Diffusion-controlled cyclic voltammograms at fast scan rates show peak shifts as well as decreases in the peak currents from the predicted diffusion-controlled currents especially when currents are large in low concentration of supporting electrolyte. This has been conventionally recognized as an IR-drop effect by solution resistance on the peaks as well as heterogeneous kinetics. It is also brought about by negatively capacitive currents associated with charge transfer reactions. The reaction product generates dipoles with counterions to yield a capacitance, of which current flows oppositely to that of the double layer capacitance. The three effects are specified here in the oxidation of a ferrocenyl derivative by fast scan voltammetry. The expression for voltammograms complicated with IR-drop is derived analytically, and yields deformed voltammograms. The peak shift is approximately linear with the IR-term, but exhibits a convex variation. Dependence of some parameters on the peaks by the IR-drop is compared with those by the negative capacitance. The latter is more conspicuous than the former under conventional conditions. The two effects cannot be distinguished specifically except for variations of conductance of the solution.

With technological transformations such as big data, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, digital techniques are penetrating the field of finance. Digital finance is a resource-saving and environmentally friendly innovative financial service. It shows great green attributes and can drive the flow of financial resources towards environmentally friendly enterprises, thereby promoting green and low-carbon development. This paper investigates the effects of digital finance on green and low-carbon cyclic development and the mechanism. First, the level of green and low carbon cyclic development in China is estimated from multiple aspects based on the panel data of 31 provinces by using the spatio-temporal range entropy weight method. Then, the working mechanism of digital finance on green and low carbon cyclic development is revealed by performing empirical tests based on panel regression models, mediating effect models, and threshold models. Finally, the effects of digital finance and conventional variables on green and low-carbon cyclic development are investigated by using a random forest model and a CatBoost model in based on the machine learning. The results show that digital finance has significant positive effects on green and low-carbon cyclic development, and technological innovation plays a key role in the effects of digital finance on green and low-carbon cyclic development; meanwhile, the driving effect of digital finance on green and low carbon cyclic development shows nonlinear features with increasing “marginal effect”; besides, both digital finance and conventional factors have significant impacts on green and low carbon cyclic development. This study provides an empirical basis and path reference for digital finance to achieve “carbon peak, carbon neutralization” in China.

As the global aging trend continues to intensify, there will inevitably be more complex and diverse aging problems in the future. There is no doubt that designers have the responsibility to explore the possibilities of the future and solve the problems that will be faced in the future. Based on the Future Cone, the Double Diamond Model and the IDEO Method Cards, this study proposes a new model to guide the design practice of future aging issues in the context of aging. With the aim of validating and refining the framework, an ageing designer workshop was held where participants were asked to imagine, explore and express ideas about future ageing issues. The workshop was used to refine the proposed model. More specifically, the model includes a future concept, a design guidance process based on the Double Diamond Model, and tools that can be applied at all stages of design, which can help designers generate ideas and solutions for future aging problems, and collectively lead society to a more desirable future. Moreover, this study also explores broader directions for the development of the model and provides a reference for continued research on this topic in the future.

Relative contribution of different repair pathways to the radiation-induced DNA damage responses remains a challenging issue of studying the radiation injury endpoints. Comparative manifestation of homologous recombination (HR) after application of different radiation doses greatly determines an overall effectiveness of recovery in dividing cell after irradiation, since HR is an error-free mechanism intended for repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) during S/G2 phases of cell cycle. In this article, we present an experimentally observed evidence of dose-dependent shift in relative contribution of HR in human fibroblasts after X-ray exposure at doses 20-1000 mGy, which is also supported by quantitative modeling of DNA DSB repair. Our findings indicate that the radiation dose increase leads to dose-dependent decrease in relative contribution of HR into the entire repair process.

New hybrid composites based on the inclusion of a vegetal extract, i.e., Boswellia Serrata extract (BSE), rich in boswellic acids, well known as a potent anti-inflammatory natural drug, in a lamellar solid layered double hydroxide (LDH), i.e. a Magnesium Aluminum Carbonate, were developed and characterized in the present work. The adopted LDH exhibits a layered crystal structure, comprised of positively charged hydroxide layers and interlayers composed of carbonate anions and water molecules, thus it was expected to embed negatively charged boswellic acids. In the present case, a calcination process was also adopted on LDH to increase organic acids loading, based on the replacement of original inorganic anions. An accurate investigation was carried out by TGA, PXRD, FT-IR/ATR, XPS and LC-MS to ascertain the nature, interaction, and quantifica-tion of the active molecules of the vegetal extract loaded in the developed hybrid materials. As a result, a significant disruption of the original layered structure was observed in LDH subjected to calcination (LDHc), and this material was able to include a higher amount of organic acids when its composite with BSE was prepared. However, in vitro tests on composites bioactivity, expressed in terms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, evidenced LDH-BSE as a better material compared to BSE and to LDHc-BSE, thus suggesting that, though the embedded organic acids amount was lower, they could be more available since not firmly bound to the clay. The composite was able to significantly decrease the number of viable pathogens such as Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the internalization of toxic active species into human cells imposed to oxidative stress in comparison to the BSE.

The G-NUMEN array is the future gamma spectrometer of the NUMEN experiment (Nuclear Matrix Element for the Neutrinoless double beta decay), to be installed around the object point of the MAGNEX magnetic spectrometer at the INFN-LNS laboratory.. This project aims at exploring Double Charge Exchange (DCE) reactions in order to obtain crucial information about the neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ). The primary objective of the G-NUMEN array is to detect the gamma rays emitted from the de-excitation of the excited states populated via DCE reactions with good energy resolution and detection efficiency, amidst a background composed of transitions from competingreaction channels with far higher cross-sections. To achieve this, the G-NUMEN signalswill be processed in coincidence with those generated by the detection of the reaction ejectiles in the MAGNEX Focal Plane Detector(FPD). Under the expected experimental conditions, G-NUMEN detectors will operate at high counting rates, of the order of hundreds of kHz per detector, while maintaining excellent energy and timing resolutions. The complete array will consist of over 100 LaBr3(Ce) scintillators. Initial tests have been conducted on the first detectors of the array, allowing for the determination of their performance at high rates.

Hydrogels, soft materials with 3D polymer networks in aqueous solution, have been developed for engineering and bio-related fields. However, these conventional hydrogels are weak and brittle due to lack of energy dissipation mechanisms. Recently, dual-network hydrogels have been proposed, combining rigid and flexible networks and exhibiting high strength, stretchability, and toughness. This paper explores the rheological properties of dual-network hydrogels based on acrylamide and sodium alginate under large deformations. This dual network is a combination of a covalently crosslinked polyacrylamide network and a supramolecular crosslinked sodium alginate network at the presence of divalent calcium cations. Small and large amplitude oscillatory shear methods with Fourier transform rheology, stress decomposition method, and Chebyshev polynomial analysis of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) data were employed to evaluate non-linearity limit, toughness, and network rigidity. The concentration of calcium ions affects (concentrations 0-80 mg/ml) the nonlinear transition and limit points, and all gel samples exhibit strain hardening, shear thickening, and shear densification.

The crystal structure of quintinite, Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O, from Jacupiranga alkaline complex (Cajati, São Paulo, Brazil) has been refined for two samples (91002 and C7029) using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The mineral crystallizes in the P-3c1 space group, a = 5.246/5.298, c = 15.110/15.199 Å for the samples 91002/C7029. The crystal structure consists of octahedral sheets with Mg and Al ordering according to the 3 × 3 superstructure. The Mg and Al atoms are coordinated by six hydroxylated oxygen atoms each with the average <Mg–O> and <Al–O> bond distances being in the ranges 2.022–2.053 Å and 1.974–1.978 Å, respectively. The interlayer structures are identical (in contradiction to the previous assumptions) and compose from disordered (CO3)2- groups and (H2O)0 molecules. The samples from Jacupiranga can be identified as quintinite-2T that is the second find of the polytype after the Kovdor alkaline complex (Kola peninsula, Russia). The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of quintinite-2T contains weak superstructure reflection at 4.57 Å (010) indicative of Mg and Al ordering. An important crystal-chemical criterion of quintinite is the interlayer distance (d00n-value) of ~ 7.56 Å, which is steady for natural specimens from various findings worldwide.

Minimal rotating thermodynamic systems are addressed. Particle m placed into the rotating symmetrical double-well potential (bowl), providing binary logical system is considered. The condition providing the transfer of the particle from one frictionless half-well to another, and in this way possibility to record 1 bit of information is derived. The procedure of recording turns out to be irreversible; it is impossible to return the particle to its initial state under rotation about the same axis. The same rotating double-well system exerted to the thermal noise is considered. Minimal rotating thermal engine built of the rotating chamber, movable partition and the particle confined within the chamber is treated. Rotation of the system displaces the partition; thus, enabling erasing of one bit information. Erasing of 1 bit of information is due to the inertia (centrifugal force) acting on the partition. Isothermal expansion of the “minimal gas” expectedly gives rise to the Landauer bound. Compression of the “gas” with the rotation around the same axis is impossible and demands the additional axis of rotation. The interrelation between the possibility of recording/erasing information and the symmetry of the system is considered.

To understand the enhanced protection mechanism of CoCrNiAlY-YSZ-LaMgAl11O19 dou-ble-layer ceramic coating with aluminum plating, a finite element simulation method was used to simulate the distribution of thermal stress in the coating in all directions. The results show that in the air exposure of the un-aluminized coating, high temperature causes a large radial thermal stress on the surface of the LaMgAl11O19 (LMA) layer, and it increases with the increase in temperature, which is the main reason for the initiation of axial cracks. After arc aluminum plating, the aluminum plating layer effectively inhibited the volume shrinkage of the coating through good adhesion to the coating and internal diffusion, the thermal stress of the coating was considerably reduced, and the CoCrNiAlY-YSZ-LMA coating had an effective enhancement and protection effect; however, there was still a certain amount of shear thermal stress inside the LMA layer, the top of the crack, and the bottom of the crack. This thermal stress caused the initi-ation of radial microcracks in the LMA layer, which also becomes a risk point for the failure of the aluminum coating.

Urinary and fecal incontinence as well as skin pressure injury are common healthcare problems in nursing home; however, these prevalence and related risk factors were not well understood in the Japanese special elderly nursing home settings. We surveyed the prevalence of urinary, fecal and double incontinence, and skin pressure injury among the elderly living in special elderly nursing home in Japan. A nationwide cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted with a total of 4,881 residents. The prevalence of urinary, fecal and double incontinence was 82.9%, 68.9% and 64.9%, respectively. Skin pressure injury was found in 283 residents (283/4881, 5.8%). Age, Care-Needs level, loss of voiding desire, and fecal incontinence were significant risk factors for urinary incontinence. Residential period, Care-Needs level, loss of voiding and defecation desires, and urinary incontinence were significant risk factors for fecal incontinence. Only male sex was a significant risk factor for skin pressure injury. Our study revealed continence status and the prevalence of pressure skin injury among older adult residents who receive an end-of-life care in special nursing homes in Japan. Further studies should be conducted to examine whether recovery of urinary and fecal sensations improves continence status.

Phytophthora. infestans is a well known late blight causing oomycetes pathogen. It evolves and adapts to the host background and new fungicide molecules rapidly within a few years of their release, may be due to the predominance of transposable elements in its genome. Frequent and huge applications of fungicides cause environmental concerns. Here we developed target specific RNA interference based molecules, that are capable of effectively reducing the late blight infection. cDNA microarray expression data was used for the selection of genes involved in the early stage of infection process, sporulation etc. The in vitro synthesis of double stranded RNA molecule, targeting SDH, EF-1α, GPI-HAM344, PLD-3 and HSP-90 encoding genes revealed the reduction in growth, sporulation and symptom expression, which were subsequently assessed by culture bioassay, detached leaf assay and topical application methods. The multiple genes targeted dsRNA nano clay sprayed plants showed enhanced disease resistance (4% disease severity) and least sporulation (<1x103), compared to naked dsRNA spray. Use of nano clay was assumed to be involved in the effective delivery, protection and boosting the action of RNAi in potato plants. A significant difference in the growth, sporulation count, disease severity and reduced expression of the genes and confocal microscopy imaging authenticates the effects of SIGS on late blight disease progression. Our research demonstrated that topical dsRNA nano clay spray under the open-air environment could be an alternative to chemical fungicides and transgenic approaches as a novel plant protection strategy for late blight in an environmentally friendly manner.

