The national-scale evaluation and modelling of the impact of agricultural management and cli-mate change on soils, crop growth, and the environment require soil information at a spatial res-olution addressing individual agricultural fields. This manuscript presents a data science ap-proach which agglomerates the soil parameter space into a limited number of functional soil pro-cess units (SPUs) which may be used to run agricultural process models. In fact, two unsupervised classification methods were developed to generate a multivariate 3D data product consisting of SPUs, each being defined by a multivariate parameter distribution along the depth profile from 0 to 100 cm. The two methods account for differences in variable types and distributions and in-volve genetic algorithm optimization to identify those SPUs with the lowest internal variability and maximum inter-unit difference with regards to both, their soil characteristics and landscape setting. The high potential of the methods was demonstrated by applying them to the agricultural German soil landscape. The resulting data product consists of twenty SPUs. It has a 100 m raster resolution in the 2D mapping space, and its resolution along the depth profile is 1 cm. It includes the soil properties texture, stone content, bulk density, hydromorphic properties, total organic carbon content, and pH.

There is a growing need for an area-wide knowledge of SOC contents in agricultural soils at field scale for food security, monitoring long-term changes related to soil health and climate change. In Germany, large-scale SOC maps are mostly available with a spatial resolution of 250 m to 1 km2. The nationwide availability of both digital elevation models at various spatial resolutions and multi-temporal satellite imagery enables the derivation of multi-scale terrain attributes and Landsat-based multi-temporal soil reflectance composites (SRC) as explanatory variables. On the example of an Bavarian test of about 8000 km2, the scale-specific dependencies between the representativeness of 220 soil samples and different aggregation levels of the explanatory variables were analyzed for their scale-specific predictive power. The aggregation levels were generated by applying a region-growing segmentation procedure, the SOC content prediction was realized by the Random Forest algorithm. In doing so, established approaches of (geographic) object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) and machine learning were combined. The modeling results revealed scale-specific differences. Compared to terrain attributes, the use of SRC parameters lead to a significant model improvement at large field-related scale levels. The joint use of both terrain attributes and SRC parameters resulted in further model improvements. The best modeling variant is characterized by an accuracy of R2=0.84 and RMSE=1.99.

In this paper, various Ni-P composite coatings containing toner, MoS2, and nano-SiO2 particles were deposited on steel substrates by the electroless method. Then, the electrochemical properties of these coatings after a heat treatment process were compared. The microstructural evaluations were also done by using the optical and electron microscopy methods. Both Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were utilized to survey the electrochemical behavior of such coatings. The surface morphology of all coatings contained cauliflower-like nodules. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed the crystalline phases of Ni and Ni3P for all coatings after the heat-treatment step. Obtained results showed that all composite coatings exhibited lower corrosion rates with respect to Ni-P coatings. Such a reduction was about 21.6-92.2%. This behavior was attributed to the presence of reinforcement as barriers for corrosive ion diffusion through the coating plus the changes in detected phases and thickness. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results also demonstrated that the increase in the polarization resistance for composites coatings was about 18.4-85.3% after 1 h immersion in a 0.6M NaCl solution; however, when the immersion time increased to 24 h, such increased resistance changed to 18.1 to 73.1%. Totally, despite the lower deposition rate, the presence of MoS2 and nano-SiO2 particles were more effective than toner particles to raise the corrosion rate of the Ni-P coating.

In this paper, we investigate p-adic q-integral (q-Volkenborn integral) on Z_p of p-adic gamma function via their Mahler expansions. We also derived two q-Volkenborn integrals of p-adic gamma function in terms of q-Daehee polynomials and numbers and q-Daehee polynomials and numbers of the second kind. Moreover, we discover q-Volkenborn integral of the derivative of p-adic gamma function. We acquire the relationship between the p-adic gamma function and Stirling numbers of the first kind. We finally develop a novel and interesting representation for the p-adic Euler constant by means of the q-Daehee polynomials and numbers.

It is known that the class of p-normed spaces (0 < p ≤ 1) is an important generalization of usual normed spaces with rich topological and geometrical structure, but the most of tools and general principles in nature with nonlinearity have not been developed yet, thus the main goal of this paper is to develop tools for nonlinear analysis under the framework of p-vector spaces. In particular, we first develop the general fixed point theorems which provide solutions to answer Schauder conjecture since 1930’s in the affirmative for p-vector spaces when p = 1 (which is just general topological vector spaces); then the one best approximation result for upper semi-continuous mappings is given, which is used as a powerful tool to establish fixed points for non-self set-valued mappings with either inward or outward set conditions; and finally we establish comprehensive existence results of solutions for Birkhoff-Kellogg Problems, and the general principle of nonlinear alternative by including Leray-Schauder alternative and related results. The results given in this paper not only include the corresponding results in the existing literature as special cases, but also expected to be useful tools for the study of nonlinear problems arising from theory to practice.

The integration of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems within Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is increasingly recognized for its potential to enhance business performance. While CRM adoption is on the rise, the specific impacts on operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and financial outcomes in SMEs require further investigation. This systematic review evaluates the impact of CRM systems on SME performance, with a focus on operational improvements, sales growth, and customer retention. The study aims to identify key determinants of successful CRM implementation and assess the long-term effects on SMEs' competitive advantage. The review encompasses studies published between 2014 and 2024, sourced from Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS. A total of 46 studies were included after screening 18,306 records. The mixed-methods approach involves quantitative analysis of survey data from SME owners and managers, along with qualitative synthesis of case studies. Metrics evaluated include customer acquisition, retention rates, revenue growth, and organizational efficiency. The analysis indicates that CRM adoption leads to a 25-40% improvement in customer retention and a 15-30% increase in sales across SMEs. Operational efficiency gains range from 20-35%, primarily driven by process automation and enhanced data management capabilities. Successful CRM implementation is strongly linked to managerial support, system customization, and user training. However, barriers such as limited financial resources and technical expertise hinder the full realization of CRM benefits. CRM systems significantly contribute to SME growth by optimizing customer relationships and enabling data-driven decision-making. The review underscores the importance of strategic CRM implementation tailored to the specific needs of SMEs to maximize its impact. Future research should focus on overcoming adoption barriers and refining CRM strategies for sustained performance improvements.

Mutations in p53 and KRAS are seen in most cases of colon cancer. The impact of these mutations on signaling pathways related to cancer growth has been studied in depth, but relatively less is known on their effects on amino acid transporters in cancer cells. This represents a significant knowledge gap because amino acid nutrition in cancer cells profoundly influences macropinocytosis and ferroptosis, two processes with opposing effects on tumor growth. Here we used isogenic colon cancer cell lines to investigate the effects of p53 loss and KRAS activation on two amino acid transporters relevant to macropinocytosis (SLC38A5) and ferroptosis (SLC7A11). Our studies show that the predominant effect of p53 loss is to induce SLC7A11 with resultant potentiation of antioxidant machinery and protection of cancer cells from ferroptosis whereas KRAS activation induces not only SLC7A11 but also SLC38A5, thus offering protection from ferroptosis as well as improving amino acid nutrition in cancer cells via accelerated macropinocytosis. Niclosamide, an FDA-approved anti-helminthic, blocks the functions of SLC7A11 and SLC38A5, thus inducing ferroptosis and suppressing macropinocytosis with resultant effective reversal of tumor-promoting actions of oncogenic mutations in p53 and KRAS. These findings underscore the potential of this drug in colon cancer treatment.

A novel concept of ion separation Anisotropic Diffusion Mobility Analyser (ADMA) with Individual Ion Counter (IIC) was shown by numerical modelling to be able to separate ions with high resolution and ultra-high sensitivity. An ADMA-IIC device has been developed and tested at sheath flow rates below 40 l/min with a number of chemicals relevant to airport security and military applications. The resolving power of the ADMA was observed to be in the range of 40 to 80. These data were close to the resolution obtained in numerical modelling predictions. It is greater than or comparable with the RP of currently available on-the-market devices for airport security and other applications. It was also confirmed that the ADMA technology enables very fast detection of analytes, at least 100 times faster than ion mobility spectrometers. It was shown that Brownian diffusion can be controlled and even overpowered by generating highly anisotropic diffusion in the ADMA device. The ultimate sensitivity of single-ion detection below the ppq range has been demonstrated.

The fractal dimension of is identified in this paper. More importantly, the undertaken research has shown how affects the Koch snowflake . The study has demonstrated the existence of negative values of (Koch snowflake), which connects to a considerable number of extremely intriguing mathematical and physical research areas. The information-theoretic impact on the Sierpiniski Gasket dimension , which corresponds to , was treated in a more fundamental way. Notably, the credibility of this current study adds to the existing kThe fractal dimension of is identified in this paper. More importantly, the undertaken research has shown how affects the Koch snowflake . The study has demonstrated the existence of negative values of (Koch snowflake), which connects to a considerable number of extremely intriguing mathematical and physical research areas. The information-theoretic impact on the Sierpiniski Gasket dimension , which corresponds to , was treated in a more fundamental way. Notably, the credibility of this current study adds to the existing knowledge for the information- theoretic fractal dimensions. On another applicative note, this paper offers some potential applications of fractal dimension to smart cities. The investigation of the threshold theorems for and in terms of the triad is part of the next study phase. Additionally, investigating the newly obtained 's corresponding arbitrary Sierpinski Gasket for the first time.applicative note, this paper offers some potential applications of fractal dimension to smart cities. The investigation of the threshold theorems for and in terms of the triad is part of the next study phase. Additionally, investigating the newly obtained 's corresponding arbitrary Sierpinski Gasket for the first time.

Amidst the challenges posed by the COVID-19 crisis, marked variations in individuals' resilience and vulnerability have emerged. This eight-month longitudinal study engaged 535 community adults (58% female, M_age = 43.97) to explore the nuanced aspects of coping and personal growth during the challenging period. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, the research examines the influence of autonomy support from close others—manifested through active listening and providing choices—on psychological need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness), integrative regulation of emotions; posttraumatic growth; and subjective well-being (positive affect and life satisfaction). Structural equation modeling revealed that, over time, the experience of psychological need satisfaction was intricately related to integrative regulation, posttraumatic growth, positive affect, and life satisfaction. Notably, the impact was partially mediated by autonomy support. These findings shed light on the pivotal role that autonomy supported relationships play in fostering personal growth and meaning making during life's difficult junctures. The study underscores the practical significance of purposeful support from close others and paves the way for future research endeavors.

Analysis of complex DNA mixtures is limited by the selected genetic markers characterized and assay technology. Small panels of short tandem repeats (STRs) are the current standards in most countries. Extension of STRs with hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is now commercially available. The current set of extension SNPs focus on phenotypic and biogeographic ancestry informative SNPs. Larger panels with thousands of SNPs have been developed that can identify up to 10 contributors to forensic DNA samples. Herein, multiple sets of SNPs were selected with the focus of increasing the upper limit of detectable contributors. Larger SNP panel sets with lower minor allele frequency (MAF) alleles can detect large numbers of contributors to in silico mixtures of randomly selected profiles from the 1,000 Genomes project. These results provide a path to enable characterization of complex DNA mixtures that are currently impossible to analyse.

