In an historic perspective on the development of the Standard Model of particle physics it is shown how mathematically driven axioms have masked the merits of a physically comprehensible structural view. It is concluded that the difference between the two approaches can be traced back to two major issues. Whereas in the Standard Model the quark is a Dirac particle with a single real dipole moment, the quark in the structural model, in confinement with other quarks, is a Dirac particle with two real dipole moments. The second issue is the view that empty space does not exist, but that space is filled with a polarisable energetic fluid. It is shown how recognition of these two issues pave a road to reconcile particle physics with gravity, in which the quark can be seen as a magnetic electron and in which the gluon, as the strong force carrier, can be seen as a massive photon.

This interdisciplinary work presents a novel patent pending method of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion called the Nuclear Electromagnetic Shaping Accelerator Reactor (NESAR) that addresses all of the major failure problems with currently known methods of IEC fusion. A brief background of previous IEC methods that generate a negative potential well to accelerate ions for fusion will be reviewed and compared to the NESAR method of magnetic confinement. In addition, a direct comparison will be presented between the NESAR and the tokamak method of fusion. The NESAR method of fusion obtains the plasma oscillation and compression capabilities of a tokamak without producing the catastrophic magnetic reconnection disruptions that currently plague tokamaks. Since the NESAR can oscillate charged particles comparable to the tokamak, this work will briefly review the history of the tokamak, how sawtooth magnetic reconnection occurs, and how the NESAR precludes the occurrence of magnetic reconnection. This work will also review the beginnings of a novel unified field theory that has obtained interest from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). This unified field theory is based upon the trajectory of charged particle movements within the NESAR, which is the only concept of magnetic confinement in the world that may allow charge particles to collectively interact relatively to a solitary location. Due to this possible capability, the confined charged particles have the potential to experience curved trajectories; allowing for the effects of curvature deviation to be placed upon the charged particle within the magnetic confines of the NESAR. If charged particles can experience curvature deviation then deviated acceleration is generated; allowing the electromagnet field to be propelled to a higher spatial dimension that could influence spacetime. Finally, this work will review another theory that explains how magnetic pole reversals are observed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) coiled magnetic field detectors. This theory requires little to no postulations to be framed and it is purely based upon the trajectory of charged particles within the NESAR, Michael Faraday’s law of induction, and experimental observations of rotating plasmas.

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) quantizes gravity through the quantization of the space-time. It begins with general relativity (GR) and brings some concepts from quantum field theory to quantize the space-time. The conceptual background of GR is necessary to comprehend the LQG framework. Therefore, in this paper, prerequisite concepts such as special relativity, general relativity, covariant electromagnetism, tensor analysis, Lagrangian formulation, Hamiltonian formulation and basics of quantum mechanics are briefly introduced; that, are needed to study loop quantum gravity(LQG).

The stress imposed by ethanol to Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are one of the most challenging limiting factors in industrial fuel-ethanol production. Consequently, the toxicity and tolerance to high ethanol concentrations has been the subject of extensive research, allowing the identification of several genes important for increasing the tolerance to this stress factor. However, most studies were performed with well characterized laboratory strains, and how the results obtained with these strains work in industrial strains remains unknown. In the present work we have tested three different strategies known to increase ethanol tolerance by laboratory strains in an industrial fuel-ethanol producing strain: overexpression of the TRP1 or MSN2 genes, or overexpression of a truncated version of the MSN2 gene. Our results show that the industrial CAT-1 strain tolerates up to 14% ethanol, and indeed the three strategies increased its tolerance to ethanol. When these strains were subjected to fermentations with high sugar content and cell-recycle, simulating the industrial conditions used in Brazilian distilleries, only the strain with overexpression of the truncated MSN2 gene showed improved fermentation performance, allowing the production of 16% ethanol from 33% of total reducing sugars present in sugarcane molasses. Our results highlight the importance of testing genetic modifications in industrial yeast strains under industrial conditions in order to improve the production of industrial fuel ethanol by S. cerevisiae.

We consider partition functions, in the form of state sums, and associated probabilistic measures for aperiodic substrates described by model sets and their associated tiling spaces. We propose model set tiling spaces as microscopic models for small scales in the context of quantum gravity. Model sets possess special self-similarity properties that allow us to consider implications on large and observable scales from the underlying (non-ergodic) dynamics. In particular we consider the implication of the underlying aperiodic substrate for the well known problem of time in quantum gravity, and propose a correspondence between small and large scales, the so-called ergodic correspondence, that addresses the emergence of matter properties and spacetime structure. In the process we find a possible bound in the mass spectrum of fundamental particles.

In this paper, by considering Einstein-Hilbert-Bumblebee (EHB) gravity around global monopole field, we derive exactly a black hole spacetime metric. To test the effect of global monopole field and bumblebee field, which causes the spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking, we calculate the weak deflection angle using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem.

The energy E takes the place of the gravitational mass m_G to produce gravity [1]. We wonder whether the inertial mass m_i in the inertial force is also replaced by E. The experiments to measure the inertial force and weight of a carrier are presented. Now we can test the principle of equivalence and study foundations of physics in condensed matter.

In this paper, we use a new asymptotically flat and spherically symmetric solution in the generalized Einstein-Cartan-Kibble-Sciama (ECKS) theory of gravity to study the weak gravitational lensing and its shadow cast. To this end, we first compute the weak deflection angle of generalized ECKS black hole using the Gauss–Bonnet theorem in plasma medium and in vacuum. Next by using the Newman-Janis algorithm without complexification, we derive the rotating generalized ECKS black hole and in the sequel study its shadow. Then, we discuss the effect of the ECKS parameter on the shadow of the black hole and weak deflection angle. In short, the goal of this paper is to give contribution to the ECKS theory and look for evidences to understand how the ECKS parameter effects the gravitational lensing.

In our recently proposed theory of quantum gravity, a black hole arises from the spontaneous localisation of an entangled state of a large number of atoms of space-time-matter [STM]. Prior to localisation, the non-commutative curvature of an STM atom is described by the spectral action of non-commutative geometry. By using the techniques of statistical thermodynamics from trace dynamics, we show that the gravitational entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole results from the microstates of the entangled STM atoms and is given (subject to certain assumptions) by the classical Euclidean gravitational action. This action, in turn, equals the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy (Area/$4{L_P}^2$) of the black hole. We argue that spontaneous localisation is related to black-hole evaporation through the fluctuation-dissipation theorem.

A single photon inside a gravitational field defined by the accelerates $g$ is found to have a gravitational mass given by $m_g=(\hbar/2c^3)g$, where $\hbar$ is the reduced Planck's constant, and $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum. This force is equivalent to the curvature force introduced by Einstein's general relativity. These photons behave like the radiation emitted by a black hole. A black hole emitting such a radiation develops an entropy that is found to increase linearly with black hole mass, and inversely with the photon mass. Based on this, the entropy of a solar black hole emitting photons of mass $\sim 10^{-33}eV$ amounts to $\sim 10^{77}\,k_B$. The created photons could be seen as resulting from quantum fluctuation during an uncertainty time given by $\Delta t=c/g$. The gravitational force on the photon is that of an entropic nature, and varies inversely with the square of the entropy. The power of the massive photon radiation is found to be analogous to Larmor power of an accelerating charge.

We generate numerically on a lattice an ensemble of stationary metrics, with spherical symmetry, which have Einstein action S_E « ħ. This is obtained through a Metropolis algorithm with weight exp(-β²S_E²) and β » ħ^-1. The squared action in the exponential allows to circumvene the problem of the non-positivity of S_E. The discretized metrics obtained exhibit a spontaneous polarization in regions of positive and negative scalar curvature. We compare this ensemble with a class of continuous metrics previously found, which satisfy the condition S_E=0 exactly, or in certain cases even the stronger condition R(x)=0 for any x. All these gravitational field configurations are of considerable interest in quantum gravity, because they represent possible vacuum fluctuations and are markedly different from Wheeler's ''spacetime foam''.

This paper is devoted to investigate charged vector particles tunneling via horizons of a pair of accelerating rotating charged NUT black hole under the influence of quantum gravitational effects. For this purpose, we use the modified Proca equation incorporating generalized uncertainty principle. Using the WKB approximation to the field equation, we obtain a modified tunneling rate and the corresponding corrected Hawking temperature for this black hole. Moreover, we analyze the graphical behavior of corrected Hawking temperature T'_H with respect to the event horizon for the given black hole. By considering quantum gravitational effects on Hawking temperatures, we discuss the stability analysis of this black hole. For a pair of black holes, the temperature T'_H increases with the increase in rotation parameters α and w, correction parameter β, black hole acceleration α and arbitrary parameter k and decreases with the increase in electric e and magnetic charges g.

In this paper, we analyze the deflection angle of light by Brane-Dicke wormhole in the weak field limit approximation to find the effect of the Brane-Dicke coupling parameter on the weak gravitation lensing. For this purpose, we consider new geometric techniques, i.e., Gauss-Bonnet theorem and optical geometry in order to calculate the deflection angle. Furthermore, we verify our results by considering the most familiar geodesic technique. Moreover, we establish the quantum corrected metric of Brane-Dicke wormhole by replacing the classical geodesic with Bohmian trajectories, whose matter source and anisotropic pressure are influenced by Bohmian quantum effects and calculate its quantum corrected deflection angle. Then, we calculate the deflection angle by naked singularities and compare with the result of wormhole's. Such a novel lensing feature might serve as a way to detect wormholes, naked singularities and also the evidence of Brane-Dicke theory.

Even though materialistic atoms are having independent existence in this current accelerating universe, they are not allowing scientists and engineers to explore the secrets of gravity at atomic scale. This may be due to incomplete unification paradigm, inadequacy of known physics and technological difficulties etc. In this challenging scenario, one fundamental question to be answered is: Is Newtonian gravitational constant having a physical existence? We would like to suggest that, it’s a man created empirical constant and is having no physical existence. Clearly speaking, it’s not real but virtual. For understanding the secrets of large scale gravitational effects, scientists consider it as a physical constant. In the same way, each atomic interaction can be allowed to have its own gravitational constant. With further study, their magnitudes can be refined for a better understanding of the nature. Thinking in this way, we tried to fit the Newtonian gravitational constant. It’s estimated value seems to be 6.679855x10^(-11) m3/kg/sec2. Proceeding further, the famous radiation constants can be shown to be complex or secondary physical constants. By considering proton neutron stability, nuclear binding energy, nuclear charge radii, neutron life time, Fermi’s weak coupling constant and strong coupling constant, we are trying to understand the validity of the proposed three atomic gravitational constants. It needs further study.

In quantum gravity perturbation theory in Newton's constant $G$ is known to be badly divergent, and as a result not very useful. Nevertheless, some of the most interesting phenomena in physics are often associated with non-analytic behavior in the coupling constant and the existence of nontrivial quantum condensates. It is therefore possible that pathologies encountered in the case of gravity are more likely the result of inadequate analytical treatment, and not necessarily a reflection of some intrinsic insurmountable problem. The nonperturbative treatment of quantum gravity via the Regge-Wheeler lattice path integral formulation reveals the existence of a new phase involving a nontrivial gravitational vacuum condensate, and a new set of scaling exponents characterizing both the running of $G$ and the long-distance behavior of invariant correlation functions. The appearance of such a gravitational condensate is viewed as analogous to the (equally nonperturbative) gluon and chiral condensates known to describe the physical vacuum of QCD. The resulting quantum theory of gravity is highly constrained, and its physical predictions are found to depend only on one adjustable parameter, a genuinely nonperturbative scale $\xi$ in many ways analogous to the scaling violation parameter $\Lambda_{\bar MS} $ of QCD. Recent results point to significant deviations from classical gravity on distance scales approaching the effective infrared cutoff set by the observed cosmological constant. Such subtle quantum effects are expected to be initially small on current cosmological scales, but could become detectable in future high precision satellite experiments.

Zinc cobalt oxide-zinc hydroxide (ZnCo2O4-Zn(OH)2) microspheres were successfully fabricated on carbon cloth via a sample hydrothermal method. The surface morphology of these microspheres and their efficacy in degrading methyl violet were further modulated by varying the thermal annealing temperatures. The manipulation of thermal annealing temperatures was pivotal in adjusting the porosity of ZnCo2O4-Zn(OH)2 microspheres to amplify their photocatalytic performance. Various analytical techniques were utilized to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the ZnCo2O4-Zn(OH)2 microspheres, including field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Compared to untreated ZnCo2O4-Zn(OH)2 microspheres, those subjected to thermal annealing exhibited increased specific surface area and light absorption capacity, rendering them highly effective photocatalysts under UVC light exposure. Subsequent studies have confirmed the superior performance of ZnCo2O4-Zn(OH)2 microspheres as a reusable photocatalyst for degrading methyl violet and tetracycline. Additionally, trapping experiments during the photodegradation process involving ZnCo2O4-Zn(OH)2 microspheres have identified hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (·O2–) as the primary reactive species.