Acceptance of SNAP benefits has increased in farmers’ markets (FM) over the years. However, getting SNAP recipients to take up the opportunity of extra dollars for healthy food options remains a challenge. Thus, we tracked the use of the Double-up Food Buck (DUFB) program among SNAP recipients who visit participating FMs in Utah to understand the unique characteristics of the program users. Our results identified varying types of program users (multiple and single market shoppers, more frequent and less frequent shoppers). While our findings indicate a higher DUFB transaction in token value among frequent users, larger markets are more likely to have higher DUFB transactions with a higher number of market visits compared to smaller ones. In conclusion, while all types of users may add to the total revenue generated by participating FM, additional initiatives are required to encourage frequent visits and uptake of the program for better access to healthy foods.

The study explored the contribution of ICT-based information sources to market participation among smallholder livestock farmers. Use of ICTs is considered paramount for providing smallholder farmers with required market information, in order to reduce market asymmetries. A Double Hurdle regression was utilized to analyze data collected from 150 smallholder livestock farmers in the study area. The results show that while use of ICT-based market information sources significantly influenced market participation, the effect of using ICT-based information sources on intensity of market participation was not significant. Other variables shown to influence both market participation and the intensity of market participation were age, additional income and membership of farmer cooperatives. This suggests the need to also consider other associated factors in the application of interventions which utilize ICT-based information sources in achieving planned market interventions.

A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus was isolated and characterized from a strain EW220 of the phytopathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea. The full-length cDNAs of dsRNAs were 6,434 bp and 5,986 bp in size, respectively. The largest dsRNA of BdBRV1 encodes a cap-pol fusion protein that contains part coat protein gene and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain, and the second dsRNA encodes a hypothetical protein. The dsRNA virus was named Botryosphaeria dothidea botybirnavirus 1 (BdBRV1). BdBRV1 contains spherical virions that are 37 nm in diameter consisting of two segments. The structural proteins of BdBRV1 virus particles were 110 kDa, 90 kDa, and 80 kDa, which encoded by dsRNA1 and 2-ORFs. The analysis of genome sequences revealed that the sequences of BdBRV1 shared 99% identity with Bipolaris maydis botybirnavirus 1(BmBRV1). Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that BdBRV1 and BmBRV1 are phylogenetically related to the genus Botybirnavirus. Importantly, BdBRV1 influences the growth of B. dothidea and confers hypovirulence to the fungal host. BdBRV1 and BmBRV1 were two strains of the same virus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a botybirnavirus in B. dothidea and our result might be the first funding in the different fungi infected by the same virus.

This paper explores the application of the generalized double reduction method to the (1+1)-dimensional Kaup-Boussinesq (K-B) system, which models nonlinear wave propagation. Double reduction method is a structured and systematic approach in the analysis of partial differential equations (PDEs). We first identify the Lie point symmetries of the K-B system and construct four non-trivial conservation laws using the multiplier method. The association between the Lie point symmetries and the conservation laws is established, and the generalized double reduction method is then applied to transform the B-K system into second-order differential equations or algebraic equations. The reduction process allowed us to derive two exact solutions for the K-B system, illustrating the method’s effectiveness in handling nonlinear systems. This work highlights the effectiveness of the generalized double reduction method in simplifying and solving nonlinear nonlinear systems of PDEs, contributing to a deeper understanding of the systems.

Electric tractors have many advantages, including high torque, excellent controllability, energy efficiency, simple structure, and electric interface for expansion. However, a significant limitation lies in their endurance. This study presents the design of an extended-range power supply system to ensure continuous endurance of electric tractor. The objective is to provide a continuous power source for our self-developed electric tractor while preserving the benefits of electric propulsion. Extended-range power systems utilize a primary mover, typically an oil-fueled internal combustion engine, to drive the generator for electricity generation, and the generated AC form electricity is subsequently converted into stable DC bus voltage by a power electronic converter. The hardware and control design of the extended-range power supply system have been finalized and validated through experimental trials. Results demonstrate the system’s capability to sustain a stable DC bus voltage amidst disruptions such as sudden load shifts and fluctuations in prime mover speed. Even with 50% sudden load change, the voltage drop is within 12% and could recover to ±3% within 4 seconds. The range extender can be used alone without battery to power the electric tractor, or it can used in parallel with other extended-range extenders or battery thanks with the droop control ability for power sharing.

We study theoretically the Josephson diode effect (JDE) realized in a system composed of parallel-coupled double quantum dots (DQDs) sandwiched between two semiconductor nanowires deposited on an s-wave superconductor surface. Due to the combined effects of the proximity-caused superconductivity, strong Rashba spin-orbit interaction and Zeeman splitting inside the nanowires, a pair of Majorana bound states (MBSs) may possibly emerge at opposite ends of each nanowire. Different phase factors arisen from the superconductor substrate can be generated in the coupling amplitudes between the DQDs and MBSs prepared at the left and right nanowires, and will result in the Josephson current. We find that the critical Josephson currents in positive and negative directions are different from each other in amplitude within an oscillation period with respective to the magnetic flux penetrating through the system, a phenomenon known as the JDE. It arises from the quantum interference effect in this double-path device, and can hardly occur in system of one QD coupled to MBSs. Our results also show that the diode efficiency can reach up to 50%, and depends on the overlap amplitude between the MBSs and the energy levels of the DQDs adjustable by gate voltages. The present model is realizable within current nanofabitication technologies and may find practical use in interdisciplinary field of Majorana and Josephson physics.

The Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) image encryption method has garnered significant attention in color image processing and optical encryption, thanks to its parallel encryption of R, G, B. However, DRPE-based color image encryption faces two challenges. Firstly, it disregards the correlation of R, G, and B, compromising the encrypted image's robustness. Secondly, DRPE schemes relying on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform (DFRFT) are vulnerable to linear attacks, such as Known Plaintext Attack (KPA) and Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA). Quantum walk stands out as a remarkable tool for designing modern cryptographic mechanisms, offering resistance to potential attacks from both classical and quantum computers.Therefore, this study presents an optical color image encryption algorithm that combines two-dimensional quantum walk with 24-bit plane permutation, dubbed OCT. This approach employs pseudo-random numbers generated by Two-Dimensional Quantum Walking (TDQW) for phase modulation in DRPE and scrambles the encrypted image's real and imaginary parts using the Generalized Arnold Transform. The 24-bit plane permutation helps reduce correlation of the R, G, B, while the Generalized Arnold Transform bolsters DRPE's resistance to linear attacks. By incorporating TDQW, the key space is significantly expanded. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and security of proposed method.

Plant cells' ability to withstand abiotic stress is strongly linked to modifications in their mechanical characteristics. Nevertheless, the lack of a workable method for consistently tracking plant cell mechanical properties severely restricts our comprehension of the mechanical alterations in plant cells under stress. With Polyethylene Glycol (PEG6000), we created a drought-like environment, and we used the Double Resonator Piezoelectric Cytometry (DRPC) method to dynamically and non-invasively track changes in the stress (ΔS) created and viscoelasticity (storage modulus G' and loss modulus G") of protoplasts and suspension cells of rice during drought stress. The findings demonstrate that, rice suspension cells and protoplasts react mechanically differently to 5%–15% PEG6000 stress, implying distinct resistance mechanisms. However, neither of them can withstand 25% PEG6000 stress, they respond mechanically similarly to 25% PEG6000 stress. The results of DRPC are further corroborated by the morphological alterations of rice cells and protoplasts observed under an optical microscope. To sum up, the DRPC technique functions as a precise cellular mechanical sensor and offers novel research tools for the evaluation of plant cell adversity and differentiating between the mechanical reactions of cells and protoplasts under abiotic stress.

Light can interfere like a wave in a multi-path experiment, but it also has particle properties when interacting with matter. In a closer look, the interference pattern is created by many individual detections ("clicks"), which do not all occur simultaneously. An established assumption is therefore that a single light particle is capable of interfering with itself by superimposing all possibilities to get from the source to the detector. This is in stark contrast to our experience with macroscopic objects, which always "decide" in favour of only one of the alternative paths.In 2010, Jin et al. (Ref. 15) described an event-based model which allowed the authors to show that an interference pattern consisting of clicks can arise in a multi-path experiment even if photons, like macroscopic objects, only follow one path. To do this, photons must be able to transmit the information about their travelling duration to the detector and the detector must have a basic memory. A threshold function uses the message of several light quanta to decide whether a single detection is initiated, which is not the evidence for a single photon. In this "proof of principle", the authors do not claim that the detector function is a realistic one.In the present paper, this detector is replaced by a material consisting of ionizable molecules whose interaction with light takes place according to a modified version of Einstein's radiation laws. Based on this, a photon pair interaction mediated by matter takes place, which in a multi-path experiment generates an interference pattern of clicks at the detector, even if an arbitrary amount of time elapses between the individual detections. In the present model an interference pattern with minima that have less than half the intensity of the maxima is the result of a peculiar behaviour of the detector: In this case, the entirety of its electrons must be described as a unit (a “field”) with many equidistant energy levels. The results of a simulation are presented which enable the model to be tested in experiments.

Shape-shifting polymers usually require not only reversible stimuli-responsive ability, but also strong mechanical properties. A novel shape-shifting photochromic hydrogel system was designed and fabricated through embedding hydrophobic spiropyran (SP) into double polymeric network (DN) by micellar copolymerization. Here, sodium alginate (Alg) and poly acrylate-co-methyl acrylate-co-spiropyran (P(SA-co-MA-co-SPMA)) were employed as the first network and the second network respectively to realize high mechanical strength. After soaked in the CaCl2 solution, the carboxyl groups in the system undergo metal complexation with Ca2+ to enhance the hydrogel. Moreover, after the hydrogel is exposed to UV-light, the closed isomer of spiropyran in the hydrogel network can be converted into an open zwitterionic isomer MC, which is considered to interact with Ca2+ ions. Interestingly, Ca2+ and UV-light responsive programmable shape of the copolymer hydrogel can recover to its original form by immersing in pure water. Since its excellent metal ion and UV-light stimuli-responsive and mechanical properties, the hydrogel has potential applications in the field of soft actuators.

Light can interfere like a wave in a multi-path experiment, but it also has particle properties when interacting with matter. In a closer look, the interference pattern is created by many individual detections ("clicks"), which do not all occur simultaneously. An established assumption is therefore that a single light particle is capable of interfering with itself by superimposing all possibilities to get from the source to the detector. This is in stark contrast to our experience with macroscopic objects, which always "decide" in favour of only one of the alternative paths.In 2010, Jin et al. (Ref. 15) described an event-based model which allowed the authors to show that an interference pattern consisting of clicks can arise in a multi-path experiment even if photons, like macroscopic objects, only follow one path. To do this, photons must be able to transmit the information about their travelling duration to the detector and the detector must have a basic memory. A threshold function uses the message of several light quanta to decide whether a single detection is initiated, which is not the evidence for a single photon. In this "proof of principle", the authors do not claim that the detector function is a realistic one.In the present paper, this detector is replaced by a material consisting of ionizable molecules whose interaction with light takes place according to a modified version of Einstein's radiation laws. Based on this, a photon pair interaction mediated by matter takes place, which in a multi-path experiment generates an interference pattern of clicks at the detector, even if an arbitrary amount of time elapses between the individual detections. In the present model an interference pattern with minima that have less than half the intensity of the maxima is the result of a peculiar behaviour of the detector: In this case, the entirety of its electrons must be described as a unit (a “field”) with many equidistant energy levels. The results of a simulation are presented which enable the model to be tested in experiments.