AbstractThe escalating impact of artificial intelligence (AI) has birthed the fascinating technology of deepfakes, capable of meticulously crafting hyper-realistic audio-visual manipulations. Within the realm of healthcare, this technology presents a double-edged sword, brimming with potential for revolutionizing various facets of care delivery while simultaneously harboring significant ethical and practical challenges. This research delves into the complex narrative surrounding AI deepfakes in healthcare, meticulously analyzing both the exciting opportunities they offer, and the inherent risks associated with their implementation.Background:Traditional healthcare practices face limitations in patient engagement, accessibility, and training efficacy. Deepfakes, with their ability to simulate real-world scenarios and interactions, emerge as a potential solution, offering personalized patient education, immersive mental health interventions, remote consultations with virtual avatars, and realistic training simulations for medical professionals.Objective:This research aims to comprehensively understand the multifaceted impact of AI deepfakes in healthcare systems. It seeks to: Identify and analyze the potential benefits of deepfakes in specific healthcare applications. Assess the ethical and practical challenges associated with deepfake implementation in healthcare settings. Propose recommendations for safe, responsible, and ethical integration of deepfakes within the healthcare system.Results/Conclusion:The research findings illuminate a landscape replete with opportunities and challenges. Deepfakes offer the potential to enhance patient education, personalize mental health interventions, facilitate remote consultations, and revolutionize medical training. However, concerns regarding misinformation, ethical breaches, data privacy, and technical limitations pose significant challenges.The conclusion emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that capitalizes on the innovative potential of deepfakes while mitigating potential harm. Collaborative efforts involving healthcare professionals, technologists, and policymakers are crucial for establishing ethical frameworks, ensuring responsible development, and harnessing the positive power of deepfakes to build a future where healthcare benefits from cutting-edge technology while prioritizing patient well-being and ethical principles.

This paper offers a novel geometric and visual approach to the renowned Four Color Map Theorem and K5 non-planarity problem while unveiling their profound connection to the "kissing number" problem in 2D. We represent planar graphs through circles and tangents, simplifying complex structures and shedding light on these classic problems. Our proofs by contradiction, rooted in the kissing number concept, reveal that both the Four Color Map Theorem and K5 non-planarity are fundamentally linked, as they pivot around the concept of coloring. This study bridges the realms of geometry and graph theory, providing fresh insights and emphasizing the significance of the kissing number problem in various fields.

We investigate some information properties of consecutive k-out-of-n:G systems in light of fractional generalized cumulative residual entropy. We firstly derive a formula to compute fractional generalized cumulative residual entropy related to the system's lifetime and explore its preservation properties in terms of established stochastic orders. Additionally, we obtain useful bounds. To aid practical applications, we propose two non parametric estimators for the fractional generalized cumulative residual entropy in these systems. The efficiency and performance of these estimators are illustrated using simulated and real datasets.

This review is a first attempt at bringing together various concepts from research on wall- and magnetically-bounded turbulent flows. Brief reviews of both fields are provided: The main similarities identified are coherent (turbulent) structures, flow generation and transport barriers. Examples are provided and discussed.

The main aim of this paper is to set some correlations between Boole polynomials and p-adic gamma function in conjunction with p-adic Euler contant. We develop diverse formulas for p-adic gamma function by means of their Mahler expansion and fermionic p-adic integral on ℤ_{p}. Also, we acquire two fermionic p-adic integrals of p-adic gamma function in terms of Boole numbers and polynomials. We then provide fermionic p-adic integral of the derivative of p-adic gamma function and a representation for the p-adic Euler constant by means of the Boole polynomials. Furthermore, we investigate an explicit representation for the aforesaid constant covering Stirling numbers of the first kind.

This study examines the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) within Greek croplands, offering a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics. SOC, a cornerstone in soil health, nutrient cycling, and global carbon dynamics, assumes critical significance in sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation. Drawing on diverse soil properties, including pH, soil texture as well as different drainage and slope categories, the research explores the nuanced relationships shaping SOC dynamics in the diverse agroecological landscape of Greece. The investigation transcends local boundaries, emphasizing SOC's global role in climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon dioxide. Two maps were used as data sources: 1) SOC stock baseline map (2010) by JRC, 2) SOC stock map (2021) by the Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DIMITRA in collaboration with FAO. Greek croplands emerge as a mosaic of agroecological diversity, where anthropogenic activities wield transformative influences on SOC stock, demanding a delicate balance between agricultural productivity and soil health. The study unveils the influence of Soil Order, weaving a tapestry of SOC variability. Microscopic factors, from soil texture to cation exchange capacity, further shape SOC dynamics, emphasizing the role of clayey soils and coarse materials in carbon retention. Although soil organic carbon decreased from 2010 to 2021 the degree of carbon loss varied. This scientific endeavor synthesizes existing knowledge and unveils novel insights, offering a narrative woven from diverse soil properties. The findings contribute valuable insights for sustainable land management practices and climate change mitigation strategies, underscoring the importance of region-specific approaches in addressing global challenges.

Soil erosion is now almost universally recognized as a serious threat to man's well-being, if not his very existence. As a result, we assessed the soil physicochemical properties of two possible levels of soil bund and fanya juu. RCBD with three replications was used to collect soil samples from each soil conservation structure. Five composite soil samples were collected from each soil structure based on slop (0-30cm). Soil physicochemical properties such as erosion index, dispersion ratio, and erodibility proportionality ratio were investigated. The effect of different soil structure levels revealed that soil properties differed significantly (P≤0.05) for all parameters studied. The control plots had significantly higher (P≤0.05) dispersion ratio, erosion indexes, and erodibility proportionality than the soils treated by the level bund and level Fanya juu structures. On the control plot, this result showed lower clay content and higher sand content. The level of soil bund and fanya juu had a significant (P≤0.05) effect on soil OC, CEC, OM, and TN, as well as available phosphorous and potassium. As a result, all related soil properties show a positive relative change when the level of soil bund and fanya juu is compared to the control plot. Aside from this result, the dynamic natures of the sciences compel us to conduct additional research based on the agro-ecological zones of the study area.

One of the most important parameters that characterize the traction-coupling properties of a wheeled tractor is its slip. The more tractor's gross traction, the higher its traction-coupling properties. But, this gross traction should not exceed its maximum possible value, which, in turn out, is to be determined by the maximum permissible slip. This article provides the equation to calculate this crucial parameter and establishes the dependencies between the tractor's slip and soil structure coefficient. It was shown that the value basically depends on such soil characteristics as the bulk deformation coefficient and the coefficient of rolling resistance. Calculations showed that for the average value of the soil bulk deformation coefficient at, the average value of rolling resistance coefficient at 0.16, the ratio value of the maximum permissible soil pressure to the tractor wheel rolling radius at the maximum permitted amount slip of the tractor wheels should not exceed 15%. With more slip, the soil structure deteriorates significantly. In this case, its structure coefficient may be less than critical, equal to 0.4.

Cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil is a serious environmental problem due to its effect on crop production, soil microbial community, and risk to human health. The commercial amendments are widely used in the immobilization of heavy metal-contaminated soil because of their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and community acceptance. This study is conducted to assess the effect of sole commercial amendments including bentonite (B), talc (T), activated carbon (AC), cornstarch (CS), and their combination on exchangeable Cd content in soil, Cd uptake by the plant, and soil microbial community. The results indicated that CS and its composites (T+CS and B+CS) showed the highest effect on reducing Cd mobility in soil (up to 10% in CS), decreasing the Cd uptake by lettuce (up to 78% in T+CS), and increasing the microbial community in soil compared to the control. Furthermore, results from Biolog Ecoplate and realtime-Polymerase chain reaction indicated that the mixture amendments (B+CS and T+CS) showed the highest effect on the microbial community by increasing soil microbial population maximum of 3.81-fold difference (in B+CS) compared to the control. The results indicated that applying composite amendments provided an efficient option for immobilizing Cd in soil, reducing the Cd uptake by plants, and increasing microbial community.

In this study the effects of three different main preparatory tillage operations [ploughing at 0.4 m (P40) and 0.20 m (P20) depth and minimum tillage at 0.20 m depth (MT) each of them carried out at two different soil water contents (WC) [low, 58% (LH) and high, 80% (HH) of field capacity] were investigated. The results obtained in this research show high values of soil strength in term of Penetration resistance (CI) and shear strength (SS) particularly in deeper soil layers at lower water content. Fossil-fuel energy requirements both for P40 LH and P20 LH were 25 and 35% higher with respect to the HH treatments and tractor slip were very high (P40 LH = 32.4%) with respect to the P40 HH treatment (16%). Therefore soil water content had significantly influenced tractor performance during soil ploughing, particularly at 0.40 m depth while MT was not influenced at all. A significant correlation between grain yield and soil penetration resistance was found highlighting how soil strength may be good indicator of its productivity. Obtained results during these field tests allowed considering MT and P20 treatments more suitable for this type of soil in climate change scenarios.

Lithium has long been recognized for its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of manic-depressive illness (MDI). Additionally, numerous reports highlight its protective properties against cell insults, with a remarkable majority of these effects documented in neurons. Utilizing the major mechanisms of its action, we bring insights that explain lithium's ability to preferentially promote survival in neurons. Specifically, we explore its interactions with magnesium at protein binding sites, with a particular focus on its impact on glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β). We propose that lower intracellular free magnesium levels in the brain, coupled with the higher expression of GSK3β, which is an enzyme whose activity is magnesium-dependent, amplify its impact on brain cells, promoting neuronal survival.

Objective: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) shows promise as an aphasia treatment, however its physiological mechanisms in people with aphasia (PWA) remain largely unclear. Electroencephalography (EEG) could be used to explore rTMS mechanisms. The present study investigated the acute effects of rTMS in PWA on: 1) an EEG measure of language (N400 event-related potential); and 2) picture naming. Methods: Eleven people with chronic non-fluent or anomic aphasia (64 ± 10.13 years old; 8 males; 37.27 ± 20.64 months since stroke) received one session of 1-Hz rTMS and one session of sham to the right pars triangularis at 80% resting motor threshold (RMT). N400 mean amplitude and picture naming accuracy were compared before and after each session. Results: No acute changes were observed in N400 mean amplitude or picture naming accuracy as compared to sham (p > 0.05; BF₁₀ < 0.33). Conclusions: Results suggest that language networks underlying the N400 are not altered following one session of 1-Hz rTMS in PWA. Significance: Although EEG could be useful for assessing physiological mechanisms of rTMS in PWA, the N400 does not appear to be a viable measure of acute 1-Hz rTMS effects, at least when delivered at 80% RMT in a single session.

Partial or transient cellular reprogramming is defined by the limited induction of pluripotency factors without fully de-differentiating cells into a pluripotent state. Comparing in vitro and in vivo mouse studies, and in vitro studies in humans, supported by visualizations of the interconnections among the data, we show consistent patterns in how such reprogramming modulates key biological processes. Generally, it leads to enhanced chromatin accessibility, upregulation of chromatin modifiers, and improved mitochondrial activity. These changes are accompanied by shifts in stress response programs, such as inflammation, autophagy, and cellular senescence, as well as dysregulation of extracellular matrix pathways. We also underscore the challenges in evaluating complex processes like aging and cellular senescence, given the variability in biomarkers used across studies. Overall, we highlight biological processes consistently influenced by reprogramming while noting that some effects are context-dependent, varying according to cell type, species, sex, and the reprogramming method employed. These insights inform future research and therapeutic applications in aging and regenerative medicine.

Background: Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and episodes of cataplexy, frequently triggered by psychological stress, significant disturbances in sleep-wake cycles, pregnancy, or trauma. Modafinil is widely used as the preferred treatment due to its effectiveness in alleviating EDS, improving disease outcomes, and enhancing overall quality of life. Nonetheless, long-term safety and efficacy data are still lacking, underscoring the importance of future research to advance treatment options for narcolepsy. Aim: In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to assess the effectiveness of Modafinil in the treatment of Narcolepsy. Methods: We searched in electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science) was performed to identify cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to 8th July 2024. Data extraction focused on baseline characteristics of the included studies and efficacy outcomes, including scores on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) . We performed the meta-analysis utilizing the Review Manager software, version 5.4. To assess the outcomes, we compared the Modafinil-treated group with the placebo group, employing the mean difference (MD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for statistical analysis. Result: In total, 3833 articles were identified for screening, with nine studies included in the systematic review and five in the meta-analysis. These studies involved 997 adult patients with Narcolepsy treated with Modafinil. MWT revealed a significant increase in total scores (MD= 3.56, 95% CI [2.25 to 4.86], p < 0.00001) and ESS revealed a significant decrease in scores (MD= -3.34, 95% CI [-4.13 to -2.56], p < 0.00001). Conclusion: The research emphasizes the potential of Modafinil in alleviating EDS associated with Narcolepsy. While the results are promising, they are based on short term scale studies. It is crucial to undertake larger-scale, extended-duration, placebo-controlled studies that include a broad range of demographic populations. These trials are essential to confirm the efficacy, verify the safety profile, and fine-tune dosing strategies to maximize the long-term therapeutic benefits.

