Polylactic Acid (PLA) is an organic polymer commonly used in fused deposition (FDM) printing and biomedical scaffolding that is biocompatible and immunologically inert. However, variations in source material quality and chemistry make it necessary to characterize the filament and determine potential changes in chemistry occurring as a result of the FDM process. We used several spectroscopic techniques, including laser confocal microscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and photoacousitc FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) in order to characterize both the bulk and surface chemistry of the source material and printed samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize morphology, crystallinity, and the glass transition temperature following printing. Analysis revealed calcium carbonate-based additives which were reacted with organic ligands and potentially trace metal impurities, both before and following printing. These additives became concentrated in voids in the printed structure. This finding is important for biomedical applications as carbonate will impact subsequent cell growth on printed tissue scaffolds. Results of chemical analysis also provided evidence of the hygroscopic nature of the source material and oxidation of the printed surface, and SEM imaging revealed micro and sub-micron scale roughness that will also impact potential applications.

Quantum Computers are provisioned as very high performance computers using quantum mechanical aspects for information processing. Quantum Information Theory and Quantum Computing topics are popular topics in academia aiming the construction of theoretical background of Quantum Computers. The information processing units for Quantum Computers are defined as qubits but for some problems three level (trinary) systems may be applied as well. We call these three level systems as qutrits. The scope of this work is the analysis of well-defined entanglement measures Negativity and Relative Entropy of Entanglement (REE) for two qutrit (3- level/trinary) quantum systems. In this manner, for randomly generated 1000 two qutrit and 1000 two qubit states the mentioned measures are calculated and these values are compared. These comparisons are analyzed and for quantum state ordering problem, some interesting results are reported.

We investigate entropy generation in unsteady three-dimensional axisymmetric MHD nanofluid flow over a non-linearly stretching sheet. The flow is subject to thermal radiation and a chemical reaction. The conservation equations were solved using the spectral quasi-linearization method. The novelty of the work is in the study of entropy generation in three-dimensional axisymmetric MHD nanofluid and the choice of the spectral quasilinearization method as the solution method. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are also taken into account when the nanofluid particle volume fraction on the boundary in passively controlled. The results show that as the Hartman number increases, both the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number decrease whereas the skin friction increases. It is further shown that an increase in the thermal radiation parameter corresponds to a decrease in the Nusselt number. Moreover, entropy generation increases with the physical parameters.

Alfalfa, an important legume forage, is an ideal crop for sustainable agriculture and a potential bioenergy plant. Drought, one of the most common environmental stresses, substantially affects plants’ growth, development and productivity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are newly discovered gene expression regulators that have been linked to several plant stress responses. To elucidate the role of miRNAs in drought stress regulation of alfalfa, a high-throughput sequencing approach was used to analyze 12 small RNA libraries comprising of 4 samples, each with 3 biological replicates. We identified 348 known miRNAs, belonging to 80 miRNA families, from the 12 libraries and 281 novel miRNAs using Mireap software. 18 known miRNAs in roots and 12 known miRNAs in leaves were screened out as drought-responsive miRNAs. Except for miR319d and miR157a which were upregulated under drought stress, the expression pattern of drought-responsive miRNAs were different between roots and leaves in alfalfa. This is the first study discovering miR157a, miR1507, miR3512, miR3630, miR5213, miR5294, miR5368 and miR6173 are drought-responsive miRNAs. Target transcripts of drought-responsive miRNAs were computationally predicted. All 447 target genes for the known miRNAs were predicted using an online tool. This study provides a significant insight on understanding drought-responsive mechanisms of alfalfa.

The paper combines two new original concepts about eco-energetic systems. The first one is related to the M.E.N. (Mega-Eco-Nega-Watt) paradigm, which is based on three different but complementary ecological economic spaces: MEGAWATT, as needed energy, ECOWATT, as ecological energy, and NEGAWATT, as preserved energy, even the renewable energies and technologies, in the context of electrical energy production. The second concept presented in this paper is the eco-energetic efficiency, introduced in order to facilitate a correlation between the energetic efficiency of the system and a necessary, new defined ecological coefficient. The proposed formula for eco-energetic efficiency enables an interesting form of reporting to the different situations in which the input energy, output energy, lost energy and externalities, involved in an energetic process interact to produce energy in a specific energetic system, in connection with the circular economy model. Finally, is presented an original diagram of the energetic chains to produce electricity in a resilience regim, with high eco-energetic efficiency from originating in different primary energetic sources as external (gravitation & solar sources), fuels (classical & radioactive), internal sources and others. Even what kind of energetic sources are used to obtain electricity, as coals, gas, wood, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, biomass, solar systems, and others, the entire process should be sustainable in what is the transdisciplinary integration of the different representative spheres as energy, socio-economy, ecology (environment), with the main core, sustainable education, inclueding the law and administrative aspects, as necessary fields of the knowledge based society/economy.

The abundant mechanical vibration energy in bridge road environment can be converted into electric energy by using the piezoelectric energy harvest technology, which could be an efficient way to provide energy required by the wireless sensor network in the bridge condition monitoring system. An autonomous energy harvesting system has been designed based on cantilever beams for sensing and acquiring the bridge vibration energy. After the analysis of the dynamic properties of the piezoelectric cantilever beam in the energy conversion, three kinds of interface circuits were compared through simulation and experimental results. It was shown that the VD interface circuit has less power loss. Furthermore, the proposed closed loop control method based on the VD circuit was simple, adaptive, and self-powered, which is suitable for the road energy harvesting application. Finally, the energy harvesting system based on VD circuit was realized with harvested power of around 0.8mW.

This paper proposes a method to utilize weather and land cover models to generate future environmental scenarios, and presents the watershed models to simulate the hydrological impact on watershed-scale hydrology. The Weather Generator model and General Circulation Model were applied to produce rainfall and local temperature under different climate conditions, and the Conservation and Land Use and its Effects model was incorporated to simulate future land cover variability. The circumstances of future climate and land cover changes were used as inputs to drive the HEC-HMS rainfall runoff model for obtaining surface runoff in a mountainous area. The WASH123D model was then utilized for the entire watershed simulation. Modeling results were then examined to discuss hydrological impacts on three different time periods: near future (2020-2039), future (2050-2069), and distant future (2080-2099). The Fengshan Creek basin in northern Taiwan was selected as study site. Simulations results indicated that the influence of climate change revealed more relevant effects when compared to local land cover changes. The ground water levels tended to diminish as the land cover area changed. In addition, both river and groundwater levels reveal that it is drier in dry season and wetter in wet season in future.

Development of the self-cleaning and anti-fogging superhydrophobic coating for aluminum surfaces which is durable in the aggressive conditions has raised tremendous interest in materials science. In this work, by employing chemical etching technique with mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid, followed by passivation with lauric acid, superhydrophobic aluminum surface was synthesized. The surface morphology analysis reveals the presence of rough microstructures on coated aluminium surface. Superhydrophobicity with water contact angle of 170 ± 3.9° and sliding angle of 4 ± 0.5° is achieved. Surface bounces off the high speed water jet, indicating excellent water-repellent nature of coating. It is also continuously floated on water surface for several weeks, showing excellent buoyancy nature. Additionally, coating maintains its superhydrophobicity after undergoing 100 cycles of adhesive tape peeling test. Its superhydrophobic nature withstands 90° and 180° bending, and repeated folding and de-folding. Coating exhibits the excellent self-cleaning property. In low temperature condensation test, almost no accumulation of water drops on the surface, showing the excellent anti-fogging property of coating. This approach can be applied to any size and shape of aluminium surface and hence has great industrial applications.

Application of toxic antibacterial agents is considered necessary to control prevalent fresh water microorganisms in evaporative cooling water systems, but these agents can adversely affect the environment and human health. Alternatively, natural antibacterial water chemistry has been applied in industrial cooling water systems for over 10 years with excellent results. The tower water chemistry method concentrates natural salts in highly-softened water to produce elevated pH and dissolved solids, with low calcium and magnesium. This practice conserves water while generating only a small volume of non-toxic natural salt concentrate for cost efficient separation and disposal if required. This review presents a novel perspective of natural antimicrobial chemistry for inhibiting parasitic microbiome functional relationships within the bio-triad of Legionella outbreaks, "Trojan Protozoans" and biofilms. The review further examines practical application and function of polyvalent metal ions in the inhibition of biofilms. Reducing global dependence on toxic antibacterial agents discharged to the environment is an emerging concern due to their impact on the natural microbiome, plants, animals and humans. Discharge of antibacterial agents also contributes to development of pathogen resistance. Use of natural antibacterial chemistry can play a key role in managing the cooling water environment in a more ecologically sustainable manner.

Aluminum is a strategic mineral resource, and China’s aluminum production and consumption is fairly large. However, its supply guarantee is uncertain because of a high dependency on external raw materials. This uncertainty may expand, so finding a way to reduce the uncertainty of aluminum resource supply is especially important. This paper applies the SFA method to analyze the aluminum flows in mainland China from 1996 to 2014, and establishes a supply structure model to measure its supply guarantee degree. The results claim that: (1) China’s aluminum production can satisfy demand and even create a surplus; (2) Domestic self-productive primary and secondary aluminum increased at an annual rate of 12% and 24%; (3) The proportion of self-productive secondary aluminum in the supply structure increased from 7.7% in 1996 to 12.8% in 2014, while that of primary aluminum decreased from 79.6% to 42.8%; (4) The total supply guarantee degree decreased from 87.3% to 55.6% in this period. These results provide a feasible way to solve this plight: the proportion of secondary aluminum in the supply structure should be enhanced, and an efficient aluminum resource recycling system needs to be established as soon as possible to ensure its sustainable supply.

In 2016, two special issues have been launched and attended in this journal, "Challenges in New Technologies for Security" (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/challenges/special_issues/tech_security) and “Food Microbiology: Technologies and processes, microbiology analysis methods, and antimicrobials” (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/challenges/special_issues/food-microbiology). In this editorial, I will review one of the topics of biological hazards detection, i.e. the rapid analysis of biological agents (DNA and antigens of fungi, bacteria, and viruses) and their toxins.

Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystem productivity and diversity. Compared to biomass models of overstory canopy trees, few are available for understory saplings and shrubs and therefore their roles in estimation of forest carbon pools are often ignored. In this study, we harvested 24 understory species including 4 saplings, 9 tree-like shrubs and 11 typical shrubs in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest in northeastern China and developed the best fit allometric equations of above- and below-ground and total biomass by species-specific or multispecies using morphological measurements of basal diameter, height and crown area as independent variables. The result showed that single basal diameter, height or crown area had good explanatory power for both species-specific and multispecies (p<0.001). The best-fit models included only basal diameter in sapling and tree-like shrubs, and combinations of crown area, height, and basal diameter in typical shrubs. The logarithmic model was most desired among the 4 model forms of linear, quadratic, multiple linear and logarithmic, for species-specific and multispecies. The models we developed should help the estimation of forest ecosystem carbon stocks, especially for belowground component, and provide tools for quantification of individual species biomass of understory plants.

A field experiment was conducted for determination of crop coefficient (KC) and water stress coefficient (Ks) for wheat crop under different salinity levels, during 2015-16. Complete randomized block design of five treatments were considered, i.e., 0.51 dS/m (fresh water) as a control treatment and other four saline water treatments (4, 6, 8 and 10 dS/m), for S1, S2, S3 and S4 with three replications. The results revealed that the water consumed by plants during the different crop growth stages follows the order of FW>S1>S2>S3>S4 salinity levels. According to the obtained results, the calculated values of crop coefficients significantly differed from those suggested by FAO No.56 for the crops. The Ks values clearly differ from one stage to another because the salt stress causes both osmotic stress, due to a decrease in the soil water potential, and ionic stress which the average values of water stress coefficient (Ks) follows this order; FW(1.0)=S1(1.0)>S2(1.0)>S3(0.93)>S4(0.82). Overall, it was found the differences are attributed primarily to specific cultivar, the changes in local climatic conditions and seasonal differences in crop growth patterns. Thus, further studies are essential to determine the crop coefficient values under different variables, to make the best management practice (BMP) in agriculture.

Enhancement in the strength of austenitic steels with a small content of carbon can be achieved by a limited number of methods, among which is the ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure formation, especially efficient with the use of severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing that enables increasing significantly the contribution of grain-boundary strengthening, and also involves a combination of other strengthening factors (work hardening, twins, etc.). In this paper, we demonstrate that the use of SPD processing combined with conventional methods of deformation treatment of metals, such as rolling, may lead to an additional strengthening of UFG steel. Analysis of the results of the study on the change of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Cr-Ni stainless austenitic steel after a combined deformation reveals a substantial increase in the strength properties of this steel, resulting from a consecutive application of SPD processing via equal-channel angular pressing and rolling at a temperature of 400 С, yielding a strength more than 1.5 times higher that that produced by any of these two methods used separately.

An existing power grid is going through a massive transformation. Smart grid technology is a radical approach for improvisation in prevailing power grid. Integration of electrical and communication infrastructure is inevitable for the deployment of Smart grid network. Smart grid technology is characterized by full duplex communication, automatic metering infrastructure, renewable energy integration, distribution automation and complete monitoring and control of entire power grid. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are small micro electrical mechanical systems which are accomplished to collect and communicate the data from surroundings. WSNs can be used for monitoring and control of smart grid assets. Security of wireless sensor based communication network is a major concern for researchers and developers. The limited processing capabilities of wireless sensor networks make them more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The countermeasures against cyber-attacks must be less complex with an ability to offer confidentiality, data readiness and integrity. The address oriented design and development approach for usual communication network requires a paradigm shift to design data oriented WSN architecture. WSN security is an inevitable part of smart grid cyber security. This paper is expected to serve as a comprehensive assessment and analysis of communication standards, cyber security issues and solutions for WSN based smart grid infrastructure.