This paper proposes an analytical model of the double-stator spoke-type permanent-magnet vernier machine (DSSTVM) using the subdomain model (SDM), which can be used to calculate the mag-netic field distribution and corresponding electromagnetic parameters of the DSSTVM. The whole field domain is divided into several subdomains according to the magnetic characteristics of each region, within which Laplace's and Poisson's equations are solved accordingly in terms of magnetic vector potential (MVP). Then, the magnetic flux density distribution, back electromotive force (EMF), and electromagnetic torque of the DSSTVM can be obtained correspondingly. Ultimately, finite element analysis (FEA) is adopted to validate the proposed analytical model's effectiveness for quickly predicting the no-load and on-load performances of the DSSTVM.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key half-reaction in electrocatalytic water splitting. Large-scale water electrolysis is hampered by the commercial precious metal-based OER electrocatalysts owing to their high cost and slow kinetics. To address these issues, we present a facile one-pot room-temperature coprecipitation method to quickly synthesize carbon nanotubes-interconnected amorphous NiFe-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDH@CNT) as low-cost, efficient and stable OER electrocatalyst. NiFe-LDH@CNT hybrid catalyst delivers outstanding OER performance with a low onset overpotential of 255 mV and a small Tafel slope of 51.2 mV dec-1, as well as outstanding long-term stability. The terrific catalytic capability of NiFe-LDH@CNT can be associated with the synergistic effects of its room-temperature synthesized amorphous structure, bi-metallic modulation, and conductive CNT skeleton. The room-temperature synthesis can not only offer economic feasibility, but also obtain amorphous NiFe-LDH without crystalline boundaries, facilitating long-term stability during OER process. The bi-metallic nature of NiFe-LDH guarantees a modified electronic structure, providing additional catalytic sites. Simultaneously, the highly conductive CNT network fosters a nanoporous structure, facilitating electron transfer, O2 release and enriching catalytic sites. This study presents a strategy to purposefully design nanoarchitecture and facilely synthesize amorphous transition metal-based OER catalysts, ensuring the cost effectiveness, production efficiency, and long-term stability.

Bone metastasis detection and quantification on bone scintigraphy is challenging and clinical important for treatment and patient’s life quality. To develop a CNN based diagnostic system for automated segmentation on bone metastasis regions is non-trivial, especially for a small dataset. A dataset in house comprising 100 breast cancer patients and 100 prostate cancer patients is utilized for this research. The Double U-Net model is adapted through the integration of background removal, adding negative samples, and transfer learning methods for bone metastasis detection. The performance is investigated via 10-fold cross-validation and computed in pixel-wise scale. The best model we achieved has precision of 63.08%, sensitivity of 70.82%, and F1-score of 66.72%. The developed system has the potential to provide pre-diagnostic reports for physicians in final decisions and the calculation of the bone scan index (BSI) with the combination with bone skeleton segmentation.

Channel estimation is an important module to enhance the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. However, the presence of a large amount of noise in multipath fading time-varying channels significantly affects the channel estimation accuracy and thus the recovery quality of the received signals. Therefore, this paper proposes a double-threshold (DT) channel estimation method based on adaptive frame statistics (AFS). The method first adaptively determines the number of statistical frames based on the temporal correlation of the received signals, and preliminarily detects the channel structure by analyzing the distribution characteristics of multipath sampling points and noise sampling points during adjacent frames. Subsequently, a multi-frame averaging technique is used to expand the distinction between multipath and noise sampling points. Finally, the DT is designed to better recover the channel based on the preliminary detection results. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive frame statistics-double-threshold (AFS-DT) channel estimation method is effective and has better performance compared with many existing channel estimation methods.

Environmental and occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), causes female reproductive failures and infertility. Cr(VI) is used in more than 50 industries and is a group-A carcinogen, mutagenic and teratogenic, and a male and female reproductive toxicant. Our previous findings indicate that Cr(VI) causes follicular atresia, trophoblast cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in metaphase II (MII) oocytes. However, the integrated molecular mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced oocyte defects are not understood. The current study investigates the mechanism of Cr(VI) in causing meiotic disruption of MII oocytes, leading to infertility in superovulated rats. Postnatal day (PND)-22 rats were treated with potassium dichromate (1 and 5 ppm) in drinking water from PND 22-29 and superovulated. MII oocytes were analyzed by immunofluorescence, and images were captured by confocal microscopy and quantified by Image Pro Plus software. Our data showed that Cr(VI) increased microtubule misalignment, missegregation of chromosomes, a bulged and folded actin cap, oxidative DNA and protein damage, increased DNA double-strand break, and DNA repair protein RAD51. Cr(VI) also induced incomplete cytokinesis and delayed polar body extrusion. Our study indicates that exposure to environmentally relevant doses of Cr(VI) caused severe DNA damage, distorted oocyte cytoskeletal proteins, and caused oxidative DNA and protein damage leading to infertility.

In order to solve the interference of narrowband communication system to ultra-wideband (UWB) system and meet the design requirements of high isolation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna, two MIMO antennas with double notch structures are designed. Firstly, a two-element antenna was placed symmetrically in parallel, and two rectangular branches were loaded to improve the isolation. U-shaped slots and inverted U-shaped slots are etched on the radiating patch and feeder to achieve notch characteristics in WIMAX and ITU band, respectively. Then, in order to meet more application scenarios, a four-element MIMO antenna is designed, where each element is placed orthogonally to each other, and the isolation is improved by loading a cross-shaped branches in the middle of elements. Both antenna samples are tested to verify the design. Measured results show that the working bandwidth of the two-element UWB MIMO antenna is 2.45-14.88 GHz, the isolation is greater than 17 dB, the peak gain is 5.7 dB, the maximum radiation efficiency can reach 96%, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC)is less than 0.02. Meanwhile, the working bandwidth of the four-element antenna is 2.14-14.95 GHz, the isolation is greater than 20 dB, the peak gain is 5.9 dB, the maximum radiation efficiency can reach 95%, the ECC is lower than 0.05. They both are with very good omnidirectional characteristic, and meet the requirements of the UWB application.

Particles and photons appear to be total opposites; the former has rest mass which requires space to exist; the latter has kinetic energy which requires time to occur (oscillate). But they do share certain properties (e.g., quantization) that remain invariant when one is transformed (swapped) for the other. This gauge invariance is developed in some detail.The symmetry between particle and photon turns out to be one of inversion. It is the equalities of special relativity that support this inversion and the accompanying invariances: mass transformed to energy; space transformed to time. The great advantage of these symmetries (inversions) is that they provide guidance for an object little understood (the photon) based upon an object well understood (the particle). On this basis, progress can be made in the understanding of some long-standing issues: wave-particle duality, time’s arrow, the constant speed of light and nonlocality.

This study estimates the effects of double long memory and structural breaks on the persistence level of six major cryptocurrency markets. We apply the Bai and Perron’s structural break test, Inclán and Tiao’s iterated cumulative sum of squares (ICSS) algorithm, and the fractionally integrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (FIGARCH) model with different distributions. The results show that long memory and structural breaks characterize the conditional volatility of cryptocurrency markets and confirm our hypothesis that ignoring structural breaks leads to an underestimation of the persistence of volatility modelling. The ARFIMA-FIGARCH model with structural breaks and a skewed Student–t distribution fits the cryptocurrency market’s price dynamics well.

We investigated experimentally, analytically and numerically the formation process of double emulsion formations under dripping regime in a tri-axial co-flow capillary device. The results show that mismatches of core and shell droplets under a given flow condition can be captured both experimentally and numerically. We propose a semi-analytical model using the match ratio between the pinch-off length of the shell droplet and the product of the core growth rate and its pinch-off time. The mismatch issue can be avoided if the match ratio is lower than unity. We considered a model with the wall effect to predict the size of the matched double emulsion. The model shows slight deviations with experimental data if the Reynolds number of continuous phase is lower than 0.06, but asymptotically approaches to good agreement if the Reynolds number increases from 0.06 to 0.14. The numerical simulation generally agrees with the experiments under various flow conditions.

We construct a microscopic model to study discrete randomness in bistable systems coupled to an environment comprising many degrees of freedom. A quartic double well is bilinearly coupled to a finite number N of harmonic oscillators. Solving the time-reversal invariant Hamiltonian equations of motion numerically, we show that for N=1, the system exhibits a transition with increasing coupling strength from integrable to chaotic motion, following the KAM scenario. Raising N to values of the order of 10 and higher, the dynamics crosses over to a quasi-relaxation, approaching either one of the stable equilibria at the two minima of the potential. We corroborate the irreversibility of this relaxation on other characteristic timescales of the system by recording the time dependences of autocorrelation, partial entropy, and the frequency of jumps between the wells as functions of N and other parameters. Preparing the central system in the unstable equilibrium at the top of the barrier and the bath in a random initial state drawn from a Gaussian distribution, symmetric under spatial reflection, we demonstrate that the decision whether to relax into the left or the right well is determined reproducibly by residual asymmetries in the initial positions and momenta of the bath oscillators. This result reconciles the randomness and spontaneous symmetry breaking of the asymptotic state with the conservation of entropy under canonical transformations and the manifest symmetry of potential and initial condition of the bistable system.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious lesions that are generated in response to ionizing radiation or replication fork collapse that can lead to genomic instability and cancer. Eukaryotes have evolved two major pathways, namely homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) to repair DSBs. Whereas the roles of protein-DNA interactions in HR and NHEJ have been fairly well defined, the functions of small and long non-coding RNAs and RNA-DNA hybrids in the DNA damage response is just beginning to be elucidated. This review summarizes recent discoveries on the identification of non-coding RNAs and RNA-mediated regulation of DSB repair

In the current study, the failure behavior of retrofitted steel structures was studied experimentally and theoretically with steel/CFRP double strap joints (DSJs) under quasi-static tensile loading. A series of DSJs with different bonding lengths are also considered and examined to experimentally assess the effective bond length. To predict the failure load values of the tested specimens, a new stress-based criterion, namely the point stress (PS) criterion is proposed. Although some theoretical predictive modelling for the strength between steel/CFRP joints under various loading conditions has been presented, in this work by using the new proposed approach, one can calculate rapidly and conveniently the failure loads of the steel/CFRP specimens. Furthermore, to assess the validity of the new proposed criterion, further experimental data on steel/CFRP DSJs available in the open literature are predicted using the PS criterion. Finally, it was found that a good agreement exists between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions based on the PS criterion.

A hypothesis that the generally accepted value of the LiPON conductivity should be attributed to the absorption and displacement currents is substantiated. The reason is a small contribution of the drift current due to field screening by the electric double layer. The basis for this assumption is the measurement of the LiPON absorption capacitance, according to which its dielectric constant is about 106. An alternative equivalent circuit containing a non-ideal absorption element is proposed and its impedance is calculated. It is shown that the Bode diagrams of the alternative circuit well approximate the experimental curves. Parameters and the magnitude of electric field screening are calculated basing on proposed model of a double electric layer. Considering the screening effect, the drift conductivity of LiPON is obtained, which value is in good agreement with the data on lithium concentration and mobility.

The Double U-pipe ground heat exchanger, recognized for its straightforward process, cost-effectiveness, high heat exchange efficiency, and low thermal resistance, stands as the predominant ground heat exchanger type in today's shallow geothermal energy development and utilization. Recent years have seen significant research into the heat transfer influencing factors and heat exchange performance of Double U-pipe ground heat ex-changers via experimental testing methods. Yet, studies integrating numerical simulation with in-situ testing have been less frequent. Drawing on the cylindrical heat source model theory and the outcomes of regional in-situ thermal response tests, this paper develops a Double U-pipe ground heat transfer model by establishing physical, mathematical, and heat transfer geometric models. It assesses the impact of varying inlet temperatures, flow rates, and initial ground temperatures on heat exchange efficiency under heating conditions. The results validate the precision of the double U-pipe ground heat exchanger model based on in-situ testing. They show that enhancing the temperature differential between the inlet and initial temperatures, elevating the initial ground temperature, and moderately increasing the flow rate can boost the system's heat exchange efficiency.

Elastic yarns are the key component of high-performance compression garments. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate anti-fatigue yarns with high mechanical force and long elongation for generating compression garments with prolonged wear. In this paper, we report the development of anti-fatigue double-wrapped yarns with excellent mechanical properties by wrapping high-denier Spandex with nylon filaments in opposite twists. In particular, 560D high-denier Spandex as the core was untwisted which can maximumly reduce the interaction between the core and wrapping filaments, enabling high elongation of the double-wrapped yarns. In addition, we chose 70D nylon filaments with a tensile force of 387.40 ± 8.82 cN as the wrapping materials to provide sufficient force for double-wrapped yarns. Notably, opposite twists were induced for the inner and outer wrapping filaments to achieve a balanced stable yarn structure. By systematically optimizing manufacturing parameters including inner wrapping density, outer wrapping density, taking-up ratio, and drafting ratio, we obtained double-wrapped yarn with excellent tensile force (952.00 ± 24.03 cN) and elongation (357.28% ± 9.10%). Notably, the stress decay rate of optimized yarns was only 12.0% ± 2.2%. In addition, the optimized yarn was used as the weft-lining yarn for generating weft-lined fabrics, the elastic recovery rate of the obtained fabric was only 2.6% after cyclic stretching, much lower than the control fabric. Our design of anti-fatigue double-wrapped yarns could be widely used for fabricating high-performance compression garments.