This paper investigates the integration of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and incremental learning for blockchain applications, with a focus on fraud detection, anomaly detection, and smart contract verification. By leveraging graph structure exploitation, GNNs can propagate information across nodes, reducing label dependency. Incremental learning enhances the model's adaptability to evolving blockchain networks, allowing continual learning without full retraining. Together, these technologies provide a scalable, efficient solution for improving security, performance, and adaptability in decentralized financial systems and smart contract environments.

Background:Tourette syndrome (TS) is a characterized by motor and vocal tics, often accompanied by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cannabis-based medicines (CBM) present a promising avenue for future therapeutic intervention owing to their interaction with the endocannabinoid system, potentially mitigating tics and associated symptoms. Unlike conventional treatments such as antipsychotics, CBM exhibits improved tolerability and reduced side effects. While the available evidence is still limited, ongoing research underscores the potential of CBM to enhance the quality of life for patients, establishing it as a pivotal area for future therapeutic advancements in TS. Aim: In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to assess the effectiveness of cannabis-based medicine (CBM) in the treatment of Tourette Syndrome. Methods: We searched in electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane Collaboration Database of Randomized Trials) was performed to identify cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to 18th June 2024. Data extraction focused on baseline characteristics of the included studies and efficacy outcomes, including scores on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS). We conducted the meta-analysis using Review Manager version 5.4. software. We compared the measurements before and after CBM intake using mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Result: In total, 1105 articles were identified for screening, with eight studies included in the systematic review and seven in the meta-analysis. These studies involved 306 adult patients with TS treated with cannabis. YGTSS revealed a significant reduction in total scores (MD = -13.29, 95% CI [-21.67 to -4.91], P = 0.002) and PUTS revealed a significant decrease in scores (MD = -4.09, 95% CI [-7.24 to -0.93], P = 0.01). Conclusion: The research emphasizes the potential of cannabis-based medication in alleviating tics and premonitory urges associated with Tourette syndrome. While the initial results are promising, they are based on limited-scale studies. It is imperative to conduct larger, placebo-controlled trials encompassing diverse demographic groups to substantiate the effectiveness, ensure safety, and optimize dosages for long-term therapeutic advantages.

Purpose: Arab Americans are one of the largest ethnic groups in the United States. The mental health of Arab Americans and opinions on mental health, however, remain understudied despite higher rates of mental illness and lower rates of treatment. Unique cultural conceptualizations of mental illness may generate stigma, contributing to disparities in treatment. This study aimed to assess the attitudes and perspectives of Arab Americans regarding mental illness in order to address barriers to treatment. Methods:Using an anonymous bilingual Qualtrics survey, we assessed Arab and non-Arab participants (n = 294; ages 18+) on their conceptualizations of the causes of mental illness and on their stigma towards mental illness and mental health treatments. Comparisons were performed between Arabs and non-Arabs, as well as among Arabs. Results:Compared to non-Arabs, Arabs reported higher average mental illness stigma and were more likely to rate psychiatric medications as addictive and unhelpful. Among Arabs, being Christian, male, and older (>29 years old) were each associated with higher stigma. Arabs were less likely than non-Arabs to believe in a biological explanation for mental illness. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate higher levels of stigma towards mental illness among Arab Americans, especially Christian, male, and older Arabs, potentially related to a weaker belief in a biomedical model for mental illness. These are among the first findings describing mental illness stigma and beliefs about mental health in an Arab American community and may inform future interventions providing culturally competent care to Arab Americans.

For a number of reasons, a curative treatment for most chronic diseases is still unrealized [2–4] and the incidence of many chronic diseases is rapidly increasing [5–9]. A new model is offered as a solution; that being the individualized diagnosis of homeostasis, leading to the correction of epimutations. Homeostasis diagnosis and epimutation correction, HDEC. Individuals with chronic diseases are increasingly being defined by their epimutation signatures [10,11]. Modern innovations in toxicogenomic studies are also becoming more accurate in their ability to identify the unique epigenetic signature of each toxin [12–14]. Hormesis studies (over 5,000) [15] suggest a universal principle, that a small dose is always a stimulant [16–18].These three facts present an opportunity; a method to diagnose and reverse chronic disease tendencies. This new model requires a paradigm shift in our understanding of disease origins: that dysfunctions in homeostasis [19,20] are the primary and deepest level of chronic disease causation. This is the level where the diagnosis needs to be made and where the corrections need to take place [21].

Often, in biology, we are faced with the problem of exploring relevant unknown biological hypotheses in the form of myriads of combinations of factors/genes/proteins that might be affecting the pathway under certain conditions. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells treated with ETC-1922159, many genes were found up and down regu- lated, individually. A recently developed search engine ranked combinations of AN- TXR cell adhesion molecule 2 (ANTXR2)-X (X, a particular gene/protein) at 2nd order level after drug administration. These rankings reveal which ANTXR2-X combinations might be working synergistically in CRC. If found true, oncologists can further test the combination of interest in wet lab and determine the mechanism of functioning be- tween the ANTXR2 and X. In this research work, we cover combinations of ANTXR2 with Collagen (COL), Integrin (ITG), Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), WNT, TNF and Interleukin (IL) .

Often, in biology, we are faced with the problem of exploring relevant unknown biological hypotheses in the form of myriads of combinations of factors/genes/proteins that might be affecting the pathway under certain conditions. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells treated with ETC-1922159, many genes were found up and down regu- lated, individually. A recently developed search engine ranked combinations of Wnt-X (X, a particular gene/protein) at 2nd order level after drug administration. These rank- ings reveal which Wnt-X combinations might be working synergistically in CRC. If found true, oncologists can further test the combination of interest in wet lab and deter- mine the mechanism of functioning between the Wnt and X. In this research work, we cover combinations of Wnt with Achaete-scute complex homolog 2 (ASCL2), ATP- binding cassette (ABC) domain transporters, Interleukin (IL), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2) family, exosome (EXOSC), caspase (CASP), TP53 and B-cell lymphoma (BCL) family.

A simple model of a measurement in a laboratory isolated from the environment is analyzed in detail, demonstrating the features of the collapse effect. Such an experiment can readily be implemented today under the idealization of an observer's memory as a simple quantum system. The central role of loss of information is emphasized.

This literature review investigates the importance of simulation and measurement techniques in the development of transmission lines and antennas, which are crucial to the reliability and efficiency of communication system. It emphasizes the necessity of exact measurement and computational approaches for simulating complicated electromagnetic process, which help to optimize designs before physical prototypes are built. The review examines a variety of research articles that offer innovative solutions to improving accuracy in antenna design, scalability and cost challenges in antenna measurements, and crosstalk measurement methods. It also explores how these methodologies affect antenna design parameters such as gain, bandwidth, and radiation patterns, emphasizing the importance of correct modeling to ensure the performance of transmission lines and antennas in modern communication system. The review serves as a valuable reference for guiding future research and technological advancements in these fields.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, making timely diagnosis and prognosis very important. Utilization of AI (artificial intelligence) enables providers to organize and process patient data in a way that can lead to better overall outcomes. This review paper aims to look at the varying uses of AI for diagnosis and prognosis and clinical utility. PubMed and EBSCO databases were utilized for finding publications from January 1, 2013, to December 22, 2023. Articles were collected using key search terms such as “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning.” Included in the collection were studies of the application of AI in determining cancer diagnosis and prognosis using multi-omics data, radiomics, pathomics, clinical and laboratory data. The resulting 89 studies were categorized into eight sections based on the type of data utilized and then further subdivided into two subsections focusing on cancer diagnosis and prognosis, respectively. 8 studies integrated more than one form of omics, namely genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics. Incorporating AI into cancer diagnosis and prognosis alongside omics and clinical data represents a significant advancement. Given the considerable potential of AI in this domain, ongoing prospective studies are essential to enhance algorithm interpretability and to ensure safe clinical integration.

Biases in Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Machine Learning (ML) systems due to skewed datasets problematise the application of prediction models in practice. Representation bias is a prevalent form of bias found in the majority of datasets. This bias arises when training data inadequately represents certain segments of the data space, resulting in poor generalisation of prediction models. Despite AI practitioners employing various methods to mitigate representation bias, their effectiveness is often limited due to a lack of thorough domain knowledge. To address this limitation, this paper introduces human-in-the-loop interaction approaches for representation debiasing of generated data involving domain experts. Our work advocates for a controlled data generation process involving domain experts to effectively mitigate the effects of representation bias. We argue that domain experts can leverage their expertise to assess how representation bias affects prediction models. Moreover, our interaction approaches can facilitate domain experts in steering data augmentation algorithms to produce debiased augmented data and validate or refine the generated samples to reduce representation bias. We also discuss how these approaches can be leveraged for designing and developing user-centred AI systems to mitigate the impact of representation bias through effective collaboration between domain experts and AI.

The existence of palindrome numbers of arbitrary length greater than 2 that are divisible by the prime number 37 is proven in this paper. The method to construct such a palindrome is also described. It turns out that a palindrome number divisible by 37 is also divisible by 3 and, consequently, divisible by 111.

Models of quantum measurements are presented, including observers subject to the laws of quantum mechanics. Observers perform multiple measurements in an attempt to disprove the collapse hypothesis. It is shown that under reasonable assumptions the effort cannot succeed. Under a unitary evolution the end state is a correlation between the result of the first measurement and the result(s) of the others, consistent with the observer's collapse hypothesis. The observer may conclude that the laws of nature include a non-unitary collapse mechanism, even if one does not actually exist. Discard of information is the crucial factor which distinguishes entanglement from measurement.

Aiming to improve medical diagnosis and treatment, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformational force in the healthcare industry. In this article, we examine how AI is increasingly being used to improve healthcare, with an emphasis on how it is changing medical diagnosis and treatment. We explore the opportunities, threats, and ethical concerns of incorporating AI into healthcare practice. In addition, we feature important AI applications in radiology, pathology, cardiology, and cancer. AI has great potential to improve patient outcomes, diagnostic accuracy, and the ability to provide individualized treatment plans in the future if it is used and refined with care.

Background: India leads in road traffic accident (RTA) deaths, according to the 2018 World Road Statistics. Most unidentified patients exhibit poor Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores ,often less than eight , heightened trauma severity, and suboptimal outcomes despite standard treatment. Our study concentrates on individuals involved in hit-and-run RTAs or found unconscious and brought to the emergency department and their final outcome.Case Presentation: We are presenting a case series featuring five patients admitted to our hospital for treatment. At the time of admission, all these patients' identities were unknown.We did not face any legal challenges in managing the unidentified patients as we followed preestablished protocols. We report a case series of five male patients who had been admitted after road traffic accidents. All of them regained consciousness after conservative management. These complex cases frequently led to extended hospital stays, underscoring the intricacies of providing care to individuals with uncertain medical histories. All of the patients were treated and successfully discharged. Conclusion: Addressing challenges with unidentified adult patients requires proactive measures like staff training and improved resources. In a developing nation, prioritizing public awareness on road safety, prehospital trauma care, and enhancing healthcare delivery, especially in hospitals, is essential for optimal outcomes.