Arsenic, an element of environmental impact, can be incorporated into jarosite–type compounds and remain stabilised within the structure under a wide range of environmental conditions. In this study, a sample of ammonium–arsenic jarosite was synthesised by precipitation in sulphate medium at controlled pH of 1.2–1.8. The behaviour of arsenic during the thermal and chemical decomposition of jarosite was analysed; the degradation in alkaline medium of jarosite was also studied. According to the results, the synthesised jarosite is composed of joined rhombohedral crystals, forming tightly spherical shaped particles, 37–54 μm size. The ammonium jarosite produced possessed a high arsenic concentration; its calculated stoichiometry being (NH₄)Fe_2.45[(SO₄)_1.80(AsO₄)_0.20][(OH)_4.15(H₂0)_1.85]. It was found that arsenic is stabilised in the jarosite structure; upon heating, it remains in residual solids above 700°C, whilst in alkaline medium an incongruent dissolution takes place, with the arsenic retained in the solid phase along with iron. These solids, when exposed to high temperatures (1200°C), transform into a type of iron oxide known as hematite, so with arsenic it is retained an iron compound forming a stable compound which withstands high temperatures.

Accelerating, exact, explicit and simple solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics allow for a simple and natural description of highly relativistic p+p collisions. These solutions yield a finite rapidity distribution, thus they lead to an advanced estimate of the initial energy density of high energy collisions. We show that such an advanced estimate yields an initial energy density in $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 8 TeV p+p collisions at LHC around or above the critical energy density from lattice QCD, and a corresponding initial temperature above the critical temperature from QCD and the Hagedorn temperature. This suggests that the collision energy of the LHC corresponds to a large enough initial energy density to create a non-hadronic perfect fluid even in pp collisions. %We also show, that several times the %critical energy density may have been reached in high multiplicity events, hinting at a non-hadronic medium created in %high multiplicity $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 8 TeV p+p collisions.

An increase in plant-sourced (PS) nutrient intake is promoted in support of a sustainable diet. PS dietary minerals and proteins have bioactive properties that can affect bone health and the risk of fracture. In a group randomised, cross-over, design, this study evaluated the post-ingestion, temporal pattern of change in arterialised ionised calcium (iCa), parathyroid hormone (PTH), C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) for 4 hours following ingestion of a novel supplement (SUPP) containing a PS marine multi-mineral + PS protein isolate. A diurnally matched intake of mineral water was used as a control (CON). Compared to baseline, the change in iCa concentration was 0.022 (95%CI, 0.006 to 0.038, p = 0.011) mmol/l greater in SUPP than CON, resulting in a -4.214 (95%CI, -8.244 to -.183, p = 0.042) pg/mL mean reduction in PTH, a -0.64 (95%CI, -0.199 to -0.008, p = .029) ng/mL decrease in the biomarker of bone resorption, CTX, and no change in biomarker of bone formation, P1NP. Used as a dietary supplement, or by incorporation into a food matrix, the promotion of PS marine multi-mineral and PS protein isolates may contribute to a more sustainable diet and overall bone health.

Mosquitoes genus Aedes are the most important arthropod disease vector. Dengue Virus (DENV) and Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) are the main arboviruses distributed in the world. Based on entomo-virological surveillance, appropriating public health strategies can be addressed to contain cases and control outbreaks. This study aims to show the potential performance of two new molecular methods for detecting DENV serotypes and CHIKV in mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were collected in urban areas and sylvatic areas between July to August 2023, DENV and CHIKV were screened using new multiplex RT-PCR and RT-q PCR. A total of 2150 mosquitoes were trapped including 976 Aedes (959 Ae. egypti, 6 Ae. furcifer and 11 Ae. Vittatus) and 1174 Culex from 39 pools of a maximum of 30 mosquitoes each, tested by molecular screening, 7.7% (3/39) were positive for DENV, DENV-1 was detected in one pool (1/3), and DENV-3 in two pools (2/3). All the pools were negative for CHIKV. The overall minimum infection rate (MIR) of DENV in this study was 3.07 (95% CI: 2.24 —19.86). This study shows the usefulness of our new molecular tools in DENV serotypes and CHIKV surveillance.

Abstract Introduction: An important indicator of a hospital's quality of care is the frequency of visits to the emergency department (ED). If a patient returns to the emergency room (ED) shortly after being evaluated or treated, it is generally assumed that their initial evaluation or treatment was inadequate. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the main reasons for patient revisits to the emergency department in Hail. Studies suggest that researchers usually report the reasons for revisiting patients after 72 hours to patients themself. Therefore, alternative hypotheses will attribute the reasons to the system or physician's skill. To test these hypotheses, a methodology was developed. Method: The study analyzed patients discharged from King Khalid Hospital within 72 hours of discharge, involving all adults, regardless of health status or location Results: In February 2019, 17461 ED visits occurred, with 11% returning within 72 hours. In February 2022, 880 of 8749 visits resulted in a 10% return visit, with 30 randomly selected return visits.Conclusion: Increased community awareness post-COVID-19 may explain differences in ED revisit rates between 2022 and 2019, with system errors and patient information re-entry being associated

Coproporphyrins I and III (CP-I and CP-III) are established as substrates of hepatic sinusoidal organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatps), multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3), and canalicular transporter Mrp2. We aimed to evaluate the potential of plasma CP-I and CP-III concentrations to indicate functional changes in hepatic transporters in nonalcoholic stea-tohepatitis (NASH) rodent models using modeling and simulation approach. Mechanistic copro-porphyrins (CP-I and CP-III) models in rats and mice were constructed based on metabolism, transport, and elimination pathways in rodents. To parameterize the rat mechanistic model, we measured CP concentrations in plasma, liver, bile, and urine in healthy control Sprague Dawley rats. The mouse mechanistic model was parameterized using published data. The rat and mouse CP models described the steady-state levels of CP-I and CP-III in plasma, liver, and bile. The model recapitulated the observed high plasma CP-III / CP-1 ratio (9- and 3-fold in rats and mice, respec-tively) and elimination pathways of CP-I (>90% via biliary secretion) and CP-III (equal via bile and urine). Rat CP model was further validated with the published rat fistula model. The simulated increased plasma CP-I concentrations (4-fold), resulted from decreased Oatp activity (0.6-fold) and increased Mrp3 activity (3-fold) were comparable to those observed in bile-duct ligated NASH model. Sensitivity analysis revealed that 90% inhibition of Oatp and Mrp2 leads to a 4-fold and 2.5-fold increase in plasma CP-I levels, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrated the utility of the mechanistic CP models in testing hypothesis and understanding the mechanisms of the ob-served plasma CPs disposition in the Oatp knockout (KO) mice, bile-duct ligation NASH mice, and Mrp2 deficient TR- rats. Collectively, using a mechanistic model, we conclude that CP-I is a robust and predictable marker for assessing change in the activity of Oatps and Mrps in animal models. Our analysis suggests that efflux transporters (Mrp2 and Mrp3) can play an important role in the disposition of CP-I along with Oatp transporters in rodents.

Purpose: The goal of this article was to introduce a new technique for root coverage (RC), the Mixed-Thickness Tunnel access (MiTT), approaching a full-split design, showing the results obtained in a case series and demonstrating it step-by-step. Methods: Healthy individuals, non-smokers, and non-diabetics, who were diagnosed with gingival recession (GR) type 1 or 2 (RT1 or RT2). After all necessary evaluations, prophylaxis was performed 14 days before the surgical procedure. Then, after the basics clinical conduct and anesthesia, one or two vertical incision(s) on the mucosa (around 1-2 mm apical to the MGJ), lateral to the papilla base, were done. Initial detachment of the mucosa from the muscles (split design); it was permitted (but not mandatory) to do intrasulcular incisions; from the MGJ to coronal, subperiosteal access was done to raise the full-thickness tunnel. It must communicate up to the gingival sulcus area and the papilla’s base, keeping the papilla’s tip intact. A connective tissue graft was harvested, which was inserted through the linear incision or intrasulcularly. Interrupted sutures were done and may be used as adjunctive material. Results: Nine healthy individuals (7 females and 2 males) aged 19 and 43 years were enrolled. They were treated following the MiTT steps. There were four cases with a single GR, 2 patients with 2 teeth involved, and three with 3 or 4 GR. Seven cases were RT1 and two RT2. All RT1 cases achieved 100% RC, while the mean RC obtained for RT2 was around 80%. Conclusion: MiTT can be considered a more straightforward approach for minimally invasive surgical technique, which is a feasible option to treat RC with a high success rate, predictability, and esthetic preservation. There is a technical sensitivity to performing the full-split design procedure.

A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC– MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin (ATOR), ezetimibe (EZM) and their three metabolites including o-hydroxyl atorvastatin (o-OH ATOR), p-hydroxyl atorvastatin (p-OH ATOR), and ezetimibe-glucuronide (EZM-G) in human plasma using benzyl paraben (BP) as internal standard (IS). The analytes and IS were ionized using ESI positive ion mode (ATOR, o-OH ATOR, and p-OH ATOR), ESI negative ion mode (EZM, EZM-G, and BP), and operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. They were next extracted by salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with acetonitrile, and then analyzed by liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase chromatographic column (50 mm × 4.6 mm; 3.5 µm), using a mixture of ac-etonitrile and an acetic acid solution (0.5%) as the mobile phase, showing high extraction effi-ciency (>70%), and a minimized matrix effect. The method was satisfactorily validated, and showed excellent linearity over wide concentration ranges of 0.06–15 ng/mL, 0.6–150 ng/mL, 0.4–100 ng/mL, 0.12–30 ng/mL, and 0.05–3 ng/mL for EZM, EZM-G, ATOR, o-OH ATOR, and p-OH ATOR, respectively.

The Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) compound is a primary environmental pollutant worldwide, whereas elemental Sulfur (S) is a global commodity possessing a variety of industrial as well as commercial functions. The chemical relationship between poisonous SO2 and commercially viable elemental S has motivated this investigation using Density Functional Theory calculation of the relative transition state barriers for the 2-step Dehydro-sulfurization oxidation-reduction reaction. Additionally, doubly-charged nanoscale platelet Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2), Armchair (6,6) Carbon Nanotube, 28-atom Graphene nanoflake (GR-28), and Fullerene C-60 are utilized as catalysts. The optimal heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis pathways of the 2-step oxidation-reduction from SO2 to elemental S are further inspired by the biomimicry of the honeybee species multi-step bio-catalysis of pollen conversion to organic honey. Potential applications include environmental depollution, the mining of elemental sulfur, and the functionalization of novel technologies such as the recently patented aerial and amphibious Lynchpin TM drones.

Lyme disease and associated co-infections are increasing worldwide and approximately 20% of individuals develop chronic Lyme disease (CLD)/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) despite early antibiotics. A 7–8-week protocol of double dose dapsone combination therapy (DDDCT) for CLD/PTLDS results in symptom remission in approximately 50% of patients for one year or longer, with published culture studies indicating higher doses of dapsone demonstrate efficacy against resistant biofilm forms of Borrelia burgdorferi. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate higher doses of dapsone in the treatment of resistant CLD/PTLDS and associated co-infections. Twenty-five patients with a history of Lyme and associated co-infections, most of whom had ongoing symptoms despite several courses of DDDCT, took one or more courses of high dose pulsed dapsone combination therapy (200 mg dapsone X 3-4 days and/or 200 mg BID x 4 days), depending on persistent symptoms. The majority of patients noticed sustained improvement in 8 major Lyme symptoms, including fatigue, pain, headaches, neuropathy, insomnia, cognition, and sweating, where dapsone dosage, not just treatment length, positively affected outcomes. High dose pulsed dapsone combination therapy may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of resistant CLD/PTLDS, and should be confirmed in randomized, controlled clinical trials.

After a 1.5 year screening survey in the lagoons of Western Greece in order to isolate and culture sturdy species of microalgae for aquaculture or other value added uses, as dictated primarily by a satisfactory potential for their mass-culture, five species emerged and their growth was monitored in laboratory conditions. Amphidinium carterae, Nephroselmis sp., Tetraselmis sp. (var. red pappas), Asteromonas gracilis and Dunaliella sp. were batch cultured using low (20 ppt), sea (40 ppt) and high salinity (50 or 60 or 100 ppt) and in combination with a low (2000 lux) and high (8000 lux) intensity of illumination. The results exhibited that all these species can be grown adequately in all salinities and with best growth in terms of maximum cell density, specific growth rate (SGR) and biomass yield (g dry weight/L) at high illumination (8000 lux). The five species examined exhibited different responses in the salinities used, Amphidinium clearly does best in 20 ppt far better than 40 ppt and even more than 50 ppt. Nephroselmis and Tetraselmis grow almost the same in 20 and 40 ppt and less well in 60 ppt. Asteromonas does best in 100 ppt although it can grow quite well in both 40 and 60 ppt. Dunaliella grows equally well in all salinities (20-40-60 ppt). Concerning productivity as maximum biomass yield at the end of the culture period, first rank is occupied by Nephroselmis with ~3.0 g d.w./L, followed by Tetraselmis (2.0 g/L), Dunaliella (1.58 g/L), Amphidinium (1.19 g/L) and Asteromonas (0.7 g/L) with all values recorded at high light (8000 lux).