Comprising the largest population cohort on this planet, Gen Z presents a future-oriented consumer segment driven by climate change and food. This study sought to investigate Gen Zs’ perceptions to-ward plant-based foods and diets, and explore the relationship between attitude components, meal preparation involvement, personal and lifestyle factors, and perceived barriers in adopting a plant-based diet with willingness to adopt green-eating practices. Using cross-sectional data from uni-versity students in Greece, India and UK, various tools were employed to determine the factors influ-encing youths’ consumer behavior toward animal-protein substitutes. PCA indicated the underlying dimensions of students’ viewpoints on plant-based foods, whereas hierarchical and k-means clustering provided the cluster structure. An ordered probit model was estimated to delineate Gen Zs’ willingness to adopt plant-based diets and distinguish among mostly unwilling, somewhat willing and mostly willing youths. Our findings identified two consumer segments, namely proponents and opponents toward plant-based foods and diets, with statistically significant differences in the perceived health benefits of plant-based diets, attachment to animal-based proteins, perceived exclusion of ani-mal-based foods, dissatisfaction with plant-based foods attributes and demand for ensuring adequate protein intake. The ordered probit model estimates showed that there is a rather «homogeneity» in the factors influencing youths’ intention to adopt plant-based diets, with attitude components, meal prep-aration indicators, perceived barriers to eating “green” and personal factors, viz. self-assessed knowledge on healthy eating and physical activity, being strongly associated with students’ willingness to switch to plant-based diets in all three countries. Mapping potential obstacles and enablers in terms of shifting to more green-eating behaviors, our findings could add information to better understand the factors affecting food choice and youths’ transition to a more sustainable lifestyle.

This article reviews recent innovations in piezoelectric actuators, then indicates the future research targets. In the materials, the piezoelectric performances of relaxor-lead titanate (PZN-PT, PMN-PT) single crystals have been improved significantly by an AC electric poling technique. Also new loss characterization techniques facilitate developing high-power density piezoelectrics. The RMS vibration velocity reaches 0.6 m/s in the k₃₁ mode in lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nowadays, which corresponds to power density 30 W/cm³. Pb-free materials are urged due to the recent political regulation on toxic materials. In device designs, the original multilayer actuators (MLA) with Ag/Pd electrode have been switched to the ones with Cu or pure Ag, in order to suppress the heat generation, then to enhance the device power density. Piezoelectric micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS’s) started to utilize the <1 0 0> oriented epitaxial films of rhombohedral PZT compositions, which exhibits enhanced piezoelectric properties. Also for higher-power applications, aero-sol deposition (AD) methods have been introduced to 10 -thick films. Regarding drive/control techniques in piezo-actuators, three developments are on-going, that is, “negative capacitance” power supplies for driving off-resonance (pseudo-DC) piezo-actuators, capacitive AC power supplies for efficiently driving resonance piezo-actuators, and DC/DC converters for harvesting electric energy from high-impedance piezoelectric devices under noise vibration. The applications of piezoelectric actuators in the 21^st century seem to be oriented toward “politico-engineering” with four keywords, “cooperation, protection, reduction, and continuation”. The sustainability technologies include the following piezoelectric items: (a) Pb-free piezoelectrics, (b) ultrasonic technology for decomposing hazardous materials, (c) reduction of contamination gas, (d) piezoelectric energy harvesting, and (e) device improvement with high energy-efficiency. On the other hand, the following crisis technologies have been developed with piezoelectrics: (a) detection and neutralization technologies of infectious/epidemic diseases such as anthrax, (b) autonomous unmanned underwater, aerial, and land vehicles with piezoelectric actuators, (c) pin-point target weapons, (d) high voltage supplies with piezoelectric transformers, and (e) compact energy sources for remote actuating/sensing systems.

We have recently presented a unified quantum gravity theory [1]. Here we extend on that work and present an even simpler version of that theory. For about hundred years, modern physics has not been able to build a bridge between quantum mechanics and gravity. However, a solution may be found here; we present our quantum gravity theory, which is rooted in indivisible particles where matter and gravity are related to collisions and can be described by collision space-time. In this paper, we also show that we can formulate a quantum wave equation rooted in collision space-time, which is equivalent to mass and energy.The beauty of our theory is that most of the main equations that currently exist in physics are not changed (in terms of predictions), except at the Planck scale. The Planck scale is directly linked to gravity and gravity is, surprisingly, actually a Lorentz symmetry as well as a form of Heisenberg uncertainty break down at the Planck scale. Our theory gives a dramatic simplification of many physics formulas without altering the output predictions. The relativistic wave equation, the relativistic energy momentum relation, and Minkowski space can all be represented by simpler equations when we understand mass at a deeper level. This not attained at a cost, but rather a reflection of the benefit in having gravity and electromagnetism unified under the same theory.

Objectives: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of performing phacoemulsification using the eight-chop technique with iris hooks in patients with small pupils. Methods: The iris hooks and control groups each included 65 eyes. Cataract surgeries were performed using the eight-chop technique. The operative time, phaco time, aspiration time, cumulative dissipated energy, and volume of fluid used were measured. Best-corrected visual acuity, corneal endothelial cell density (CECD), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Results: In total, 130 eyes of 107 patients (mean age, 75.9 ± 7.1 years; 58 men, 72 women) with cataracts were evaluated. The mean operative time, phaco time, aspiration time, cumulative dissipated energy, and volume of fluid used were 10.6 min, 20.7 s, 101.1 s, 7.8, and 38.0 mL, respectively, in the iris hooks group and 4.6 min, 16.2 s, 72.1 s, 7.0, and 28.9 mL, respectively, in the control group. The decrease in CECD at 19 weeks postoperatively was 2.1% and 1.2% for the iris hooks and control groups, respectively. In both groups, IOP decreased significantly (all p &lt; .01) at 7 and 19 weeks postoperatively. No intraoperative complications were observed in either group. Conclusions: The eight-chop technique using iris hooks resulted in a small postoperative reduction in CECD and excellent values for intraoperative outcome measures. In addition, those cataract surgeries were very short, efficient, and safe, without complications. The eight-chop technique using iris hooks could provide an ideal solution for patients with small pupils.

Delayed Gastric Conduit Emptying (DGCE) occurs in 15-39% of patients who underwent esophagectomy. Intra-Pyloric Injection of Botulinum Toxin (IPBT), Pneumatic Balloon Dilation (PBD), and the same session combination (BTPD), represent the main endoscopic procedures, but comparative data are currently unavailable. We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data on all consecutive patients with DGCE treated endoscopically with IPBT, PBD, or BTPD. ISDE Diagnostic Criteria were used for DGCE diagnosis and classification. Gastric Outlet Obstruction Score was used for clinical staging. All patients undergoing IPBT received 100 UI of toxin, while those undergoing PBD were dilated up to 20mm. Clinical success (CS) was defined as the resolution of symptoms/resumption of feeding at discharge or expanding dietary intake at any rate. Recurrence was defined as symptom relapse after more than 15 days of well-being requiring endoscopic/surgical intervention. 64 patients (81.2% male, 90.6% Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy, 77.4% adenocarcinoma), median age 62 years (IQR 55-70), were enrolled: 18 (28.1%) in the IPBT group, 24 (37.5%) in the PBD group and 22 (34.4%) in the BTPD group. No statistically significant differences were found in the baseline characteristics, surgical techniques, and median follow-up among the three groups. BTPD showed a higher CS rate (100%) compared to the PD and BTPD groups (p=0.02) and Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test revealed that the BTPD group was associated both with a significatively shorter mean time to refeed of 1.16 days (95% CI 0.8-1.5; p=0.001) and a shorter median time to discharge of 1 day (95% CI 1-3; p=0.0001). Endoscopic management of DGCE remains challenging. Waiting for further strong evidence, BTPD can offer patients a higher clinical efficacy rate and a shorter time to refeed and be discharged.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by hyperreactivity in the airways, which can lead to significant lung damage if not properly managed. While placebos—medications with no active therapeutic ingredients—are sometimes used in clinical trials to gauge the effectiveness of asthma treatments, their long-term use raises concerns. Placebos work primarily through psychological mechanisms by enhancing patients’ expectations of treatment. However, prolonged reliance on placebo treatment in asthma could potentially mask symptoms, delay proper management, and lead to undetected lung damage or other adverse effects. This study explores the potential risks and consequences associated with long-term placebo use in asthma management.

Background and Aim: Patients with Type 2-diabetes condition tend to have multiple medications in various dosage which leads to complex medication regimens. Complexity of regimen results in poor adherence, uncontrolled glycemic value and treatment failure. The research aimed to investigate medication regimen complexity index, medication adherence, and impact of medication regimen complexity on glycemic control and medication adherence.Materials and Methods: A Crossectional Study methods was conducted at Bheri Hospital Nepalgunj, among 145 Diabetes patients. Medication adherence was assessed by using a General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS Nep-Tool). Medication regimen complexity was assessed by using a Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) tool. Chi-square test, One-way ANOVA, Paired t-test, and binary logistic regression were used for inferential statistics. Results: This study shows that most of the participants were female and aged group 50-59 years. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, followed by hypothyroidism. The majority of participants exhibited partial adherence 90 (62.1%) to their medication regimen. It was seen that medications prescribed for diabetes were more complex than non-diabetes medications (Mean±SD MRCI: 8.28±3.155 vs. 4.57±2.107). The negative correlation was seen with diabetes MRCI and medication adherence (r=-0.090). There was statistically significant association between diabetes MRCI and glycemic control, (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression revealed that females had lower odds of high MRCI compared to males ( multivariate p-value: 0.014, AOR: 0.403, 95% CI: 0.195-0.832), while sedentary lifestyle showed high Diabetes MRCI (COR: 4.709, 95% CI: 0.962-23.05) and abnormal BMI were associated with higher MRCI (binary p-value: 0.067, COR: 2.30, 95% CI: 0.942-5.65; multivariate p-value: 0.092, AOR: 2.323, 95% CI: 0.878-5.67). Conclusion: Diabetes medications are more complex, reducing adherence and worsening A1C outcomes. Simplifying regimens improves results, with MRCI being valuable for healthcare providers. The medication adherence and therapeutic outcomes can be improved by the improved by the involvement of clinical pharmacist using MRCI.

Recently, environmental degradation has become an international issue due to the extensive economic activities around the globe. This aspect demands the policymakers' and new researchers’ emphasis. Hence, the present article examines the impact of corporate social responsibilities (CSR) to community and environment on the environmental performance (ENP) of the manufacturing industry in China. The article also investigates the mediating role of green innovation and environmental strategy among CSR to community, CSR to environment and ENP of manufacturing industry in China. The article gets the primary data from the selected employees of the manufacturing industry using questionnaires. The article also tests the data's validity and reliability, and association among variables using smart-PLS. The outcomes indicated that CSR to environment has a positive association with ENP. The outcomes also revealed that green innovation and environmental strategy significantly mediate among CSR to community, CSR to environment and ENP. The article guides the policymakers in making policies related to improve ENP using CSR to environment and green innovation.

This study presents the complexity and sensitivity of chaotic system dynamics in the case of the double pendulum. It applied detailed numerical analyses of the double pendulum in multiple computing platforms in order to demonstrate the complexity in behavior of the system of double pendulums. The equations of motion were derived from the Euler-Lagrange formalism, in order to capture the system's dynamics, which is coupled nonlinearly. These were solved numerically using the efficient Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method, implemented in Python, R, GNU Octave, and Julia, while runtimes and memory usage were extensively benchmarked across these environments. Time series analyses, including the calculation of Shannon entropy and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, quantified the system's unpredictability and sensitivity to infinitesimal perturbations of the initial conditions. Phase space diagrams illustrated the intricate trajectories and strange attractors, as further confirmation of the chaotic nature of the double pendulum. All the findings have a clear indication of the importance of accurate measurements of the initial condition in a chaotic system, contributing to an increased understanding of nonlinear dynamics. Future research directions are faster simulations using Numba and GPU computing, stochastic effects, chaotic synchronization, and applications in climate modeling. This work will be useful for understanding chaos theory and efficient computational approaches in complex systems of dynamical nature.