Climate change related issues, such as yield decline, quality losses, accelerated phenology, extreme abiotic stress, pose growers new challenges in olive growing areas. Main cultural solutions that could alleviate stress and improve long-term sustainability of modern olive orchards are here briefly reviewed. Selecting varieties that are more resistant to drought or high temperatures would be the optimal solution to mitigate the effects of climate change, but the available scientific information is relatively scarce. Sustainability of irrigation implies that the less water is used, the better. Best results in terms of saving water and uniform application are obtained using micro-irrigation methods. Water can also be saved by not fully satisfying the tree water needs and different deficit irrigation strategies have been developed and tested for olive orchards. The use of green covers and the application of organic mulches and shredded pruning materials should be encouraged as these practices tend to stock carbon, increase organic matter content and water holding capacity of the soil. Olive orchards are efficient CO2 sinks as they can store considerable amounts of carbon in their organs and permanent structures. Using environmental friendly practices improves the ecosystem carbon budget and contributes to mitigate climate change.

The lung epithelium regulates gas exchange and is the first line of defense against airborne toxicants and microbial infections. Disruption of the integrity of lung epithelium results in altered permeability and severely impacts normal lung functions. To develop biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) for assessing adverse health effects of cigarette smoking, we have evaluated lung barrier function. In a single-center, ambulatory, clinical study we measured lung permeability, as the half-life (T1/2) of inhaled 99mTC-DTPA, in 17 subjects consisting of 6 Smokers (SMK), 5 Moist Snuff Consumers (MSC), and 6 Non-Tobacco Consumers (NTC) at three weekly test visits. Smokers, relative to MSC and NTC, exhibited significantly faster clearance of the inhaled probe (shorter T1/2), indicating increased lung permeability. NTC and MSC had comparable clearance times of the inhaled probe (longer T1/2). Least squares regression modeling showed that the variability of the test was minimal and was not significant. Prediction profiling showed that the repeatability of the lung permeability test was robust and was able to differentiate the tobacco product use groups in this study. Thus, altered lung barrier function may serve as a BoPH for assessing the effects of tobacco use.

Active magnetic bearings have higher efficiency than other bearings because there is no physical contact. However, this benefit is mitigated by the addition of electrical power consumption. It is therefore important for magnetic bearings to have efficient power electronics. Gallium nitride-based transistors are a relatively new form of transistor which have shown to be more efficient than MOSFETs. There is an insufficient body of literature in the area of application of these transistors for magnetic levitation. This work presents a simple 1 degree-of-freedom voltage controlled levitation experiment in which levitation is achieved with both a gallium nitride transistor and a MOSFET.
Voltage losses and current consumption are measured when using each transistor during levitation. In particular, transients during open-to-closed and closed-to-open states are measured for PWM pulsing. It is found that the
gallium nitride transistor is superior in both switching time and efficiency in situ for magnetic levitation.

Long Covid has become a blight, its economic consequences overwhelming. But Long Covid (LC) may represent persistent Covid-19 in those with preexisting Candida overgrowth (CO). The features shared by both are striking. LC may be a growing subset of CO. The altered tryptophan metabolism encountered in LC is driven by IFN-γ in reaction to CO. Females are robust producers of IFN-γ, yet estrogen promotes CO.The consequent decline in serotonin and melatonin triggers the mood swings and sleeplessness respectively in LC. The low serotonin, the primary messenger in the gut brain axis, creates autonomic dysfunction. The CO induced gut dysbiosis and leaky gut initiate an autoimmune path. TNFα seen in both LC and this opportunistic yeast is at the center of the cytokine triad that leads to neurodegeneration. The Western diet, high in carbohydrates, alcohol, and glutamate, is exploited by this commensal turned parasite. Residual SARS CoV2 and Candida generate abundant ROS, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Alcohol tastes different for many with LC, because acetaldehyde requires functioning hepatic mitochondria. This article delves into the complex physiology and biochemistry that drive the symptoms of this conspicuous connection. Recent research has revealed innovative approaches that might address this global scourge, including D-mannose for the immune dysfunction and butyrate for the gut dysbiosis created by and seen in both LC and intestinal Candidiasis.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has recently experienced increasing development, leading to the creation of a wide variety of autonomous solutions. In this paper a guidance strategy for straight and orbital path following of fixed-wing small UAV is presented. The proposed guidance algorithm is based on a reference Vector Field as desired 16course for the UAV to follow. A Sliding Mode approach is implemented to improve robustness and effectiveness andasymptotic convergence of the aircraft to the desired trajectory in presence of constant wind disturbances is proved according to Lyapunov. The algorithm exploits the banking dynamics and generates reference signals for the inner loop ailerons control. A MATLAB&amp;Simulink® simulation environment is used to verify performance and robustness of the compared guidance algorithms. This high-fidelity model considers the six Degrees-of-Freedom (DoF) whole flight dynamics of the UAV and it is based on experimental flight test data to implement the aerodynamic behavior.

This study examines the significant impact of Houthi insurgent activities on maritime traffic within the strategic Red Sea and Suez Canal routes, essential conduits for global trade. It explores the correlation between regional instability, exemplified by Houthi actions from November 19, 2023, to February 5, 2024, and changes in maritime traffic patterns and operational efficiency. This study seeks to answer a critical question in transport geography: How does regional instability, exemplified by Houthi insurgent activities, affect maritime traffic patterns and the operational efficiency of the Red Sea and Suez Canal? Using descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis, and geospatial methods, the research highlights recent trends in maritime traffic and incidents, revealing spatial and geopolitical challenges in this crucial trade route.Findings indicate a notable decline in maritime activity in the Gulf of Aden and Suez Canal due to security concerns from Houthi attacks, prompting a significant shift to alternative routes, particularly around the Cape of Good Hope. This shift underscores the broader implications of regional instability on global trade and the importance of maintaining uninterrupted maritime flow. The study also emphasizes the economic ramifications, such as increased operational costs and freight rates due to longer transit times and enhanced security measures.The research concludes with a call for improved maritime security protocols and international cooperation to protect these strategic maritime pathways. It contributes to the discourse on transport geography by quantifying the direct impacts of regional conflicts on maritime logistics and proposing strategies for future resilience, highlighting the interconnected nature of global trade and security and the need for collective action against evolving geopolitical challenges.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, a major pest in maize production, was assessed for its temporal and spatial distribution in maize fields during both the off and rainy seasons of 2021 and 2022. In this study, 30 and 50 maize plants were randomly sampled using a "W" pattern during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Larval density, infestation rates, and damage severity were monitored over time. Taylor's power law and the mean crowding aggregation index were applied to evaluate the dispersion patterns of the larvae. The results indicate a higher infestation rate and larval density in agroecological zone AZE 8 (fisheries zone of South Benin) compared to AZE 6 (ferralitic soils zone) during the off-season. In the rainy season, while the percentage of damaged plants was higher in AZE 8, no significant differences in larval density between the two zones were observed. The dispersion analysis revealed moderate aggregation (aggregation index = 1.25) with a basic colony of 2.08 larvae, reflecting the aggregation oviposition behavior of FAW. This study provides valuable monitoring data on the FAW's distribution, offering insights for further research on population dynamics and developing predictive models for integrated pest management strategies.

Objective: To explore the acceptability and feasibility of conducting comprehensive, community-based, hy-brid (in-person and virtual) mental health screening and feedback with diverse youth in the community. Methods: The Screening and Support for Youth intervention provides comprehensive assessment and thera-peutic feedback in community settings including symptoms, diagnoses, functional impairment, suicide, and clinical risk. Symptom severity, seven diagnoses and suicidality were assessed with the Kiddie Computer-ized Adaptive Test. Functional impairment was evaluated by youth self-report on the Weiss Functional Im-pairment Rating Scale. Measures were scored according to nationally developed norms and an algorithm was developed to aggregate symptoms and functioning to determine clinical risk. The results were discussed with participants in a motivational interview to promote insight and engagement in an online intervention. Results: Methodological innovations included using a QR code for recruitment, integrated in-person and virtual participation, and expansion from in-person recruitment within the schools to virtual engagement with youth throughout the community. The final sample included disproportionately more Black or African American and Hispanic youth as compared to school and community statistics, suggesting that hybrid re-search may facilitate recruitment of diverse populations. Qualitative interviews indicated that the screening and feedback raised youth awareness of their wellbeing and/or distress, its impact on their functioning, and engagement with options for improving wellbeing. Conclusion: Hybrid research, developed as a necessity during the pandemic, proved advantageous to the feasibility and acceptability of community-based recruit-ment of at risk, minoritized youth.

In order to deal with imprecision, ambiguity, and uncertainty in data analysis, Pawlak introduced rough set theory in 1982. This paper aims to expand the scope of basic set theory developed by presenting the notions of δP-upper and δP-lower approximations, that are based on the notion of δP-open sets, we additionally examine a few of their fundamental characteristics.

This work reports the role of structure and composition on the determination of the performances of p-type SnOx TFTs deposited by rf magnetron sputtering at room temperature, followed by a post-annealed step up to 200 °C at different oxygen partial pressures (Opp), between 0% and 20%, but where the p-type conduction was only observed between 2.8–3.8%. The role of structure and composition were evaluated by XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies. The study allows to identify the best phases/compositions and thicknesses (around 12 nm) to be used that lead to the production of TFTs with a bottom gate configuration, on glasses coated with conductive Indium Tin Oxide, followed by Aluminium Titanium Oxide dielectric layer with saturation mobility of 4.6 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ and on-off ratio above 7 × 10⁴, operating at the enhancement mode with a saturation voltage of −10 V.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are vital to economic growth, yet they face considerable competitive pressures. This systematic review evaluates the impact of Porter’s Five Forces on SME performance to provide actionable strategic insights for business sustainability using qualitative and quantitative methods. A thorough search of Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted, focusing on literature published between 2014 and 2024. Search terms included "Porter’s Five Forces," "SME competitiveness," and "competitive advantage." Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 51 out of 126 initial studies meeting the inclusion standards. Prominently, industry rivalry and customer bargaining power were found to be the most influential forces, particularly in competitive sectors such as retail and telecommunications, where differentiation and cost leadership play crucial roles. The review concludes that strategically managing Porter’s Five Forces can significantly enhance SMEs' competitive advantage and sustainability. SMEs leveraging differentiation and innovation are better equipped to address rivalry and buyer power. In industries such as manufacturing and healthcare, managing supplier power is critical for cost control and quality. Moreover, sectors like renewable energy can capitalize on the low threat of substitutes by fostering innovation. Future research should focus on specific sectors such as technology, retail, and tourism to develop tailored strategies that help SMEs navigate unique competitive pressures more effectively.

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are responsible for transmitting major human arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya, posing a global threat to public health. The lack of etio-logical treatments and efficient vaccines makes vector control strategies essential for reducing vector population density and interrupting pathogen transmission cycle. This study evaluated the impact of long-term pyriproxyfen exposure on the genetic structure and diversity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquito populations. The study was conducted in Manaus, Amazonas, Bra-zil, where pyriproxyfen dissemination stations have been monitored since 2014 up to the present day. Double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing was performed, revealing that despite significant local population reductions, focal pyriproxyfen interventions have no signifi-cant impact on the population stratification of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in urban scenarios. The genetic structuring level of Ae. aegypti suggests it is more stratified and directly affected by PPF intervention, while for Ae. albopictus exhibits a more homogeneous and less structured popu-lation. The results suggest that although slight differences are observed among mosquitoes sub-populations, intervention focused on neighborhoods in a capital city is not efficient in terms of genetic structuring, indicating that larger-scale pyriproxyfen interventions should be considered for more effective urban mosquito control.