Despite extensive investigations of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) since its development in 1995, its factor structure and other psychometric properties still need to be firmly established, with several calls for revising its item structure. Employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), this study examined the factor structure of the DASS-21 and five shortened versions of the DASS-21 among psychiatric patients (N = 168) and the general public (N = 992) during the COVID-19 confinement period in Saudi Arabia. Multigroup CFA, Mann Whitney W test, Spearman’s correlation, and coefficient alpha were used to examine the shortened versions of the DASS-21 (DASS-13, DASS-12, DASS-9 (two versions), and DASS-8) for invariance across age and gender groups, discriminant validity, predictive validity, item coverage, and internal consistency, respectively. Compared with the DASS-21, all three-factor structures of the shortened versions expressed good fit, with the DASS-8 demonstrating the best fit and highest item loadings on the corresponding factors in both samples (χ2(16, 15) = 16.5, 67.0; p = 0.420, 0.000; CFI= 1.000, 0.998; TLI = 0.999, 0.997; RMSEA = 0.013, 0.059, SRMR = 0.0186, 0.0203). It expressed configural, metric, and scalar invariance across age and gender groups. Its internal consistency was comparable to other versions (α = 0.94). Strong positive correlations of the DASS-8 and its subscales with the DASS-21 and its subscales (r = 0.97 to 0.81) suggest adequate item coverage and good predictive validity of this version. The DASS-8 and its subscales distinguished the clinical sample from the general public at the same level of significance expressed by the DASS-21 and other shortened versions, supporting its discriminant validity. Neither the DASS-21 nor the shortened versions distinguished patients diagnosed with depression and anxiety from other conditions. The DASS-8 represents a valid short version of the DASS-21, which may be useful in research and clinical practice for quick identification of individuals with potential psychopathologies. Diagnosing depression/anxiety disorders may be further confirmed in a next step by clinician-facilitated examinations. Brevity of the DASS-21 would save time and effort used for filling the questionnaire and support comprehensive assessments by allowing the inclusion of more measures on test batteries.

In this paper we have defined the effect of bulk viscosity on Quintessence model and scaler field potential as well as on classical field. We have shown the same effect for modified gravity with f(R,T)= R+f(T). In the derivation we have predicted the possibility of time dependent evolution of gravitational constant G and anisotropy.

A bread wheat line (N11) and a disomic 2D(2R) substitution triticale line have been crossed and backrossed four times. At each step electrophoretic selection for the seeds that possessed, simultaneously, the complete set of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of N11 and the two high molecular weight secalins of rye, present in the 2D(2R) line, was carried out. Molecular cytogenetic analyses of the BC4F5 generation have revealed that the selection carried out had produced a disomic addition line (2n=44). The pair of additional chromosomes consisted of the long arm of chromosome 1R (1RL) from rye fused with the satellite body of the wheat chromosome 6B. Rheological analyses revealed that the dough obtained by the new addition line had higher quality characteristics when compared with the two parents. The role of the two additional high molecular weight secalins, present in the disomic addition line, in influencing improved dough characteristics is discussed.

Under one-health perspective and the worldwide antimicrobial resistance concern, we investigate extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli from 197 isolates recovered from healthy dogs in Spain between 2013 and 2017. Ninety-one (46.2%) isolates were classified as ExPEC and/or UPEC including 50 clones, among which (i) four clones were dominant (B2-CH14-180-ST127, B2-CH52-14-ST141, B2-CH103-9-ST372 and F-CH4-58-ST64815) and (ii) 15 had been shown to be displayed by previously published isolates causing extraintestinal infections in humans. Twenty-eight (14.2%) isolates were classified as MDR, associated with B1, D and E phylogroups and included 24 clones, of which eight had also been identified among human isolates causing infections. We selected 23 ST372 strains, 21 healthy dogs faecal isolates and two human clinical isolates for whole genome sequencing and built a SNP-tree with these 23 genomes and 174 genomes (128 from canine strains and 46 from human strains) obtained from public databases. The analysis of these 197 genomes allowed to identify six clusters. Cluster 1 comprised 74.6% of the strain genomes that were mostly composed of canine strain genomes (P &lt; 0.00001). Clusters 4 and 6 also included canine strain genomes, while clusters 2, 3 and 5 were significantly associated with human strain genomes. All these findings suggest that dogs are reservoirs of ExPEC, UPEC and MDR E. coli isolates with zoonotic potential.

The Late Bronze Age on the territory of Southern Transurals is represented by two major archeological cultures: Srubnaya and Andronovskaya (Alakul culture and Fyodorovskaya – type). Their interaction of constitutes a special mix of material cultures which preserves common features of two independent, Srubnaya and Andronovskaya cultures, but also creates novel local material features. These cultural groups are also known to have brought to the region the technology of bronze production. This is evidenced, amongst others, by the proximity of the largest copper mining in the region, Kargaly mines Chernykh (2002). New methods to produce ceramics and to work bones were also developed, combining two traditions, coming from Srubnaya and Andronovskaya cultures respectively. Importantly, the features of these cultures are commonly encountered together in a single cultural horizon across the distribution ares. These diffusion processes took place in a vast area (more than 120,000 km²) andwere reflected in archeological micro-district of the Urshak river basin. We present here the most recent results of the scientific examination of the Late Bronze Age settlements in southern Transurals and attempt to address a peculiar cultural co-habitation of two distinct cultural groups in this region. We also discuss their synchronism based on absolute dates and elaborate on this cultural syncretism in the entire territory of the Volga-Ural region.

Background: Breast cancer remains a significant health concern among women globally. Despite advancements in awareness and diagnostic techniques, it persists as a leading cause of death, with profound impacts on affected individuals' quality of life. Primary and secondary prevention, including regular screenings and practices like Breast Self-Examination (BSE), are pivotal in ensuring early diagnosis. The NHS in Italy offers screenings for women aged 50-69 every two years, managed by the Local Health Authority. However, the participation rates, especially among the Chinese female population residing in Italy, are not well-understood. Methods: Using a snowball method, we electronically disseminated a survey to investigate how Chinese women living in Italy engage with available NHS screening programs. The survey also explores their practice of BSE, the use and impact of technological tools on prevention, and aims to understand their depth of knowledge and misconceptions about breast cancer. Results: The data revealed a significant gap in breast cancer screening adherence and knowledge among Chinese women in Italy, with a notable discrepancy between the general population and those who have previously encountered cancer. Conclusions: The results highlight the urgent need for interventions that are culturally sensitive, stressing that these actions are not only desirable but essential.

Binary mixtures of surfactants build a binary mixed micelle in which the ratio of surfactants usually differs from the initial ratio of surfactants in their binary mixture. The thermodynamic stabilization of the binary mixed micellar pseudophase about the hypothetical ideal state (intermolecular interactions between the different particles and the conformational states of the particles are identical to those of monocomponent states) is described by the molar excess Gibbs free energy (gE). The dependence of gE on the molar fraction of surfactant i (xi) from the binary mixed micelle can be described by a symmetric function (symmetry is described to the line parallel to the y-axis and passes through xi = 0.5) or by an asymmetric function. Theoretical analysis (canonical partition function, conformational analysis) examines how the presence of different polar functional groups, some of which are sterically shielded from the steroid skeleton of bile salt (surfactant), affect the symmetry of the function gE of the binary mixed micelle of the cholic acid anion (bile salt) and classical cationic surfactant (hydrophobic tail and polar head). Suppose the steroid skeleton of the bile salt contains non-sterically shielded polar groups (or the temperature is relatively high). In that case, gE is a symmetric function. At the same time, if the steroid skeleton also contains sterically shielded polar groups, then the gE function is asymmetric.

The topic of this paper is the airborne evaluation of ICESat-2 Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) measurement capabilities and surface-height-determination over crevassed glacial terrain, with a focus on the geodetical accuracy of geophysical data collected from a helicopter. To obtain surface heights over crevassed and otherwise complex ice surface, ICESat-2 data are analyzed using the density-dimension algorithm for ice surfaces (DDA-ice), which yields surface heights at the nominal 0.7~m along-track spacing of ATLAS data. As the result of an ongoing surge, Negribreen, Svalbard, provided an ideal situation for the validation objectives in 2018 and 2019, because many different crevasse types and morphologically complex ice surfaces existed in close proximity. Airborne geophysical data, including laser altimeter data (profilometer data at 905~nm frequency), differential Global Positioning System (GPS), Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data, on-board-time-lapse imagery and photographs, were collected during two campaigns in summers of 2018 and 2019. Airborne experiment setup, geodetical correction and data processing steps are described here. To date, there is relatively little knowledge of the geodetical accuracy that can be obtained from kinematic data collection from a helicopter. Our study finds that (1)~Kinematic GPS data collection with correction in post-processing yields higher accuracies than Real-Time-Kinematic (RTK) data collection. (2)~Processing of only the rover data using the Natural Resources Canada Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) software is sufficiently accurate for the sub-satellite validation purpose. (3)~Distances between ICESat-2 ground tracks and airborne ground tracks were generally better than 25~m, while distance between predicted and actual ICESat-2 ground track was on the order of 9~m, which allows direct comparison of ice-surface heights and spatial statistical characteristics of crevasses from the satellite and airborne measurements. (4)~The Lasertech Universal Laser System (ULS), operated at up to 300~m above ground level, yields full return frequency (400~Hz) and 0.06-0.08~m on-ice along-track spacing of height measurements. (5)~Cross-over differences of airborne laser altimeter data are 0.1918 $\pm$ 2.385~m along straight paths over generally crevassed terrain, which implies a precision of approximately 2.4~m for ICESat-2 validation experiments. (6)~In summary, the comparatively light-weight experiment setup of a suite of small survey equipment mounted on a Eurocopter (Helicopter AS-350) and kinematic GPS data analyzed in post-processing using CSRS-PPP leads to high accuracy repeats of the ICESat-2 tracks. The technical results (1)-(6) indicate that direct comparison of ice-surface heights and crevasse depths from the ICESat-2 and airborne laser altimeter data is warranted. The final result of the validation is that ICESat-2 ATLAS data, analyzed with the DDA-ice, facilitate surface-height determination over crevassed terrain, in good agreement with airborne data, including spatial characteristics, such as surface roughness, crevasse spacing and depth, which are key informants on the deformation and dynamics of a glacier during surge.

Since December 2019, a rapid increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases was reported worldwide, despite strict infection control and lock down measures. Current paper investigated the actual facts behind this rapid increase in the number of cases. Study of genomic sequence reveals that domestic and wild animals were likely ancestors and zoonotic source for SARS-CoVs, MERS-CoVs, and SARS-CoV-2. Strong evidence suggest that these viruses already existed and replicated in animals and humans during past several decades, exhibiting diverse mutations, evolutions and self-limiting diseases, except during outbreaks. Serious zoonotic reservoir investigations are required to investigate animal transmission of SARS-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 to limit current pandemic. This might be the reason of increasing number of cases via animals. SARS-CoV-2 has been retrospectively isolated in different studies in August 2019, several months before Wuhan announced. Hence, there is a possibility that viruses existed, went undetected, infecting subclinically, in past several years, and SARS-CoV-2 antigens and neutralizing antibodies may have been present in humans since long time. This might be another reason of increasing number of cases by screening as mass screening and antigen or antibody testing was not carried out in the past years. Randomized controlled trials are required to investigate human to human transmission by touch, as the current evidence is limited with conflicting results. As all SARS-CoVs are basically respiratory viruses, droplet precautions and infection control measures are essential, especially for hospital staff. Increased number of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic, or subclinical cases are detected worldwide. This silent phase of transmission can be beneficial for humans. Lack of symptoms eventually lessen virus transmission and reduce the pathogen's long-term survival and provide humoral herd immunity up to several years. Hence, seropositivity with diverse antibodies develops against mutating SARS-CoVs which will confer strong immunity during epidemics. Strategies such as identification, contact tracing and quarantine are costly and practically difficult. Hence, asymptomatic persons can continue their work with droplet precautions and standard infection control procedures, while symptomatic or sick persons can isolate themselves in their homes without the need for strict quarantine until clinical recovery, with reduced hospital visits and minimizing chances of hospital acquired infections. RT-PCR has low sensitivity and specificity, carries a high risk of handling live virus antigens, and requires difficult protocols. As viral load also sharply declines after few days of onset of infection, this technique might overlook infection. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection may be present in blood when oropharyngeal swabs are negative by RT-PCR. Additionally, RT-PCR usually gives false negative and false positive results and must be interpreted cautiously. This might be again a reason of increasing number of cases by false positive RT-PCR reporting. Moreover, antibodies against SARS-CoVs develop robustly in serum even by reduced amount of antigens. In contrast to RT-PCR, ELISA for diagnosing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity, even in clinically asymptomatic individuals. These antibodies can be used for serologic surveys, monitoring and screening. However, screening tests for SARS-COV-2 should be avoided in unhygienic public places by nasopharyngeal swabs, which carry a high risk of further transmission, co-infection or superinfection. Such highly infectious virus must be isolated and tested in highly sterilized laboratory. Further strict international laws and policies are required to stop the possible spread of experimental viruses, biological warfare and bioterrorism.

Background: Primary deficit schizophrenia (DS) is characterized by enduring negative symptoms and represents a qualitatively different disease entity with respect to non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS). No studies investigated the association between the enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and DS and its phenomenology. Methods: In this case-control study, Thai women and men, aged 18-65 years, were divided in DS (n=40) and NDS (n=40) and were compared to controls (n=40). PON1 activities against 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate (CMPA) and phenylacetate were determined. Moreover, subjects were genotyped for their PON1 Q192R polymorphism and IgA levels responses directed to Gram-negative bacteria were measured. Results: DS is significantly associated with the QQ genotype and the Q allele as compared with NDS and controls. PON1 activities are significantly and inversely associated with negative symptoms, formal thought disorders, psychomotor retardation, excitation and DS. The presence of the Q allele is associated with increased IgA responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, and Pseudomonas putida as compared with RR carriers. Conclusions: The PON1 Q allele and lower PON1 activities especially against CMPA are associated with DS, indicating lowered quorum quenching abilities as well as lowered defenses against lipoperoxidation and immune activation. It is suggested that lowered PON1 activity in DS constitutes an impairment in the innate immune system which together with lowered natural IgM may cause lower immune regulation thereby predisposing towards greater neurotoxic effects of immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative pathways and Gram-negative microbiota.

