$-$T_{i}$ for $ i=0,1,2,3,4 ,$ is introduced and some of its basic properties are also studied.

In this paper we propose and study in the setting of a Hilbert space an averaged Halpern type algorithm for approximating the solution of a common fixed point problem for a couple of nonexpansive and demicontractive mappings with a variational inequality constraint. The strong convergence of the sequence generated by the algorithm is established under feasible assumptions on the parameters involved. In particular, we also obtain the common solution of the fixed point problem for nonexpansive or demicontractive mappings and of a variational inequality problem. Our results extend and generalize various important related results in literature that were established for the pairs (nonexpansive, nonspreading) or (nonexpansive, strongly quasi-nonexpansive) mappings. Numerical tests to illustrate the superiority of our algorithm over the ones existing in literature are also reported.

Creating self-learning algorithms, developing deep neural networks and improving other methods that "learn" for various areas of human activity is the main goal of the theory of machine learning. It helps to replace the human with a machine, aiming to increase the quality of production. The theory of artificial neural networks, which already have replaced the humans in problems of detection of moving objects, recognition of images or sounds, time series prediction, big data analysis and numerical methods remains the most dispersed branch of the theory of machine learning. Certainly, for each area of human activity it is necessary to select appropriate neural network architectures, methods of data processing and some novel tools from applied mathematics. But the universal problem for all these neural networks with specific data is the achieving the highest accuracy in short time. Such problem can be resolved by increasing sizes of architectures and improving data preprocessing, where the accuracy rises with the training time. But there is a possibility to increase the accuracy without time growing, applying optimization methods. In this survey we demonstrate existing optimization algorithms of all types, which can be used in neural networks. There are presented modifications of basic optimization algorithms, such as stochastic gradient descent, adaptive moment estimation, Newton and quasi-Newton optimization methods. But the most recent optimization algorithms are related to information geometry, for Fisher-Rao and Bregman metrics. This approach in optimization extended the theory of classic neural networks to quantum and complex-valued neural networks, due to geometric and probabilistic tools. There are provided applications of all introduced optimization algorithms, what delighted many kinds of neural networks, which can be improved by including any advanced approaches in minimization of the loss function. Afterwards, we demonstrated ways of developing optimization algorithms in further researches, engaging neural networks with progressive architectures. Classical gradient based optimizers can be replaced by fractional order, bilevel and, even, gradient free optimization methods. There is a possibility to add such analogues in graph, spiking, complex-valued, quantum and wavelet neural networks. Besides the usual problems of image recognition, time series prediction, object detection, there are many are other tasks for modern theory of machine learning, such as solving problem of quantum computations, partial differential and integro-differential equations, stochastic processes and Brownian motion, making decisions and computer algebra.

This work is a physical review, with elements of additions and thinning, on the methods of theoretical studies of nonlinear electrophysical phenomena in crystals with ion-molecular chemical bonds (CIMB). Crystals of this class include ionic dielectrics (characterized by high ionic conductivity), layered crystals, a special case of which are hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC), defined as proton semiconductors and dielectrics (PSD).A scientific review (comparative analysis and justification of various approximations) was carried out on the methods of constructing and solving a generalized quasi-classical kinetic equation describing the mechanism of nonlinear relaxation polarization and conductivity processes in dielectric materials with ion-molecular chemical bonds (a special case is hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC)) in a wide temperature range (1-1550 K) and polarizing field strengths (0.1-1000 V/m) at alternating field frequencies of the order of 1 kHz - 1000 MHz. The most important variant of the equations of the kinetic theory of dielectric relaxation in this work is the generalized non-linear by polarizing field quasi-classical kinetic equation of ionic (in HBC, proton) relaxation, based on the particle number balance equation (conductivity ions) in potential wells and having (in these models) the meaning of the ion current continuity equation (in HBC, protons), solved by the method of successive approximations by decomposition into infinite power series by degrees of a small dimensionless comparison parameter. It was found that in the area of ​ ​ weak fields (0.1-1 MW/m) at temperatures T = 50 - 550 K, for a number of ionic dielectrics (including HBC and similar dielectric properties and lattice structure) the generalized quasi-classical kinetic equation transforms to the linearized Fokker – Planck equation and, in the region of low (50-100K) and higher temperatures (250-550 K) begin to manifest non-linear polarization effects due to respectively proton tunneling (in the case of HBC) and volume charge relaxation (in the case of the HBC and for a wider class of ionic dielectrics). At ultra-low (1-10 K) temperatures in the region of weak fields (0.1-1 MW/m) and ultra-high temperatures (550-1550 K) in the region of strong fields (10-1000 MW/m), the contribution of this kind of effects to polarization is significantly enhanced. The effect of nonlinearities on relaxation times for microscopic acts of proton transitions across a potential barrier (assumed to be parabolic) is investigated. Nonlinear effects at volume-charge polarization in the hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC) in alternating electric field, in radio frequency range are investigated. From the solution of the system of nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations (macroscopic kinetic equation) and Poisson, with blocking electrodes, using Fourier series, a recurrent (convenient for use in any approximation of perturbation theory) expression is constructed for complex amplitudes of relaxation modes of volumetric charge. Complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) is calculated as a series decomposition over even frequency harmonics of a variable field. The effect of quantum proton transitions and polarizing field parameters (strength, frequency) on the nonlinear properties of proton semiconductors and dielectrics has been established.