As the world’s population age, Cognitive Frailty (CF) is becoming one of the most serious health problems and elucidating its biological mechanisms along with prevention and treatments becomes increasingly important also considering the associated health costs. This pilot study aims to investigate the potential cognitive and neuropsychological effects of a 5-week treatment with a therapy based on the regenerative properties of ozone (O3) in a cohort of patients stratified according to CF. We also study the potential effects of O3 on blood-based biomarkers indicative of specific biological systems that may be altered in CF. Seventy-five older persons have been recruited and randomly assigned to receive the active treatment (150cc of oxygen-O2-O3 mixture at the concentration of 30ug of O3 per cc of O2) or O2, or the placebo (air) for 5 weeks. The primary endpoint is a change in the scores of clinical scales from baseline (T0) to weeks 3 (T3), 9 (T9), 15 (T15) after treatment. The secondary endpoint is a change in biomarkers levels resulting from transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomic patterns at the same times. This study will evaluate whether an intervention with the O2-O3 therapy could have potential cognitive, neuropsychological and biological effects on CF.

Significant changes to the new National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) and the implementation of the “Double First-Class” (DFC) initiative in China are coincidentally in the national spotlight and fall within the same policy window. However, few studies have investigated the effects of the new NCEE on the quality of students in DFC universities. By leveraging the 2018-2022 college admission data from Shandong Province, these effects are examined via the interrupted time-series technique. Weighted rankings for liberal arts and science disciplines and the admission ranking coefficient are adopted to ensure comparability before and after the reform. The findings reveal that after the reform, the quality of students in both world-class universities and first-class discipline universities improved, with greater improvements seen in world-class universities. Focusing on urban differences, the quality of students in DFC universities located in second-tier cities is found to have experienced a higher increase as compared with students in the first-tier and new first-tier cities. In addition, the reform has had different impacts on the quality of students in different majors. Furthermore, when selecting postsecondary institutions, high-scoring students prioritize the quality of universities and majors over urban factors. Finally, the implications of the new NCEE in relation to a sustainable development of DFC universities for research, policy, and practice are further discussed.

Weak interaction processes continue to be hot topics in fundamental physics research. In this paper, we briefly review some recent advances in the theoretical study of beta and double-beta decays that include both the nuclear and atomic part of these processes. On the nuclear side, we present a statistical approach for the computation of the nuclear matrix elements (NME) for neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ). A range of NME values, the most probable value for NME, and the associated theoretical uncertainty are given. Correlations with other related observables are shown as well. On the atomic side, we first briefly review the methods used to get the electrons’ wave functions. Further, we use them for the computation of some relevant kinematic quantities such as Fermi functions, electron spectra and angular correlation between the emitted electrons. Then, we present applications of these calculations to the experimental data analysis related to the search of the Lorentz invariance violation in two-neutrino double-beta (2νββ) decay and description of the decay rates and decay rate ratios for allowed and unique forbidden electron capture (EC) processes.

Steel damper columns (SDCs) are energy-dissipating members that are suitable for reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and are often used for multistory housing. The evaluation of the peak deformation and hysteretic dissipated energy of such building structures is essential for the rational seismic design of RC buildings with SDCs. In a previous study, the authors proposed an energy-based prediction procedure for the peak and cumulative response of an RC frame building with SDCs. In this procedure, the accuracy of the equivalent velocity of the maximum momentary input energy (V_ΔE1^*)–peak equivalent displacement (D₁^*_max) relationship is essential for high quality predictions. In this article, the V_ΔE1^*–D₁^*_max relationships of RC moment-resisting frames with and without SDCs are invested using a critical pseudo-double impulse (PDI) analysis based on a study by Takewaki and coauthors. The results show that the V_ΔE1^*–D₁^*_max relationship obtained from the critical PDI analysis agrees well with that calculated from the equations proposed in the previous study.

The thoracic surgery has increased drastically in recent years, especially in the light of the severe outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Routine “passive” chest computed tomography (CT) screening of inpatients detects some pulmonary diseases requiring thoracic surgeries timely. As an essential device for thoracic anesthesia, the double-lumen tube (DLT) is particularly important for anesthesia and surgery. With the continuous upgrading of the DLTs and the widespread use of the fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), the position of DLT in thoracic surgery is gradually becoming more stable and easier to observe or adjust. However, the DLT malposition still occurs during transferring patients from supine to lateral position in thoracic surgery, which leads to lung isolation failure and hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation (OLV). Recently some innovative DLTs or improved intervention methods have shown good results in reducing the incidence of DLT malposition. This review aims to summarize the recent studies of the incidence of left-sided DLT malposition, the reasons and effects of malposition, and summarize current methods for reducing DLT malposition and prospects for possible approaches. Meanwhile, we use bibliometric analysis to summarize the research trends and hot spots of the DLT research.

Archie model is the basis of calculating oil saturation, but there are some limitations when using this model to calculate oil saturation in water-flooded layer. The main reason is that the main parameters, such as rock resistivity and formation water resistivity, are constantly changing dynamic parameters in the underground with the influence of injected water. Considering that water-flooded layers changes with injection waters, influence factors of rock resistivity and formation water resistivity of primary parameters are analyzed. Considering the dynamic data of water cut is the most reactive underground fluid characteristics of real information, combined with dynamic and static, and the “double ratio” model of later development by the same sedimentary layer is established, which realizes the inversion of rock resistivity and formation water resistivity, then modified Archie model relating to water-flooded layers of the same sedimentary explaining formation. The explanation of actual data indicates that the “double ratio” model well considers the dynamic variation of production data, which makes the inversion of the flooded rock resistivity relatively accurate, besides, the modified Archie model can accurately calculate the oil saturation of water-flooded layers with a reasonable result, which offers scientific basis for the predicting of remaining oil distribution rules.

We study the connection between the phase and the amplitude of the wave function and the conditions under which this relationship exists. For this we use model of particle in a box. We have shown that the amplitude can be calculated from the phase and vice versa if the log Analytical uncertainty relations are satisfied.

In today’s digital media data communication over the internet increasing day by day. Therefore the data security becomes the most important issue over the internet. With the increase of data transmission, the number of intruders also increases. That’s the reason it is needed to transmit the data over the internet very securely. Steganography is a popular method in this field. This method hides the secret data with a cover medium in a way so that the intruders cannot predict the existence of the data. Here a steganography method is proposed which uses a video file as a cover medium. This method has five main steps. First, convert the video file into video frames. Then a particular frame is selected for embedded the secret data. Second, the Least Significant Bit (LSB) Coding technique is used with the double key security technique. Third, an 8 characters password verification process. Fourth, reverse the encrypted video. Fifth, signature verification process to verify the encryption and decryption process. These five steps are followed by both the encrypting and decrypting processes.

Neonatal palliative care (NPC) is an integrated and holistic approach that is an integral part of the contemporary neonatal treatment delivery paradigm. It is the highest fulfillment of the notion of beneficence (doing or creating 'good') that has otherwise been neglected/underestimated by the focus of modern medicine on technology and instrumental treatments by its commitment to alleviating patient pain and quality of life. For decades, the Double-Effect Doctrine (DDE) has been used to consider and address a range of ethically questionable circumstances, often at the end of life, including euthanasia, termination of pregnancy to save maternal life, and morally justified warfare. The theory has continued to be mired in controversy as ethicists, legal scholars, theologians, and philosophers discuss the abstract concepts of moral reasoning, purpose, foresight, and other underlying moral theories. In this paper, the moral theory of DDE is discussed in its clinical application to the ethical decision-making process in neonatal palliative and end-of-life treatment, specifically 1) the administration of opioids as required for symptom control and 2) the use of palliative sedation for intractable symptom care.

Management of multiple primary cancers, a not so infrequent event in oncology practice, is a critical issue due to the lack of literature . In this study, we reported the case of a patient with metachronous double metastatic non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who received gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and with mFOLFOX6 in first and second line, respectively. She achieved a progression free survival and an overall survival (OS) of 28 months for NSCLC and PFS-1 and OS of 20 and 13 months, respectively for PDAC. Moreover, the combination of gefitinib and chemotherapies treatments displayed a good safety profile. Given the insignificant frequency of this case, we performed a molecular characterization of both neoplasms with the aim to investigate the existence of particular activated pathways and/or similar immunological mutations. it is interesting to note that two neoplasms shared a commune mutation of B7-H3 gene, with the consecutive impairment of its expressed protein. In both PDAC and NSCLC, the expression of this protein was associated with a worse survival. Since B7-H3 is an anti-apoptotic protein, the reduction of its expression or function should justify a pro-apoptotic activity with a putative justification of the long survival of the patient considered in this report.

Lotions with or without 28% ascorbyl glucoside arginine complex (AGAC) were applied twice daily for 24 weeks in a double‐blind half‐face study of 27 Japanese females with solar lentigos (SLs). Pigmentation scores were evaluated using a photo‐scale and skin colors were assessed using a color difference meter and a Mexameter. Treatment with the test lotion elicited a significant decrease in pigment scores at 24 weeks compared to week 0; with a significant decrease in pigment scores at 24 weeks compared to the placebo lotion‐treated SLs. In the test lotion‐treated SLs; the L values and melanin index (MI) significantly (p<0.0001) increased and decreased; respectively; at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment compared to week 0. Comparisons of increased L (△L) values or decreased MI (△MI) values between test and placebo lotion‐treated SLs demonstrated that the test lotion‐treated SLs had significantly higher △L or △MI values than the placebo lotion‐treated SLs both at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. The sum of our results strongly indicates that AGAC is distinctly effective in ameliorating the hyperpigmentation levels of SLs at a visibly recognizable level by the subjects without any hypo‐pigmenting effects or skin irritation.

A novel quasi-twisted miniaturized wideband Branch Line Coupler (BLC) is proposed. The design is based on bisecting the conventional microstrip line BLC transversely and folding bisected sections on double-layered substrates with a common ground plane in between. The pair of quarter wavelength horizontal parallel arms is converted to a Z-shape meandered microstrip line in the designed structure. On the other hand, the pair of quarter wavelength vertical arms are cut by half into two lines and converted to a periodically loaded slow wave structure. The bisected parts of BLC are placed on the opposite side of the doubled-layer substrate and connected through four vias passing through the common ground plane. This technique enabled a compact BLC size of 6.4×18 mm2, which corresponds to a surface area miniaturization by ~50% as compared to the classical BLC size of 10×23 mm2 at 6GHz, Moreover, the attained relative bandwidth is 73.9% (4.6-10 GHz) for S11, and 75.8% (4.5-10 GHz) for S33 as compared to 41% for the ordinary BLC at the same resonant frequency. The circuit is constructed on a double-layered low-cost FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3, and a loss tangent of 0.025. An isolation of -13dB was realized in both S13 and S31 demonstrating an excellent performance. The transmission coefficients between input/output ports S21, S41, S23, and S43 are between -3.1dB to -3.5dB at the frequency of 6GHz. Finally, the proposed BLC provides phase differences between output ports of 90.5o and 94.8o at the frequency of 6GHz when the input ports 1 and 3 are excited, respectively. The presented design offers the potential of being utilized as a unit cell for building a Butler-matrix (BM) for sub-6GHz 5G beamforming networks.