Background/Objectives: Asperger Syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder within the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Difficulties in social and communication skills characterise it despite individuals typically having average intelligence and language development. Improving socialisation skills in individuals with ASD requires a tailored approach that addresses their specific needs and encompasses a range of targeted strategies. This study investigates the effectiveness of a structured social skills training programme for adolescents and young adults with AS; Methods: Patients diagnosed with AS, irrespective of gender, were consecutively recruited from an outpatient clinic. The programme consisted of activities within the Social Skills, Autonomy, and Awareness module, designed for adolescent and young adult groups, conducted fortnightly, with sessions lasting between 1.5 to 3 hours each over 17 months. The Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS) assessed adaptive behaviour at enrolment and upon intervention completion. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS version 22.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Statistical analysis included automatic clustering, employing the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to determine the optimal number of clusters within the dataset. The Pearson Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied to assess whether variable distributions among the clusters differed significantly; Results: Thirty-one individuals (77.4% female) with AS participated in the study, with a mean age of 20.1 years (SD 7.0). The TwoStep algorithm identified two distinct clusters. The mean age at enrolment was significantly higher in Cluster 1 (n. 8) than in Cluster 2 (n. 23; p = 0.005). Additionally, the mean enrolment score on the Vineland II socialisation scale was significantly higher in Cluster 1 (93.9; SD 5.7) compared to Cluster 2 (49.0, SD 18.2; p &lt; 0.001). At follow-up, the mean scores for both Cluster 1 (104.6, SD 13.3) and Cluster 2 (57.8, SD 18.0) showed significant increases (p &lt; 0.05), with over 50% of participants demonstrating improvement in social skills; Conclusions: This study highlights distinct profiles among individuals with AS, revealing a clear association between age and social skills development. The intervention effectively enhanced social skills in most participants, regardless of the age at which treatment commenced. For some individuals, alternative or enhanced treatment options may be considered to achieve optimal outcomes.

Age is an influential factor in the Second Language Acquisition (SLA). The debate on whether young learners are more successful than older learners has been going on for more than half of a century, starting from the Critical Period Hypothesis, which is based on brain structure. This study examines a range of studies revolving around the Critical Period Hypothesis in the past several decades to analyze the common SLA belief ‘Younger learners are more skillful than older learners in acquiring second language.’ The study disagrees that all younger learners are more advantageous than older learners in all areas of SLA. In fact, learners from different age categories have unique advantages and disadvantages in SLA. Moreover, the study approves a more holistic perspective on a wider range of non-biological factors that impact the success of SLA. At the end, the study puts forward a diversity of instructional methods that suit children and adolescents specifically in Vietnamese English Education context.

This study investigates the relationship between shipping connectivity, environmental quality, financial development, and economic growth among 14 countries in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) from 2006 to 2019. Using panel-corrected standard error, Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression, and Driscoll-Kraay estimation methods, the analysis reveals that shipping connectivity significantly contributes to financial development and economic growth, while also exerting a negative impact on environmental quality. These findings underscore the dual role of shipping connectivity in fostering economic prosperity and increasing environmental challenges, highlighting the trade-offs between growth and sustainability. The study also emphasizes that as trade between RCEP countries grows, driven in part by the removal of customs tariffs, shipping activities—and consequently environmental pollution—will likely increase. To achieve sustainable development in the maritime sector, policymakers must devise strategies that maximize economic benefits while mitigating environmental harm. These strategies include promoting environmentally friendly green ports, adopting low-carbon and advanced technologies, and strengthening policies to control emissions and marine pollution. Collaboration among shipping companies, local governments, and environmental organizations is also essential.

Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic eukaryotes responsible for CO2 fixation and primary production in aquatic ecosystems. The cosmopolitan marine diatom Coscinodiscus granii can form seasonal blooms in coastal areas and interact with various microorganisms, including the parasitic oomycete Lagenisma coscinodisci. This unicellular eukaryote is mainly present in the northern hemisphere as an obligate parasite of the genus Coscinodiscus. Understanding the interplay of abiotic factors such as temperature and biotic factors like parasitism on algal physiology is crucial as it dictates plankton community composition and is especially relevant in climate change. This study investigates the impact of two temperatures, 13°C and 25°C, on Coscinodiscus granii under laboratory conditions. A decreased infection rate of the parasite was observed at the elevated temperature. Comparative metabolomic analysis using UHPLC-HRMS revealed that temperature and parasitism significantly affect the algal metabolome. Abundances of metabolites related to sulfur metabolism, including cysteinoleic acid and dimethylsulfoniopropionate, as well as molecules linked to fatty acid metabolism, e.g., carnitine, acetylcarnitine, and eicosapentaenoic acid, significantly increase in cells grown at a higher temperature, suggesting the enhanced rate of metabolism of host cells as temperature rises. Our study reveals how temperature-induced metabolic changes can influence host-parasite dynamics in a changing climate.

: Ipomoeassin F (Ipom-F) is a plant-derived macrocyclic resin glycoside that potently inhibits cancer cell growth through blockage of Sec61-mediated protein translocation at the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, detailed structural information on how Ipom-F binds to Sec61α was obtained using Cryo-EM, which discovered that polar interactions between asparagine-300 (N300) in Sec61α and four oxygens in Ipom-F are crucial. One of the four oxygens is from the carbonyl group at C-4 of the fatty caid chain. In contrast, our previous structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest that the carbonyl group is not essential. To resolve this discrepancy, we designed and synthesized two new open-chain analogues (10 and 11). 10 without the C-4 carbonyl had a dramatic activity loss, whereas 11 with an amide functional group was even more potent than Ipom-F. These new SAR data, in conjunction with some previous SAR information, imply two functional roles of the C-4 carbonyl: 1) to form H-bonds with N300; and 2) to regulate interactions of the fatty acid chain with membrane lipids. Impacts of these dual functions on antiproliferation depend on the overall structure of an Ipom-F derivative. Moreover, 11 can serve as a lead compound for developing future amino acid/peptide-modified analogues of Ipom-F with improved therapeutic properties.

This study combines two methodologies—key indicators from the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) and the Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA) approach—to evaluate sustainability among 330 producers from three associations working within the recently recognized Amazonian Chakra system, designated as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS). The SAFA framework's four dimensions—Good Governance, Environmental Integrity, Economic Resilience, and Social Well-being—were used to assess sustainability, while the SLF considered key capitals such as financial, natural, and human capitals as critical for understanding livelihood outcomes. The discriminant analysis revealed significant differences across the associations, with Kallari and Wiñak performing better in financial management, environmental practices, and governance compared to Tsatsayaku, which exhibited weaker outcomes in these domains. Key indicators such as chakra income, price determination, and civic responsibility were the most effective in distinguishing the groups. The income analysis further highlights that Tsatsayaku reported the highest total income but relies heavily on non-Chakra sources, while Kallari and Wiñak showed stronger reliance on Chakra income, which aligns with their more sustainable agricultural practices. Per-capita income was higher for Tsatsayaku, but extreme poverty levels remained similar across all associations, underscoring the need for targeted financial interventions. Policy recommendations include promoting access to financial resources and strengthening participatory governance models to enhance sustainability outcomes across associations. For future research, combining the SAFA and SLF provides a comprehensive and robust methodology for assessing sustainability in agricultural systems, enabling a deeper understanding of the interactions between social, economic, and environmental factors in diverse contexts.

Hotel certifications have become increasingly vital in promoting sustainability within the hospitality industry, providing frameworks that guide hotels toward reducing their environmental footprint, enhancing operational efficiency and gaining a competitive edge in the marketplace. This review explores the development, types and impacts of hotel certifications, with a focus on prominent schemes such as ISO 14001, LEED, Green Key, and EarthCheck. Through an analysis of case studies from globally recognized hotels, we highlight how certifications contribute to significant reductions in energy and water use, improved waste management and enhanced biodiversity protection, while also delivering economic benefits through cost savings and increased guest loyalty. The paper also examines consumer perceptions of certifications and their willingness to pay (WTP) for certified hotels. Findings suggest that eco-conscious travelers, particularly younger generations, are willing to pay a premium for hotels that demonstrate a commitment to sustainability, though consumer awareness of certification schemes remains limited. The barriers to adopting certifications, such as high initial costs, resource limitations and management resistance, are also discussed, along with the challenges posed by greenwashing and the proliferation of certification schemes. Looking to the future, this review identifies key trends that will shape the evolution of hotel certifications, including increased transparency, the integration of smart technologies, the expanding role of social responsibility and alignment with global sustainability goals such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Hotel certifications are not only crucial for environmental sustainability, but also serve as a powerful tool for enhancing the economic viability of hotels in an increasingly competitive and sustainability-driven market.

Diverse exogenous nitrogen (N) sources have a considerable impact on microbial community structure in terrestrial ecosystems. Legume plants and N deposition can relieve N limitations and increase net primary productivity. However, the differences in their effects on soil microbial communities remain unclear. Here, the responses of the soil microbial community to a legume-planting system and simulated N deposition were examined in karst grasslands in Southwest China over five years by analyzing soil microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). The experiment included three treatments—legume plant introduction (NL, Indigofera atropurpurea), N deposition (ND, NH4NO3:10 g N m−2 yr−1), and a control with no treatment. The effects of NL and ND on soil microbial community composition were significantly different. ND significantly reduced the biomass of bacteria, Actinobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. NL insignificantly increased the biomass of all microbial groups. However, the total amounts of PLFAs and fungal biomass were significantly higher in NL than in ND. The effect of legume plant introduction on soil microbial community composition was more powerful than that of ND. Overall, the introduction of legume plants is beneficial for increasing the biomass of the soil microbial community and stabilizing the soil microbial community structure in karst grassland ecosystems.

In this paper, we analyzed the influence of spin Nernst effect on quantum correlation in the layered ferrimagnetic model. In the study of three-dimensional ferrimagnets, the focus is on materials with a specific arrangement of spins, where neighboring spins are parallel and other antiparallel. The anisotropic nature of these materials means that the interactions between spins depend on their relative orientations in different directions. We analyzed the effect of magnon bands induced by the coupling parameters on entanglement negativity. The influence of the coupling parameters of the topologic phase transition on quantum entanglement is investigated as well. Numerical simulations using Lanczos algorithm and exact diagonalization for different sizes lattice are compared with the results of the spin wave theory.

Curved continuous steel box girders are extensively utilized in bridge construction due to its efficiency and environmental benefits. However, in regions with significant temperature fluctuations, temperature effects can result in cumulative deformation and stress concentration, which may severely impact structural safety and durability. This study examines the structural response of curved continuous steel box girders under diverse temperature conditions and also develops a comprehensive parameterized thermodynamic numerical model. The model assesses the influence of cross-sectional shape parameters including; the number of cross-sectional box chambers, diaphragm thickness, and height-to-width ratio, as well as longitudinal structural parameters such as planar configurations, width-to-span ratio, and support arrangements, along with the arrangement of stiffening ribs on the temperature-induced effects in the girders. Results indicate that optimizing the width and eccentricity of support stiffeners to 30% and 25% in the support plate size, respectively, can significantly alleviate local temperature-induced stresses. Additionally, variations in longitudinal and transverse stiffeners manifest minimal impact on thermal performance. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for improved design and construction practices, offering practical design recommendations to mitigate temperature effects and enhance the longevity and safety of such structures.

The field of 3D model generation has become essential across various industries, including gaming, virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), architecture, and medical imaging. Traditionally reliant on manual efforts, 3D content creation is now being transformed by deep generative models, enabling more efficient, scalable, and dynamic generation of complex shapes and environments. This survey provides a comprehensive review of key backbone architectures used for 3D generation, including autoencoders, variational autoencoders (VAEs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), autoregressive models, diffusion models, normalizing flows, attention-based models, CLIP-guided models, and procedural generation techniques. We explore each model’s role in 3D generation, highlighting their strengths—such as the precision of VAEs, the realism of GANs, the stability of diffusion models, and the scalability of procedural methods—alongside their limitations, such as training instability, high computational costs, and the difficulty in handling multi-modal data. Additionally, we discuss the increasing relevance of attention-enhanced models and the integration of text-based CLIP supervision for improved semantic alignment in 3D outputs. The survey concludes with an analysis of open challenges, including balancing efficiency with expressiveness, managing training complexity, and addressing dataset limitations. It also identifies future research directions, such as few-shot learning, hybrid architectures, and neural-symbolic approaches, which promise to advance the field by improving the generalization and versatility of 3D generation models. This paper aims to guide researchers and practitioners in navigating the evolving landscape of 3D generative methods and inspire new innovations in the creation of realistic, high-quality 3D content.

Clinicians have long faced challenges and decisions regarding sodium management in their patients. They must have a good understanding of the physiology of sodium, its metabolism, distribution in the body, and the consequences of changes in sodium content and concentration seen frequently in different settings of patient care and across different specialties. Multiple studies and several formulas are currently available to help manage cases with dysnatremia. These tools require a detailed focus to benefit patients in the short and long term and to avoid consequences due to poor decisions leading to severe and potentially fatal complications, including osmotic demyelination syndrome. This review will consider different aspects of sodium metabolism, the role sodium has in patients with edema, the evolution sodium management based on Edelman’s studies and related formulas, and other considerations regarding sodium storage in the skin currently relevant for a more in-depth approach to the management of patients with dysnatremias.