Trade liberalization is commonly pursued to improve welfare of households in a country. However, the effects of liberalization are not evenly distributed. Certain households and sectors may benefit more than others. This study focuses on the East African Community Common External Tariff (EAC-CET), to analyze the distributional effects of trade liberalization in Kenya. The study utilizes two household budget surveys capturing pre- and post-trade liberalization scenarios. The paper examines changes in consumer prices, labor incomes, and consumption patterns to assess the effects of liberalization. A pass-through equation for prices and a negative compensation variation equation are estimated. The findings indicate that the EAC-CET had a significant pass-through effect on prices of manufactured goods, but incomplete pass-through for agricultural goods. This suggests a lack of competitiveness in domestic value chains. The distributional effects differ across worker categories, favoring skilled and formal workers over unskilled and informal workers. The income effect outweighs the negative expenditure effect for households in the middle- and upper-income deciles. However, the study reveals negative welfare effects for the poorest households in the lowest income deciles. Furthermore, the study identifies the EAC-CET to be pro-poor, with households in rural areas benefiting more than those in urban areas.

Stroke survivors often face diverse unmet needs, highlighting the significance of identifying and addressing these needs to enhance rehabilitation outcomes and overall quality of life. This study aimed to validate the modified Needs Assessment Questionnaire (mNAQ) as a reliable and valid tool for assessing the needs of stroke patients in the Greek context. Additionally, the research sought to identify potential differences in the assessment of stroke patients' needs based on their stroke phase and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. A sample of 71 adult stroke survivors, adhering to World Health Organization guidelines and providing autonomous consent, participated in the study. The mNAQ, comprising 141 items across 12 domains, was uti-lized to evaluate stroke patients' needs. The NIHSS and Barthel Index (BI) were employed for functional independence and mobility assessment. Data analysis incorporated confirmatory fac-tor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and Cronbach's reliability analysis to establish con-struct validity and internal consistency. Concurrent and known-groups validity analyses were conducted, and Spearman’s rho correlation explored the relationship between mNAQ and BI scores. Non-parametric analyses were applied to identify differences based on stroke phase and NIHSS scores. The study revealed that the mNAQ initially lacked satisfactory psychometric properties in the Greek context. Subsequent modifications, guided by confirmatory and explora-tory factor analyses, resulted in a refined three-factor scale encompassing 31 items in the domains of communication, mobility, and social functioning needs. This adapted measure effectively dif-ferentiated between acute and chronic stroke patients and those with minor and moderate strokes. In conclusion, the validated 31-item Greek mNAQ emerges as a crucial tool for compre-hensively assessing the needs of stroke patients. Its application holds promise for optimizing post-stroke care, improving functional outcomes, and ultimately enhancing the overall well-being and quality of life for stroke survivors.

To examine the effect of synchronous dance movements on social bonding and perceived closeness between generations, 168 young (20-45 years) and older (65-90 years) participants were randomly assigned to six dyad conditions. These included dancing synchronously or asynchronously with an in-age-group or an out-age-group unfamiliar partner for 11 minutes. Participants completed social bonding and groups’ closeness questionnaires. To assess variation across individuals’ and dyads’ measurements, a generalized estimating equations modeling analysis was conducted. In line with the first two hypotheses, synchronized dance increased social bonding, and young adults showed enhanced perception of closeness between generations. Hypothesis 3 that synchronous dance with out-age-group members would foster greater perceived closeness compared to in-age-group members was not confirmed. Surprisingly, results indicated that asynchronous movements with the in-age-group led to a higher degree of closeness between generations than asynchronous movements with the out-age-group. The study offers new directions for practitioners in welfare, nursing, and therapy fields, particularly for engaging young adults in intergenerational dance interventions.

Background/Purpose: Multimorbidity of malaria, anaemia, and malnutrition (MAMM) is a condition in which an individual cohabits with two or more of these health outcomes and is becoming an emergent public health concern in sub-Saharan African countries. The independent associations of a child’s demographic variables and socioeconomic disparities with a child’s health outcomes have been established in literature. However, the effects of the intersection of these factors on MAMM, while accounting for other covariates have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how children’s sex, age and socioeconomic status interact to explain the variations in MAMM among children aged 6-59 months in Nigeria. Methods: Data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and the 2018 National Human Development Report (NHDR) were used. The study includes weighted samples of 10,184 children aged 6-59 months in Nigeria. A three-level multilevel mixed effect ordinal logistic regression model such that individual characteristics at level 1 are nested in communities at level 2 and nested in states at level 3 was used. Subsequently, predictive probability charts and average adjusted probability tables were used to interpret the intersectional effects. Five models were created in this scenario. Model 1 is the interaction between the child's sex and wealth status; model 2, child's sex and age; model 3 is between child's age and wealth status; model 4 has the three 2-way interactions of child's sex, age, and household wealth status, and model 5 includes model 4 and the 3-way interactions between a child's sex, age, and wealth quintiles. Results: The prevalence of children with ‘none of the three diseases’ outcomes was 17.3% (1767/10,184), while, 34.4% (3499/10,184) had ‘only one of the diseases’, and 48.3% (4,918/10,184) cohabit with ‘two or more’ of MAMM. However, in the multivariate analyses, model 3 was the best fit compared with other models, so, that the two-way interaction effects of a child's age and wealth status are significant predictors in the model. Children aged 36-47 months living in the poorest households have the probability of 0.11, 0.18, and 0.32 of contracting MAMM above the probability of children of the same age and live in the middle, more prosperous and richest households, respectively, while all other covariates are held constant. Thus, the variation in MAMM over a child's age differs depending on the household wealth quintile. In other words, as the children grow older, variations in MAMM become more evident between the rich and the poor household. Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended that policies that are geared toward economic redistribution will help bridged the disparities observed in multiple diseases among children aged 6-59 months in Nigeria

Recent experiments devoted to characterizing the behavior of sessile ferroelectric liquid droplets on ferroelectric solid substrates, showed the existence of a droplet electromechanical Rayleigh-like instability. The instability is induced by the bulk polarization of the ferroelectric fluid which couples to the polarization of the underlying substrate through its fringing field and solid-fluid interface coupling. With the aim of characterizing this phenomenon, namely the coupling between the polarizations of a fluid and a solid material, we studied the behavior of ferroelectric liquid droplets confined between two solid substrates, arranged in different configurations realized so to generate fringing fields with different profiles. Results show that the features of the droplets instability are indeed affected by the specific fringing field shape in a way dominated by the minimization of the electrostatic energy associated to the bulk polarization of the ferroelectric fluid.

In this work, a novel approach is presented for the multivariate prediction of hydrological variables, employing a specialized type of recurrent neural network (RNN) known as the long-term memory network (LSTM).The central objective is to develop a flood prediction model using data collected from two hydrological stations situated along the Atrato River in the Choc´o Department, Colombia. The interconnected variables of water level, water flow, and water precipitation are analyzed in this model to enhance flood prediction accuracy. The LSTM model, integrated into an RNN structure, is designed to capture the complex dynamics and cross-correlations inherent in these hydrological variables. Validation involves a comparison with linear and nonlinear Nonlinear AutoRegressive with eXogenous input (NARX) models, considering factors such as estimation error and computational time. Additionally, the study conducts further analysis for water level prediction under two scenarios: utilizing only outflow and inflow measurements or predicting outflow alongside measuring inflow, with the objective of utilizing the proposed approach as a flood early warning system. † This article is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled Multivariable NARX based Neural Networks Models for Short-term Water Level Forecasting, which was presented at International Conference on Time Series and Forecasting (ITISE-2023), Gran Canaria, Spain, 12th-14th July, 2023.

The most frequent cause of cardiac failure globally is ischemic heart disease, with chemothera-py-related cardiovascular side effects emerging as the second most frequent cause. Cancer therapy can result in acute cardiac events, such as coronary artery spasm, acute myocardial infarction, thromboembolism, myocarditis, bradycardia, tachyarrhythmias, atrio-ventricular blocks, QT pro-longation, torsades de pointes, pericardial effusion and hypotension, as well as chronic conditions, such as hypertension, systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction presenting clinically as heart failure or cardiomyopathy. In cardio-oncology, when referring to cardiac toxicity and cardiovas-cular hypersensitivity, there is a great deal of misunderstanding. When a dose-related cardiovas-cular side effect continues even after the causative medication is stopped, it is referred to as cardi-otoxicity. A fibrotic response is the ultimate outcome of cardiac toxicity, which is defined as a dose-related cardiovascular adverse impact that lasts even after the causative treatment is stopped. Cardiotoxicity can occur after a single or brief exposure. On the other hand, the term cardiac or cardiovascular hypersensitivity describes an inflammatory reaction that is not dose-dependent, can occur at any point during therapy, even with very low medication dosages, and can show up as Kounis syndrome. It may also be accompanied by anti-drug antibodies and tryptase levels. In this comprehensive review, we present the current views on cardiac toxicity and cardiovascular hypersensitivity, together with the reviewed cardiac literature on the chemotherapeutic agents inducing hypersensitivity reactions. Cardiac hypersensitivity seems to be the pathophysiologic basis of coronary artery spasm, acute coronary syndromes such as Kounis syndrome and myocardi-tis caused by cancer therapy.

Abstract—Hydraulic switching actuators are high efficiency, fast response, and low cost solutions for hydraulic control systems. One of the challenging problems is throttling losses during valve transitions. Previously the authors proposed a zero-flowrate switching method to reduce throttling energy loss of the switching valve, where a hydraulic resonator is applied to make the flowrates through the lines approaching zero before the valves are switched off. The major challenge of this approach is fast switching valves whose transition times are less than 2 ms. In this paper, an improved zero-flowrate switching method is presented. It utilizes the capacity with independent inlet/outlet ports to regulate flowrates through the lines. Models of capacity applied in a simple line with different pressure signals are developed to explore characteristics of the capacity, based on which a complete actuation system is developed. In the complete model, resistance and inductance are optimized to achieve desired flowrate response. The improved zero-flowrate switching method reduces throttling energy losses by 99.945% compared to a hard switching system. The simulation results demonstrated that the improved zero-flowrate switching method performs as expected in the design condition. A capacity with proper volume is able to regulate flowrates through all the lines to zero, with the help of appropriate resistance and inductance. Compared to previous zero-flowrate switching method, the novel strategy allows slower switching valves applied in hydraulic actuation systems and achieves better efficiency performance. This research paves a new avenue for reducing throttling energy losses and improves system efficiency in hydraulic switching actuators, as well as most of the hydraulic switch-mode circuits.

Currently, in some domestic and foreign mines, the backfill drilling pipeline experience a rupture phenomenon even when the wear degree is low. This results in a delay in production due to the filling becoming 'sick'. This paper presents, for the first time, the damage mechanism from a mechanical perspective and re-derives the anti-extrusion strength model of the backfill drilling pipeline. We investigate the influence of law on the anti-extrusion strength of pipelines from the perspective of stratum and cement ring. We then verify the theoretical and simulation results through engineering examples. The results demonstrate that the Mises stress criterion is a suitable modification principle for the anti-extrusion strength model of the backfill drilling pipeline. The anti-extrusion strength of the pipeline is related to the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the stratum, and the thickness of the cement ring. It is negatively affected by the depth of the stratum. For hard strata, a cement ring with a smaller elastic modulus is suitable, while for soft stratum, a cement ring with a larger elastic modulus is recommended. When the missing angle of the cement ring is less than 60°, the stress concentration factor increases up to 2.2. The stress unloading capacity of the cement ring ranges from 32.7% to 37.8%, and optimal performance of the cement ring is achieved when it has high strength and low rigidity. The backfill filling pipeline of a copper mine abroad was destroyed due to external extrusion force exceeding its anti-extrusion strength value. The modified pipeline anti-extrusion strength model is 18.2% higher than the casing API strength value. This finding can inform the design of the backfill filling pipeline for China's kilometer-deep wells in the future.

The escalating demand for multifunctional and advanced materials for growing industries has turned scientific exploration to graphene-based hybrid filler polymer composites. The introduction of graphene with other fillers into polymer matrices results in astonishing properties and thus has gained significant attention in recent years. This study addresses the significance of graphene-based hybrid filler polymer composites in progressive materials science and engineering. The paper encloses some traditional and current preparation techniques employed in the fabrication of composites and a comprehensive review of successfully prepared graphene hybrid polymer composites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties reported in published research. The role of different factors, e.g., filler type, aspect ratios, filler-matrix compatibility, dispersion effects, homogeneity, filler orientation through polymer matrices, and curing conditions, are summarized. Finally, the applications in heavy industries, e.g., aerospace, electronics, energy storage, and automotive sectors were also analyzed. We hope this study will serve as a practical resource for new researchers and practitioners to understand and harness the full potential of these composites in various scientific and industrial fields.