B and T lymphocytes demonstrate important alterations in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE), with significant up-regulation of Double Negative (DN) B cells. Aim of this study was to evaluate correlation of T cell immunity changes with the distinct B cell-pattern SLE. In the present study, Flow cytometry was performed in 30 patients with SLE, on remission, and 31 healthy controls, to detect DN B cells (CD19+IgD-CD27-) and a wide range of T lymphocyte subpopulations, based on the presence of CD45RA, CCR7, CD31, CD28, CD57, defined as naive, memory and advanced differentiated/senescent T cells. Both B and T lymphocytes were significantly reduced in SLE patients. However, the percentage of DN B cells were increased, compared to HC, 12.9(2.3-74.2) vs. 8(1.7-35), p=0.04. Distribution of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes demonstrated a shift to advanced differentiated subsets. The population of DN B cells had significant positive correlation with most of early differentiated T lymphocytes, CD4CD31+, CD4CD45RA+CD28+, CD4CD45RA+CD57-, CD4CD45RA-CD57-, CD4CD28+CD57-, CD4CD28+CD57+, CD4 CM, CD8 CD31+, CD8 NAÏVE, CD8CD45RA-CD57-, CD8CD28+CD57-, CD8CD28+CD57+. Multiple Regression analysis revealed CD4CD31+, CD8CD45RA-CD57- and CD8CD28+CD57- cells as independent parameters contributing to DN B cells, adjusted R2=0.534, p<0.0001. The predominance of DN B cells in patients with SLE is closely associated with early differentiated T lymphocyte subsets, indicating a potential causality role of DN B cells in T lymphocyte activation.

In recent years, the need to make the built environment more resilient and adaptable to climate change has become increasingly evident. In Europe, this aspect concerns the vast majority of existing buildings, which present several deficiencies from the energy-efficiency point of view, considering they were designed before the introduction of modern energy codes. Nowadays, it is possible to retrofit existing buildings using advanced and high-efficient technologies such as Double Skin Façades (DSFs). The research aims to evaluate the use of properly designed DSFs for the energy restoration of existing buildings. In detail, various DSF configurations are applied to a residential building located in central Italy and investigated under present and future climate conditions, estimated through regional climate models. The results underline that all the analysed Double Skin Façades confirm to be a useful option, and, in particular, the Multi-Storey typology allows drastic energy needs decrement. Moreover, the general increase in temperatures and solar radiations could affect the building energy performance, and the insertion of DSF can mitigate the climate change effects, reducing the predicted energy consumption and ensuring better behaviours than the building in its original state.

This short review is aimed at giving an overview of catalytic carbonylative double cyclization reactions, which are processes in which suitable organic substrates and carbon monoxide are sequentially activated by a promoting catalyst to afford the formation of two new cycles with concomitant incorporation of carbon monoxide as a carbonyl function into the final product. Paradigmatic examples of this powerful synthetic methodology, which allows the one-step synthesis of complex molecular architectures from simple building blocks using the simplest and readily available C-1 unit (CO) are illustrated and discussed. The review is divided into five sections: 1) Introduction; 2) Functionalized Olefinic Substrates; 3) Functionalized Acetylenic Substrates; 4) Functionalized Halides; 5) Conclusions and Future Perspectives.

DNA double-strand breakage is the most lethal damage to chromosomal DNA. It activates a series of cellular DNA damage response pathways, including DNA damage sensing, control of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and DNA repair. DNA damage response pathways are regulated by complex signaling machineries. Of the intracellular signaling cascades, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Because both DG and PA serve as second messengers, DGK activity induces a shift of signaling pathways from DG-mediated to PA-mediated cascades, thereby implicating DGK in the regulation of widely various functions. Reportedly, one member of the DGK family, DGKζ, is intimately involved in the regulation of stress responses through p53 and NF-κB. Stresses such as ischemia and infarction cause DGKζ downregulation. Experimental DGKζ depletion renders cells and mice vulnerable to various stressors such as chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing irradiation. Nevertheless, how DGKζ is involved in DNA repair, a critical event of DNA damage response for survival remains unknown. For this study, we examined how DGKζ depletion affects DNA repair mechanisms. We demonstrated that DGKζ depletion causes attenuation of Akt activation and DNA-PK protein expression upon DNA damage, which might engender downregulated BRCA1 protein synthesis and stability. Results suggest that DGKζ depletion attenuates BRCA1-mediated DNA repair machinery, thereby conferring vulnerability to DNA damage.

In the post antimicrobial era, increasing attention is paid towards using bacteriophage (phage in short) therapy to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The first step in phage therapy applications is isolating highly efficient lytic phages or phage cocktails from various sources. When a double-layer- agar with around 0.7% agar in top agar is employed, it results in a low number of phage isolation with a poor resolution, and in many cases, you miss the phage. To address this problem, a low concentration of agar in top agar is examined for better phage isolation. Here, our results proved the efficiency of isolating phage upon formulating a double-layer agar with 0.3% agar in top agar. A sewage sample was collected then phages were isolated, purified, and spotted on a top layer agar with 0.3% agar. The results showed the possibility of isolating a higher number of phages on 0.3% top agar than 0.7%. The finding advocates using 0.3% top agar for the double-layer agar, as it will provide fast, better, and easy phage screening and isolation.

The boundary layer height (BLH) distinguishes the interface between the lower and free atmosphere, which is a key variable in numerical simulation, aerosol, and environmental pollution studies. Thus, the goal of this work is to propose a novel method conjuncting with numerical regularization to analyze climate characteristics of the marine boundary layer height (MBLH) using 2007-2011 GPS-RO data from the COSMIC mission. While traditionally, the difference method has been used to achieve this aim, herein, we propose an innovative method, in which the bending angle profile gradient was calculated using the numerical regulation method where the regulation parameters are determined by the double-parameter model function method. Then, the MBLH was determined by employing the maximum gradient method to ascertain the height corresponding to the smallest gradient. The results show a correlation between currents and the MBLH—a relationship that has not been previously demonstrated. A low MBLH is associated with seasons and regions where cold ocean currents are prevailing; whereas a high MBLH is observed in the seasons and places where warm currents are prevailing. This correlation was validated by comparing the obtained results with different occultation data—i.e., atmprf and echprf—which also established that atmprf is more sensitive to convective cloud top capture. In seas with active convection, the armprf calculated bending angle is higher than that from echprf. Subsequently, the standard deviation was used to express the MBLH confidence level. The results show that the MBLH standard deviation is highest in low latitudes and lowest in the middle and high latitudes. Furthermore, we analyzed the interannual MBLH variation trend, which displayed a seasonal variation and spatial distribution corresponding with the current and subsolar point. Finally, we conducted a case study in the South China Sea, and identified a distinctive seasonal change and downward trend.

Conjugated singlet ground state diradicals have received remarkable attention owing to their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. A distinctive character of these systems is the location of the double exciton state, a low lying excited state dominated by the doubly excited H,H→L,L configuration, which may influence optical and other photophysical properties. In this contribution we investigate this specific excited state, for a series of recently synthesized conjugated diradicals, employing time dependent density functional theory based on the unrestricted parallel spin reference configuration in the spin-flip formulation (SF-TDDFT) and standard TD calculations based on the unrestricted antiparallel spin reference configuration (TDUDFT). The quality of the computed results is assessed considering diradical and multiradical descriptors and the excited state wavefunction composition.

Vertical jump height is a reliable measure of lower limb functionality for countermovement jumps. Motion capture systems and force platforms are considered gold standards to assess athletes’ performance during these motions, however their use in ecological settings is limited by high costs and lack of portability. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of low-sampling rate Inertial Measurement Units as an alternative to gold standard systems. The validity of three computational methods for IMU-based data—Numerical Double Integration, Take-Off Velocity and Flight Time—was assessed using data from 18 healthy subjects who performed five bilateral and ten unilateral countermovement jumps. Data were simultaneously collected from an IMU positioned at the L5 level, a motion capture system, and two force platforms. Comparisons revealed that the Numerical Double Integration method exhibited the highest correlation (0.87), the lowest bias (2.5 cm) compared to gold standards, and excellent reliability (0.88). Although the Take-Off Velocity and Flight Time methods demonstrated comparable performance for bilateral jumps, their accuracy in unilateral jumps was reduced. Overall, low-sampling rate IMU with Numerical Double Integration method proves to be a reliable and portable alternative for field-based CMJs assessment, warranting future investigation across diverse populations and jump modalities.

To obtain high quality grain refiner, a new Al-5Ti-1B-1RE master alloy grain refiner was synthesised by melt-matching method. Thermodynamic calculations and kinetic analyses, which were seriously missing from the study of key issues during the preparation process, were investigated. The microstructure and properties, comparison of the refining effect of different grain refiners on industrial pure aluminium and its refining mechanism were analysed with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and an electronic universal testing machine (CSS-44100). The experimental results show that the second-phase particles in the Al-5Ti-1B-1RE master alloy matrix synthesised by the melt-matching method are mainly TiB2、 A13Ti、Ti2A120RE, etc. The magnitude of the free energy ΔG of the synthesis reaction is calculated to be ΔGTiB2<ΔGAl3Ti<ΔGTi2A120RE. When the temperature is low (undercooling ΔT is large), the nucleation rate N mainly depends on the kinetic atomic diffusion activation energy Q, while the thermodynamic nucleation work becomes a secondary factor, and vice versa. The industrial pure aluminum refined by the new grain refiner has almost transformed from coarse columnar crystals to fine equiaxed crystals, with an average grain size of 70.2 μm, which was 36.18% and 20.66% smaller than that refined by domestic and imported Al-Ti-B wire master alloy grain refiner, and its mechanical properties of tensile strength σb was increased by 11.94%, 8.29%, and elongation at break δ was improved by 31.79%, 17.41%, respectively. The main mechanism for refining pure aluminum in Al-5Ti-1B-1RE master alloy is the formation of TiA13 on TiB2 particles, the release of RE atoms from Ti2A120RE phase surrounding TiAl3, and the partial transformation into TiA13 phase, which promotes the dual nucleation refinement mechanism and the pinning effect of rare earth elements on grain boundaries.

The Double Diaphragm Forming (DDF) process uses vacuum pressure and heat to pre-shape composite reinforcements between flexible diaphragms. Accurate modelling of heat transfer within DDF requires knowledge of the thermophysical properties of the constituent materials. This study investigates the specific heat and thermal conductivity of silicone diaphragms, carbon fibers (chopped and powdered), thermoplastic veils, and their combinations. Experiments measured the specific heat of each material using differential scanning calorimetry and the thermal conductivity of silicone and carbon fabric preforms using the transient plane source method and modified transient plane source method respectively. The influence of reheating cycles on specific heat of carbon fiber-veil samples and the effect of compaction on thermal conductivity of silicone and carbon fabrics were explored. While silicone exhibited linear specific heat behavior, the thermoplastic veil showed non-linearity due to phase change. The combined carbon fiber-veil samples demonstrated slight non-linear specific heat variations depending on reheating cycles. Thermal conductivity of the fabric preforms decreased with the addition of thermoplastic veil and under vacuum-compaction conditions. The established temperature-dependent property relationships provide valuable data for optimizing DDF preforming parameters and enhancing energy efficiency in composite manufacturing.

Spatial and temporal variation of the free electron concentration in the ionosphere affects SAR interferograms, in particular at low radar frequencies. In this work the identification, estimation and compensation of ionospheric path delay phases in PALSAR-3 and NISAR-L interferograms is discussed. Both these L-band sensors acquire simultaneously SAR data in a main spectral band and in an additional, spectrally separated, narrower second band to support the mitigation of ionospheric path delays. The methods presented permit separating the dispersive and the non-dispersive phase terms based on the double-difference interferogram between the two available spectral bands and the differential interferogram of the main band. The applicability of the proposed methods is demonstrated using PALSAR-3-like data that was simulated based on PALSAR-2 SM1 mode data.

The research on the impact of excavation of underpass tunnels has already had certain results, but there is a lack of research cases of double-line highway tunnels with oblique angles underpass the existing railway tunnels, especially the method of determining the area of the impact of the dynamic and static loads of the new tunnels and existing trains to be enriched by considering them at the same time. In this paper, based on the tunnel project of the new double-line Shiqian Highway Tunnel with oblique angles underpass the Hurong Railway in Wanshoushan. By constructing a three-dimensional finite element model and simulating the application of static tunnel excavation load, dynamic blasting load and dynamic train operation load of the existing tunnel, the overall displacement of the existing tunnel and the settlement value of the bottom plate of the track surface by the static tunnel excavation load were analyzed. Then, the stresses, vibration speeds and displacements of the tunnel due to the dynamic blasting loads and the dynamic train operation loads were obtained. The results show that: the area of influence of the static loads of the new tunnel excavation on the existing tunnel is divided into three types of perturbations presenting strong, weak and slight; the area affected by the blasting dynamic load of new tunnel excavation is a circular domain with the datum point in the tunnel section as the center; the area affected by the dynamic load of train operation in the existing tunnel is an ellipse with the center of the track surface of the existing tunnel as the datum; there is an anomalous shape in the area affected by the blasting dynamic load of new tunnel excavation and the area affected by the dynamic load of train operation in the existing tunnel.