Neuraminidase (NA)-based immunity could reduce the severity of infection caused by the new antigenic variants of influenza viruses. Detection of NA-inhibiting (NI) antibodies simultaneously with antibodies to hemagglutinin (HA) may enhance research of antibody response to influenza vaccines. Methods. The study examined 64 pairs of sera from patients vaccinated in 2018 with seasonal inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines (IIVs) with the formula recommended by WHO for the 2018-2019 influenza season. Antibodies to drift influenza viruses A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019(H1N1)pdm09 and A A/Brisbane/34/2018(H3N2) were studied before vaccination and 21 days after vaccination. To assess NI antibodies, we used the enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) with pairs of reassortant viruses A/H6N1 and A/H6N2, and anti-HA antibodies were detected in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The microneutralization (MN) test was performed in the MDCK cell line with A/H6N1 and A/H6N2 viruses. Results. Seasonal IIVs induce a substantial immune response of NI antibodies to influenza A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 viruses. A significantly reduced ‘herd’ immunity to drift influenza viruses A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 was shown, compared to previously circulating strains, but most of all to N2. Seasonal IIVs caused increases in antibodies to homologous and drift viruses, but to drift viruses more often among older patients. The level of NI antibodies to later A/H1N1pdm09 virus in response to IIVs was statistically significantly lower among younger people. After IIV vaccination, the total proportions of individuals with HI antibody levels ≥1:40 and NI antibodies ≥ 1:20 were 32.8% to drift A/H1N1pdm09 virus and 17.2% to drift A/H3N2 virus. Antisera containing HI and NI antibodies exhibit neutralizing properties in vitro against viruses with unrelated HA of H6 subtype. Conclusions. Drift A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 viruses demonstrated significantly lower reactivity with NI and NI antibodies to early influenza viruses. In response to seasonal IIVs, the level of seroprotection increased, including to drift viruses A, but to a greater extent to A/H1N1pdm09. Based on the data obtained, it can be hypothesized that in the case of a mismatched HA, it will most likely be necessary to vaccinate against the N1-containing influenza virus those who under 60 years of age, and the entire population against virus possessing N2.

.Citizen or community science (CS) projects in the marine environment rarely consider carbon footprint and sustainability. In this case study, we assessed the effectiveness of ten CS methods used by tourists in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) and Coral Sea Marine Park (CSMP). We also assessed baseline coral reef knowledge of the tourists, observations of marine species and the communication of our results to the public. Specifically, the tourists utilised up to ten methods: iNaturalist, CoralWatch, Great Barrier Reef Census, Eye on the Reef (EoR), environ-mental DNA (eDNA) testing kits, photogrammetry, social surveys, and Red Map, as well as ma-rine debris and marine vegetation collections. A total of 10,421 data points were collected across 14 days, including 5,390 records (52 % of the total) uploaded to iNaturalist, comprising 640 plant animal species. Public awareness of the CS expedition reached over 700,000 people based on estimates from advertising, media, social media, family and friends, and conference presenta-tions. We estimated the total carbon footprint for the expedition as 268.7 tonnes of CO2 or 4.47 tonnes of CO2 per person, equivalent to $112 AUD needed to offset this input. Based on these re-sults, our recommendations to leverage CS methods include governmental review strategies, temporal replication to allow the measurement of changes through time, integrating sustainabil-ity into CS ecotourism platforms, and encouraging broad participation.

Conventional deduplication systems face critical challenges such as excessive write amplification, high read/write latency, and sub-optimal storage utilization. These limitations often undermine the performance benefits of deduplication by slowing down I/O acknowledgements, due to amplified deduplication I/Os, excessive data chunk replication and strict consistency requirements. To address these issues, we present Speed-Dedup, a novel deduplication framework that employs a deduplicated primary - semi deduplicated replica object approach. This strategy reduces write amplification by restricting deduplication to the primary object while maintaining a semi-deduplicated replica object used for immediate read/write acknowledgements, thus enhancing I/O latency and storage efficiency. Speed-Dedup also replaces traditional strong consistency models with eventual consistency, allowing for non-blocking read operations and improving overall system throughput. Experimental results demonstrate that Speed-Dedup significantly outperforms traditional methods like GRATE and CAO, showing up to 21% improvement in I/O performance under low deduplication ratios and maintaining 14% or more gains under higher ratios. Additionally, write amplification is substantially reduced, and latency improves by over 100%, with faster recovery times during system failures. These findings highlight the effectiveness of Speed-Dedup as a scalable and efficient solution.

Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique for enhancing precipitation in arid and semi-arid regions, including Western U.S. However, designing an optimal cloud seeding operation based on comprehensive evaluation metrics, such as seeding agent dispersion and atmospheric conditions, has yet to be thoroughly explored for this region. This study investigated the impacts of cloud seeding, particularly utilizing silver iodide, on ice particle growth within clouds through numerical modeling. By leveraging the Snow Growth Model for Rimed Snowfall (SGMR), the microphysical processes involved in cloud seeding across five distinct events were simulated. The events were in the Lake Tahoe region, nestled within the Sierra Nevada Mountain ranges in the western U.S. This model was executed based on six primary variables, including cloud top height, cloud base height, cloud top temperature, cloud base temperature, liquid water content, and ice water content. This study incorporated datasets from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 and the Clouds and the Earth Radiant Energy System. Findings revealed the importance of ice nucleation, aggregation, diffusion, and riming processes and highlighted the effectiveness of cloud seeding in enhancing ice particle number concentration, ice water content, and snowfall rates. However, event-specific analyses indicated diverse precipitation responses to cloud seeding based on initial atmospheric conditions. The SGMR modeling hints at the importance of improving ice microphysical processes and provides insights for future cloud seeding research using regional and global climate models.

Context: The impact of forced migration on mental health is far reaching and compounded by post- migration contexts in which social determinants of health, such as resettlement, employment and gender, play a key role. Research on refugee men has shown that employment and life transitions are key determinants of mental health. However, a gap in knowledge exists on refugee men’s perspectives on the factors that impact their mental health. Methodology: This study used community-based participatory action research and the arts-based method of Photovoice to understand Syrian refugee men’s (n = 11) experiences of forced migration, resettlement, and employment in a Canadian context, as well as the impacts of these experiences on their mental health. Analysis and Results: Drawing on the critical theoretical perspective of intersectionality, we analyzed photographs taken by research participants, which showed that language and literacy barriers, time and stage of life, isolation and loneliness, belonging and identity and gender-based stress intersected to shape their mental health. Conclusion: Meaningful employment was central to the men’s identities; however, they engaged in low wage, precarious work due to both discriminatory policies that favored Canadian experience and credentialing assessment processes that devalued their experience and knowledge. Adopting gender-responsive and caring policies and practices could shift dominant discourses on masculinity and support the mental health of refugee men in resettlement contexts.

Bioavailability, release and stability of pharmaceuticals under physicochemical conditions is the major cause of drug candidates failing during their clinical trials. Therefore, extensive efforts have been invested in the development of novel drug delivery systems able to transport drugs to a desired site and to improve the bioavailability. Hydrogels, and peptide hydrogels in particular, have been extensively investigated due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. However, peptide hydrogels often have weak mechanical strength, which limits their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, a number of methods in improving their rheological properties have been established. This review will cover the broad area of drug delivery focusing on the recent developments in this research field. We will discuss the variety of different types of nanocarrier drug delivery systems, and then, more specifically, the significance and perspectives of peptide-based hydrogels. In particular, the interplay of intermolecular forces that govern the self-assembly of peptide hydrogels, progress made in understanding the distinct morphologies of hydrogels, and applications of non-canonical amino acids in hydrogel design will be discussed in more detail.

In recent years, UAV-enabled wireless energy transfer (WET) has attracted significant attention for its ability to provide efficient and stable power for ground devices by flexibly navigating 3-dimensional (3-D) space and utilizing the favorable line-of-sight (LoS) channels. Meanwhile, energy beamforming utilizing multiple antennas has been touted as a key technology to substantially enhance the radio frequency (RF)-based WET efficiency by focusing energy beams towards devices in desirable directions. However, energy beamforming design for UAV-enabled WET systems has not been studied, despite its tremendous utility. In this paper, we propose a joint design of the UAV’s altitude and channel statistics based energy beamforming to minimize the overall charging time required for all energy havesting devices (EHDs) to meet their energy demands, while alleviating the additional resources and cost for channel estimation. Unlike previous works that considered only the LoS dominant channel without small-scale fading, we adopt a more general air-to-ground (A2G) Rician fading channel, where the LoS probability as well as the Rician factor depends on the UAV’s altitude. To tackle the highly non-convex and non-linear problem, we first examine a single EHD scenario in order to draw insights by deriving an optimal energy beamformihng in a closed-form, and then devise the efficient methods to jointly design the altitude and energy beamforming for a multiple EHDs scenario. Our numerical results exhibit that the proposed joint design considerably reduce the overall charging time, while benefiting from significantly lowering the computational complexity compared the conventional methods.

Background/Objectives: Fats, although essential for the proper functioning of the body, have been linked to an increased risk of developing chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of total fat, and its components (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fats) in men and women aged 15 to 65 years of the urban population in eight Latin American countries. Methods: Survey data were collected for the ELANS, including 9218 subjects from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Results: In general, 76.2% of the subjects consumed fat within normal ranges (20-35% of the total caloric value (TCV)). When analyzing its components, a majority of the subjects consumed saturated and polyunsaturated fats within the recommended ranges. However, 94.5% of the population does not comply with the recommended maximum intake of MUFA (10-20%) and only 57.5% comply with the intake recommendation for TFA (0 - 2%). Likewise, on average, women had a significantly higher intake of all types of fat compared to men. Finally, the average fat intake by age indicates that regardless of the age range, the consumption of all fats except MUFA and TRANS are within the recommended ranges, with MUFA being slightly below and TRANS above. Conclusions: Even though the fat intake of the population falls within the recommended range, it is necessary to improve the quality by favoring the consumption of MUFA and reducing the consumption of TRANS.

The present paper investigates the intricacies of the Chinese English slang world with a focus on the use of the term "vibe." The goal here is to provide a look at how terms change and what their metonymic uses are in the approaches of translanguaging. Through the use of a corpus approach to this issue, the goal is to bring out the meanings and their cultural dimensions expressed in this slang word. Against this backdrop, this paper uses the rich linguistic resource from a translanguaging perspective to explore how users navigate the complexities implicated in online self-presentation with the use of such slang. Therefore, the paper scrutinizes the concept of metonymy in Chinese English slang in an attempt to unearth the symbolic meanings or connotations that have been buried in the meaning of the term "vibe." The result of this analysis is a contribution toward understanding the changing landscape of language and communication in this digital era using linguistic data from the Chinese English slang ecosystem.

AISI 1037 and AISI 304 steels are widely used across various industrial sectors, including manufacturing, transportation, petrochemical, and automotive industries. In this study, the effect of preheating on the toughness of dissimilar welded joints between AISI 1037 and AISI 304, joined by Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) using E309-16 electrodes, was investigated. The preheating process was performed prior to welding, and its influence on the joint's toughness was assessed through impact testing. Additionally, the hardness profile across the welded joint was evaluated using hardness testing. Macrostructure and microstructure examinations were conducted using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyse the fracture surfaces and microstructural evolution of the welded joints. The experimental results revealed that the impact strength increased as the preheating temperature was elevated. The highest hardness value, recorded in the fusion zone, reached 313 VHN. Compared to joints welded without preheating, the impact strength of the preheated welded joints significantly improved, with a notable transition in fracture mode from brittle to ductile behaviour. This indicates that the preheating process plays a critical role in enhancing the toughness and mechanical properties of dissimilar welded joints.

Background/Objectives: While studies suggest that young children can learn and think about sustainability, most research has focused on children aged three to five, leaving a significant gap in understanding how to engage toddlers (under three) in early childhood education for sustainability (ECEfS). This study aims to address this gap, a crucial and often overlooked area, by investigating early childhood teachers' perceptions of ECEfS and their pedagogical practices for nurturing sustainability in a toddler group in a Swedish preschool. Methods: The study employed a case study approach, incorporating observations, interviews, and document analysis for data collection. Qualitative techniques were used for data analysis. The research was conducted with a strong commitment to ethical considerations, including obtaining participants' consent, ensuring confidentiality and privacy, informing them of their right to withdraw, and maintaining anonymity. Results: The findings of this study bring hope. They indicate that teachers understand education for sustainability and can implement sustainability-related pedagogical practices in a toddler group. They can create suitable learning environments and establish connections between sustainability issues and daily life activities in the classroom, enhancing the children's overall learning experience. Conclusions: The study's findings underscore the pivotal role of educators in shaping the mindsets and behaviors of future generations, thereby supporting the long-term goals of sustainable development. By nurturing toddlers' innate curiosity and harnessing their brain's plasticity, educators can effectively engage toddlers in ECEfS and promote sustainable development from an early age. The study's implications highlight the need to prioritize ECEfS during toddlerhood to realize the full potential of this critical investment in the future of our planet.

Food insecurity (FI) is a persistent issue in Brazil, with significant disparities across the country's macroregions. This study investigated food acquisition locations and types of foods purchased at different levels of FI, utilizing data from 57,920 households in the 2017–2018 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. Food acquisition locations were grouped into supermarkets, small markets, fairs/farmers’ markets/public markets, and others. Foods were categorized into 12 groups: rice, beans, vegetables, fruits, red meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk and dairy products, bread, cookies, and sugary drinks. Supermarkets are the primary source of food in Brazil. However, in the North and Northeast regions, small markets are more frequently used across all levels of FI. Nationally, most food groups are predominantly purchased at supermarkets. Nevertheless, households experiencing moderate or severe FI rely more on small markets for essential items such as rice, beans, and proteins, as well as ultra-processed foods. These findings highlight the need for public policies that improve food access for vulnerable populations and address regional inequalities. Enhancing access and ensuring food security across different regions is essential to promote equitable and healthy diets throughout the country.

The finite volume method (FVM) is a kind of numerical analysis method that is simple and can take into account the topography as the finite element method (FEM). The adjoint state method (ASM) can easily and efficiently calculate the gradient vector of the objective function for the inversion. We developed a program to apply these methods to 3-D Magnetotelluric (MT) inversion and verified it using test models. In the forward modelling, it was confirmed that the program could perform analysis properly and efficiently considering topography and subsurface resistivity heterogeneity. Furthermore, we conducted the inversion using a synthetic open dataset and could reconstruct the true model of the dataset. The comparison with the previous work revealed that the computation time was comparable in spite of the fact that we calculated without MPI implementation, which the previous work used.