This paper provides the first-time ever analytic modelling for Pointwise Stationary Fluid Flow Approximation(PSFFA) model of the non-stationary

Epidemiological and clinical evidence have extensively documented the role of obesity in the develop-ment of endometrial cancer. However, the effect of fatty acids on cell growth in endometrial cancer has not been widely studied. Here we reported that palmitic acid significantly inhibited cell proliferation of endometrial cancer cells and primary cultures of endometrial cancer, and reduced tumor growth in a transgenic mouse model of endometrial cancer, in parallel with increased cellular stress and apoptosis and decreased cellular adhesion and invasion. Inhibition of cellular stress by N-acetyl-L-cysteine effec-tively reversed the effects of palmitic acid on cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasive capacity in the endometrial cancer cells. Palmitic acid increased the intracellular formation of lipid droplets in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Depletion of lipid droplets by blocking DGAT1 and DGAT2 effectively increased the ability of palmitic acid to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cleaved caspase 3 activity. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the effect of palmitic acid on cell proliferation, inva-sion and the formation of lipid droplets that may have potential clinical relevance in the treatment of obesity-driven endometrial cancer

The article discusses how tourism policy has changed since World War II, highlighting how the everchanging political and economic climate has shaped policies that were formerly centered on promoting inbound travel and tourist growth to becoming more inclusive and sustainable. Within that framework, the paper systematically examines the development of Indian tourism policy and thoroughly explores the implications of its most recent version. It concludes that modern tourism policies have evolved into comprehensive frameworks that structure the growth of the industry and make it more inclusive and sustainable. Nations such as India are well-suited to meet the demands of modern tourism and offer appropriate frameworks for sustainable and resilient tourist growth.

The electronic nose (e-nose) is an innovative device that mimics the human olfactory system, allowing for the detection and identification of numerous scents. This abstract gives an in-depth examination of the current status of electronic nose technologies, with an emphasis on sensing mechanisms, applications, and recent breakthroughs. The research delves into the many uses of e-nose, such as food quality control, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and industrial operations. It also covers the problems and potential future applications of electronic nose technology. The literature review highlights the importance of this technology in improving our capacity to evaluate complex scents in several domains.

Human sepsis is one of the leading cause of death worldwide and is known to be a harmful damaging host inflammatory condition, primarily caused by endotoxin released by gram-negative bacteria. Despite antibiotics administration being widely used to treat disease, effective targeted therapeutic strategies for the sepsis are still lacking. Here, we demonstrate that CM1, a derivative of natural polyphenol chrysin, exerts anti-inflammatory activity by inducing the ubiquitin-editing protein TNFAIP3 and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). We found that CM1 attenuated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced the generation of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In addition, the treatment of macrophages with CM1 induced the expression of TNFAIP3 and SIRT1 in TLR4-stimulated primary macrophages, however the anti-inflammatory properties of CM1 was disappeared by siRNA silencing of TNFAPI3 or by the genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of SIRT1. Importantly, intravenously administration of CM1 resulted in the decreased susceptibility to endotoxin-induced sepsis, leading to inhibition of the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophils infiltration into lung than control mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that CM1 has the potential to be a treatment candidate for diverse inflammatory diseases including sepsis.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurological complication that affects the central nervous system. It occurs as a late complication of the measles infection the young children and adolescents who are commonly affected present with personality changes and neurological deficits. The diagnosis can be done via clinical features, electroencephalography, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. At present, there is no cure for SSPE. The immunisation against measles is the main strategy in preventing this condition. Here, we present a case of a 22-year-old Indian male diagnosed with Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in community and hospital settings. Infections of the urinary system can range from pyelonephritis to urethritis. Acute renal infections encompass entities such as acute pyelonephritis, acute focal bacterial nephritis, renal and perinephric abscesses, emphysematous pyelonephritis, and pyonephrosis,while xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition that affects the kidneys. The diagnosis of UTIs predominantly relies on clinical assessment and confirmation through abnormal laboratory results. Therefore, routine medical imaging is typically reserved for complicated cases, aiming to identify contributing factors such as renal calculi, determine the type of infection, and evaluate the extent of the infection and its associated complications. Furthermore, imaging has become crucial for radiologists during interventional procedures in the treatment of pyonephrosis and renal abscesses. Traditional imaging tools, like abdominal X-rays, are vital for identifying renal calculi and gas shadows in emphysematous pyelonephritis, while ultrasonography emerges as an excellent modality for assessing urinary infections in emergency scenarios, pregnancy, and paediatric cases. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) or non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is the imaging method of choice in the most complex situations, allowing for precise assessment of the disease burden. Current MRI sequences yield promising results in specific scenarios, such as pregnancy and paediatric subjects, where minimising radiation exposure is a concern. This article focuses on elucidating the essential radiological modalities and their distinctive features in the context of renal infections, offering valuable guidance to microbiologists and physicians.

The classification and summarization of online reviews using machine learning and deep learningbased approaches are the subject of this systematic literature review. Consumers, companies, and researchers can now find vital information from online reviews. Automatically categorizing and summarizing these reviews can offer useful information and facilitate decision-making. The purpose of this study is to offer a thorough overview of the current methodology, approaches, and developments in this area. The review concentrates on machine learning-based methods for categorization and summarizing tasks, highlighting their advantages, drawbacks, and new developments. This systematic review provides insights into the most recent methodologies and indicates prospective directions for further investigation by synthesizing the data from a wide range of pertinent research publications

Abstract: The septum pellucidum is a thin, translucent double-membrane structure located between the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. This mini-review explores the gross and radiological anatomy, variations, and clinical significance of the septum pellucidum. The article elaborates on the different types of variations, including cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), cavum vergae (CV), and cavum veli interpositi (CVI). The CSP is a fluid-filled pocket located within the two leaflets of the SP. It forms during fetal development and gradually obliterates before birth. However, the fusion may be prolonged or persist into adulthood in some individuals. The CV is formed when the two commissural plates fail to fuse completely during foetal development. When associated with CSP, the CV is collectively known as the cavum septum pellucidum et vergae (CSPV). However, the isolated CV is rare. The CVI is a CSF-filled space between two tela choroidea layers and communicates with the quadrigeminal cistern, superior to the pineal gland. This article discusses the radiological features of these variations using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT). Ultrasonography is particularly useful for evaluating the SP in fetuses and infants, while MRI and CT scans provide detailed visualisation of the SP and its variations. The SP has the potential to be associated with cerebral anomalies, hydrocephalus, mental disorders, and neurological symptoms. Knowing the related anatomy and detecting variations using imaging modalities are crucial for accurately diagnosing and managing these conditions.

Gene therapy is becoming increasingly prevalent, with new gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) being approved for use every year. Hospital pharmacists are expected to prepare and dispense these products, but there is substantial heterogeneity in the availability of up-to-date, practical guidance at a national level in Europe. Many institutions have no or very limited experience in handling GTMPs. As such, there is a need for updated, practical guidance to aid hospital pharmacy teams in developing institutional standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the safe handling of GTMPs across the entire workflow. Here, we present the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists’ updated guidance on the handling of GTMPs, developed by a team of recognised experts from around Europe. Each aspect of the GTMP handling process is addressed, including receipt and storage, dispensing and reconstitution, transportation, administration, waste disposal, decontamination of spills and accidental exposure. A series of charts are provided to aid the development of practical workflows. This guidance document is intended as a framework to help develop institutional SOPs and should always be used in conjunction with local regulations.

The material undergoes high temperature and high strain rate deformation process during cutting process, may induce the dynamic recrystallization behavior and result the evolution of dynamic mechanical properties of the material to be machined. In this paper, the modified Johnson-Cook(J-C) model for Nickel based powder metallurgy superalloy considering dynamic recrystallization behavior in high strain rate and temperature is proposed. The dynamic mechanical properties of the material under different strain rates and temperature conditions are obtained by quasi-static compression test and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. The coefficients of the modified J-C model are obtained by linear regression method. The modified model is verified by comparison with experimental and model prediction results. The results show that the modified J-C model proposed in this paper can accurately describe the mechanical properties of nickel-based powder metallurgy superalloys at high temperature and high strain rate. Which provides help for studying the cutting mechanism and finite element simulation of nickel-based powder metallurgy superalloy.

Antibiotic Resistance (ABR) is increasing the mortality and morbidity associated with infectious diseases, besides increasing the cost of healthcare, saturating health-system capacity, and adversely affecting food security. Framing an appropriate narrative and engaging local communities through ‘One Health’ approach is essential to complement the top down measures. However, the absence of objective criteria to measure the performance of ABR interventions at community settings make it difficult to mobilize interest and investment for such interventions. An exercise was therefore done to develop an indicator framework for this purpose. An exhaustive list of indicators was developed from experiences gathered through community engagement work in a local panchayat (small administrative area) in Kerala, India, and a consultative process with health, veterinary, environment, and development experts. A prioritization exercise was done, looking at appropriateness, feasibility and validity, by global experts on ABR. A 15-point indicator framework was designed based on the prioritization process. The final set of indicators covers human health, animal health, environment management and Water Sanitation and hygiene (WASH) domains. The indicator framework was piloted in the panchayat(located in Kerala), which attained a score of 34 (maximum 45). The score increased when interventions were implemented to mitigate the ABR drives, indicating the framework is sensitive to change. Simultaneously, the indicator framework was tested in four sites from three other Indian states with different socioeconomic and health profiles, yielding different scores. Those collecting the field data were able to use it with minimal training. To conclude, this indicator framework can help policymakers broadly understand the factors contributing to ABR and measure the performance of interventions they choose to implement in the community

Physical activity is especially important of children's everyday life with chronic disease. The aim of the study was to show whether asthma is a barrier to physical activity in our society. The correlation between the severity of the disease, body mass index, and physical activity were analyzed, and, parents' opinion whether children should participate in active sports was assessed. Physical activity of children with asthma was analyzed by questionnaires and activity-measuring armbands. 93 parents and their children were involved in the survey, while 20 children were wearing the armband. The age of children was 12.6±3.5 years (mean±SD), 69.9% were boys, 30.1% were girls. 93.4% of the respondents participated in physical education program and 56.5% also attended sporting activities on a regular basis. 61.2% of the children had mild, 37.6% moderate, and 1.2% severe asthma. 6.5% of the respondents stated that their illness had been consistently or frequently limiting the performance concerning their school or home duties over the past 4 weeks. Twelve percent of parents felt that physical activity was not appropriate in the context of this disease. We conclude, that fear of the consequences of physical activity depends largely on education which should involve their parents, teachers and coaches.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a complex additive manufacturing process that requires precise control of thermal conditions to ensure the quality and reliability of produced parts. The main challenge lies in accurately predicting the thermal behavior during SLM, which is influenced by rapid heating and cooling cycles, high thermal gradients, and temperature-dependent material properties. This study addresses this challenge by developing a comprehensive thermal model for the SLM process of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Abaqus. The model incorporates temperature-dependent material properties and phase transformations to simulate the temperature distribution and thermal history during SLM. To validate the model, experimental studies were conducted using custom-designed argon chambers and stainless-steel powder. The experimental results showed strong agreement with the simulated melt pool dimensions and thermal histories, confirming the model's accuracy. Key findings include the model's ability to predict the effects of varying processing parameters such as laser power and scanning speed on thermal behavior and melt pool characteristics. This validated model serves as a valuable tool for optimizing SLM processing parameters, enhancing the un-derstanding of thermal phenomena in additive manufacturing, and improving the quality and reliability of manufactured parts. Due to budget constraints, experimental validation was initially performed only on 316L SS. This approach allowed for the tuning of the finite element model before extending its application to Ti6Al4V. The successful validation with 316L SS provides a solid foundation for applying the model to more challenging materials like Ti6Al4V, ensuring cost-effectiveness and safety in initial experimentation. The novelty of this research lies in its detailed and validated thermal model, which bridges the gap between experimental and numerical approaches in SLM. By accurately simulating and validating the thermal processes involved in SLM, this study contributes to the advancement of additive manufacturing technologies and offers practical insights for industrial applications.

In the realm of molecular science, intricate relationships between molecular structures and their biomedical and pharmacological characteristics have been revealed through empirical experiments. This exploration hinges on the application of numerical descriptors, known as Topological Indices, which illuminate the inherent properties of diverse molecular structures. With particular significance in the medical and pharmaceutical domains, these indices facilitate the prediction of biological features for new chemical compounds and drugs by quantifying weighted entropies. In the context of this paper, we delve into the concept of graph entropy, weaving it intricately with the topological properties of the crystalline framework of the copper oxide molecule, denoted as Cu\textsubscript{2}O$[i,j,t]$. Our primary objective is to unravel the mathematical symphony underlying the structural intricacies of Cu\textsubscript{2}O$[i,j,t]$ and to imbue it with the conceptual essence of entropy. We accomplish this through the computation of entropy, leveraging various topological indices, including weight. In addition to our analytical journey, we present a graphical comparison that juxtaposes the computed indices and entropies, shedding light on the interplay between mathematical analysis and the structural elegance of Cu\textsubscript{2}O$[i,j,t]$. This endeavor contributes to a deeper understanding of the material's multifaceted applications, spanning domains from chemical sensors to solar cells, photocatalysis, and batteries, where Cu\textsubscript{2}O's crystallographic structure plays a pivotal role.