SDG target 12.3 calls for halving food waste at retail, food service, and household by 2030. The food waste index for this purpose includes parts attached to food that are usually removed intentionally ("unavoidable food waste") and allows counting the conversion to animal feed and utilisation as biomaterial as means of reduction. In Japan, the "Food Waste Recycling Law" which has been in effect since 2001, promotes the recycling of food waste generated from businesses, designating feed conversion as top priority. On the other hand, based on the more recent "Food Loss Reduction Promotion Act" of 2019, the government is currently promoting the reduction of avoidable food waste, as to meet the SDG target. Based on statistical sources and interviews with Ministry officers, this paper explains the history and achievements of Japan's 23-year policy based on the Food Recycling Law, as well as the tension between the two legislations.

In this paper, we investigate several relations for p-adic gamma function by means of their Mahler expansion and fermionic p-adic q-integral on ℤ_{p}. We also derive two fermionic p-adic q-integrals of p-adic gamma function in terms of q-Boole polynomials and numbers. Moreover, we discover fermionic p-adic q-integral of the derivative of p-adic gamma function. We acquire a representation for the p-adic Euler constant by means of the q-Boole polynomials. We finally develop a novel, explicit and interesting representation for the p-adic Euler constant including Stirling numbers of the first kind.

In this paper, we investigate p-adic q-integral (q-Volkenborn integral) on ℤ_{p} of p-adic gamma function via their Mahler expansions. We also derived two q-Volkenborn integrals of p-adic gamma function in terms of q-Daehee polynomials and numbers and q-Daehee polynomials and numbers of the second kind. Moreover, we discover q-Volkenborn integral of the derivative of p-adic gamma function. We acquire the relationship between the p-adic gamma function and Stirling numbers of the first kind. We finally develop a novel and interesting representation for the p-adic Euler constant by means of the q-Daehee polynomials and numbers.

Integrated crop-livestock production (ILP) is an interesting alternative for more sustainable soil use. However, more studies are needed to analyze soil pore properties under ILP at the micrometer scale. Thus, this study proposes a detailed analysis of soil pore architecture at the micrometer scale in three dimensions. For this purpose, samples of an Oxisol under ILP subjected to minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) with ryegrass as cover crop (C) and silage (S) were investigated. The soil micromorphological properties of the soil were analyzed using X-ray microtomography. The MT(C) system showed the highest values of porosity (c. 20.4%), connectivity (c. 32.8×103), volume (c. 26%), and number of pores (c. 32%) in a rod-like shape. On the other hand, the MT(S), NT(C), and NT(S) systems showed higher tortuosities (c. 2.2, c. 2.0, and c. 2.1) and lower pore connectivities (c. 8.3×103, c. 6.9×103, and c. 6.2×103), especially in S use. Ellipsoidal and rod-shaped pores predominated over spheroidal and disc-shaped pores in all treatments. The results of this study show that the use of ryegrass as a cover crop improves soil physical properties, especially in MT. For S use, the type of soil management (MT or NT) did not show any differences.

As digital technologies continue to evolve; small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly adopting Virtual Collaboration and Communication Technologies (VCCTs) to enhance performance in a competitive business landscape. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of VCCTs on SME performance metrics, such as operational efficiency, employee engagement, and customer satisfaction, by analyzing 41 studies selected from an initial pool of 662,422 records. The review also explores factors influencing VCCT implementation and barriers to adoption. Studies from 2014 to 2024 were reviewed, comprising journal articles (92.68%) and conference papers (7.32%). After rigorous screening, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria. The selection process included a risk bias assessment to ensure the reliability of the findings. The analysis revealed that operational efficiency improvements were the most frequently reported (68.29% of studies), followed by employee engagement (41.46%) and customer satisfaction (43.9%). Scalability was the most measured IT performance metric (41.46%), while user engagement appeared in 39.02% of the studies. Business sustainability and competitive advantage were highlighted in 46.34% and 41.46% of studies, respectively. Factors such as digital skills, organizational culture, and IT infrastructure were identified as critical for effective VCCT implementation. Nonetheless, financial constraints and employee resistance were prominent barriers. This review underscores the transformative potential of VCCTs in enhancing SME performance, particularly in operational efficiency and stakeholder engagement. A balanced focus on technological and human factors is crucial, with strategic planning and investment in digital capabilities driving success. Future research should focus on developing tailored models to maximize VCCT benefits, especially in cost-efficiency, sustainability, and innovation.

Children on farms face high risks of work and non-work-related fatalities, with tractors being a significant contributor. This study examines children's involvement in fatal tractor-related accidents within agriculture in Iceland in 1950-2024, explores adult reflections on childhood tractor-driving experiences, and analyses Members of Parliament´s arguments against setting a minimum age for off-road tractor driving. Data rests on fatal tractor-related accidents using newspaper archives and supplementary sources, narrative interviews with former summer children who stayed at farms in childhood, and parliamentary debates on tractor-related legislation. Over half of the 81 registered accidents involved children, primarily boys, with 75% occurring between 1958 and 1988 when no minimum age for off-road tractor driving existed. Children's fatality incidence rate was more than four times higher than adults. Arguments against minimum age requirements for off-road driving included the need for child labour, children's superior driving skills, and a denial that children were more often victims than adults. Since 1988, no child has died when driving a tractor. A human-centred approach focusing on working conditions, driver capacity, and adherence to safety procedures and legal frameworks is needed to prevent future accidents.

Light is dispersive in gravitational field. It results in that, under the condition of strong gravitational field, the observed numbers, size, distance and spectrogram of a celestial object is different from the real ones. Therefore, the observed jets of the Sgr A* and M87 need be understood further with the orbit of the stars around them. And, the observed orbits of the S-stars around the Sgr A* is different from the real ones. It implies that the observed optical images of the distant celestial body with strong gravitational field need be further understood with other observations and physics laws to accurately and precisely know the real physical configuration of it.

It is increasingly common for experiments in biology and medicine to involve large numbers of hypothesis tests. A natural graphical method for visualizing these tests is to construct a histogram from the p-values of these tests. In this article, we examine the shapes, both normal and abnormal, that these histograms can take on, as well as present simple inferential procedures that help to interpret the shapes in terms of diagnosing potential problems with the experiment. We examine potential causes of these problems in detail, and discuss potential remedies. Throughout, examples of abnormal-looking p-value histograms are provided and based on case studies involving real biological experiments.

Soil contamination and the uptake of contaminants by food crops is a global problem that differs significantly from region to region, with the key factors affecting the contaminants present in local soils being the mineralogical composition of the underlying layers and local human activity. The area of ​​the Pannonian region is known for the fact that agriculture has, historically, played an important role since Roman times, which was particularly influenced by human activity. In this study we performed a preliminary study of the contamination of soil samples across the Pannonian region, to determine the potential presence of harmful contaminants. Both soil and crop samples were analysed for the potential presence of heavy metals, with additional focus placed on the potential presence of microplastics in the region`s soil.

Keywords: emerging pollutants; pharmaceuticals; plant uptake; soil behavior; soil remediation.

This study investigates the historical variability in annual average precipitation in the northwest region of Mexico, aiming to evaluate the cumulative impact of precipitation on soil degradation and associated risks posed by rainfall. Despite being known as "The Agricultural Heart of Mexico," the region's soil has experienced significant damage to its granulometric structure due to unpredictable rainfall patterns attributed to climate change. Sixteen historical series of average annual rainfall were analyzed as stationary stochastic processes for spectral analysis. The results revealed exponential decay curves in each radial spectrum, indicating a linear relationship between frequency and amplitude. These curves identified initial impulses correlated with moments of severity for structural damages caused by rainfall-induced degradation. The degradation process, exacerbated by water stress, accelerates, as evidenced by maps illustrating approximately 75% soil damage. In the context of climate change and the uncertainty surrounding soil responses to extreme meteorological events, understanding this phenomenon becomes crucial. Recognizing the dynamic nature of soil responses to environmental stressors is essential for effective soil management. Emphasizing the need to employ numerical processes tailored to new environmental considerations related to observed soil damages is crucial for sustainable soil management practices in any region.

The paper concerns the distribution of apparent magnetic susceptibility in soil profiles located in the areas of topsoil magnetic susceptibility anomalies in Krakow. The type of land use, possible sources of magnetic carriers, and the type of soil were taken into account. Additionally, at each soil profile, a comparison between soil magnetic susceptibility and the results of geochemical analyzes of soil samples was made. The study shows very characteristic changes in magnetic susceptibility with depth, reflecting the interdependencies between natural and anthropogenic factors. A visible magnetic susceptibility maximum at the depth of 10-30 cm is observed at each soil profile. The maximum is associated mainly with the deposition of atmospheric dust and its vertical range depends on the level of anthropopression and natural conditions of soils. At the depth above 40 cm in the eastern part of Krakow, a correlation between the magnetic susceptibility and the soil type (chernozems de-veloped on loess) was found. All indicates that the thicknesses of contaminated upper horizons are not accidental and they depend on human interactions with the environment and the type of soil. An attempt at template establishment with the sources of magnetic particle carriers for different places in the city was made. As the result, in high urbanized sites, the extreme values of magnet-ic susceptibility rapidly change in short vertical distances can identify the richness of anthropo-genic layers with various types of anthropogenic ferrous material and/or additionally Fe-carrying objects buried in soils. In industrialized sites, anthropogenic input plays the most important role in the creation of soil magnetic characteristics. What is more, industrial pollution hides the natural magnetic properties of chernozems. In opposite, the studies at the sites under low anthropopression (mainly located in forests) allow for better insight into magnetic proper-ties arising during pedogenic processes, indirectly giving information about soil conditions. In the forest areas, the lowest values of soil magnetic susceptibility were measured. Additionally, the influence of pedogenic and lithogenic factors on forest soils is manifested in the results. Among the sites concerned, particular attention should be paid to the vicinity of the steel plant because of the agricultural land in the surroundings.

The quantity of soil loss as a result of soil erosion is dramatically increasing in catchment where land resources management is very weak. In this paper, a RUSLE model-based soil loss quanti-fication technique is presented to estimate the annual soil loss and identify the severity of the erosion in the catchment. This study uses Fincha catchment in Abay river basin as the study area to quantify the annual soil loss by implementing Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model developed in ArcGIS version 10.4. Digital Elevation Model (12.5 x 12.5), LANDSAT 8 of Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), Annual Rainfall of 10 stations and soil maps of the catchment were used as input parameters to generate the significant factors. Rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), cover and management factor (C), slope length and steepness factor (LS) and support practice factor (P) were used as soil loss quantification significant factors. A model builder for the RUSLE model was developed and raster map calcula-tion algebra was applied in ArcGIS version 10.4 to quantify the total annual soil loss. It was found that the quantified average annual soil loss ranges from 0.0 to 76.5 t ha-1 yr-1 was obtained in the catchment. The area coverage of soil erosion severity with 55%, 35% and 10% as low to moderate, high and very high respectively were identified. The information about the spatial variation of soil loss severity map generated in RUSLE model has a paramount role to alert land resources man-agers and all stakeholders in controlling the effects via implementation of both structural and non-structural mitigations. The results of the RUSLE model can also be further considered along with the catchment for practical soil loss quantification that can help for protection practices.

Poor soil health is a critical problem in many urban landscapes. Degraded soil restricts plant growth and microorganism activity, limiting the ability of urban landscapes to perform much needed ecosystem services. Incorporation of approximately 33% compost by volume into degraded soil has been proven to improve soil health and structure over time while avoiding the financial and environmental costs of importing soil mixes from elsewhere. However, additions of high volumes of compost could potentially increase the risk of nutrient loss through leaching and runoff. The objective of our study was to consider the effects of different compost amendments on soil health, plant health and susceptibility to nutrient leaching in order to identify ranges of acceptable compost characteristics that could be used for soil remediation in the urban landscape. We conducted a bioassay with Phaseolus vulgaris (Bush Bean) to measure the effect of nine composts from different feedstocks on various plant health parameters. We collected leachate prior to planting to measure nutrient loss from each treatment. We found that all compost amendments improved soil health. Nutrient-rich, manure-based composts produced the greatest plant growth, but also leached high concentrations of nitrate and phosphorus. Some treatments provided sufficient nutrients for plant growth without excess nutrient loss. We concluded, when incorporating as much as 33% compost by volume into a landscape bed, the optimal compost will generally have a C:N ratio of 10-20, P-content <1.0% and a soluble salt content between 1.0 and 3.5 mmhos/cm. These recommendations should ensure optimal plant and soil health and minimize nutrient leaching.