The effects of neighboring transitions (ENT) on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA), and the conversion between EIA and EIT in a degenerate multi-level system of 87Rb atoms were studied in terms of the angle (θ) between the polarization axes of the coupling and probe beams. The predicted critical values of θ, in which EIT transitioned to EIA, were consistent with the experimental values. In this work these results were systematically confirmed using the calculated spectra by varying the frequency spacings in the excited state of 87Rb via a factor called the ratio. We observed that when the ratio was less than 0.1, the critical angle θc was inverted. This may be attributed to the interplay between the strengths of the EIA and EIT as the ENT varied. We also discovered that by modifying the frequency spacings in the excited state of 87Rb, it becomes feasible to predict ENT and the interplay between EIT and EIA in alkali-metal atoms.

After the launch of a high-resolution remote sensing satellite, representative spatial quality estimators (RER, FWHM, MTF50, MTFA) are measured from images taken of ground Edge targets. In this work, the best spatial quality estimator is proposed by quantitatively comparing and analyzing the precision between Relative Edge Response (RER), Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), MTF value at Nyquist frequency (MTF50), and MTF Area between 0 and Nyquist frequency (MTFA). While the basic method for the measurement of spatial quality estimators on Edge targets is already well established, this work summarizes and explains the uncertain factors and problems in the measurement procedure that affect the accuracy and precision of spatial quality estimators. It also considers how to improve the precision of spatial quality estimators during the measurement procedure. The contents and results of this work were discussed by various satellite development organizations in the Geo-Spatial Working Group within CEOS WGCV IVOS from 2012 to 2019, and the Edge target Spatial quality Measurement Python code (ESMP) was developed in 2019 to reflect the findings of this workshop. Using 483 Edge targets from worldwide images taken by KOMPSAT-3A, which has been in operation since 2017, the results obtained via ESMP show that the precision of RER, FWHM, and MTFA are approximately three to four times higher than that of MTF50 when comparing the Coefficient of Variance (CV) statistics.

The evolution and acceleration of the effects of climate change on the water cycle demand adaptation and mitigation plans. Consequently, the implementation of public policies (management, governance, and strategy) regarding flood risk management or prevention (such as levee heights and spillway dimensions of dams) is based on the characterization of flood hazards. This requires understanding extreme climate phenomena and conducting a rigorous probabilistic analysis of hydrometric data. This study aims to estimate the flood quantiles for lake Nokoue. To achieve this, the adopted methodology involved fitting the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, the Gumbel distribution, and the Generalized Pareto (GPA) distribution to the annual maximum water levels of lake Nokoue from 2015 to 2022. We estimated experimental probabilities using the Weibull formula. The assessment of the fit quality of the theoretical probability distributions to our data sample indicated that the Gumbel distribution was the most suitable, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0724, compared to 0.0754 and 0.0761 for the GEV and GPA distributions, respectively. The position and scale parameters (φ; α) of the Gumbel distribution were estimated to be 3.802 and 0.249, respectively. This allows for the calculation of the probability of an extreme water level occurring within a return period in a single day. Thus, the extreme water levels (flood quantiles) associated with return periods of 10, 50, and 100 years, as determined by the Gumbel distribution, are 4.36m, 4.77m, and 4.95m, respectively. These values are of crucial importance for the design of flood prevention structures (infrastructure) intended to mitigate flood risk.

Background/Objective: In recent studies, it has been shown that dietary bioactive compounds can produce health benefits, however, it is not known whether an improvement in solubility can enhance their biological effects. Thus, the aim of this work was to study whether co-amorphous (CoA) of naringenin or fisetin with enhanced solubility modify glucose and lipid metabolism, thermogenic capacity and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFSD) diet. Methods: Mice were fed with a HFSD with or without CoA-naringenin or CoA-fisetin for 3 months. Body weight, food intake, body composition, glucose tolerance test, hepatic lipid composition and gut microbiota were assessed. Results: CoA-naringenin demonstrated significant reductions in fat mass gain, improved cholesterol metabolism, and enhanced glucose tolerance. Mice treated with CoA-naringenin gained 45% less fat mass and exhibited improved hepatic lipid profiles, with significant reductions in liver triglycerides and cholesterol. Additionally, both CoA-flavonoids increased oxygen consumption (VO2), contributing to enhanced energy expenditure and improved metabolic flexibility. Thermogenic activation, indicated by increased UCP1 and PGC-1α levels, was observed with CoA-naringenin, supporting its role in fat oxidation and adipocyte size reduction. Further, both CoA-flavonoids modulated gut microbiota, restoring diversity and promoting beneficial bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, linked to improved metabolic health. Conclusions: These findings suggest that co-amorphous naringenin or fisetin offer promising applications in improving solubility, metabolic health, and thermogenesis, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents against obesity and related disorders.

Objective: Ensuring bone health is crucial for preventing conditions such as osteoporosis and fractures. Zingerone, a phytochemical compound, has gained attention for its potential benefits in bone health. This study evaluated the osteoprotective potential of zingerone and its effects on differentiation and signalling pathways in vitro using SAOS-2 osteosarcoma and RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines, aiming to elucidate its mechanism of action in bone metabolism. Methods: SAOS-2 osteosarcoma and RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with zingerone at concentrations of 0.1-200µM. Osteoblast differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, bone mineralisation via alizarin red S stain and gene expression markers (ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, TRAP activity and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Results: Zingerone at 200µM, did not significantly enhance mineralization in SAOS-2 cells, but upregulated ALP and Runx2 gene expression (p<0.05). Moreover, zingerone significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells as evidenced by reduced TRAP staining and activity (p<0.05). Conclusion: The moderate anti-osteoclastic effects of zingerone suggest its potential role in preserving bone mass by reducing bone resorption. This study provides new insights into how zingerone modulates bone cell activity, highlighting its potential as a dietary supplement for bone health. Further research, including its underlying mechanisms for bone-related disorders and in vivo and clinical studies, is needed to fully understand its clinical relevance in bone-related disorders.

This article examines the profound impact of immigration on Brazil's human capital formation and economic growth from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. It highlights how the influx of European and Asian immigrants filled the labor void created by the abolition of slavery in 1888, fostering agricultural expansion, industrialization, and urbanization. Immigrants brought diverse skills, technologies, and cultural practices that enriched Brazil's socio-economic fabric. The article also compares these historical dynamics with contemporary demographic trends, notably the challenges posed by a declining fertility rate and an aging population. It underscores the necessity of re-evaluating inclusion policies and investing in human capital to sustain economic growth. By drawing lessons from the past, the article suggests that Brazil can navigate current demographic challenges through strategic policy interventions aimed at enhancing human capital as a tool for economic revitalization.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, a major pest in maize production, was assessed for its temporal and spatial distribution in maize fields during both the off and rainy seasons of 2021 and 2022. In this study, 30 and 50 maize plants were randomly sampled using a "W" pattern during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Larval density, infestation rates, and damage severity were monitored over time. Taylor's power law and the mean crowding aggregation index were applied to evaluate the dispersion patterns of the larvae. The results indicate a higher infestation rate and larval density in agroecological zone AZE 8 (fisheries zone of South Benin) compared to AZE 6 (ferralitic soils zone) during the off-season. In the rainy season, while the percentage of damaged plants was higher in AZE 8, no significant differences in larval density between the two zones were observed. The dispersion analysis revealed moderate aggregation (aggregation index = 1.25) with a basic colony of 2.08 larvae, reflecting the aggregation oviposition behavior of FAW. This study provides valuable monitoring data on the FAW's distribution, offering insights for further research on population dynamics and developing predictive models for integrated pest management strategies.

Aims: To compare the growth, safety, and tolerance acquisition in infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) when fed a hydrolyzed rice formula (HRF) versus an extensively hydrolyzed milk protein formula (EHF). Methods: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted with infants diagnosed with CMPA, both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated (up to grade II anaphylaxis). Infants were assigned to receive either a HRF or an EHF over a 12-month follow-up period. The primary outcomes assessed were anthropometric measurements and safety. Infants who had a negative Open Oral Food Challenge (at 6, 9, and 12 months) were allowed to transition to a standard milk formula. Compliance, tolerability, and adverse events (AEs) were also evaluated. Results: A total of 105 children from six centers were enrolled in the study. Measurements of weight, length, weight-for-length, BMI, and head circumference z-scores indicated normal growth, with no significant differences between the HRF and EHF groups at baseline or during follow-up visits. Additionally, triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference, and arm muscle area showed no significant differences between the groups. Overall, 29 product-related adverse events were reported (12 in the HRF group and 17 in the EHF group). Five children in the HRF group and eleven in the EHF group experienced serious adverse events; none were attributed to the intervention. There was a trend toward faster acquisition of tolerance in HRF-fed infants compared to EHF-fed infants, but this did not reach statistical significance (median age 20.4 months versus 16.3 months, respectively, p=0.1753). Conclusions: Both EHF and HRF demonstrated appropriate growth, acquisition of tolerance, and a good safety profile in infants with CMPA, with no significant differences between the formulas.

The following two consequences of the axiom of constructibility V = L are established for every n ≥ 3: 1. Every linear $\bf\Sigma^1_n$ set is the projection of a uniform planar $\bf\Pi^1_{n-1}$ set. 2. There is a planar $\bf\Pi^1_{n-1}$ set with countable cross-sections, not covered by a union of countably many uniform $\bf\Sigma^1_n$ sets. If n = 2 then claims 1,2 hold in ZFC alone, without the assumption of V = L.

This article reports on the development of a big data processing platform that uses hot words（politics, economy, military, culture and society） reflecting the national image as the search object and the key time points as the time domain of data resources. The platform crawls (in real time), continuously expands and dynamically monitors a corpus of mainstream media covering China in developed countries (including the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan) and in developing countries (such as Brazil, India and South Africa). In this study, the principles of platform development and operation and the software and hardware operating environment were determined.

To address the complex challenges posed by climate change and its effects on surface environments, subsoil, and groundwater, evaluating the impacts of Degradation-Resistant Organic Compounds (DROCs), such as fats and oils, is crucial. Increasing variability in temperature and precipitation has exacerbated DROC dispersal, particularly near open dumps and poorly managed landfills. As a global pollution issue, DROC’s pervasive and persistent nature requires urgent attention. This study aims to develop and implement effective strategies to detect and describe the stages of DROC decomposition. Identifying sites where DROCs are trapped and their dispersion can facilitate planning remediation efforts and mitigating adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. The study focuses on evaluating DROCs’ annual spatiotemporal distribution, improving waste management practices, monitoring the subsoil, and implementing remediation strategies. DROCs persist through various stages in groundwater, making effective detection methodologies essential. Continuous monitoring, subsoil characterization, and diverse climatic observations are necessary, especially in areas with improper landfill selection. Poor waste management contributes significantly to DROC pollution, exacerbated by current consumerism and increasing waste. The research highlights the importance of improving waste management practices and judiciously selecting landfill sites to prevent further degradation. Apparent resistivity variations in the subsoil, linked to DROC dispersal, are analyzed to map affected areas and understand propagation under different environmental conditions. New tools and methodologies aim to enhance DROC monitoring and remediation strategies. Adopting sustainable waste management practices and carefully selecting disposal sites is essential to mitigating DROC’s impacts, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and protecting environmental and public health. Addressing risks associated with excessive consumption, inadequate waste management, and poor landfill selection is crucial for restoring ecosystem resilience and environmental protection.

In recent years, with the increasing impact of climate change, achieving the "dual carbon" goal has become increasingly urgent. Fossil fuel consumption is one of the main sources of carbon emissions and is closely related to economic development. Therefore, it is necessary to decouple economic growth from fossil fuel consumption as soon as possible. However, the small sample defect in fossil energy consumption panel data has caused great difficulties for machine learning algorithms. To address this defect, this study uses TimeGAN for data augmentation and compares the performance of six regression analysis methods (XGBoost, CatBoost, LGBM, KNN, linear regression, decision tree) in predicting fossil energy consumption. In addition, feature importance and SHAP are used simultaneously to explore the main driving factors of fossil energy consumption. The research results show that the decoupling index of most provinces fluctuated relatively little from 2011 to 2018. Compared to other machine learning algorithms, XGBoost and CatBoost perform better in predicting fossil energy consumption. Finally, based on two interpretable analysis methods, we found that population has the most significant impact on fossil energy consumption, followed by GDP, and urbanization rate is the least important. The research results provide important information for formulating energy sustainable development strategies and further discuss energy-saving solutions based on data methods.

The establishment of Ministry of Natural Resources and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, marks integrated installation of centralized and unified supervision of agricultural natural resources assets. The value goal of comprehensive supervision of agricultural natural resource assets should include process-oriented, multi-participation, assets accretion and technological innovation. However, different supervision departments have different objectives and interest gambling. From the perspective of game equilibrium, effective balance between development and use and comprehensive supervision of agricultural natural resource assets, promote the reconstruction of structure of rights(powers), form a practical systematic selection. Take comprehensive supervision legislation as solution path, take central and local comprehensive cohesion as realization mechanism, highly integrated and coordinate in legislation, to implement institution allocation which efficient use of agricultural natural resources assets and rural green ecological environment protection are considered.

Computer vision-based gait recognition (CVGR) is a biometric technology that has gained considerable attention in recent years due to its non-invasive, unobtrusive, and difficult-to-conceal nature. Current CVGR systems often transmit collected data to a cloud server for machine-learning-based gait pattern recognition. While effective, this cloud-centric approach can lead to increased system response times. Alternatively, the emerging paradigm of edge computing, which involves moving computational processes to local devices, offers the potential to reduce latency, enable real-time surveillance, and eliminate reliance on internet connectivity. Furthermore, recent advancements in low-cost, compact microcomputers capable of handling complex inference tasks (e.g., Jetson Nano, Xavier NX, AGX Xavier, Raspberry Pi, and Khadas) have created exciting opportunities for deploying CVGR systems at the edge. This paper reports the state of the art in gait data acquisition modalities, feature representations, models, and architectures for CVGR systems amenable for edge computing. Moreover, this paper addresses the general limitations and highlights new avenues for future research in the promising intersection of CVGR and edge computing.