Natural Gas (NG) processing is a prominent industrial separation process. Among the available techniques, the innovative membrane process shows potential for efficient removal of impurities, including carbon dioxide (CO₂). This study focuses on utilizing breakthroughs in membrane separation to drive sustainable CO₂ extraction from natural gas. Through comprehensive research and analysis, we explore the effectiveness and feasibility of membrane-based systems in removing CO₂ impurities from NG, thus promoting greener and more sustainable industrial practices. Our findings underscore the transformative nature of membrane separation technology, presenting new possibilities for a more environmentally-friendly and sustainable approach to CO₂ extraction from natural gas.Natural Gas (NG) processing utilizes various techniques for impurity removal, with the membrane process emerging as a promising option for efficient carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction. This research proposes the integration of a simple mathematical model into ASPEN HYSYS to design a membrane system for CO₂/CH₄ separation. The study also investigates parameter sensitivities by altering operating conditions, such as feed composition and pressure, as well as membrane properties, including selectivity. By analyzing these variables, we aim to optimize the performance and efficiency of the membrane system, facilitating the sustainable extraction of CO₂ from NG. The findings contribute to advancing the design and operation of membrane-based processes for CO₂ separation, paving the way for greener and more sustainable industrial practices. In addition, this study explores various configurations for optimizing the design of the membrane system, including single-stage with and without recycling as well as double-stage configurations. The investigation demonstrates that methane recovery can be enhanced through the recycling of the permeate stream and by implementing a double stage membrane system. These findings highlight the potential for improving the efficiency and performance of the membrane system, enabling higher methane recovery rates. By considering different configurations, this research contributes to the development of more effective and sustainable CO₂ extraction processes from natural gas.

Gravity forward modeling as a basic tool has been wildly used to topography correction and 3D density inversion. The source region is usually discretized into tesseroid (i.e., spherical prism) to consider the influence of the curvature of planets in global or large-scale problems. Traditional gravity forward modeling methods in spherical coordinates, including the Taylor expansion and Gaussian-Legendre quadrature, are all based on spatial domain, which are mostly low computational efficiency. This study proposes a high-efficient forward modeling method of gravitational fields in spherical harmonic domain, in which the gravity anomalies and gradient tensors can be expressed as spherical harmonic synthesis form of spherical harmonic coefficients of 3D density distribution. A homogeneous spherical shell model has been used to test its effectiveness compared with traditional spatial domain methods. It demonstrates that the computational efficiency of the proposed spherical harmonic domain method has improved by four orders of magnitude and with a similar level of computational accuracy compared with the optimized 3D GLQ method. Finally, the proposed forward method is applied to topography correction of the Moon. The results show that the gravity response of the topography by our method is close to that of the optimized 3D GLQ method, and is also consistent with previous results.

We discuss the consequences of the unique symmetry of the de Sitter spacetime. This symmetry leads to the specific thermodynamic properties of the de Sitter vacuum, which produces the thermal bath for matter. The de Sitter spacetime is invariant under the modified translations, ${\bf r}\rightarrow {\bf r} -e^{Ht}{\bf a}$, where $H$ is the Hubble parameter. For $H\rightarrow 0$, this symmetry corresponds to the conventional invariance of Minkowski spacetime under translations ${\bf r}\rightarrow {\bf r} -{\bf a}$. Due to this symmetry, all the comoving observers at any point of the de Sitter space perceive the de Sitter environment as the thermal bath with temperature $T=H/\pi$, which is twice larger than the Gibbons-Hawking temperature of the cosmological horizon. This temperature does not violate the de Sitter symmetry, and thus does not require the preferred reference frame, as distinct from thermal state of matter, which violates the de Sitter symmetry. This leads to the heat exchange between gravity and matter, and to instability of de Sitter state towards the creation of matter, its further heating, and finally to the decay of the de Sitter state. The temperature $T=H/\pi$ determines different processes in the de Sitter environment, which are not possible in the Minkowski vacuum, such as the process of ionization of an atom in the de Sitter environment. This temperature also determines the local entropy of the de Sitter vacuum state, and this allows us to calculate the total entropy inside the cosmological horizon. The result reproduces the Gibbons-Hawking area law, which is related to the cosmological horizon, $S_{\rm hor}=4\pi KA$, where $K=1/16\pi G$. This supports the holographic properties of the cosmological event horizon. We extend the consideration of the local thermodynamics of the de Sitter state using the $f({\cal R})$ gravity. In this thermodynamics, the Ricci scalar curvature ${\cal R}$ and the effective gravitational coupling, $K$, are thermodynamically conjugate variables. The holographic connection between the bulk entropy of the Hubble volume, and the surface entropy of the cosmological horizon remains the same, but with the gravitational coupling $K=df/d{\cal R}$. Such connection takes place only in the $3+1$ spacetime, where there is the special symmetry due to which the variables $K$ and ${\cal R}$ have the same dimensionality. We also consider the lessons from the de Sitter symmetry for the thermodynamics of black and white holes.

The attitude dynamics and orbit dynamics of large rigid space structures are coupled with each other under gravity gradient, which may affect the stability of the large rigid space structures. In this paper, the gravity gradient stability of a large rigid space structure is studied under both small and large disturbances. Based on the rigid body dynamics and orbit dynamics, an accurate dynamic model without any linearization of the large rigid space structure is established via the natural coordinate formulation (NCF), which is able to describe the large overall motions of the structures. By using the generalized-α algorithm, the gravity gradient stability of the large rigid space structure is simulated and analyzed via various examples, including the influence of large disturbance angles, the positions at the stabilization and unstabilization regions. Finally, the relationship between spinning stability and gravity gradient stability is also investigated via a large spinning space structure.

A persistent idea in cosmology is that the universe originated and then continued to evolve as a black hole. While the notion of a black hole universe has generally been framed within the standard cosmological model, the latter has had numerous problems related to dark matter, dark energy and other issues. To avoid such problems an alternative is proposed which omits cosmic expansion, dark matter and dark energy. The observable universe is cast instead as primarily a thin spherical shell of cold (~29 K) baryonic matter situated near the Hubble radius. This shell of plasma holds 95% of the observable universe’s mass, the remaining 5% existing in the interior galaxies and gas clouds. A key premise of the model is that spacetime is fundamentally photonic in nature. This allows photon energy to be transferred to spacetime in the Hubble redshift and to be transferred back to photons in a novel blueshift. These exchanges together drive a cosmic energy cycle for gravity and the cosmological constant, Λ. Photons of the cosmic microwave background originating in the plasma shell lose energy to ‘cooler’ regions of spacetime in interior zones via the Hubble redshift. This gives rise to gravity through the optical gravity approach. The depleted photons moving back towards the shell are then reenergized in ‘hotter’ spacetime regions via the Hubble blueshift. These photons eventually exert outward pressures on the shell which perfectly balance the inward forces of gravity, in this manner functioning as Einstein’s cosmological constant. The observable universe behaves as a closed system in thermodynamic equilibrium with constant energy and entropy and indeterminate age. Black holes are suggested to have analogous plasma shell structures and gravity/Λ cycles.

If visible matter alone is present in the Universe, General Relativity (GR) and its Newtonian weak field limit cannot explain several pieces of evidence, from the largest to the smallest scales. The most investigated solution is the cosmological model ΛCDM, where GR is valid and two dark components are introduced, dark energy and dark matter, to explain the ∼70% and ∼25% of the mass-energy budget of the Universe, respectively. An alternative approach is provided by modified gravity theories, where a departure of the gravity law from ΛCDM is assumed and no dark components are included. This work presents refracted gravity (RG), a modified theory of gravity formulated in a classical way where the presence of DM is mimicked by a gravitational permittivity ϵ(ρ) monotonically increasing with the local mass density ρ, which causes the field lines to be refracted in small density environments. Specifically, the flatter the system the stronger the refraction effect and, thus, the larger the mass discrepancy if interpreted in Newtonian gravity. RG presented several encouraging results in modelling the dynamics of disk and elliptical galaxies and the temperature profiles of the hot X-ray emitting gas in galaxy clusters and a covariant extension of the theory seems to be promising.

We introduce quantum spatio-temporal dynamics (QSD) as modeled by the Nexus Paradigm (NP) of quantum gravity to resolve the problem of energy- momentum localization in a gravitational field. Currently, the gravitational field as described using the language of geometry modeled under General Relativity (GR) fails to provide a generally accepted definition of energy-momentum. Attempts at resolving this problem using geometric methods have resulted in various energy-momentum complexes whose physical meaning remain dubious since the resulting complexes are non-tensorial under a general coordinate transformation. In QSD, the tangential manifold is the affine connection field in which energy-momentum localization is readily defined. We also discover that the positive mass condition is a natural consequence of quantization and that dark energy is a Higgs like field with negative energy density everywhere. Finally, energy-momentum localization in quantum gravity shows that a free falling object will experience large vacuum fluctuations (uncertainties in location) in strong gravity than in weak gravity and that the amplitudes of these oscillations defines the energy of the free falling object.

The correspondence between classical and quaternion quantum equations, permits considering the universe (vacuum) as an ideal elastic solid. Elementary particles would have to be standing or soliton-like waves. Tension induced by the compression and twisting of the elastic medium would increase the energy density, consequently generate a gravity forcing and affect the wave speed. Consequently the gravity could be described by an index of refraction. Theory was created by combining the Cauchy model of the elastic continuum with the Planck-Kleinert crystal hypothesis. The quaternion-imaginary Lagrange’an, the quaternion motion equation and the quaternionic oscillator allowed deriving: - The Schrödinger equation from the functional integral, which identifies the quaternion-imaginary quantum Hamiltonian. - The 2nd order wave equation system describing both the bosons and the gravity in terms of quaternionic Poisson equation. - The first order quaternionic wave equation system. - The family of the second order wave equation systems describing both the particles and the generated quaternionic force-fields (four-potentials). - The fundamental Planck and gravity constants. - The quaternionic continuity equation in an ideal elastic solid.

Spherically symmetric solution in 4D Einstein--Gauss--Bonnet gravity coupled to modified logarithmic nonlinear electrodynamics (ModLogNED) is found. This solution at infinity possesses the charged black hole Reissner--Nordstr\"{o}m behavior. We study the black hole thermodynamics, entropy, shadow, energy emission rate and quasinormal modes. It was shown that black holes can possess the phase transitions and at some range of event horizon radii black holes are stable. The entropy has the logarithmic correction to the area law. The shadow radii were calculated for variety of parameters. We found that there is a peak of the black hole energy emission rate. The real and imaginary parts of the quasinormal modes frequencies were calculated. The energy conditions of ModLogNED are investigated.

Potential dependent special relativity and Gauss's law for the electric field have been used for gravity by assuming vacuum energy to be generated when the energy is a minimum useful expression for vacuum energy has been found. This expression shows that elementary particles are generated by gravity vacuum filling their hollow balls; using Schrödinger equation for spherically symmetric particles vacuum energy is quantized. Treating mass as vibrating spheres thus solving Schrödinger, coordinate harmonic oscillator energy relation has been found.

To explore the spatial network structure characteristics and driving effects of carbon emission intensity in China's construction industry, the investigation combined the modified gravity model and social network analysis method to deeply analyze the spatially associated network structure characteristics and driving effects of carbon emission intensity in China's construction industry, based on the measurement of carbon emission data of China's construction industry from 2006 to 2017. The results show that the regional differences of carbon emission of construction industry are significant, and the carbon emission intensity of construction industry show a fluctuation trend. The overall network of carbon emission intensity shows an obvious “core-edge” state, the hierarchical network structure is gradually broken. Economically developed provinces generally play a leading role in the network, and play an intermediary role to guide other provinces to develop together with them. Among the network blocks, most of the blocks play the role of “brokers”. The block with the leading economic development has a strong influence on the other blocks. The increase of network density, the decrease of network hierarchy and network efficiency will reduce the construction carbon emission intensity.