Conservation Agriculture (CA) alters soil properties and microbial processes compared to conventional agriculture. These changes can affect soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. In this overview, we summarized the results of global literature and the gaps in measuring and understanding of GHG fluxes in CA systems and conventional agriculture. Some studies compared soil carbon sequestration and soil respiration in conservation agriculture and no-tillage system with conventional agriculture and the results were not consistent in all experiments. Interactions between CA pillars and soil factors such as soil moisture, temperature, texture can determine the rate of respiration rate and soil-atmosphere CO₂ fluxes. The majority of studies reported larger N₂O emissions in no-tillage treatment compared with conventional tillage while some other studies reported no difference between no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. In the majority of CA studies, there is lack of required information which is necessary to understand the mechanisms and processes that affect soil GHG fluxes. Determining factors like climate, amount of plant residues, soil type, crop types included in crop rotation and cover crops and duration of the study are not considered. Static chamber method was used for measuring soil-atmosphere GHG fluxes in the majority of studies. Spatial and temporal changes in GHG flux rates are high and missing part of highly episodic events by using static chamber method may result over- or under-estimation in flux balance calculation. Applying standard techniques for measuring continuous fluxes can help to calculating accurate GHG balance.

Our findings illustrate that CS should be employed as a means of popularizing scientific output, facilitating the promotion of political decision-making processes, and acting as a knowledge broker to reverse consumer behavior towards more environmentally friendly and conducive to SUP usage.

This study investigates the impact of water stress on grapevines, specifically examining the role of rootstocks and aquaporins. Two experiments on potted plants were conducted in central Chile during the summer, under conditions of high water demand, involving various rootstock genotypes and combinations of Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grafted onto rootstocks. Significant differences were observed among plants in terms of stem water potential, stomatal conductance, and growth rate. Notably, the CS/CS combination consistently displayed the slowest growth rate, regardless of the irrigation treatment. The study also analyzed the expression levels of plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) aquaporins in the leaves of grafted plants. Specifically, VvPIP2;2 aquaporins showed reduced expression after 14 days without irrigation, whereas VvTIP1;1 and VvTIP2;1 expression levels correlated positively with gs responses in grafted plants, suggesting their role in modulating water content in leaves under water stress. TIP aquaporins likely play a significant role in the differential responses of CS plants towards nearly isohydric or anisohydric behaviour. The CS/CS combination exhibited near isohydric behavior, correlating with lower TIP aquaporin expression, while the combination of CS onto 1103P and 101-14 showed higher expression, indicating anisohydric behavior. The findings suggest that grafted plants are more resilient to water stress, supporting the idea that rootstocks can mitigate the effects of water stress on the scion.

Breast cancer is currently the second leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 15% of all deaths (8.2 million deaths). Approximately 20% of breast cancer diagnoses are triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a type of cancer that lacks receptors for estrogen (ER negative), progesterone (PR negative), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu negative). Consequently, TNBC doesn’t respond to hormonal or targeted therapies, making it challenging to treat due to its rapid growth, metastasis, and high recurrence rate within the first three years of therapy. Alternative chemotherapies are needed to address this problem. Pharmacological dose of vitamin C (high-dose VC) has been identified as a potential treatment for some cancer cells. The present study aimed to evaluate whether VC has a therapeutic effect on TNBC using MDA-MB-231 cells as the model. MTT assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, Nuclear ID Red/Green staining, Rhodamine 123 staining, and Western blot analysis were employed to test the hypothesis that pharmacological dose of VC can kill TNBC cells. Upregulation of Apaf-1, caspases -3, -6, -7, -8, and -9, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), reduction in cell cycle protein expression, and enhancement of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53 and p21 indicated that pharmacological dose of VC has promising anti-cancer properties in the treatment of TNBC.

The rapid pace of urbanization, coupled with the growing need for environmental sustainability and technological innovation, has brought smart city initiatives to the forefront of global urban development. This paper provides a comparative analysis of smart city policies from leading cities such as Oslo, Zurich, and Canberra, and derives strategic insights for Qatar. By examining the strategies, priorities, outcomes, and challenges associated with implementing smart city initiatives in these cities, the study identifies areas of alignment and divergence with Qatar's own smart city policy framework. The research highlights potential opportunities for cross-learning and suggests how Qatar can leverage lessons from international best practices to enhance its smart city initiatives. Key areas of focus include fostering strategic partnerships, promoting innovation, and ensuring effective governance and data management systems. The findings provide actionable insights to improve the effectiveness of Qatar's smart city projects, aligning them with the Qatar National Vision 2030.

Recent studies with ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mice deficient for PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) or its receptor PAC1 provide evidence for a possible involve-ment of immune- and vasoregulatoy PACAP signaling at the PAC1 receptor in atherogenesis and plaque associated vascular inflammation. Therefore, we tested the PAC1 receptor agonist Maxadilan and the PAC1 selective antagonist M65 on plaque development and lumen stenosis in the ApoE-/- atherosclerosis model for possible anti-atherogenic effects. Adult male ApoE-/- mice were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) or standard chow (SC) treat-ed with Maxadilan, M65 or Sham. Effects of treatment on atherosclerotic plaques, lumen stenosis, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory signatures were analyzed in the brachiocephalic trunk (BT). The percentage of Maxadilan treated mice exhibiting plaques under SC and CED was lower than that of Sham or M65 treatment indicating opposite effects of Maxadilan and M65. Maxadilan ap-plication inhibited lumen stenosis under SC and CED compared to Sham. In spite of significantly increased cholesterol levels, lumen stenosis of Maxadilan-treated mice was similar under CED and SC. In contrast, M65 under SC or CED did not reveal a significant influence on lumen steno-sis. Maxadilan significantly reduced the TNF-α+ area in the plaques under CED, but not under SC. In contrast, the IL-1β+ area was reduced after Maxadilan treatment under SC, but remained unchanged under CED compared to Sham. Maxadilan reduced the caspase-3+ area in the media under both SC and CED without affecting lipid content in plaques. Despite persisting hypercholesterolemia, Maxadilan reduces lumen stenosis, apoptosis and TNF-α driven inflammation. Our data suggest that Maxadilan provides atheroprotection by act-ing downstream of cholesterol-induced vascular inflammation. This implicates the potential of PAC1-specific agonist drugs against atherosclerosis even beyond statins and PCSK-9.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a significant health concern, particularly in women, with almost half of them experiencing at least one UTI in their lifetime. This problem is further compounded by the high recurrence rate within 6-12 months. Postmenopausal women are especially vulnerable to recurrent UTI due to the natural decline in estrogen levels, which alters the urogenital epithelium and subsequently affects the urogenital microbiome. Methods: This study included 674 female patients that were admited at "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Emergency University Hospital in Bucharest over a period of 3 years. Results: Of the 674 women with urinary tract infection, 435 (79.3%) had more than one positive culture, and 239 (35.4%) experienced at least one recurrent urinary tract infection 6-12 months after the initial diagnosis. The mean age of women with urinary tract infection was 63 (± 15.61 years). Recurrent urinary tract infections were most prevalent in those aged 65-80 years (52%). Escherichia coli was detected in 71% of the positive cultures. Conclusions: The management of recurrent urinary tract infections in women presents a complex challenge that necessitates a multifaceted approach. The emerging understanding of the urobiome and its role in bladder health offers promising avenues for developing targeted interventions. As research in this field advances, it is imperative to integrate these new insights into clinical practice to balance traditional antibiotic treatments with novel strategies that consider the intricate microbial ecosystem of the urinary tract.

Disruptions in power quality have a negative impact on many energy consumers. These include lighting, where interference manifests itself, among others, in the form of light flickering. The article presents phenomena accompanying the operation of modern light sources against the background of exemplary results of studies on the flicker of conventional light sources, such as incandescent or fluorescent lamps. To assess the effects of these phenomena, it is necessary to use measures other than those traditionally used. The results of measurements carried out in accordance with different recommendations take into account both power supply disturbances and the properties of modern light sources.

The argument of this article is threefold. First, the article argues that, from its rise in the sixteenth century to our own time, the advancement of modern physics, as mathematical-experimental science, has been defined by the invention of new mathematical structures. Secondly, the article argues that quantum theory, specifically with quantum mechanics, gave this thesis a radically new meaning by virtue of the following two features: one the one hand, quantum phenomena themselves are defined by purely physical features, as essentially different from all previous physics; and on the other, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory are defined by purely mathematical postulates, which connect them to quantum phenomena strictly in terms of probabilities, without representing or otherwise relating to how these phenomena physically come about. While these two features may appear discordant, if not inconsistent, I argue that they are in accord with each other, at least in certain interpretations (including the one adopted here), designated as “reality without realism,” RWR, interpretations. This argument allows this article to offer a new perspective on a thorny problem of the relationships between continuity and discontinuity in quantum physics. In particular, rather than being concern only with the discreteness and continuity of quantum objects or phenomena, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory relate their continuous mathematics to the irreducibly discrete quantum phenomena, in terms of probabilistic predictions, while, at least in RWR interpretations, precluding a representation or even conception of how these phenomena come about. This subject is rarely, if ever discussed, apart from previous work by the present author. It will, however, be given a new dimension in this article which introduces, as one of its main contributions, a new principle: the mathematical complexity principle.

The WHO is so passionate about good health for all meanwhile the emerging counselling discipline is a complimentary arm whose interest is to fully complement those efforts through helping humankind in issues that may be affecting the health and the overall well-being. The researcher has discovered through studies and general knowledge that men tend to delay in seeking health help compared to women. Men appear to be reluctant in seeking professional assistance in problems pertaining to their health, marriages, work place, infertility, sexual dysfunction and other social life ills subsequently leading to depression, suicides, excessive uptake of alcohol, violence, mental psychosis and physical disabilities or premature death. Studies have shown that men are socially constructed to be strong from a tender age and they grow into adulthood believing that they are strong both physical and emotional hence they are supposed to withstand any situation affecting them. Masking and faking have been regarded as sign of being a real man, however these social constructs, perceptions and expectations appear to be the root cause of problems manifesting daily in men’s behavior towards seeking health help. This study therefore endeavors to find out more about the factors or determinants influencing men’s reluctance to seeking help in areas concerning their health in Industrial site of Victoria Falls. The study serves as additional educational awareness guide for the significant other, while issues unraveled help in gender mainstreaming programs for gender equality when it comes to societal hegemonizing of men’s health. Moreover, the exploration of influencing factors or determinants, causes and effects of men’s reluctance in seeking health help were scrutinized as well as possible solutions. There has been much realization of more various literature on women’s issues than men because women in general have been known to open up and talk through their issues unlike men hence the aim is to focus on men in order to understand the attitude and perceptions underlying the reluctance to seek medical care regularly and promptly. When communities get to understand that men too, feel the pain both emotionally and physically, may be then, men would not fear stigmatization but come out to seek health help promptly and communities would realize that some cultural expectations placed on men result in more harm than good.

Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are closely related. They are characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Obesity is the most important risk factor for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels, among other conditions. These disorders contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, which can exacerbate other metabolic disorders. Numerous studies indicate that diet and nutrients can have a major impact on preventing and treating these conditions. One such ingredient is lycopene. It exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and can affect metabolic processes in the body. According to the research presented, lycopene supplementation may have significant potential in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is recognized as one of the most potent neurotoxins, with a lethal dose as low as 2 ng/kg, but it has also demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in controlled doses. Produced by the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum, BoNT exists in eight distinct serotypes (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, and G) that disrupt neuronal transmission by targeting the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) complex at the neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the release of acetylcholine and inducing flaccid paralysis. While BoNT is notorious for its toxicity, it has been repurposed for medical use across various clinical indications. Following their approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), these toxins have been associated with significant improvements in patient outcomes, particularly for individuals with specific neuromuscular disorders such as spasticity, dystonia, and cerebral palsy, as well as non-neuromuscular conditions like hyperhidrosis and cosmetic concerns. This broad spectrum of therapeutic applications that botulinum neurotoxins offer has made them an integral part of contemporary healthcare. Considering their growing importance, a detailed evaluation of their pharmacological properties, available formulations, and clinical uses is crucial. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of BoNT's molecular structure, mechanism of action, and therapeutic applications, with a particular emphasis on the most widely used BoNT-A formulations: OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox), AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport), and IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin). We examine their clinical efficacy, safety profiles, and differences in pharmacological properties to guide healthcare providers in selecting the most appropriate treatment for various conditions. Additionally, the review explores the challenges of BoNT therapy, such as immunogenicity and dosing considerations, while highlighting its evolving role in neurorehabilitation and conservative treatment strategies.

Breast cancer remains a significant health concern worldwide, necessitating early detection and treatment. The rapid appearance or a change in the shape of skin lesion on the breast or just of the nipple-areola complex(NAC), especially if it is unilateral needs to be evaluated. Several primary or secondary tumours such as inflammatory skin lesions can affect this body area. Ultrasound, mammography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most used non-invasive diagnostic techniques for breast cancer, but in recent years reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography have emerged as additional tools to diagnose cases characterized by cutaneous changes.The introduction of new techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), may open new perspectives in the non-invasive diagnosis of mammary paget disease (MPD). RCM is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that allows high-resolution images of the skin at microscopic level in real time. It is non-invasive, painless and repeatable, making it a valuable tool in the early diagnosis and monitoring of skin diseases. We describe an atypical clinical presentation of mammary paget disease early diagnosed by reflectance confocal microscopy evaluation.

Often, in biology, we are faced with the problem of exploring relevant unknown biological hypotheses in the form of myriads of combinations of factors/genes/proteins that might be affecting the pathway under certain conditions. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells treated with ETC-1922159, many genes were found up and down regu- lated, individually. A recently developed search engine ranked combinations of BCL-X (X, a particular gene/protein) at 2nd order level after drug administration. These rank- ings reveal which BCL-X combinations might be working synergistically in CRC. If found true, oncologists can further test the combination of interest in wet lab and deter- mine the mechanism of functioning between the BCL and X. In this research work, we cover combinations of BCL with Interleukin (IL), Selenbp1, TP53, caspase (CASP), mucin (MUC) and exosome (EXOSC).

Traditional chemical research often relies on trial-and-error synthesis and characterization methods. Now, modern machine learning (ML) offers data-driven approaches for predicting properties, like water solubility, directly from chemical structure. But with various data representation schemes for molecular structure and model approaches to select from, it can be difficult for non-experts to determine best practices for utilizing ML. To clarify this landscape of choices, this study uses the ESOL molecular solubility dataset to compare the performance of a selection of different models on different data representations. First, we compare three classical regression methods (linear, ridge, LASSO) on three common data representations (RDKit fingerprint, Morgan fingerprint, intuition-selected molecular features). Then, we demonstrate how two distinct deep learning approaches (multilayer perceptron, graph convolution) can achieve accurate predictions even when prior intuition about feature-property correlations are absent. Finally, we outline a modern attention-based approach, inspired by successes in language modeling and fine-tuned by Bayesian optimization, to achieve a prediction methodology that is more general and performant than the previous approaches. This attention-based approach operates directly on the common SMILES string molecular representation, without requiring as many model parameters as other deep learning approaches or preprocessing into a representative fingerprint or vector of intuitively selected features. In short, when selected molecular features are known to likely correlate with a feature of interest, it may be possible to achieve good predictive modeling without turning to massive deep learning approaches. When particular features are not known a priori, graph approaches are a common solution, and we further demonstrate how a modern hyperparameter optimized attention approach can perform even better.

In relativity, the newtonian concepts of velocity and acceleration are observer-dependent quantities that vary with the chosen frame of reference. It is well established that, in the comoving frame, cosmic expansion is currently accelerating; however, in the rest frame, this expansion is actually decelerating. In this paper, we explore the implications of this distinction. The traditional measure of cosmic acceleration, denoted by \( q \), is derived from the comoving frame and describes the acceleration of the scale factor \( a \) for a 3D space-like homogeneous sphere. We introduce a new parameter, \( q_E \), representing the acceleration experienced between observers within the light cone. By comparing \( q_E \) to the traditional \( q \), using observational data from Type Ia supernovae (SN) and the radial clustering of galaxies and quasars (BAO)—including the latest results from DESI2024—our analysis demonstrates that \( q_E \) aligns more closely with this data. The core argument of the paper is that $\Lambda$—regardless of its origin—creates an Event Horizon that divides the manifold into causally disconnected regions, analogous to conditions inside a black hole’s interior, thereby allowing for a rest frame perspective $q_E$ in which cosmic expansion appears to be decelerating and the horizon acts like a friction term. Such horizon suggests that the universe cannot maintain homogeneity outside. The observed cosmological constant \( \Lambda \) can then be interpreted not as a driver of new dark energy or a modification of gravity, but as a boundary term exerting an attractive force, akin to a rubber band, resisting further expansion and preventing event horizon crossings. This interpretation calls for a reconsideration of current cosmological models and the assumptions underlying them.

Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis represents a homogeneous area of renal pathology with clinical relevance for either the numerical impact or difficulties in treatment. SLE and Lupus nephritis are the most frequent occurrences. They are characterized by glomerular deposition of circulating autoantibodies that recognize glomerular antigens Technologies for studying tissue and circulating antibodies have evolved over the years and culminated with the direct analysis of the antigen-antibody complex in renal bioptic fragments. Mass-spectrometry of immunoprecipitates from the renal tissue is, in fact, the most recent evolution that eliminates the need for tissue microdissection. The results obtained with this technique have led to the discovery of several new glomerular antigens in Membranous Nephropathy and in Lupus Nephritis, two conditions whose pathogenesis remained unknown for decades, Peptide and protein arrays (Immunopeptidomics and immunoproteomics, respectively) for the characterization of circulating autoantibodies represent the new frontier for identifying autoantibodies. Immunopeptidomics consists in 7.5 million aligned peptides of 16 amino acids each which cover the whole human proteome; immunoproteomics utilizes a chip containing structured proteins, 26.000 overall. Both are very sensitive techniques that allow the characterization of hundreds of new antibodies in circulation. The contribution of arrays to amplify the panel of potential autoantibodies involved in glomerulonephritis is expected to be relevant for improving our knowledge of the pathogenesis of several autoimmune conditions.

Pakistan is an agricultural country, and an exporter of crops in many countries. The crop production is an important factor to earn revenue for the country. But the agriculture of Pakistan is still not revolutionized and no modern system has been deployed commonly. Whereas the farmers face difficulty in growing some crops because those crops needs more care and calculated steps. Moreover the farmers face difficulty at different stages of the crop growth like to check fertility of soil and if the soil is non-fertile then which chemical property is lacking. The objective of this research is to provide digitize the agriculture of Pakistan. An emerging technology IoT and Deep learning based system will be developed. The IoT part contains some devices like sensors,gateways and communication technologies whereas the software part consists of Deep learning models that can make predictions about the fertility of the soil. The motive of this system is to provide best results in term of accuracy. Whereas the dataset used is publicly available on kaggle but it was of non-fertile values, so data augmentation is also performed to generate data for fertile values. We have implemented LSTM,RNN,CNN among them LSTM performed best for the prediction of soil fertility.

The startup ecosystem in Peru has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, driven by technol- ogy and innovation across various industries. This article presents a web application developed in PHP, designed to centralize and facilitate access to information about startups, incubators, and investors in Peru. The methodology employed encompasses several stages, from establishing prerequisites to data preprocessing, model selection and training, rigorous evaluation, and the technical development of the platform. The application offers key functionalities such as exploring a comprehensive database of star- tups, detailed access to information about incubators and accelerators, identification of investors, and advanced analysis tools for market proposal prediction. Additionally, it integrates educational resources and allows users to suggest new startups through detailed surveys. The results demonstrate that the ap- plication improves access to relevant data, fosters collaboration among ecosystem actors, and supports informed decision-making. The platform also stands out for its security and privacy measures, as well as its ability to drive innovation and competitiveness in the market. In conclusion, the application has a sig- nificant impact on the Peruvian entrepreneurial ecosystem, and its continuous improvement is essential for the sustainable growth of startups in Peru and globally.

If an AI entity is conscious, then it deserves moral status and to have its welfare protected. Society has granted certain animals moral status and has legislation to protect animal welfare because these kinds of animals have been deemed to be sentient. This paper shows that for any entity that can be determined to be conscious, that entity deserves the same status and protection as sentient entities. The paper further develops a framework for how an AI entity's welfare can be protected, based on the Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare. The extant Five Freedoms are translated into terms more suitable for artificial entities, encompassing discomfort and harms, constraints on inherent functions, fear and distress, malfunction and degradation, and resource depletion. Each of the new Five Freedoms are justified using formalised arguments and supported using evidence from animal welfare literature. The paper concludes by presenting three formalised case studies to highlight the potential stressors conscious AI entities may face and how this ethical framework can work to protect the welfare of AI entities.

The energy transition is a complicated process that involves changing production and consumption habits, boosting the use of renewable energy sources, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This article examines the management of risks associated with this shift, focusing on investment, commercial, technological, regulatory, and environmental challenges. The paper proposes an effective way for dealing with new difficulties by assessing risks and the management techniques that accompany them. Furthermore, as a critical component of the energy revolution, the concept of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) is given, with a focus on the ambitions of INGV – Irpina Headquarters and the EU regulatory framework. Finally, the actions and methods employed to achieve the NZEB objectives are discussed, including the utilization of cutting-edge technologies and renewable energy sources. Furthermore, the concept of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) is introduced as an important component of the energy transition, with an emphasis on the European regulatory framework and the ambitions of the INGV – Irpina Headquarters. Finally, the interventions and techniques employed to achieve the NZEB targets are highlighted, such as the employment of advanced technologies and renewable energy resources. This study contributes significantly to understanding the processes and issues associated with the energy transition and the implementation of NZEB, hence boosting sustainability in the construction sector.

In this paper is proposed an analytical technique which can be used to obtain the forced response of a cantilevered tube conveying fluid. Considering the pipe subjected to an arbitrary harmonic force either distributed or concentrated, an analytical solution is found using Green’s function method. The solution obtained of the closed form satisfies the differential equations in a classical sense. The presented method giving the exact solutions is more precise than the classical eigenfunction expansion or Galerkin’s method with no need to the eigenfunctions or eigenvalues.

The Parecis Basin is one of the largest intracratonic basins in Brazil. Despite its considerable size, the basin has yet to be extensively explored, with only five wildcat wells drilled for hydrocarbons. So far, no commercial discoveries have been announced. Regional studies have suggested Paleozoic sedimentation, while recent studies indicate a Neoproterozoic fill. However, no tectonic model accurately describes the basin’s development, and no detailed structural map for the entire basin has been published. The present work presents a new detailed structural map of the Parecis Basin based on a four-step interpretation workflow integrating seismic and gravimetric data. The first step includes converting the public 2D seismic lines to the depth domain. The second step is estimating the residual Bouguer anomaly, where the computed residual anomalies should relate to the basin’s tectonic features. The third step comprises the 2D forward modeling of the gravimetric anomalies using the 2D seismic interpretation as a constraint. The final step compiled all the interpreted features into our new structural map. This map reveals the top of the basement, forming a complex framework of horsts and grabens. Normal faults define the main structural style in the basin. Further, we could recognize thick, high-density bodies embedded in the crystalline basement. These bodies consist of Orosian-Calimian (1.8-1.6 Ga) mafic and ultramafic rocks, which may be a potential source for hydrogen exploration in the basin. Subsequent geophysical and geochemical surveys will assess the hydrogen potential in the area.