The axon initial segment (AIS) region is crucial for action potential (AP) initiation due to its molecular organization especially voltage gated ion channels and Ankyrin-G (AnkG). AnkG act as recruiter and restrict almost all the proteins at AIS in order to maintain the AIS assembly. Voltage gated sodium channels (Nav channels) are enriched at AIS with high density and independently responsible for the AP initiation. Moreover, AIS also contains voltage gated potassium channels (Kv channels) for repolarization phase of AP, microtubules (MTs) responsible for the proper protein trafficking through molecular motors. AIS also acts as a cytoplasmic filter and diffusion barrier, responsible for the selective entry of the proteins into axon. Mutation of AIS related protein can cause various neurological dysfunction including Alzheimer’s disease. This review also reflects the role and importance of computational modelling in the understanding of action potential mechanisms mathematically.

Globally, there is increasing prevalence of non- communicable chronic diseases (NCCD) like obesity, metabolic syndrome, type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, allergic asthma and neuro-developmental/psychiatric problems making NCCD a leading cause of disability, morbidity and mortality . Some of these NCCD are presenting at a younger age especially in the socio-economically disadvantaged communities of affluent countries, and in low and middle -income countries undergoing industrialization and socioeconomic transition.to more economic prosperity. NCCD are often attributed to unhealthy personal lifestyles, but there may be more at play. Through a case report-based discussion, I will illustrate how environmental exposures during the critical window of life, including in utero and early infancy, can significantly influence health as an adult . I will discuss how establishment of a rich and diverse symbiotic gut microbiota in the first three years of life promotes health while a loss of diversity and abundance of beneficial symbiotic gut microbes can predispose to aforementioned NCCD , and the best practices to establish a symbiotic gut.

The adoption of Data Networks and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) has become crucial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and reduce costs. However, SMEs often face challenges such as resource limitations and security vulnerabilities, which hinder their ability to fully leverage these technologies. This systematic review examines the role of Data Networks and APIs in enhancing operational efficiency within SMEs, focusing on key metrics such as speed, cost reduction, scalability, and security challenges. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a systematic search across multiple databases including Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. Studies published between 2014 and 2024, focused on SMEs and addressing the role of Data Networks and APIs in operational efficiency, were included. A total of 49 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed for key outcomes related to operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and security risks. The review found that Data Networks and APIs significantly improve operational efficiency by increasing process speed (12% increase), reducing operational costs (8% reduction), and enhancing overall productivity. However, security challenges, particularly related to API vulnerabilities, were a major concern, with cyberattacks on APIs increasing by 400% in Q1 2023 alone. Despite these risks, the benefits of implementing Data Networks and APIs in SMEs, particularly in terms of scalability and real-time data processing, were evident across industries. Data Networks and APIs offer substantial improvements in operational efficiency for SMEs, though security remains a significant challenge. Future efforts should focus on developing security frameworks tailored to SMEs while maintaining the operational benefits of these technologies. Further research is needed to explore scalable and secure API models for SMEs.

We aimed at studying the role technology readiness/acceptance, motivation for exercising, and sensation seeking plays in using or avoiding Smart Sport Watches (SSW). A sample of 315 adolescents, Mage = 29.6 (SD = 11.01) and healthy male (n = 95, 30.2%) and female (n = 179, 56.85%) completed all the measures of these variables’ dimensions via the internet. Multiple followed by univariate analyses of variance (MANOVA, ANOVA) were performed for each of the study’s psychological dimensions and single variables. The two categorical factors (e.g., BS factors) were the use of SSW (yes/no) and walk/run (yes/no). Results revealed that adolescents using SSW rated themselves significantly (p < .05) and substantially higher than their non-SSW users on positive readiness for technology (d = .47), and specifically on optimism (d = .34) and innovation (d = .51). Moreover, users of SSW reported significantly (p < .05) and substantially lower negative readiness for technology than their non-SSW users’ counterparts (d = -0.49), and specifically on discomfort (d = -0.38) and distrust (d = -50), but neither on the overall motivation for exercise dimensions nor on sensation-seeking, accept some trends. Moreover, Adolescents who walk/run reported being more internally motivated (d = 0.38), integrated (d = 0.61), and identified (d = 0.34) than their sedentary counterparts. Discussion centers on the important role of readiness/acceptance in using technological devices and the need to use technology-specific motivation and personality measures to further explore this phenomenon.

Extremely premature infants are at significant risk for developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Although BPD is a predictor of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, it is currently unknown how BPD contributes to brain injury and long-term NDI in preterm infants. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound structures released from cells into the surrounding environment. EVs are involved in inter-organ communication in diverse pathological processes. Inflammasomes are large, multiprotein complexes that are part of the innate immune system and are responsible for triggering inflammatory responses and cell death. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is pivotal in inflammasome assembly and activating inflammatory caspase-1. Activated caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD) to release a 30 kD N-terminal domain that can form membrane pores, leading to lytic cell death, also known as proptosis. Activated caspase-1 can also cleave pro-IL-1and pro-IL-18 to their active forms, which can be rapidly released through the GSDMD pores to induce inflammation. Recent evidence has emerged that activation of inflammasomes is associated with neonatal lung and brain injury, and inhibition of inflammasomes reduces hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung and brain injury. Additionally, multiple studies have demonstrated that hyperoxia stimulates the release of lung-derived EVs that contain inflammasome cargos. Adoptive transfer of these EVs into the circulation of normal neonatal mice and rats induces brain inflammatory injury. This review focuses on EV-inflammasomes’ roles in mediating lung-to-brain crosstalk via EV-dependent and EV-independent mechanisms critical in BPD, brain injury, and NDI pathogenesis. EV-inflammasomes will be discussed as potential therapeutic targets for neonatal lung and brain injury.

The implementation of waste management strategies informed by supply chain management methodologies may present a viable solution for the effective handling of waste, as exemplified by the waste management challenges observed in Indonesia. The waste management characteristics exhibited by each nation are inherently diverse, as they are influenced by various factors including supply chain management frameworks, the methodologies and technologies employed in waste processing, the cultural practices and behaviours of the populace regarding waste disposal, as well as the unique geographic conditions pertinent to each country. This study seeks to formulate a waste management supply chain framework that incorporates moderating factors influencing the relationship between sustainable macro ergonomic processes and waste management practices. The research methodology employed was purposive convenience sampling, encompassing a total of 224 participants engaged in waste management within the Semarang region of Central Java, Indonesia. The empirical results indicate that H2—TT exerts a statistically significant influence on RPPS (0.02 &lt; 0.05), H3—TP demonstrates a significant impact on RPPS (0.001 &lt; 0.005), H4—MGE displays a significant effect on RPPS (0.00 &lt; 0.05), H5—seasonal floods (BM) reveal a significant effect on RPPS (0.001 &gt; 0.05), and H6—cultural society (CC) manifests no significant impact on RPPS (0.755 &gt; 0.05). The innovative aspect of this study lies in the finding that cultural society has not exerted an influence on waste management, whereas other macro ergonomic factors have shown a significant effect on this domain.

In the study at hand a systemic investigation regarding the tribochemical effects of crankcase soot is presented. Sooted oils were generated via an engine dynamometer test. Both conventional as well as advanced oil condition monitoring methods indicated a mild degradation of additives. The wear volume was greatly increased with the sooted oils in model tribometer tests, despite the high residual zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear (AW) levels. Once the soot was removed via ultracentrifugation, the wear volume returned to levels comparable to the fresh oil. Surface investigations revealed that ZDDP tribofilms could not form in the sooted oils, as only a thin sulfide layer was present on the metal surfaces. Meanwhile, typical tribofilms were observable with centrifuged oils. The results indicated that a tribocorrosive mechanism is most likely responsible for the elevated wear in the sooted oils, where only the iron sulfide base layer of ZDDP films is formed, which then is rapidly removed by the soot particles in an abrasive manner.

This article critically examines the contrasting perspectives of Charles Darwin and Alexander von Humboldt on evolution and the interconnectedness of nature, arguing that Darwin's emphasis on competition has contributed to contemporary ecological crises. While Darwin's theory of natural selection revolutionized biological sciences by focusing on individual competition and the "survival of the fittest," it reflects the competitive and anthropocentric values of Victorian England. In contrast, Humboldt's holistic vision, articulated in his work Kosmos, emphasizes the intricate interdependencies within ecosystems, anticipating modern ecological principles. By exploring the cultural contexts that shaped their theories, this article contends that the widespread adoption of Darwin's competitive framework has fostered exploitative attitudes toward nature, legitimizing environmental degradation and contributing to the current ecological crisis. Embracing Humboldt's interconnected perspective is posited as essential for addressing ecological catastrophes by promoting sustainable practices and fostering a more harmonious relationship with the natural world.

Of particular interest is the serendipity of distinctive nonmetallic layered frameworks with the stoichiometry of 1:2 in the binary metallic compounds within inorganic chemistry and materials science. This not only gives rise to the unexpected properties, especially the distinguished superconductivity, as reflected in MgB2, MoB2, NaC2, LaP2 and CeP2, but also strengthens the cognition of the elemental contributions. Although various investigations on the superconducting performances in the alkali, alkaline-earth and rare-earth metal disilicides containing the silicon layers have been reported, the pursuit of superconductors with silicon-planar framework in transition metal disilicides remain unknown up to now. In the present work, crystal structure searches and first-principles calculations were thoroughly conducted in RuSi2 within the pressure range of 0-300 GPa to uncover the novel structures, incredible silicon building block and the amazing properties. The ground orthorhombic Cmca-RuSi2 phase at ambient pressure is a semiconductor with the band gap of 0.485 eV, whose hardness can reach 31.7 GPa. Even more intriguingly, the high-pressure orthorhombic Cmcm-RuSi2 configuration with the fabulous graphene-like silicon-layer, which can be theoretically stabilized with the transformation pressure of 50.97 GPa, can be unexpectedly recovered to ambient pressure. Electron-phonon coupling calculations unravels that it possesses the metallic trait with an estimated Tc value of 1.43 K at 75 GPa, which increases to 10.07 K under ambient pressure. The enhanced Tc stems from the increased density of states at the Fermi level and associated with the coupled vibrations between Ru and the planar Si layer. Meanwhile, the hardness value for Cmcm-RuSi2 is 26.8 GPa under ambient pressure, which further results from the three-dimensional covalent Ru-Si and Si-Si building blocks. The coexistence of superconductivity and high hardness in the Cmcm-RuSi2 configuration under ambient pressure will pave the way for delving into more binary transition-metal silicides and correlated ternary silicides with the profound silicon layers.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of the Intervention Model on improving community knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to ecotourism accessibility for people with disabilities in Ternate City, with a focus on addressing gaps in understanding and support through educational services and distribution of educational materials in the form of brochures with a participatory approach. The research design used a quasi-experiment involving 4,964 residents, where 287 participants were randomly selected through Cluster Random Sampling. Three tourist destinations were chosen as research locations, namely Sulamadaha Beach, Tolire Besar Lake, and Batu Angus Geotourism in Ternate City, North Maluku. The results showed that the intervention significantly improved community knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to ecotourism accessibility, with a significance value (Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 <α = 0.05) indicating a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group after community-based interventions were carried out. In conclusion, this model has been proven effective in improving community knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards ecotourism accessibility and can be used as a reference for similar programs in other locations to improve ecotourism accessibility globally.

This study aims to evaluate the performance of a concrete bridge located near the earthen dam of Masjed Soleiman County. The proximity of bridges to large water structures such as dams can affect their structural integrity due to environmental factors and the dynamic loads imposed by fluctuating water levels and soil movements. This paper analyzes the structural behavior of the concrete bridge using advanced modeling techniques, including finite element analysis and site-specific data. The methodology involves evaluating the bridge’s load-carrying capacity, durability under environmental stresses, and possible degradation due to soil settlement and moisture penetration from the nearby dam.Field tests and simulations were conducted to assess the bridge’s stability and performance under different loading conditions, including traffic loads and external factors like changes in water pressure from the dam. Results indicate that while the concrete bridge remains structurally sound, there are signs of minor degradation in certain areas, such as cracks and moisture-related issues. These findings highlight the importance of regular maintenance and monitoring, especially in structures located near large water bodies or dams.Recommendations for improving the bridge’s performance include applying advanced waterproofing methods, strengthening concrete components in critical zones, and implementing a routine inspection schedule. The results from this case study provide valuable insights into the interaction between bridges and surrounding hydraulic infrastructure, serving as a reference for similar projects in regions prone to environmental and structural stresses.This research contributes to the body of knowledge by offering practical solutions for maintaining and enhancing the durability of concrete bridges in close proximity to dams, emphasizing the need for proactive strategies to extend the lifespan of such critical infrastructure.