Most quantum gravity theories endow space-time with a discreet nature by space quantization on the order of Planck length (lp ). This discreetness could be demonstrated by confirmation of Lorentz invariance violations (LIV) manifested at length scales proportional to lp. In this paper, space-time line elements compatible with the uncertainty principle are calculated for a homogeneous, isotropic expanding Universe represented by the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker solution to General Relativity (FLRW or FRW metric). To achieve this, the covariant geometric uncertainty principle (GeUP) is applied as a constraint over geodesics in FRW geometries. A generic expression for the quadratic proper space-time line element is derived, proportional to Planck length-squared and dependent on two contributions. The first is associated to the energy-time uncertainty, and the second depends on the Hubble function. The results are in agreement with space-time quantization on the expected length orders, according to quantum gravity theories and experimental constraints on LIV.

Unification based upon the generalisation of proper time is proposed as a comprehensive framework to account for the fundamental structure of matter, in a manner contrasting with the more familiar approach based on extra dimensions of space. The elementary properties of matter to be incorporated include the Standard Model of particle physics together with a source for the dark sector and a coherent formalism for quantum gravity. We elaborate upon the manner in which all such material phenomena and empirical properties as distributed in an extended 4-dimensional spacetime can be encompassed within, and derived from, the continuous flow of time alone via a generalised arithmetic form for infinitesimal intervals of proper time. This approach will also be compared and contrasted with the basic structure of causal set theory as a means of demonstrating how it is possible to construct a full physical theory essentially from elements of time alone, as explicitly developed from the most elementary level. The conception of time as utilised and elucidated in this theory, with emphasis upon the causal continuum properties and as the basis for unification, will be clarified.

The logarithmic correction to Bekenshtein$-$Hawking entropy in the framework of 4D Einstein - Gauss - Bonnet gravity coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics is obtained. We explore the black hole solution with the spherically symmetric metric. The logarithmic term in the entropy has a structure similar to the entropy correction in the semi-classical Einstein equations which mimics the quantum correction to the area low. The energy emission rate of black holes and energy conditions are studied. The quasinormal modes of a test scalar field are investigated. The gravitational lensing of light around BHs was studied. We calculated the deflection angle for some model parameters.

The presence of dark matter, though well established by indirect evidence is yet to be observed directly. Various dark matter detection experiments running for several years have yielded no positive results so far. In view of these negative results, we had earlier proposed alternate models by postulating a minimum gravitational field strength (minimum curvature) and also a minimum acceleration. These postulates led to the modified Newtonian dynamics and modified Newtonian gravity (MONG). The observed flat rotation curves of galaxies had also been accounted for through these postulates. Here we extend these postulates to galaxy clusters and model the dynamical velocity-distance curves for such large-scale structures. The velocity-distance curve of the Virgo cluster, plotted with this model is found to be in accordance with that observed.

An exact spherically symmetric and magnetically charged black hole solution in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) is obtained. The NED Lagrangian is given by ${\cal L}_{NED} = -{\cal F}/(1+\sqrt[4]{2\beta{\cal F}})$, where ${\cal F}$ is the field invariant. We study the thermodynamics calculating the Hawking temperature and the heat capacity of the black hole. The phase transitions take place when the Hawking temperature has an extremum and the heat capacity is singular. We demonstrate that black holes are thermodynamically stable in some range of event horizon radii where the heat capacity is positive. The BH shadow radii are calculated. It is shown that when increasing the nonlinearity parameter $\beta$ the BH shadow radius is decreased.

The cancelation factor (CF) is a model for the ratio between gravity wave perturbations in the airglow intensity to that in the ambient temperature. The CF model allows to estimate the momentum and energy flux of gravity waves seen in nightglow images as well as the divergence of these fluxes due to waves propagating through the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, where the nightglow and the Na layers are located. This study uses a set of T/W Na Lidar data and zenith nightglow image observations of the OH and O(1S) emissions to test and validate the CF model from the experimental perspective. The dataset analyzed was obtained during campaigns carried out at the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO), Chile in 2015, 2016, and 2017. The CF modeled function was compared with observed points from an empirical method for vertically propagating waves that calculates directly the ratio of the gravity wave amplitude seen in nightglow images to the wave amplitude seen in lidar temperatures. We show that the CF analytical relationship underestimates the observed results generally. However, the O(1S) emission line has better agreement respect to the theoretical value due to simpler nightglow photochemistry. In contrast, the observed CF ratio from the OH emission deviates by a factor of two from the modeled asymptotic value.

In 1922, Albert Einstein visited Paris and interacted extensively with an illustrious section of the French academia. In overfilled sessions at the Coll\`{e}ge de France and the Sorbonne, Einstein explained his theories of relativity, and prominent physicists, mathematicians and philosophers listened, debated, questioned and explored facets of relativity. The 1922 visit had its echoes in the life and works of many who participated, particularly decisive for Einstein and the philosopher Henri Bergson. This essay examines that eventful visit, focusing on the physical and logical aspects of Bergson's critique, with physics commentaries, linking prominent French physicists and mathematicians Langevin, Painlev\'{e}, Hadamard, Becquerel, Sagnac, and Kastler. I give particular attention to the logical and empirical accuracy of the physics issues involved, delineating Bergson's exact reasoning for his philosophical enthusiasm in Einstein's theory and for the ensuing critique. Bergson's philosophical stand on duration and simultaneity is reassessed in the context of later developments in cosmological physics as well as the wealth of empirical data involving comparison of atomic clocks. Finally we are led naturally to a surprising completion of the philosopher's program on universal time, duration and simultaneity, in harmony with the time of the physicist. In the appendices after the main text I also give the physics background and easily verifiable proofs for the assertions made in the text, pertaining to relativity, simultaneity and time dilation, clearly distinguishing beliefs and facts.

Amplitude growth rates of monochromatic gravity waves were estimated and compared from multiple instrument measurements carried out in Brazil. Wave dynamic parameters were obtained from sodium density profiles from lidar observations carried out in Sao Jose dos Campos (23°S, 46°W), while all-sky images of multiple airglow layers provided amplitudes and parameters of waves over Cachoeira Paulista (23°S, 45°W). Growth rates of gravity wave amplitudes from lidar and airglow imager data were consistent with dissipative wave behavior. Only a small amount of the observed wave events presented freely propagating behavior. Part of the observed waves presented saturated amplitude. The general saturated/damped behavior is consistent with diffusive filtering processes imposing limits to amplitude growth rates of the observed gravity waves.

This paper is a part of the broader research on “Adaptation of Laws in Science” and explores the limitations and challenges involved in adapting mathematical concepts to describe natural reality in physics. Specifically, the analysis focuses on two major examples: Euler's exponential laws and spacetime dilation derived from Lorentz transformations. By examining these concepts, the paper emphasizes that some complex laws are not universally applicable for deeper studies of nature, as they originate from mathematics and are correct only for specific parts of nature to which they have been adapted. These complex laws are particularly unsuitable where there is limited information available for adaptation. Therefore, without appropriate adaptations and a deep understanding of the physical context under investigation, the direct use of complex laws can lead to incorrect results. It is essential to avoid excessive generalization of these laws, once they become part of physics, unless a corresponding adaptation to the research context can be made. Furthermore, this paper supports the correctness of relativity theories by invoking that, like Euler's exponential growth theory, they were initially mathematical concepts. However, the nature of mathematics coincided with that of the phenomena in our universe, although through certain adaptations.

This study examines stress distributions in adhesive joints under various loading and temperature conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to compute the peel and shear stresses at the adhesive interface and bondline midpoint. The analytical solutions proposed by Goland and Reissner were analyzed with modifications by Hart-Smith and Zhao. FEA revealed stress distributions at the adhesive/adherend interface and bondline midpoint. DP490 adhesive joints exhibited lower stresses than EA9696 due to a lower Young's modulus and the use of thicker adherends. Temperature variations significantly affected joint behavior, particularly above the adhesive’s glass transition temperature (Tg). Both EA9696 and DP490 adhesive joints displayed distinct responses to stress and temperature changes. The comparison between parabolic and biquadratic solutions for functionally graded adhesive (FGA) joints showed that the biquadratic solution consistently yielded higher shear and peel stress values, with an increase ranging from 15% to 71% compared to the parabolic solution at various temperatures. Comparing stress distributions between peel and shear stresses, emphasizing the importance of selecting adhesives based on stress type, temperature, and solution methods in optimizing adhesive bonding applications. These findings provide valuable insights for thermomechanical applications where thermal stimuli may be used for controlled debonding.

This paper presents and demonstrates the development of a new lightweight coating for aluminium alloy using a novel multicomponent alloy based on the AlSiMgCu system. This coating was applied using a newly designed approach that combined High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) and Plasma Spraying processes. This hybrid technique enables the deposition of coatings with enhanced performance characteristics. The microstructure was studied using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM+EDS) microscopy, revealing good adhesion and compaction between the multicomponent coating and the A6061 substrate with 50 to 150 µm thickness. Vickers indentations were performed on the substrate and the new coating material, revealing a 50% improvement in the material's hardness compared to the casted alloy. Additionally, electrical conductivity measurements showed approximative x3.3 times values compared to the alloy in as-cast condition due to high solidification rates altering the morphology of the phases. Corrosion tests demonstrated a lower corrosion rate compared to other multicomponent aluminium alloys and similar to thermal treated A6061 alloy. Finally, tribological results obtained using ball on disc (BOD) test and laser scanning confocal microscopy, confirmed that the new multicomponent coating exhibited reductions in both friction coefficient and wear rate by more than 20% and 50%, respectively. This study demonstrates that using multi-component aluminium coatings could lead to developing of new automotive parts with enhanced properties for corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and wear conditions. Optimizing the thermal spraying parameters could further enhance the coating, achieving greater and more homogeneous thicknesses and yielding even higher performance properties.

Commercial production of Choromytilus meridionalis (black mussel) and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) contributes to half of the South African marine aquaculture production per year. However, limited ready-to-eat black mussel products are available. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the effects of storage (15 days at room temperature) on the total viable counts (TVC), coliforms, proximate composition, and fat oxidation (TBARS) of a small-scale kitchen-based ready-to-eat hot smoked black mussel product preserved with vegetable oil. Three batches of black mussel meat were smoked at 80ºC for 15 minutes. Half of each batch were packaged in sterile glass jars with heated (50ºC) vegetable oil and half without oil. Microbiological analyses were done at days 1, 3, 9 and 15. Proximate composition was determined at day 1 and TBARS at days 1 and 15. Coliforms for all samples throughout the storage period were undetected. TVC plates for mussels stored without oil had no growth at days 1 to 5, however, reached TVC > 5 log10.g-1 at day 15. TVC for mussels with oil increased from 0 at day 1 to > 5 log10.g-1 at day 3 and remained at counts > 5 log10.g-1. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in moisture, protein, and ash for mussels stored with oil and those without oil, while significant differences (P < 0.001) in total fat and carbohydrates (10.27 ± 2.10% and 6.80 ± 2.22% with oil, and 5.05 ± 1.49% and 10.59 ± 3.00% without oil) were detected. These differences were due to the presence of additional fats from the vegetable oil. TBARS at day 15 showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between mussels stored with oil and those without oil. There were no significant differences in TBARS from day 1 to 15 for both oil and without oil. Small-scale kitchen-based smoked black mussels preserved without vegetable oil could be stored for up to 9 days at room temperature.

Due to its potential harm to space payload, microwave corona breakdown of microstrip circuits has attracted much attention. This work describes an efficient way to suppress corona breakdown. Since corona breakdown threshold is determined by the highest electric field intensity at the surface of microstrip circuits, lacquer coating with thickness of tens of microns is sprayed on the top of microstrip circuits. The applied dielectric coating is used to move the discharge location away from circuit’s surface which is equivalent to reduce the highest electric field intensity on the in-terface of solid/air of the circuit and thus results into higher breakdown threshold. Two designs of classic coupled-line band-pass filter were used for verification. Corona experimental results at 2.5 GHz show that, in the interested low pressure range (100 to 4500 Pa), 5.3 dB improvement of mi-crowave corona breakdown threshold can be achieved for a filter with narrowest gap of 0.2 mm while its electrical performances like insertion loss, Q-factor are still acceptable. A threshold improvement prediction method is also presented and validated.

To meet the dual-carbon objective, China's economy needs to move from a carbon-intensive to a green economy. Green technology innovation and renewable energy development are key to promoting green economic growth. The study uses 2010–2022 provincial panel data from 30 Chinese provinces. The super-efficient SBM model measures the province's green economic growth index. A panel fixed-effects model is used to experimentally evaluate how green technology innovation and renewable energy development affect green economic growth. Green financing moderates and a panel threshold model tests the threshold effect of renewable energy development on green economic growth. The results demonstrate that (1) China's green economic growth is rising and has a "U" shape. (2) all selected variables significantly impact green economic growth. However, population density, government intervention, and industrial structure are inversely associated with GEG. Green economic growth is significantly boosted by the moderate role of green finance in the development of renewable energy and green technological innovation. (3) Renewable energy development has a single threshold non-linear effect on green economic growth, depending on its development level and green technological innovation. Considering China's current condition and research findings, this study examines the green energy transition to promote green economic growth and high-quality economic development. Meanwhile, puts forward some important policy recommendations.