Millions of children in developing countries face preventable deaths due to inadequate vaccination and malnutrition, in part due to insufficient monitoring and the absence of official identification. A reliable fingerprint recognition system can be a practical solution to address this issue. However, the scarcity of longitudinal fingerprint datasets for young children leads to unresolved questions regarding the earliest age for fingerprint biometric use, the frequency of enrollment required for reliable recognition, and the methods to accommodate agerelated changes. A few recent studies introduced high-resolution fingerprint scanners and showed promising recognition performance for young children. However, these studies were conducted on a small dataset over a shorter period with limited diversity; further evaluation of their finding is essential. This study assessed the effectiveness of a high-resolution contactless scanner in a controlled, diverse longitudinal dataset of children (0-15 years). Our results indicate that infants can be enrolled at five days old and reliably recognized after two months with a TAR= 100% @ FAR = 0.1%, and children aged 4-15 years can be recognized after one year with a TAR= 98.72% @ FAR = 0.1%.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health threat, leading to approximately 1.27 million deaths annually from infectious diseases resistant to existing antibiotics. Factors such as antibiotic misuse and environmental contamination have accelerated AMR, with the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbating the issue due to increased antibiotic usage. However, the development of new antibiotics has stagnated, with only a few approved in recent years, and many facing resistance. Among the priority pathogens identified by the WHO, Pseudomonas aeruginosa stands out as a significant concern due to its multidrug resistance and virulence. P. aeruginosa infections are challenging to treat due to intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms, as well as its ability to form biofilms. Additionally, P. aeruginosa produces a plethora of virulence factors, including proteases, siderophores, and toxins, further complicating treatment. Quorum sensing (QS) systems play a crucial role in regulating bacterial physiology and virulence factor expression. P. aeruginosa employs three QS systems, making it an attractive target for quorum quenching (QQ) strategies. Enzymes such as AHL lactonases, acylases, and oxidoreductases have shown promise in inhibiting QS, thus reducing virulence without impacting bacterial growth. Furthermore, natural QS inhibitors produced by various organisms offer potential therapeutic alternatives. Despite promising results in vitro, translating QQ strategies to clinical settings remains challenging. Nevertheless, QQ represents a novel approach in combating multidrug-resistant infections and warrants further investigation as a complementary therapeutic strategy alongside traditional antibiotics. This review summarizes enzymes with Qurorum Quenching activity evaluated against the pathogen P. aeruginosa and their potential applications in combination therapies.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into academic settings in Sabah, Malaysia, is transforming education and research landscapes. While AI technologies promise to enhance teaching, learning, and scholarly activities, they also pose challenges such as ethical concerns and skill gaps among academic staff. This study addresses the multifaceted impacts of AI adoption on academicians in Sabah, focusing on two key research questions: the impact of AI-based intelligent tutoring systems on student engagement, learning outcomes, and educational equity, and the challenges and opportunities in building academicians' capacity to integrate AI technologies effectively. Through a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating insights from education, computer science, social sciences, and ethics, this research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of AI tools in educational settings and identify strategies for skill development and infrastructure support. The study recommends empirical assessments within Sabah's educational institutions, considering contextual factors and fostering collaborative partnerships with local communities. Professional development programs, collaboration with industry partners, and improved access to AI infrastructure are proposed strategies. Longitudinal studies and interdisciplinary research initiatives are suggested for future research, along with qualitative methods to capture diverse perspectives. Ultimately, by embracing a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach, Sabah's academic community can harness the transformative potential of AI to advance education, research, and scholarship while promoting ethical and inclusive practices.

Diabetic foot is a serious complication that poses significant risks for diabetic people. The resulting reduction in protective sensitivity in the plantar region requires early detection to prevent the imminent ulceration and amputation. The primary method employed for evaluating this sensitivity loss is the 10 g f Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, commonly used as a first-line procedure. However, the lack of calibration in existing devices often introduces decision errors due to unreliable feedback. In this paper, a new equipment designed to address these limitations and enhance the assessment of the sensitivity loss using the 10 g f monofilament is introduced. The proposed system automates metrological verification and evaluation processes, ensuring accurate and reliable results. Furthermore, it simulates the practitioner’s procedure, serving both as a valuable training tool and a means to provide force-feedback information. An analytical model of the monofilament buckling and deflection is also presented. The obtained results showed that the tested monofilaments had a very high error compared to the 10 g f declared by the manufacturers. It is aimed, by introducing this advanced equipment, to improve the precision and reliability of assessing the sensitivity loss. The integration of automated verification, simulation capabilities, and precise measurements shows great promise for diabetic patients, reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes such as ulceration and amputation.

A proof is given showing the Collatz Conjecture is true for all positive integers. The proof was possible once the perspective of the proof was changed from looking at the pattern of the positive integers to looking at the conjecture rules. The conjecture rule for even numbers organizes all positive integers into unique sets and the rule for odd numbers interconnects the unique sets into dendritic pathways to “1.” Infinite loops, other than the minor 4-2-1 loop after reaching “1,” and pathways to infinity are shown to be mathematically impossible. The proof predicted a general equation that shows all positive integers ultimately reach a final value of “1," and calculates the values and locations of the odd positive integers during the iterations for each tested positive integer.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a necessity for the decentralization of payment methods and transactions, but it has brought with it many properties of distributed systems that have made it a crucial technology for overcoming some of society's challenges, especially in the context of decentralizing services, transparency of information, availability, and security. Its architecture and communication methods, although possessing some complex nuances to understand, particularly for the lay audience in the field of distributed systems, protocols, and computer networks. In this article, we will explore some topics of distributed systems related to blockchain technology.

Background: The resurgence of syphilis, primarily in MSM populations, has necessitated novel prophylactic strategies, such as the use of doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP). However, the potential for increased doxycycline use to select for tetracycline resistance represents significant challenges in managing this sexually transmitted infection. This study aims to identify chromosomal mutations associated with tetracycline resistance in Spirochaetales to inform treatment strategies and surveillance measures.Methods: Whole genome sequences (WGS) from the Spirochaetales order, including 4,355 genomes, were analyzed for the presence of mutations in 16S rRNA and non-synonymous mutations in the rpsC and rpsJ genes. The study utilized WGS from GenBank® and sequence data from the PubMLST Treponema pallidum isolate collection. Genetic resistance to tetracycline was detected using a combination of BLASTN searches and gene-gene analysis. Results: A transition mutation TGA to TGG at positions 965-967 in the 16S rRNA gene was detected in 5.6% of Treponema spp. and 3.97% of Spirochaeta spp. genomes. The rpsJ gene exhibited a V57G amino acid substitution across a significant subset of Treponema spp. Notably, the V57K mutation was common in Spirochaeta spp. The rpsC gene had the H178Q mutation and was found to be present in the Spirochaetales bacterium.Conclusion: The identification of mutations associated with tetracycline resistance in Spirochaetales provides a foundation for the development of rapid molecular diagnostics and guides the clinical selection of antibiotics for syphilis treatment. This study underscores the complexity of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the critical importance of surveillance in the era of antibiotic prophylaxis for STI management.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from progressive damage to specific brain regions. Key symptoms encompass involuntary movements (tremor), slowness of movements (bradykinesia), and muscle rigidity. Although the precise cause remains uncertain, a combination of genetic and environmental factors is believed to contribute to its development. This study focuses on the interaction of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin with natural compounds. Docking investigations revealed that Amentoflavone exhibited an excellent binding energy score of approximately -10 kcal/mol. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin displayed a robust binding affinity with docked amentoflavone, evident from a high binding energy of -10 kcal/mol. Nonetheless, additional biological studies are crucial not only to validate its potential efficacy against Parkinson's and assess safety in terms of toxicity but also to perform further computational analyses confirming these preliminary assessments.

This study delves into the therapeutic potential of two natural compounds, Amentoflavone and Bilobetin, by investigating their interactions with the BPIFB4 protein. BPIFB4, a member of the BPI fold-containing superfamily, has been associated with various biological processes, particularly in longevity and cardioprotection( LAV-BPIFB4). Molecular docking analyses revealed promising binding energies for Amentoflavone and Bilobetin with BPIFB4, suggesting favorable interactions.Additionally by pKCSM database are showed the predicted toxicity properties of Amentoflavone and Bilobetin respectively.This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on natural compounds and their therapeutic implications in the context of vital biological processes. However, these findings underscore the need for further investigations, including in vivo studies and clinical trials, to validate the observed effects and explore the translational potential of Amentoflavone and Bilobetin in promoting cardiovascular health and longevity.

Diabetes mellitus is acknowledged as a significant contributor to severe complications. The present work has explorated the potential role amentoflavone as an aldose reductase inhibitor through Docking Simulations. From these results this compound has shown excellent results with this enzyme with a high binding energy of -11 kcal/mol. If amentoflavone,a natural biflavonoid, proves effective in inhibiting aldose reductase, it could hold therapeutic promise for managing diabetic complications. However, it's crucial to emphasize that while computational studies offer valuable insights, experimental validation is essential to confirm the actual inhibitory effects and to establish the safety and efficacy of amentoflavone for this purpose. Further research and clinical studies are warranted to fully understand and harness the potential therapeutic benefits of amentoflavone in the context of diabetes.

Cells respond to DNA double-strand breaks by initiating DSB repair and ensuing a cell cycle checkpoint. The primary responder to DSB repair is non-homologous end joining, an error prone repair pathway. However, when DSBs are generated after DNA replication in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, a second DSB repair pathway, homologous recombination, can come into action. Both ATM and ATR are important for DSB-induced DSB repair and checkpoint responses. One method of ATM and ATR working together is through the DNA end-resection of DSBs. As a readout and marker of DNA end-resection, RPA is phosphorylated at Ser4/Ser8 of the N-terminus of RPA32 in response to DSBs. Here, the significance of RPA32 Ser4/Ser8 phosphorylation in response to DNA damage, specifically in S phase to G2 phase of the cell cycle is examined. RPA32 Ser4/Ser8 phosphorylation in G2 synchronized cells is necessary for increases in TopBP1 and Rad9 accumulation on chromatin and full activation of the ATR-dependent G2 checkpoint. In addition, our data suggest RPA Ser4/Ser8 phosphorylation modulates ATM-dependent KAP-1 phosphorylation and Rad51 chromatin loading in G2 cells.

Summary— Introduction: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks and destroys one type of white blood cell, in particular, the CD4 lymphocytes, which are responsible for the body's immune response. This weakens the immune system to such an extent that it can no longer fight other viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and tumors. Methods: We investigated the potential biological role of the natural compound Polydatin (or piceid) using SwissDock, a web service to predict the molecular interactions that can occur between a target protein and a small molecule. Discussion: For the first time, we have investigated the role of polydatin against HIV-1 protease and HIV-2 protease through a computational approach by comparing their estimated ΔG values (kcal/mol) and the nature of the interactions between the residues in the catalytic center of the HIV proteases.Conclusion: From these simulations, Polydatin has excellent physical properties and an excellent estimated ΔG value (kcal/mol) of about -9.9 kcal/mol against HIV-2 protease and ΔG value (kcal/mol) of about -9.5 kcal/mol against HIV-1 protease. In addition, Polydatin was able to bind to two key amino acids of the catalytic triad sequence common to asparagine proteases (Asp25 and Gly27)