Background/Objectives: Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMS) are caused by variants in >30 genes with increasing numbers of variants of unknown significance (VUS) discovered by next generation sequencing. Establishing VUS pathogenicity requires in vitro studies that slow diagno-sis and treatment initiation. Recent protein structure prediction softwares, AlphaFold2/ColabFold, have revolutionised structural biology; such predictions have also been leveraged in AlphaM-issense which predicts ClinVar variant pathogenicity with 90% accuracy. Few reports, however, have tested these tools on rigorously-characterised clinical data. We therefore assessed ColabFold and AlphaMissense as diagnostic aids for CMS, using variants of the CHRN genes that encode the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Methods: Utilising a dataset of 61 clinically-validated CHRN variants, (1) we evaluated the pos-sibility of a ColabFold metric (either predicted structural disruption, prediction confidence, and prediction quality), that distinguishes variant pathogenicity. (2) We assessed AlphaMissenses’ ability to differentiate variant pathogenicity. (3) We compared AlphaMissense to existing patho-genicity prediction programmes, AlamutVP and EVE. Results: Analysing variant effects on ColabFold CHRN structure prediction, prediction confi-dence, and prediction quality, doesn’t yield any pathogenicity-indicative metric. However, Al-phaMissense predicts variant pathogenicity with 63.93% accuracy on our dataset – a much greater proportion than AlamutVP (27.87%) and EVE (28.33%). Conclusions: Emerging in silico tools can revolutionise genetic disease diagnosis – however, im-provement, refinement, and clinical validation is imperative prior to practical acquisition.

In Europe, non-residential building stock built before building energy codes consumes more energy and resources than new buildings. Existing educational buildings comprise 17% of this outdated stock. These buildings can be retrofitted to create a conducive learning environment that can improve students’ comfort. Facade renovation has become the first choice for elevating the building performance of the education stock because it is less expensive than other alternatives. This study develops a methodology to optimize facade renovation solutions including: 1) preparation, 2) simulations of the simplified model using local shading, and 3) modelling realistic optimized facade design. This study evaluates visual comfort by considering multiple-dimensional metrics such as useful daylight illuminance (UDI), annual sunlight exposure (ASE), illuminance uniformity and the daylighting factor. The methodology was first applied to improve the facade proposal “Roof to Façade” in the project Waste-based Intelligent Solar Control Devices for Envelope Refurbishment (WiSeR) and simulations with the software DesignBuilder to design tile system facades. The results illustrate that implementing these solutions could efficiently improve indoor visual comfort by considering multiple daylight metrics. Moreover, for a constant gaps surface, the facade distribution with staggered gaps performs better in terms of the daylighting factor, solar gains and uniformity than more continuously connected gaps.

Context: Business Process Automation (BPA) is adopted by organizations to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase overall business performance. Traditional Business Process Automation (TBPA) is one of the three approaches employed to develop a BPA. TBPA entails developing BPA in a programming language for integrating the relevant applications in the digital ecosystem to execute a given process. Process variability and practitioner unavailability encumber the requirements specification for TBPA software. Objective: This work proposes a log-based approach for TBPA software to make software more adaptable to process changes and reduce reliance on practitioners, by providing a higher alignment among business process requirements and software architecture, and employing process mining to semi-automatically discover the business process during requirements elicitation. Method: The research conducted a case study in a technology institute to assess the approach and report its results in practice. Results: The results revealed significant improvements in adaptability to business process changes and decreased the time spent with practitioners, and, efficiency in development. The approach also presented limitations, including human intervention to accurately obtain the business process, complexity to trace the process into the architecture, data privacy concerns, and risk of network traffic overload. Conclusion: This research demonstrated the effectiveness of traceability between process requirements and software architecture, as well as the use of logs and process mining. These methods made TBPA software enhanced the software adaptability to changes and minimized the reliance on practitioners during requirements elicitation respectively.

Accurately estimating project duration is critical for the successful delivery of construction projects, particularly in the dynamic and resource-constrained environment of South Africa. This study aims to assess the key factors influencing construction project duration in the South African context through the development of a regression model. By analyzing data from a diverse range of construction projects, the research identifies significant variables such as project size, complexity, location, resource availability, and stakeholder involvement that contribute to delays or expedited completion. The regression model is designed to quantify the impact of these factors, offering a predictive tool that can enhance project planning and scheduling accuracy. The findings provide valuable insights for project managers, contractors, and policymakers, enabling them to make informed decisions that optimize project timelines and improve the overall efficiency of the construction industry in South Africa.

Artificial intelligence (AI), the wide spectrum of technologies aiming to give machines or computers the ability to perform human-like cognitive functions, began in the 40s with the first abstract models of intelligent machines. Soon later in the 50s and 60s machine learning algorithms such as neural networks and decision trees ignited large enthusiasm. More recent advancements include the refinement of learning algorithms, the development of convolutional neural networks to efficiently analyze images, and methods to synthesize new images. The renewed enthusiasm was also due to the increase in computational power with graphical processing units and the availability of large digital databases to be mined by neural networks. AI soon began to be applied in medicine, first through expert systems designed to support the clinician’s decision, and later with neural networks for the detection or classification of malignant lesions in medical images. More recently, the use of natural language processing, recurrent neural networks, transformers and generative models has both improved the capabilities of making an automated reading of medical images and moved AI to new domains, including text analysis of electronic health records, image self-labelling and self-reporting. Thanks to its versatility and impressive results and fueled by the availability of powerful computing resources and open-source libraries, AI is one of the most promising resources for frontier research and applications in medicine.

The literature has addressed the negative impact of poor neonatal conditions (NC) across regions. This has drawn attention to the need to improve NC, particularly in Africa. NC research can make an important contribution. However, there is no study dedicated to this topic in Africa. Through a bibliometric analysis, we arrive at outputs that can inform scientists in planning ongoing or new NC research and those involved in developing and implementing strategies to combat poor NC. Using bibliometrics, the study identified the scientific knowledge on NC between 2000 and 2019, its visibility in the community, the main topics researched, and collaboration patterns.The results show that knowledge on NC has increased between 2000 and 2019, it is concentrated in a few African countries (Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania and Kenya), its visibility is below the world average, in general, maternal mortality is the most researched topic and collaborative activities are frequently, mainly international research collaboration (IRC), being the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) the main partners (they participated in 57% and 28% of all articles with IRC). The collaboration networks are fragile as 43%-67% of all links represent one article in 20 years.Ongoing or new research on NC in Africa should consider the main African players and their partners. There is a need to implement strategies to increase NC knowledge in other African countries, expand and strengthen the collaboration networks and diversify the sources of knowledge.

Accurate determination of an individual’s unique human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele holds important significance in evaluating the risk associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Several allelic variants within the HLA system have been linked to either increased protection or susceptibility in the context of infectious and autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to determine the frequency and association of HLA alleles between people living with HIV (PLHIV) as the case group and HIV-uninfected Peruvian individuals with high-risk behavior of sexual transmission diseases as the control group. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to determine high-resolution HLA allelotypes using OptiType and arcasHLA tools. The HLA alleles present in HLA classes I (A, B, and C loci) and II (DPA1, DPB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1 loci) were determined in a cohort of 59 PLHIV (cases) and 44 HIV-uninfected individuals (controls). The most frequent HLA alleles were A*02:01, DPB1*04:02 and DQB1*03:419 at 36%, 30% and 28% prevalence in general population. We found that C*07:01 (p = 0.0101; OR = 10.222, 95% IC: 1.40–74.55), DQA1*03:02 (p = 0.0051; OR = 5.297, 95% IC: 1.48–19.02) and DRB1*09:01 (p = 0.0119; OR = 4.788, 95% IC: 1.39–16.44) showed an association with susceptibility to HIV infection, while DQB1*03:419 (p = 0.0478; OR = 0.327, 95% IC: 0.11–0.96) was associated with protection from HIV infection. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of HLA allele diversity in the Peruvian population (around 70% South American indigenous ancestry), lay the groundwork for further valuable large-scale use of HLA typing and offer a novel association of HIV infection that is relevant to vaccine studies.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a cutting-edge manufacturing technique that allows for the direct creation of complicated objects from digital desktop designs. Among the several AM techniques, the material extrusion technique has gained more attention because of its ability to manufacture complicated objects and customizes profiles at a reasonable costin a shortertime period. The main advantages of this technique are its easier fabrication process and low cost when compared to other well-known AM techniques. Enhancement in mechanical properties plays the key role in the AM objects. So, Incorporating nanofillers or nanoparticles into the basic materials like polymers, carbon ceramic and metal based materials is one of the most promising alternatives. This review attempts to enlighten and inform readers about the basic working principle of material extrusion technique and the many forms of polymer-based additives reported in the literature. This review can guide the readers to compare and assess the uses of polymer based raw materials before on choosing the kind of material be used, as well as it provides a view point on the application of AM by the material extrusion method in different disciplines. Finally, the challenges and upcoming prospects of the material extrusion process are discussed.

Acidic soils limit plant nutrient availability, leading to deficiencies and reduced crop yields. Agricultural liming agents address these issues and are crucial for deploying silicate amendments used in enhanced rock weathering (ERW) for carbon sequestration and emission reduction. Grower recommendations for liming agents are based on the liming index (LI), which combines the neutralizing value (NV) and fineness rating (FR) to predict a mineral’s acidity neutralization relative to pure calcite. However, the LI was originally developed for carbonate minerals, and its applicability to silicates remains uncertain, with studies often yielding inconclusive results on soil carbon and liming efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the liming efficiency of silicates. We determined the LI of five candidate ERW minerals (basalt, olivine, wollastonite, kimberlite, and montmorillonite) and compared them to pure calcite. Post-NV acid digestion, we characterized the minerals and soils, applying nonparametric statistical tests (Wilcoxon, Kendall) to correlate liming results with LI, dosage, and amendment methods. We developed an empirical model incorporating mineralogy and kinetics to explain silicate behavior in liming, considering soil, climate, and crop factors.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a small, consisting of 104 residues, protein, which under physiological conditions exists mainly in hexameric form. It belongs to the positive acute-phase proteins, which means that its plasma concentration increases rapidly in response to injury, inflammation, and infection. The accumulation of SAA molecules promotes the formation of amyloid aggregates, which deposit extracellularly in many organs, causing their dysfunction. In our previous work, we successfully designed a peptidomimetic that inhibited the aggregation of amyloidogenic SAA fragments. In the present paper, we show how the same inhibitor, named saa3Dip, affects oligomerization and aggregation processes of MetSAA1.1 protein. The Thioflavin T assay showed that saa3Dip inhibits its fibrillization. The measurement of the internal fluorophore fluorescence (Trp) showed differences that occur in the tertiary structure of MetSAA1.1 in the presence of the inhibitor, which was also confirmed by CD spectra in the aromatic range. FTIR results suggested that saa3Dip can stabilize some fragments of the native structure of MetSAA1.1, which was confirmed by determining the melting temperature (Tm) of the protein-inhibitor complex. AFM images demonstrated that the presence of saa3Dip prevents the formation of large SAA aggregates. Our results suggest that saa3Dip stabilizes the native conformation of MetSAA1.1.

Valles Marineris (VM), the most prominent example of a Martian Valley Network, has been extensively studied for over 50 years, yet no detailed examination of the principal azimuths of the system exists. To address this, two methods are presented to precisely calculate the principal azimuths, a Bezier Spline analysis, and a GIS technique. The medial axis of the main canyon of VM was determined analytically from cubic polynomial splines fitted to 93 coordinate points along both north and south edges of the canyon. These splines were optimized, and medial axis points were calculated through numerical techniques that ensured orthogonality between the tangents of each spline and their connecting normal lines. 1,000 medial axis points were extracted, and various regression models constructed, including fitting to sinusoidal and cubic polynomial curves, achieving accuracies with R² values of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. Principal azimuths were obtained using the sinusoidal equation with the slope of the tangent at any point x simply determined by the derivative of the curve’s equation. This analytic approach was cross-validated by a GIS method (using QGIS software), where a vector medial axis was obtained which produced principal azimuths that agreed with values from the analytic study with a correlation coefficient of 1.00, and a p value of 6.43e-65. The findings demonstrate that an azimuthal framework can be rigorously constructed as a potential standard reference in VM geoscience, replacing less precise and ambiguous compass bearings with the accurate azimuths necessary for high-resolution spatial analysis for future investigations.

Complexity of issues in cancer research has led to the introduction of powerful computational tools for helping experimental in vivo and in vitro methods. These tools, typically focused on studying cell behavior and dynamic cell populations, range from systems of differential equations solved numerically, to lattice models and agent-based simulations. In particular, agent-based models (ABMs) are increasingly used for they capability to incorporate multi-scale features ranging from the individual up to the population level, thus combining statistically aggregated assumptions with individual heterogeneity. In this work, we present an ABM that simulates tumor progression in a colonic crypt, with the aim of providing an experimental in silico environment for testing results achieved in traditional laboratory research and developing alternative scenarios of tumor development. The model also allows some speculations about causal relationships in biologically inspired systems.

Hybrid Power Switches (HPS) combine the advantages of SiC unipolar and Si bipolar devices and therefore can bridge the gap between these technologies. In this paper, the performance of a hybrid power switch configuration based on the latest SiC MOSFET and Si IGBT technologies is presented. The device is evaluated through experimental measurements of its characteristics under various conditions. The results show the HPS can achieve switching losses as low as a SiC MOSFET while offering the high current capability of the IGBT without significant increase in costs.

Introduction: The care of dependent people is eminently family-oriented, and often, there is a high level of dedication to this family care. Constant and continuous care leads to a series of negative psychological consequences. Social support has been related to improved mental health in family caregivers. We found heterogeneous results regarding the relationship between the types of social support received and the perceived level of support. In addition, to our knowledge, no reviews analyze this relationship among family caregivers. Therefore, we aimed to systematically syn-thesize the relationships between perceived and received social support in informal caregivers. Methodology: We have carried out a quantitative systematic review with meta-analysis, regis-tered in PROSPERO (id: CRD42023470047); the systematic search was carried out in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus, until November 2023. After the selection and review of the results, 12 studies were obtained, two of which were eliminated due to a high risk of classification bias. Regarding the results, a medium size positive statistical association was found (r = 0.43). The results were consistent, accurate, and robust. The Trim and Fill test showed a vari-ation of 7%. Subgroup analysis indicated no differences in the age group of the people cared for (adults or children), selection bias, and confounding bias. In conclusion, perceived social support is related to more social support received by family caregivers.