Background: GaitSmart (GS) is a sensor-based digital medical device that can be used with the integrated app vGym to provide a personalised rehabilitation programme for older people undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to determine whether the GS intervention used in the rehabilitation of older people undergoing THA or TKA is potentially cost-effective compared to the current standard of care (SoC). Methods: Decision-analytic modelling was conducted to estimate cost-effectiveness over a seventeen- week time horizon, from an NHS perspective. UK clinical and cost data from the GaitSmart randomised clinical trial was used to obtain input parameters, and sensitivity analysis was performed to address uncertainty. Results: Over a seventeen-week time horizon, GS incurred cost savings of £450.56 and a 0.02 gain in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to the SoC. These results indicate that GS is the dominant intervention because the device demonstrated greater effectiveness and lower costs. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirm the robustness of our results. Conclusion: GS appears to offer short-term efficiency benefits and demonstrates cost-effectiveness for the improvement of gait in people undergoing THA or TKA, compared to the SoC. These findings provided new evidence to inform policymakers.

We humans are natural-born engineers. As such, we model after machines not only isolated, naturally occurring systems, but also the basic laws of physics, sharing with machines a local-evolution-of-state `grammar'. However, previous work by the author casts doubt upon this mechanistic paradigm, suggesting that it is to blame for the stubbornness of many open problems in physics. Simple experiments are therefore proposed to identify `non-machines'. In one experiment, `non mechanistic correlations' in the spirit of Bell are sought in a pair of separated but previously coupled (macroscopic) chaotic systems. In another it is tested whether chaotic systems could fuzzily `remember their future' in the sense that a future binary perturbation applied to them could be inferred from their present behavior with probability>1/2. Chaotic systems are chosen as candidates because the long-time application of their (deterministic) mechanistic description is conceptually groundless: All scales are significant and mutually coupled in that regime, down to scales governed by QM, yet the quantum-classical transition remains inexplicable---if only due to the measurement problem. Similarly for non-deterministic chaotic systems, modeled as such purely for defying a short-time deterministic mechanistic description. Should a non mechanistic signature be found in such simple systems, the implications for science as a whole and life sciences in particular cannot be overstated.

The paper suggests that the physical priciple of special relativity's space-time transformation effect is wrong, Uniform linear motion without acceleration does not exist objectively, nor does its same reference frames. Therefore, it is inferred that the space-time transformation effect of special relativity is caused by the acceleration of moving objects, special relativity is only a part of general relativity, not a theoretical system that exists independently from general relativity. The corresponding mathematical demonstration and calculation verification are carried out, and the result proves that the inference of the paper is correct. At the same time, it further explains that the concept of absolute airspace is correct. Special relativity has serious errors in the concept of space, the principle of relativity and the physical principle of space-time transformation effect. Therefore, it is necessary to make a series of revisions to the theory of relativity and to reinterpret some related physical problems.

Throughout the Covid19 period, families were forced to stay indoors, adapting to online school-ing, remote work, and virtual social engagements, inevitably altering the dynamics within households. There is a notable increase in mental health challenges in terms of anxiety and de-pression in children and adolescents. This study intends to explore the psychosocial effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in Italian families adopting self- and proxy-report questionnaires on anxiety, anger, and health-related quality of life. The results showed that approximately 20% obtained a clinical anxiety score and only 10% obtained a clinical anger score. There was found a difference in the perception of the quality of life reported by the child and that perceived by the parent. The stepwise regression model showed that total anxiety scores were predicted by sex, quality of life scores from the parents' self-report version and total anger score. Another stepwise regression model identified physiological and social anxiety as the best predictors that impact the quality of life. Parental well-being actively influences the well-being of children, so it is fundamental to implement preventive programmes and promote child well-being providing parents the most adequate support possible.

Financial fraud poses a severe threat to the integrity of corporate financial statements and market efficiency. While auditors play a crucial role in detecting and preventing such fraud, the unique characteristics of this domain, including class imbalance, high misclassification costs, and am-biguous attributes, pose significant challenges. Traditional classification algorithms may not be optimally suited for this task. This paper proposes a novel stacking ensemble learning approach to enhanced detecting of Financial Statement Scam. By combining the strengths of multiple base learners, including Random Forest, XGBoost, and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees, our model leverages their diverse predictions to improve overall performance. A Logistic Regression me-ta-learner is employed to integrate the outputs of the base learners, capturing their collective wisdom while mitigating individual weaknesses. Extensive experimentation using a real-world dataset shown the superiority of our approach, achieving remarkable recall, precision, accuracy, and area under the curve metrics. The proposed model outperforms individual base learners, under-scoring the efficacy of ensemble learning in tackling the intricate problem of financial fraud detection. This research contributes to the creation of substantial and robust fraud detection systems, fostering trust and transparency in financial markets.

Though nowadays germanium do not reach the range of popularity than other metals, i.e. rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes of it also a strategic metal. Though germanium can be find in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry, and also, the recycle of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery, Hydrometallurgy is performing a key role to the successful achievement of this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.

Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The agent was also found in wild mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), however, the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of MAP is unclear. During the research period, 941 free-ranging wild boar (S. scrofa) legally hunted in two locations in the Centre-eastern region of Portugal were examined. Ninety-seven wild boar exhibited one or more gross lesions and were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using acid-fast staining, mycobacterial culture, poly-merase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathological examination. Forty-five animals (46.4%, 95% CI: 36.5-56.3%) were identified as infected, as indicated by positive results in culture and/or PCR. The findings revealed that the most significant risk factor was being a juvenile compared to year-lings and adults (OR = 10.2, 95% CI: 2.2-48.0). Based on our results, 37.9% (n = 11) of the infected animals were considered suitable for human consumption. Our findings offer novel insights into mycobacterial infections in wild boar populations in Portugal and suggest that wild boar could be a source of human infection if zoonotic potential is considered.

Objective. To evaluate serum neuronal and inflammatory biomarkers in asphyctic newborns treated with hypothermia alone or hypothermia plus melatonin, and whether biomarkers correlate with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Design. This is a pilot multicentre, randomised, controlled, double blind clinical trial. Neuronal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-7 and IL-13) were measured in serum samples at hospital admission (T0), 24 hours (T1), 72 hours (T2) and 7-10 days of age (T3). Neurodevelopmental outcomes (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III scales, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Tardieu scale) were performed at 6 and 18 months. Setting: Level 3 neonatal intensive care unit. Patients and interventions: 25 newborns were recruited. The treated patients received a daily dose of intravenous melatonin, 5 mg per kg body weight, for 3 days. Results. After adjusting the data for severity, in the group treated with melatonin, there is a decrease in plasma levels of GM-CSF, IL-2 and IL-13 at T1 compared to placebo, as well as, at T2, in GM-CSF concentrations, as well as IL-7 and IL-13 at T3. Evolutionarily, we found a significant decrease in GM-CSF concentrations in the treatment group compared to placebo, with no differences for the rest of the biomarkers. It is noteworthy that the sustained decrease in GM-CSF and inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-7 and IL-13 correlated with better neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6 and 18 months. Conclusions. In neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, the addition of iv melatonin to hypothermia therapy affects the plasma concentration of biomarkers in the first week of life, with a high correlation with long-term neurological prognosis.

Hazelnut, pistachio and cashew are tree nuts with health benefits but also with allergenic properties being prevalent food allergens in Europe. The allergic characteristics of these tree nuts after processing combining heat, pressure and enzymatic digestion were analyzed through in vitro (Western blot and ELISA) and in vivo test (Prick-Prick). In the analyzed population, the patients sensitized to Cor a 8 (nsLTP) were predominant over those sensitized against hazelnut seed storage proteins (Sprot, Cor a 9 and 14), which displayed higher IgE reactivity. The protease E5 effectively hydrolyzed proteins from hazelnut and pistachio, while E7 was efficient for cashew protein hydrolysis. When combined with pressured heating (autoclave and Controlled Instantaneous Depressurization (DIC)), these proteases notably reduced the allergenic reactivity. The combination of DIC treatment before enzymatic digestion resulted in the most effective methodology to drastically reduce or indeed eliminate the allergenic capacity of tree nuts.

The therapeutic, attenuative, and morphological effects of proprietary neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC EVs, AB126) produced by Aruna Bio, Inc. were assessed in a range of in vitro and in vivo models of stroke. We emphasize that modulation of neuroinflammation is a key target and suggest further studies to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of action and ultimately how best to dose and monitor the benefits of AB126 in stroke patients.

Permafrost covers about 23% ~ 25% of the land in the northern hemisphere, mainly in Russia, Canada, Alaska, Northeast and Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QTP) in China. Many engineering especially the transportation has been in the permafrost regions above. Under the action of highways construction and global warming, permafrost under infrastructures is degraded and causes serious damage. Two phases closed thermosyphon (TPCT) is a widely accepted green countermeasure against the problem in permafrost regions. Although it has been applied to prevent permafrost degradation, their application presents significant challenges on account of the stronger endothermic action of asphalt pavement. This paper focused on the thermosyphon technology and application in the permafrost. Moreover, the article highlighted the excellent working performance of the TPCT that improving the stability of the infrastructures and prevent it degrading due its excellent efficiency of heat transfer. The industrial applications of the TPCT were also summarized, along with their limitations. Finally, the results reported in this paper can provide a valuable guidance for the design of the TPCT and construction of the permafrost regions in the future.

In "genome editing," a type of genetic engineering, DNA is added, taken away, or changed in an organism's genome. Biomedicine, biotechnology, and synthetic biology, just to name a few, have all gained a lot from how often this method is used. Before the editing process can start, a Double-Strand Breaks (DSB) must be made in the DNA at a specific gene. Researchers have made nucleases, which are sometimes called "molecular scissors," to fix this DSB. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and homing endonucleases are all examples of protein targets that have been studied and changed. The last part gave an overview of these study projects and explained how to make Cas12a for specific uses. The applications of Cas12a have been extensively studied in recent years, but the protein still holds a lot of promise as a treatment and screening tool. In order to give a quick review of CRISPR-Cas12a and its uses, we will briefly talk about the structure and function of the different parts of the reaction pathway that lead up to the catalysis of the target DNA. Cas12a uses a multistep process to make sure that it is selecting the right DNA. This is a good trait for a device that changes the DNA because it makes it less likely that something bad will happen. Even though data shows that a new CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) molecule can stop Cas12a from randomly destroying ssDNA, it may still hurt the host cell while trying to change the genome. The action of Cas12a catalysis, which is a powerful tool for changing the genome, needs to be changed so that it can be more easily controlled and managed. Using what we know about how Cas12a works, we have made mutants that are less active on ssDNA and more active on dsDNA. So far, only Cas9 and Cas12a, which are both part of the CRISPR family, have been used to change the genome. Because of how similar and different these two endonucleases are, CRISPR can now be used for multiple scientific purposes. Cas12a is better than Cas9 because it makes double-strand breaks (DSBs) that favor Homology-Directed Repair (HDR) over Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and can change more than one copy of the genome at the same time. Both Cas9 and Cas12a are being changed to make them better at detecting Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) than they are in their natural state. This will make it possible to start focusing on more genes.

This article describes a novel topical composition constituted by gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and microbial chondroitin sulfate. This composition exhibits potential for non-invasive intervention in anxiety management, sleep quality enhancement, and promotion of brain-related functions like meditation and nonlocal consciousness. The core component comprises GABA, a key inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system, complexed with a suitable carrier molecule, microbial chondroitin sulfate. This complexation aims to enhance transdermal absorption and optimize delivery of GABA to target tissues. The proposed mechanism of action involves modulation of GABAergic signal transduction pathways. Application of the topical composition allows GABA penetration into the skin and potentially deeper tissues, where it interacts with GABA receptors. This interaction leads to mental calmness and relaxation as assessed by electroencephalography. The influence of GABAergic signaling on brain circuits demonstrated in this article, when associated with meditation and nonlocal consciousness, suggests potential for the composition to support these practices. The advantage of such an approach consists in avoiding the potential systemic side effects associated with oral or injectable administration of GABA, anxiolytics or hypnotics. Furthermore, the combination of GABA and microbial chondroitin sulfate may offer synergistic benefits, potentially enhancing the overall biological effects. In conclusion, this article presents a novel topical approach for managing anxiety, enhancing sleep quality, and potentially facilitating meditation and nonlocal consciousness through modulation of GABAergic signaling pathways. While further research is necessary, the potential for a non-invasive and potentially side-effect-free intervention in these areas is promising.