In crank presses, an important role is played by the presence of actuators with dwell, in which, with continuous movement of the input links, the output working link remains stationary at some part of the work. The use of a high-class structural group (fourth class) expands the functionality of the crank press, including it can ensure the link dwell of the working link on a given section of movement during the required period of time. As a result of the conducted research, four variants of actuators of the crank knee press were designed. Due to the rational choice of the positions of racks and crosshead guide, the best layout of the dimensions of the press mechanism has been achieved, changing the coordinates of the racks accordingly allows to design a mechanism with upper or lower dwells of the working links. When synthesizing (selecting) parameters such as: l_2 and h, it is possible to obtain a height of different duration. All this is shown on the basis of a numerical experiment based on kinematic analysis. In addition, the complex structure of the mechanism makes it possible to ensure the exact link dwell, which cannot be achieved due to the well-known knee presses based on the second-class mechanism [21].

Abstract: Hox gene clusters are crucial in Embryogenesis. It was observed that some Hox genes were located in order along the telomeric to centromeric direction of the DNA sequence: Hox1, Hox2, Hox3…. These genes were expressed in the same order in the ontogenetic units of the Drosophila embryo along the Anterior-Posterior axis. The two entities (genome and embryo) differ significantly in linear size and in-between distance. This strange phenomenon was named Spatial Collinearity (SP). Later, it was observed that, particularly in the Vertebrates, a Temporal Collinearity (TC) coexists: first is Hox1 expressed, later Hox2 and even later Hox3,…,. Hox clusters are irreversibly elongated along the force direction. According to a Biophysical Model (BM), pulling forces act at the anterior end of the cluster while a cluster fastening applies at the posterior end. During Evolution, the elongated Hox clusters are broken at variable lengths thus split clusters may be created. An Empirical Rule was formulated distinguishing development due to a complete Hox cluster from development due to split Hox clusters. BM can explain this Empirical Rule. In an accidental mutation where the cluster fastening is dismantled, a minimal pulling force can automatically shift the cluster inside the Hox activation domain. This cluster translocation can probably explain the absence of temporal collinearity in Drosophila.

Some cancer cells rely heavily on non-essential biomolecules for survival, growth, and proliferation. Enzyme based therapeutics can eliminate these biomolecules, thus specifically targeting neoplastic cells; however, enzyme therapeutics are susceptible to immune clearance, exhibit short half-lives, and require frequent administration. Encapsulation of therapeutic cargo within biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) is a strategy for controlled release. Unfortunately, PLGA NPs exhibit burst release of cargo shortly after delivery or upon introduction to aqueous environments where they decompose via hydrolysis. Here we show the generation of hybrid silica-coated PLGA (SiLGA) NPs as viable drug delivery vehicles exhibiting sub-200 nm diameters, a metastable Zeta potential, and high loading efficiency and content. Compared to uncoated PLGA NPs, SiLGA NPs offer greater retention of enzymatic activity and slow the burst release of cargo. Thus, SiLGA encapsulation of therapeutic enzymes, such as asparaginase, could reduce frequency of administration, increase half-life, and improve efficacy for patients with a range of diseases.

In contemporary design practices, there is a disconnect between the design techniques used for early-stage design experimentation and performance analysis, and those used for the manufacture and construction. This study addresses the problems in developing an integrated digital design workflow and provides a research framework for integrating environmental performance requirements with robotic manufacturing processes on a construction site. The proposed method enables the user to import a design surface, identify design parameters, set several environmental performance goals, and thereafter simulate and select a robotic building strategy. Based on these inputs, design alternatives are developed and evaluated, considering their robotically simulated constructibility, in terms of their performance criteria. To validate the proposed method, the design is evaluated in an experiment wherein a double-skin facade perforation is generated using the proposed methodology. The results suggest a heuristic feature to improve the simulated robotic constructibility. Moreover, the functionality of the prototype is demonstrated.

In contemporary design practices, there is a disconnect between the design techniques used for early-stage design experimentation and performance analysis, and those used for the manufacture and construction. This study addresses the problems in developing an integrated digital design workflow and provides a research framework for integrating environmental performance requirements with robotic manufacturing processes on a construction site. The proposed method enables the user to import a design surface, identify design parameters, set several environmental performance goals, and thereafter simulate and select a robotic building strategy. Based on these inputs, design alternatives are developed and evaluated, considering their robotically simulated constructibility, in terms of their performance criteria. To validate the proposed method, the design is evaluated in an experiment wherein a double-skin facade perforation is generated using the proposed methodology. Initial results suggest a heuristic feature to improve the simulated robotic constructibility. Moreover, the functionality of the prototype is demonstrated.

The aging mechanism of 10% and 30% nickel substituted manganese hexacyanoferrate cathode material in aqueous zinc-ion batteries has been explored through the advanced synchrotron-based two-dimensional x-ray fluorescence technique. Thanks to the two-dimension modality, not only the metal concentration dynamics throughout the entire electrodes was followed during the aging process, but their spatial distribution was also revealed, suggesting the route of the material transformation. The dissolution of Mn and Ni, and the penetration of Zn inside the framework, alongside the Mn aggregations outside the hexacyanoferrate framework were detected. Additionally, the possibility of conducting x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements on the regions of interest made it possible to explore the chemical state of each metal, and furthermore, synchrotron-based powder x-ray diffraction demonstrated the gradual structural modification in 30% Ni-containing sample series, in terms of the different phase formation.

To satisfy the interests of multiple agents and those of comprehensive indicators such as peak-to-valley differences and load fluctuations occurring on the network side, this paper presents a flexible load demand-side response optimization method that considers the benefits of peak-to-valley smoothing. First, load aggregation modelling of air conditioning and electric vehicles was conducted, and the complementarity of the power consumption behaviour of different types of flexible loads was used to improve the responsiveness of the load aggregator. Second, considering demand-side responses and taking into account the interests of both supply and demand, the load fluctuation and peak-to-valley difference on the network side are reduced, and a flexible load double-layer optimization model incorporating the peak-to-valley smoothing benefit is established. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed optimization model is verified by using the KKT condition and the big M method to evaluate this two-layer optimization problem as a single-layer optimization problem. Comparative examples demonstrate that the proposed two-layer optimization method can improve the revenue of the distribution network operators and the load aggregators by using the complementary nature of the load response characteristics of electric vehicles and air conditioners. Moreover, the proposed method can effectively reduce the load peak-to-valley difference and load fluctuation of the distribution network by introducing the peak-to-valley smoothing benefit model.

Abstract The relationship between cancer and neurodegeneration has spurred extensive scientific discourse, challenging their historical classification as distinct disorders. While cancer signifies uncontrolled cellular proliferation and neurodegeneration marks progressive neuronal loss, recent insights highlight intriguing interconnections between these seemingly disparate conditions. Cancer entails perpetual signaling for growth, evasion of growth inhibitors, resistance to cell death, acquisition of replicative immortality, stimulation of blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), and initiation of invasion and metastasis. Conversely, investigations emphasize disrupted cellular energy regulation and evasion of immune surveillance as key traits arising from genome instability, mutations, and inflammation driving tumorigenesis. Neurodegeneration involves neuronal malfunction and depletion, synaptic impairment, and protein abnormalities aggregations contributing to muscle atrophy and cognitive deficits. Varied clinical studies underscore contrasting correlations between cancer and neurodegeneration, hinting at mirrored molecular pathways that foster cell resilience or vulnerability. Research explores cellular signaling in tumorigenesis, shared with neurodegenerative disorders. Aberrant expression or mutations in crucial genes implicated in neurodegeneration also surface in cancer contexts. Debates persist on the nature of the relationship between cancer and neurodegeneration, contemplating inverse associations or shared pathways. Understanding their complex interplay, encompassing genetics, cellular mechanisms, and environmental influences, remains pivotal in unraveling their connections. This review explores the intriguing perspective that neurodegeneration and cancer might share fundamental genetic links, delving into potential implications for their onset and progression.

The real-time Railway Traffic Management Problem (rtRTMP) is discussed in the field of railway transportation. In this paper, rtRTMP is considered for planning shunting routes based on the use of routing methods on a spatial-temporal graph. An approach and algorithm of Spatial-Temporal Graph formation for rail yard transportation network is proposed. The idea is to construct an undirected loop-free Double Vertex Graph for determining optimal shunting routes consisting of several half-runs for several trains shunting under draw-out tracks capacity constraints. Experimental results on the rail yard simulation model are presented.

Cable-supported façades represent a novel approach in the design and technology of double skin façades (DSF). This type of systems not only offer flexibility in terms of exterior finishes, but also regulates the access of solar radiation, thereby transforming the appearance of the building in response to varying daylight conditions. However, the structural performance of these façades under wind, impact and seismic loads remains an active area of research. The study is a groundbreaking work that experimentally evaluates the wind and seismic behaviour of these type of façades. The methodology used for the evaluation of flexible masonry facades includes laboratory tests analysing the individual capacity of the connections and materials of the system under standardized and non-standardized procedures. A full-scale experimental sub-assembly specimen of a representative module of the façade is also subjected to uniformly distributed pressures of wind load tests as well as hard body and soft body impact tests. The setup considered the border conditions, tension loads, and actual materials. Furthermore, the earthquake assessment includes tests of full-scale specimens subjected to these demands. Research findings allowed the refinement and redesign of the system's components granting the validation of the DSF used as a case study.

Deep learning methods have been widely used in PolSAR image classification. To learn the polarimetric information, many deep learning methods expect to learn high-level semantic features from original PolSAR data. However, only original data cannot learn multiple scattering features and complex structures for extremely heterogeneous terrain objects. In addition, deep learning methods always cause edge confusion due to the high-level features. To overcome these shortages, we propose a double-channel CNN network combined with an edge-preserving MRF model(DCCNN-MRF) for PolSAR image classification. Firstly, to combine complex matrix data and multiple scattering features together, a double-channel convolution network(DCCNN) is developed, which consists of a Wishart-based complex matrix and multi-feature subnetworks. The Wishart-based complex matrix network can learn the statistical characteristics and channel correlation well, and the multi-feature network can learn high-level semantic features well. Then, a unified network framework is designed to fuse two kinds of features to enhance advantageous features and reduce redundant ones. Finally, an edge preserving MRF model is designed to combine with the DCCNN network. In the MRF model, a sketch map-based edge energy function is designed by defining adaptive weighted neighborhood for edge pixels. Experiments are conducted on four real PolSAR data sets with different sensors and bands. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DCCNN-MRF method.

In any region of a space, the gravitational field cannot be eliminated. The speed of light in a vacuum has never been observed and cannot be observed with current technology. Till now, only the speed of light in a gravitational field has been observed. It results in that all the observed speed of light are always being varied by the gravity. Here, it is presented that light could be dispersion in a gravitational field analogous to the dispersion of light in the Newtonian prism experiment. The relativistic mass density on the surface of a neutron star is on the level of 10¹⁷kg/m³ while on the surface of the Earth is only 10^-7kg/m³, the effect of the gravitational field acting on the speed of light by a neutron star is much larger than that by the Earth. Therefore, the dispersion of light in strong gravitational field could be generally observed from the image of a star and it should have been observed through the double-image gravitational lensing and the spectroscopic binary system. And, it should affect the observed numbers, spectrogram, size and distance of the celestial objects.

The fundamental challenge for the structural design of complicated shapes and lightweight structures such as Tensile Membrane Structures (TMS) is a reliable estimation of lateral loading such as wind load. Wind pressure coefficients can’t be correctly calculated by standards for a large range of intricate forms of structures. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a strong computational technique for evaluating wind pressure distribution on complicated geometry, can be used to determine wind-related parameters. The average wind related-distributions for the tensile membrane surface are validated with a few contributions from prior studies, which are important to validate with benchmarks in experimental wind tunnel experiments. For the double-curved surface, the results show good agreement between experimental tests and CFD simulations. In this study, CFD simulation was used to calculate the mean surface pressure coefficient (Cp) for generic shapes and tensile membrane forms using the steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) technique. Wind force coefficients and the effect of wind directions are also explored across a wide range of classical and tensile forms. The purpose of the current research is to look at the effect of wind assault angle on the Cp distribution for tensile membrane structures and general shapes.