Nanoindentation load-depth (P-h) plots is the basis for determination of mechanical properties of the samples and is especially vital for thin coatings deposited on substrates of various mechanical makeup from amorphous-brittle (borosilicate glass) to Silicon (having different crystallographic texture) to ductile substrates like stainless steel as well other aspects like indenter tip shape. The elastic-plastic response by simulated P-h plots as per modified empirical relations have been presented. The outcomes of this computational studies enlighten the database on the P-h plots for various coating/substrate systems and shall aid in the analysis of experimental P-h plots obtained,

Among other fossil fuels, natural gas is a major energy source. It is generally created saturated with water vapor. Dehydration of natural gas is vital in the gas business to remove water vapor from the gas supply, which may cause hydrate development in pipes. Gas dehydration employs Tri ethylene glycol (TEG) to remove water vapor from natural gas flow. The wet gas is dehydrated with lean glycol in an absorber, and the rich glycol is recovered and reused. This work investigates the use of dry natural gas instead of nitrogen in the glycol dehydration re-generator, and compares the results using HYSYS modeling and simulation. The two techniques were compared for capital and utility expenses, while maintaining the identical glycol purity criteria. The wet gas from the stripping mechanisms may also be utilized to run steam pumps and compressors or recycled. The model is based on the real mechanism flow diagram. Finally, the findings of this model might be used to design a new heat and material balance for the plant.

Solid-state transformer (SST) is a promising technology for smart grids due to its flexible power control (better reliability) and high efficacy (by decreasing losses) compared with traditional transformers. The SST is designed in tandem with three stages, i.e., the input, isolation, and output stages. As three converter stages are used to design the SST to make a more reliable device in practice, it is highly prone to instabilities. Moreover, the key objective of SST design is to implement a modern power distribution system to make it more intelligent and reliable. The stability issue can be even more complicated by the presence of distributed energy resources in the distribution system. Thus, the stability of SST must be measured prior to /during the design, and to determine, a state-space model is used, which is developed in this paper. Each stage of SST is modeled with its controller, and the system's stability is measured through the controllability and observability test. Further, the conversion from state-space to transfer function model is done, and the stability of SST is shown using frequency and time-domain diagrams. With these, the different plots, namely, the Bode plot, Nyquist plot, Nichols chart, Root locus, pole-zero plot, and Eigen plot, are used to ascertain the relative and absolute stability. Finally, the SST Simulink model is tested and validated through hardwate-in-the-loop simulation, i.e., OPALRT, to show its effectiveness and applicability.

Traditional methods of non-metallic materials joining for industrial uses are limited to lasers, or induction or conduction heating. The precision and efficiency for large-scale applications are difficult to be achieved at the same time. Here in this paper, we report a precise microwave welding method induced by localized surface plasmon of metallic macro-gaps under microwave excitation. The proposed method utilizes energy from well-developed commercial microwaver, and benefits from the precision of localized surface plasmon, an oscillating electron cloud excited by electromagnetic waves, which is currently under hot investigation only at micro- or nano-scales. The method is applied to the welding of polymers to solve the problems of complex processing equipment and high processing energy consumption in the traditional welding process, so as to cope with the growing energy and environmental crisis. Finite element numerical simulations are used to study the distribution characteristics of electric fields and temperature fields. The results show that the process is a high quality, efficient, low consumption and environmentally friendly green process compared to traditional polymer welding methods.

The cycling of soil phosphorus (P) is inherently linked with soil organic carbon-iron (C-Fe) cycling, yet empirical integration of these processes within paddy soils remains scarce. In this study, we conducted a microcosm experiment using paddy soils subjected to six distinct fertilization regimes involving varying P inputs for five years. In addition to evaluating P activation under reflooding conditions, we assessed the Fe reduction process and characterized the properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) at the molecular level using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), alongside profiling the composition of soil microbial communities with high-throughput sequencing. Our findings revealed that after 25 days of reflooding, soil Olsen-P content increased by an average of 73% compared to its initial state, showing a strong correlation with the Fe reduction process. Specifically, treatments involving pig manure application exhibited higher Fe reduction rates and enhanced P activation, highlighting the role of organic matter in facilitating Fe reduction. Investigations on the relative abundance of typical iron-reducing microbes further supported their importance in P activation, but the rate of iron reduction is limited by soil organic matter content. Delving deeper into DOM properties, soil DOM composition profiling and network analysis suggested that high-molecular-weight DOM, particularly lignins, served as the primary resources driving Fe reduction by iron-reducing microbes, consequently promoting Fe reduction and P release. Taken together, our study assembled the C-Fe-P cycling dynamics in paddy soils, emphasizing the pivotal role of microbial-driven Fe reduction facilitated by soil DOM in P availability and subsequently sustainable agricultural practices.

This study investigated how broader parental factors including parental happiness, parental play engagement, and parenting stress are related to Korean children’s happiness and weight status across three years via indirect pathways through the children’s energy-related behaviors of healthy and unhealthy food intake, physical activity, and screen time. Data from 1551 Korean parent pairs and 7-yaer-old children in the Panel Study on Korean Children were analyzed. Path analysis and gender-based structural equation modeling were conducted. Maternal happiness was negatively related to child screen time. Maternal play engagement showed positive concurrent associations with child healthy food intake and physical activity and negative associations with screen time. Maternal parenting stress was negatively related to child healthy eating. There was one significant finding related to fathers’ role on children’s energy-related behaviors, happiness, and weight status: the positive association between parental happiness and boys’ unhealthy food intake. Child screen time was positively related to child weight status and negatively to child happiness at each age. Broader maternal parenting factors can serve as a protective factor for childhood happiness and weight status in 7-to 9-year-olds through being associated with a reduction in child screen time.

The decade of research concentrating on the area of Easter Slavonia revealed abundance of large on complex late Neolithic sites. It changed profoundly how we perceive late Neolithic settlement and space size and organization. As s first step in particular site detection we mostly conducted aerial reconnaissance and satellite image analysis but also data from the field such as excavation. On detected potential sites we conducted intensive field surveys and confirmed the attribution to the late Neolithic by surface finds. On those confirmed sites in the vicinity of Đakovo, Croatia, magnetic survey was conducted on 5 sites so far and the results confirmed presence of large scale late Neolithic settlements with complex spatial organization and enclosure(s). Most complex remains so far is site Gorjani Kremenjača and Topole which we present in this paper where a remains of one or two settlements covers the area of 70 hectares and is currently in the process of formal protection as a cultural landscape by the Ministry of Culture and Media of the Republic of Croatia. Special focus of the paper is the application of remote sensing in detection, archaeological confirmation and protection of the position Gorjani Topole.

Background: Poisoning is a growing public problem that has shown increased prevalence in many countries worldwide, contributing to increased costs and mortalities. A lack of or insufficient information regarding the circumstances, chemicals, drugs and people at risk due to imperfect reporting system is regarded as a barrier to successful poisoning prevention and intervention efforts. In Saudi Arabia, poisoning cases are monitored at the central level in the Ministry of Health, with meticulous follow-up of cases across country areas through public health departments. The current study's objective was to describe the poisoning notification and reporting system in Makkah.Subjects and methods: All reports of chemical and drug overdose poisoning delivered to the environmental health and occupational safety department in Makkah Almukarramah over two years (2018-2019) were reviewed, together with verification of all systems, rules and guidelines organizing the performance of the department.Results: The total number of cases reported in 2018 was 209 cases, while it reached 42 cases in 2019. The overwhelming majority of the cases were Saudi (91.6%), with a slight predominance of males (57.4%) over females (42.6%). Generally, almost two-thirds of the cases occurred in children below 13 years (61.4%), most of the poisoning cases resulted from drug overdose (63.3%), while 34.7% were chemical poisoning. The most common drug poisoning was attributed to analgesics followed by antiepileptics, antihypertensive drugs, antipsychotics and antimicrobials, while cleaning and detergent agents were the most commonly poisoned chemicals. The majority of these agents were taken by the oral route. Children's chemical poisoning was significantly higher than that in older age groups (p<0.05). All intentional poisoning occurred in adults; the great majority of them (88.9%) used drug overdosing rather than chemical substances.Conclusion and recommendations: The current study results are consistent with most of the previous studies carried out in different regions in Saudi Arabia. Reviewing the performance and adherence of the “Environmental Health and Occupational Safety Department” to the guidelines and instruction regulating monitoring, notification and reporting of poison cases are satisfactory and the poisoning surveillance system is effective. Further in-depth studies are needed to elaborate other socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with chemical and drug overdose poisoning. Public health plans, policies and legislations should be implemented to reduce these factors, including prohibition over-the-counter pharmaceutical sales, selling the possibly harmful substances in kid-proof bottles and additional stringent rules governing chemical sale and storage. Intensive supervision of children is needed. Suicidal poisoning patients should seek psychiatric help to limit the possibility of attempting suicide again in the future. Furthermore, efforts are needed to plan and implement health education programs and campaigns about the factors proven in the current study to be significantly related to chemical and drug overdose poisoning to raise public knowledge about exposure to chemicals and its consequences. Popular communication media, commercial malls, road ads, learning institutions and workplaces can be used to deliver health education campaigns and programs. Advice on how to store chemicals safely and how to keep kids safe should be focused on during such programs.

Differences between the quantum mechanical and relativistic concepts of time observed in GPS satellites are accounted for by applying the equivalence principle to the transitioning electron of an atomic clock. This allows a differential equation of motion to be derived for the electron in the Minkowski space between electron shells. By applying Hamilton’s principle we transform the differential equation into a relativistically correct integral equation of motion, the time integral of a Lagrangian. This newly derived equation accounts for the abstract mathematics of the more familiar non-relativistic model by means of a physical interpretation. Abstract rotations in Hilbert space are replaced by real rotations of particle field geometries in Minkowki space that describe the electron transition and emission of a photon. Because the properties of energy are universal the same integral equations are able to be used to describe the time evolution of galaxies despite vast differences in lifetime. The comparison of gravitational and electromagnetic energy exchanges by means of radial and transverse fields leads to an alternative to the standard model that is based on a field model. It explains the observed properties of galaxies as a superposition of neutrinos localized within the horizon of a black hole with spins aligned. The particle properties of free neutrinos are accounted by means of a classical field geometry; specifically, a spin that is oriented in space with rotational inertia due to energy. A test of the standard model is proposed based on differing views for flavor oscillation.

We study Einstein's gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics with two parameters in Anti-de Sitter spacetime. Magnetically charged black holes in an extended phase space is investigated. We obtain the mass and metric functions, their asymptotic and corrections to the Reissner--Nordstr\"{o}m metric function when the cosmological constant vanishes. The first law of black hole thermodynamics in extended phase space is formulated and the magnetic potential and the thermodynamic conjugate to the coupling are obtained. We proved the generalized Smarr relation. The heat capacity and the Gibbs free energy are computed and phase transitions are studied. It was shown that the electric field of charged objects at the origin and electrostatic self-energy are finite within the nonlinear electrodynamics proposed.

We review time expansion wave theory and refine our model showing it to accurately match observed cosmological luminosity data. The theory augments general relativity to create a container within which quantum effects can be explained by treating time as an artefact of a fourth spatial dimension that we observe as the expansion of the universe. This leads us to explain mass creation, the speed of light limit, gravity, black holes without singularities and other macroscopic effects. Our model leads to an expansion velocity of 6.87 0.36 × 106 ms-1, which results in a Hubble expansion rate constant of 71.3 3.7 km/s/Mpc. Because of the finite window of time in which we exist, an extra a degree of freedom is available leading to interesting interpretations at the subatomic level. At this size range, then a spin is allowed within the time dimension explaining why wave particle duality occurs and explains the electromagnetic force and other quantum mechanical properties. It provides a solution to the double slit conundrum and can explain how quantum entangled partners can behave in a quantum way and pass seemingly time-defying information. The potential quantitative origin of the fine structure constant which governs the size of the electromagnetic force is also strongly indicated by this theory.

The time evolution of the continuous measure symmetry for the system built of the three bodies interacting via the potential U(r)~1/r is reported. Gravitational and electrostatic interactions between the point bodies were addressed. In the case of the pure gravitational interaction the three-body-system deviated from its initial symmetrical location, described by the Lagrange equilateral triangle, comes to collapse, accompanied by the growth of the continuous measure of symmetry. When three point bodies interact via the Coulomb repulsive interaction, the time evolution of CMS is quite different. CMS calculated for all of studied initial configurations of the point charges and all of their charge-to-mass ratios always comes to its asymptotic value with time, evidencing the stabilization of the shape of the triangle, constituted by the interacting bodies.