In this paper a full state feedback control of a double inverted pendulum on a cart (DIPC) are designed and compared. Modeling is based on Euler-Lagrange equations derived by specifying a Lagrangian, difference between kinetic and potential energy of the DIPC system. A full state feedback control with H infinity and H 2 is addressed. Two approaches are tested: open loop impulse response and a double inverted pendulum on a cart with full state feedback H infinity and H 2 controllers. Simulations reveal superior performance of the double inverted pendulum on a cart with full state feedback H infinity controller.

The article shows materials to the question on algebraic features of the genetic code. Presented results testify in favor that the genetic code is an algebraic code related with a wide class of algebraic codes, which are a basis of noise-immune coding of information in communication technologies. Algebraic features of the genetic code are associated with hypercomplex double (or hyperbolic) numbers. The article also presents data on structural relations of some genetically inherited macrobiological phenomena with double numbers and with their algebraic extentions. The received results confirm that multidimensional numerical systems is effective for modeling and revealing the interconnections of structures of biological bodies at various levels of their organization. This allows one to think that living organisms are algebraically encoded entities.

Recently L-shaped tunneling field-effect-transistor (LTFET) has been introduced to overcome the thermal subthreshold limit of conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFET). In this work, shortcoming of LTFET was investigated. It was found that corner effect present in LTFET effectively degrades its subthreshold slope. To get rid of corner effect a new type of device with dual material gates is presented. The new device termed as DG-LTFET gets rid of the corner effect and results in a significantly improved subthreshold slope of less than 10 mV/dec, and an improved ON/OFF current ratio over LTFET. In this work DG-LTFET was evaluated for different device parameters, and bench-marked against LTFET. This work presents an optimum configuration of DG-LTFET in terms of device dimensions and doping levels, to get the best subthreshold, ON current and ambipolar performance from the DG-LTFET.

A graphene-containing LDH was prepared by re-hydration of the oxides produced by the calcination of an organic LDH. While the memory effect is a widely recognized effect on oxides produced by inorganic LDHs, it is unprecedented from the calcination/re-hydration of organic ones. Different temperatures (400, 600 and 1100 °C) were tested, on the basis of thermogravimetric data. Water instead of a carbonate solution was used for the re-hydration, with CO₂ available from water itself and/or air to induce a slower process with an easier and better intercalation of the carbonaceous species within the layers. The samples were characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), IR and Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRPD indicate the presence of carbonate LDH mixed with a layered phase with a larger d-spacing. IR confirmed that the prevailing anion is carbonate, coming from the water used for the re-hydration and/or air. Raman data indicated the presence of low-ordered graphenic species moieties and SEM the absence of separated graphene of graphitic sheets, suggesting an intimate mixing of the carbonaceous phase with reconstructed LDH. Organic LDHs gave better memory effect after calcination at 400 °C. Conversely, the graphenic species are observed after rehydration of the sample calcined at 600 °C with a reduced memory effect, demonstrating the interference of the carbonaceous phase with LDH reconstruction and the bonding with LDH layers to form a graphene-LDH nanocomposite.

The primary purpose of this research article is to study the famous K$\ddot{o}$the's Conjecture for the special cases - when a ring $\mathfrak{R}$ is commutative, and when $\mathfrak{R}$ is an Algebra over a field. Furthermore, some open problems involving tensor product of Algebras over a field has also been discussed extensively along with their proofs. Subsequently, an equivelent statement of K$\ddot{o}$the's problem in terms of algebra of matrices has been established.

Wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor devices are increasingly replacing silicon IGBTs in high-power and high-voltage power electronics applications. However, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding efficient testing methodologies for high-power and high-voltage converters under constrained laboratory resources. This paper addresses this gap by presenting comprehensive, hardware-focused testing methodologies for high-power and high-voltage WBG power semiconductor based converters, preceding the control evaluation phase. The proposed methods enable thorough evaluation and evaluation of converter hardware, including device switching characteristics, driving circuit functionality, thermal management performance, insulation integrity, and sustained operation at full power. We utilize the double pulse test (DPT) to characterize switching performance in a two-level phase leg configuration, extract circuit parasitics, and validate magnetic components. The DPT is further applied to optimize gate driving circuits, validate overcurrent protection mechanisms, and measure device on-resistance. Additionally, a multicycle test is introduced to rapidly assess steady-state converter performance and estimate efficiency. Recognizing the critical role of thermal management in high-power converters, our methodologies extend to the experimental extraction of key thermal parameters—such as junction-to-ambient thermal resistance and thermal capacitance—via a heat loss injection method. A correlation method between temperature sensor measurements and junction temperature is presented to enhance the accuracy of device temperature monitoring during tests. To ensure reliability and safety, dielectric withstand tests and partial discharge measurements are conducted at both component and converter levels under conventional 60 Hz sinusoidal and high-frequency PWM waveforms. Finally, we highlight the importance of testing converters under full voltage, current, and thermal conditions through power circulating tests with minimal power consumption, applicable to both non-isolated and isolated high-power converters. Practical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of these hardware testing methodologies.

Recent progress in studies of Rydberg double-well electronic energy states of MeNg (Me=12-group atom, Ng=noble gas atom) van der Waals (vdW) molecules is presented and analysed. The presentation covers approaches in experimental studies as well as ab-initio-calculations of potential energy curves (PEC). The analysis is shown in a broader context of Rydberg states of hetero- and homo-diatomic molecules with PECs possessing complex ‘exotic’ structure. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra and dispersed emission spectra employed in spectroscopical characterization of Rydberg states are presented on the background of diversity of spectroscopic methods of their investigations such as laser vaporization-optical resonance (LV-OR), pump-and-probe methods and polarization labelling spectroscopy. Importance and current state-of-the-art applications of Rydberg states with irregular potentials in photoassociation (PA), vibrational and rotational cooling, molecular clocks, frequency standards and molecular wave-packet interferometry is highlighted.

RNA silencing serves key roles in a multitude of cellular processes, including development, stress responses, metabolism, and maintenance of genome integrity. Dicer, Argonaute (AGO), double-stranded RNA binding (DRB), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) and DNA-dependent RNA polymerases known as Pol IV and Pol V form core components to trigger RNA silencing. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important staple crop worldwide. In this study, we aimed to unravel the components of the RNA-guided silencing pathway in this non-model plant taking advantage of the availability of two genome assemblies of Andean and Meso-American origin. We identified six PvDCLs, thirteen PvAGOs, 10 PvDRB, 5 PvRDR, in both genotypes, suggesting no recent gene amplification or deletion after the gene pool separation. In addition, we identified one PvNRPD1 and one PvNRPE1 encoding the largest subunits of Pol IV and Pol V, respectively. These genes were categorized into subgroups based on phylogenetic analyses. Comprehensive analyses of gene structure, genomic localization and similarity among these genes were performed. Their expression patterns were investigated by means of expression models in different organs using online data and quantitative RT-PCR after pathogen infection. Several of the candidate genes were up-regulated after infection with the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.

Although mask-wearing is now widespread, knowledge of how to quantify or improve its performance remains surprisingly limited and largely based on empirical evidence. The objective of this study was to visualize the expiratory airflows from facemasks and evaluate aerosol transmission between two persons. Different visualization methods were explored, including the Schlieren optical system, laser/LED-particle imaging system, thermal camera, and vapor-SarGel system. The leakage flows and escaped aerosols were quantified using a hotwire anemometer and a particle counter, respectively. The results show that mask-wearing reduces the exhaled flow velocity from 2~4 m/s (with no facemask) to around 0.1 m/s, thus decreasing droplet transmission speeds. Cloth, surgical, and KN95 masks showed varying leakage flows at the nose top, sides, and chin. The leakage rate also differed between inhalation and exhalation. The neck gaiter has low filtration efficiency and high leakage fractions, providing low protection efficiency. There was considerable deposition in the mouth-nose area, as well as the neck, chin, and jaw, which heightened the risk of self-inoculation through spontaneous face-touching. A face shield plus surgical mask greatly reduced droplets on the head, neck, and face, indicating that double face coverings can be highly effective when a single mask is insufficient. The vapor-SarGel system provided a practical approach to study interpersonal transmission under varying close contact scenarios or with different face coverings.

Hox gene clusters are crucial in Embryogenesis. It was observed that some Hox genes are located in order along the telomeric to centromeric direction of the DNA sequence: Hox1, Hox2, Hox3…. These genes are expressed in the same order in the ontogenetic units of the Drosophila embryo along the Anterior-Posterior axis. The two entities (genome and embryo) differ significantly in linear size and in-between distance. This strange phenomenon was named Spatial Collinearity (SP). Later, it was observed that, particularly in the Vertebrates, a Temporal Collinearity (TC) coexists: first is Hox1 expressed, later Hox2 and even later Hox3,…,. According to a Biophysical Model (BM), pulling forces act at the anterior end of the cluster while a cluster fastening applies at the posterior end. Hox clusters are irreversibly elongated along the force direction. During Evolution, the elongated Hox clusters are broken at variable lengths thus split clusters may be created. An Empirical Rule was formulated distinguishing development due to a complete Hox cluster from development due to split Hox clusters. BM can ‘explain’ this Empirical Rule. In a spontaneous mutation where the cluster fastening is dismantled, a minimal pulling force can automatically shift the cluster inside the Hox activation domain. This cluster translocation can probably explain the absence of Temporal Collinearity in Drosophila.

Computer vision models of salient object detection attempt to mimic the ability of the human visual system to select relevant objects in images. To this end, the development of deep neural networks on high-end computers has recently made it possible to achieve high performance. However, it remains a challenge to develop deep neural network models of the same performance for devices with much more limited resources. In this work, we propose a new approach for a lightweight salient object detection neural network model, inspired by the cone and spatial opponent processes of the primary visual cortex (V1), that inextricably link color and shape in human color perception. Our proposed model, namely CoSOV1net, is trained from scratch, without using backbones from image classification or other tasks. Experiments, on the most widely used and challenging datasets for salient object detection, show that CoSOV1Net achieves competitive performance (i.e. Fβ=0.931 on the ECSSD dataset) with state-of-the-art salient object detection models, while having low number of parameters (1.14M), low FLOPS (1.4G) and high FPS (211.2) on GPU (nvidia Geforce RTX 3090 TI) compared to the state-of-the-art in the salient object detection or lightweight salient object detection task. Thus, CoSOV1net turns out to be a lightweight salient object detection that can be adapted to mobile environments and resource-constrained devices.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the disease COVID-19 has wreaked havoc on the health and economy of humanity. In addition, the disease is observed in domestic and wild animals. The disease has impacted directly and indirectly every corner of the planet. Currently, there are no vaccines and effective therapies for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome of 29.8 kb. More than two-thirds of the genome comprises Orf1ab encoding 16 non-structural proteins (nsps) followed by mRNAs encoding structural proteins, spike (S), envelop (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). These genes are interspaced with several accessory genes (open reading frames [Orf] 3a, 3b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, 9b, 9c and 10). The functions of these proteins are of particular interest for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Several of the nsps (nsp3, nsp4, nsp6) and Orf3a are transmembrane proteins involved in regulating the host immunity, modifying host cell organelles for viral replication and escape and hence considered drug targets. In this paper we report mapping the transmembrane structure of the non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2.

Labelling techniques such as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer, allow access to distances in the range of tens of angstroms, corresponding to the size of proteins and small to medium-sized protein complexes. Such measurements do not require long-range ordering and are therefore applicable to systems with partial disorder. Data from spin-label-based measurements can be processed into distance distributions that provide information about the extent of such disorder. Using such information in modelling presents several challenges, including a small number of restraints, the influence of the label itself on the measured distance and distribution width, and balancing the fitting quality of the long-range restraints with the fitting quality of other restraint subsets. Starting with general considerations about integrative and hybrid structural modelling, this review provides an overview of recent approaches to these problems and identifies where further progress is needed.

Hox gene clusters are crucial in Embryogenesis. It was observed that some Hox genes are located in order along the telomeric to centromeric direction of the DNA sequence: Hox1, Hox2, Hox3…. These genes are expressed in the same order in the ontogenetic units of the Drosophila embryo along the Anterior-Posterior axis. The two entities (genome and embryo) differ significantly in linear size and in-between distance. This strange phenomenon was named Spatial Collinearity (SP). Later, it was observed that, particularly in the Vertebrates, a Temporal Collinearity (TC) coexists: first is Hox1 expressed, later Hox2 and even later Hox3,…,. According to a Biophysical Model (BM), pulling forces act at the anterior end of the cluster while a cluster fastening applies at the posterior end. Hox clusters are irreversibly elongated along the force direction. During Evolution, the elongated Hox clusters are broken at variable lengths thus split clusters may be created. An Empirical Rule was formulated distinguishing development due to a complete Hox cluster from development due to split Hox clusters. BM can ‘explain’ this Empirical Rule. In a spontaneous mutation where the cluster fastening is dismantled, a weak pulling force automatically shifts the cluster inside the Hox activation domain. This cluster translocation can probably explain the absence of Temporal Collinearity in Drosophila.

China is facing the development requirements of the dual carbon goal and the construction needs of resilient cities. Currently, high-strength composite structural systems are a feasible solution, but their research and application in the construction field are insufficient, especially for the combination forms of concrete above C100 and steel above Q550. In response to this issue, this paper proposes a new high-performance structural system, namely the composite frame - high-strength steel plate wall core tube resilient structure system, which includes high-strength steel plate (Q550) - ultra-high strength concrete (C100) shear walls, replaceable energy dissipation coupling beams, and composite frames. Taking a 200 meter building as an example, this paper designs and establishes calculation models for a conventional reinforced concrete frame-core tube structure and a high-performance structure based on PKPM software, and establishes elastoplastic analysis models for both based on SAUSAGE software, and then conducts dynamic elastoplastic time history analysis and seismic resilience assessment of structures under design basis earthquakes (DBEs), maximum considered earthquake (MCEs) and extremely rare earthquakes (EREs). Research has shown that compared to conventional structures, new high-performance structures can effectively reduce the size of shear walls, reduce the self-weight of the structure, and enhance the space for building use; The story drift ratio has higher redundancy than specification limits, lower plastic damage and overall stiffness degradation of the structure, and better seismic performance; The seismic resilience has significantly improved, especially in the case of casualties, which can better ensure the safety of people's lives and property.

How to disentangle the possible genuine quenching of gA caused by scale anomaly of QCD parameterized by the scale-symmetry-breaking quenching factor qssb from nuclear correlation effects is described. This is done by matching the Fermi-liquid xed (FLFP) point theory to the "Extreme Single Particle (shell) Model" (acronym ESPM) in superallowed Gamow-Teller transitions in heavy doubly-magic shell nuclei. The recently experimentally observed indication for (1-qssb) ≠0 - that one might identify as "fundamental quenching (FQ)" - in certain experiments seems to be alarmingly signicant. I present arguments how symmetries hidden in the matter-free vacuum can emerge and suppress such FQ in strong nuclear correlations. How to conrm or refute this observation is discussed in terms of the superallowed Gamow-Teller transition in the doubly-magic nucleus 100Sn and in the spectral shape in the multifold forbidden β decay of 115In.

CRCMSS/pMMR contain a significantly increased fraction of TREM2+ macrophages (TAMs) and CD66+ neutrophils (TANs) together with decrease of CD4-CD8-CD3+ double negative T lymphocytes (DNTs); no differences were revealed by the analysis of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell populations. A fraction of tumor-infiltrating T-cells display an exhausted phenotype, co-expressing PD-1 and TIM-3. Remarkably, expression of PD-L1 on fresh tumor cells and TAMs was undetectable even after in vitro stimulation with interferon-γ. These findings confirm the immune suppressive microenvironment of CRCMSS/pMMR characterized by dense infiltration of TAMs, occurrence of TANs, lack of DNTs, T-cell exhaustion and interferon-γ unresponsiveness by host and tumor cells. Appropriate bypass strategies should consider these combinations of immune escape mechanisms in CRCMSS/pMMR.

RNA interference (RNAi) is one of the main mechanisms for disease resistance and small RNA production in plants. The main proteins involved in RNAi include Dicer-like (DCL), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR), double-stranded RNA-binding (DRB), and Argonaute (AGO). Juglandaceae contains a variety of important woody plants, and walnuts are one of the four major woody plant groups and one of the four major dried fruits in the world. To clarify the evolution and functional differentiation of RNAi-related proteins in the walnut (Juglans regia) genome, this study integrated various web resources from gene family acquisition to structural analysis and transcriptome data to correlate walnuts and their congeners. The walnut genome has 5 DCL, 13 RDR, 15 DRB and 15 AGO genes, similar genes encoding conserved protein structural domains and conserved motifs with similar subcellular localization. Walnut AGO proteins are classified into three classes and seven subclasses. The DCL is divided into four categories, while RDR is mainly divided into four categories, and DRB can be divided into six categories. The exception is that the copy number of walnut RDR1 is 9, in which seven RDR1 are distributed in clusters on chromosome 16. Purifying selection drove the formation of walnut genes, but protein classes were subjected to varying degrees of purifying selection. Additionally, these results showed some similarity in other plants of the walnut family. Moreover, different RNAi-related genes of walnut produced abundant selective expression in response to different tissues and stresses. In this study, DCL, RDR, DRB and AGO gene families were identified and analysed in the genome of the walnut family for the first time and preliminarily examined the evolution, structure and expression characteristics of these families to provide a preliminary basis for the evolution of the walnut RNAi pathway and breeding research.

Using of the organic base tetramethylammonium hydroxides (TMAH) is a viable, cheap and fast route, for the MgZnAl-LDH type materials synthesis by both co-precipitation and mechano-chemical methods. TMAH provided several advantages as smaller quantity of water required in the washing step compared to the use of inorganic alkalis, prevention of LDH contamination with alkali cations, acting as template molecule in texture tailoring along with disadvantages as its presence in small quantities in the resulting layered materials. Regardless the use of organic / inorganic bases and co-precipitation / mechano-chemical methods, zincite stable phase was found in all the synthesized solids. The basicity of catalysts followed the trend: mixed oxides &gt; reconstructed &gt; parent LDH. The memory effect of LDH is supported only by the presence of Mg and Al cations, while Zn remains as zincite stable phase. The catalytic activities for Claisen-Schmidt condensation of benzaldehyde with cyclohexanone provided values higher than 90% after 2h, with a total selectivity in 2,6-dibenzylidenecyclohexanone, while in self-condensation of cyclohexanone no more than 7.29% after 5h. These behaviors depended on catalysts basicity as well as the planar rigidity of the compound.

This article deals with the conformable double Laplace transforms and their some properties with examples and also the existence Condition for the conformable double Laplace transform is studied. Finally, in order to obtain the solution of nonlinear fractional problems, we present a modified conformable double Laplace that we call conformable double Laplace decomposition methods (CDLDM). Then, we apply it to solve, Regular and singular conformable fractional coupled burgers equation illustrate the effectiveness of our method some examples are given.

There are several pathologies that can change the anatomy of the otic capsule and that can distort the bone density of the bony structures of the inner ear, but otosclerosis is one of the most frequent. Similar behavior has been shown in patients affected by osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disease due to a mutation in the genes coding for type I (pro) collagen. In particular, we note that otosclerosis and OI can lead to bone resorption creating pericochlear cavitations in contact with the internal auditory canal (IAC). In this regard, in our experience we have collected 5 cases presenting this characteristic and their audiological data and clinical history were analyzed. This feature can be defined as a potential cause of a third-window effect, because it causes an energy loss during the transmission of sound waves from the OW away from the basilar membrane.

The goal of the manuscript is to design a relatively best control structure for the noise suppression of a drone’s camera gimbal action. The gimbal’s movement can be simplified as a rest-to-rest reorientation system that can achieve the boundary result of a dynamic system. Six different control architectures are proposed and evaluated based on their ability to control the trajectory of the dynamic-system position and speed, their running time, and quadratic cost. The robustness of the control architecture to uncertainties in inertia and sensor noise is also analyzed. Monte Carlo figures are used to assess the performance of the six control systems. The conditions for applying different architectures are identified through this analysis. The analysis and experimental tests reveal the most suitable control of the drone’s camera gimbal rotation.

This paper extends the application of the ROTASE model for the formation of spiral arms of disc galaxies, questions and confusions from readers about this model are addressed. The optical trail effect behind the spiral arm rotation is the natural consequence of the model. The morphologies of ring-galaxies are classified into four categories: type I: single ring; type II: 8-shaped double ring; type III: 8-shaped double ring wrapped by a larger outer ring; type IV: single ring without spiral and bar. All four types of ring galaxies can be described by the ROTASE model. The ROTASE model predicts that the false impression of spiral arm rotating ahead of the galactic bar in the galaxy MCG+00-04-051 will change with time, it will look like a normal galaxy with about 30° to 40° bar rotation in the future and the galactic bar ends will look like rotating ahead of the spiral arms with further 10 ° to 15 °bar rotation. The formation of one arm galaxies is due to X-matter at one side of supermassive black hole is much stronger than other side. More evidence is found to support the explanation of the formation and the evolution of the Hoag’s object. The possible evolution of spiral pattern of galaxies is illustrated by UGC 6093. The winding of the Milky Way could be tighter in the future based on the ROTASE model.

Novel double-impurity doping process for silicon (Si) surfaces was developed, utilizing nanosecond-laser melting of a top 11-nm thick gold (Au) film and a Si wafer substrate in a laser plasma-activated liquid-nitrogen (LN) environment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the fluence- and exposure-independent surface micro-spike topography, while energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy identified minor Au (0.05 at. %) and major N (1-2 at. %) dopants, localized within a 0.5-m thick surface layer, and slight surface post-oxidation of the micro-relief (oxygen (O), 1.5-2.5 at. %). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy identified bound surface (SiNx) and bulk doping chemical states of the introduced nitrogen (10 at. %), metallic (&lt;0.01 at. %) and cluster (&lt;0.1 at. %) forms of gold dopant, and evaluated their depth distributions, strongly affected by the competition between gold dopant in its marginal local concentrations and other more abundant dopants (N, O). 532-nm Raman micro-spectroscopy indicated the slight reduction of the crystalline order revealed in the second-order Si phonon band, nanoscale dimensions of the resolidified Si nano-crystallites envisioned by the main Si optical-phonon peak, negligible a-Si abundance and a low-wavenumber peak of Si3N4 structure. In contrast, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) 2D-mapping exhibited the only broad structureless absorption bands in the range of 600-5500 cm-1 related to dopant absorption and light-trapping in the surface micro-relief. The room-temperature electrical characteristics of the laser-double-doped Si layer – carrier mobility of 1050 cm2/Vs and background carrier sheet concentration 21010 cm-2 (bulk concentration 1014-1015 cm-3) – are superior regarding previously reported parameters of nitrogen-implanted/annealed Si samples. This novel facile double-element laser-doping procedure paves the way toward local mask-less on-demand introduction of multiple intra-gap intermediate donor and acceptor bands in Si, providing its related multi-wavelength IR photoconductivity for optoelectronic applications.

With the ever-growing geopolitical tensions across borders arising, ultimately from the eternal energy needs, it is the peak time for humanity to put its reliance on a more quasi-perpetuity source of energy, such as the Sun. Even though current photovoltaics are the frontier of solar power harvesting, their efficiencies are reaching a state of stasis sooner or later. The efficiencies of single-junction solar cells are capped by the Shockley-Quiesser limit of 33.7%. Researchers are racing toward a way to beat this limit while keeping the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE) to its minimum. Amongst all contenders, rectenna (or rectifying antenna), which was invented only a decade after the first practical PV cell by the Bells lab [1], is the most promising technology to take the forefront in quenching the energy needs, not only because of the absence of any such theoretical limit but also a lower cost of production. This report will review three state-of-the-art architectures for optical rectification developed by the leading groups worldwide. The review will compile a concise discussion on Metal-Double-Insulator-Metal diodes, CNT-Insulator-Metal diodes, and Point-contact-Metal-Insulator-Metal diodes, with an elaborative focus on their fabrication methods and results obtained.