There is little doubt that the efficacy of MnDPDP and its therapeutic improved counterpart Ca4Mn(DPDP)5 mainly depends on their MnSOD-mimetic activity when it comes to their potential use as rescue medicines, during e.g., acute myocardial infarction. However, pharmacokinetic considerations suggest that the efficacy of MnDPDP on Pt2+-associated neurotoxicity depends on another action of this drug. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies have demonstrated that Pt2+ outcompetes Mn2+ and endogenous Zn2+ from binding to fodipir (DPDP), and hence suggest that the previously reported CIPN protective efficacy of MnDPDP is a result of chelation and elimination of Pt2+ by DPDP, which in turn suggests that Mn2+ is unnecessary for efficacy when it comes to oxaliplatin-associated CIPN.

Fatigue failure remains a critical concern in structural engineering and material science, prompting extensive research to understand and predict the behaviour of materials under cyclic loading conditions. The present study aims to investigate the fatigue life of carbon steel specimens containing opposite semicircular edge notches through a comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis. In this study, stress concentration factors (SCF, K_t) of rectangular plate with opposite semicircular notches are considered under uniform tensile stress to analyse the notch deformation because of stretching of plate. Furthermore, the research focuses on quantifying stress concentration factors (SCFs) for these notches based on S-N curves of carbon steel. The study employs a combination of experimental and numerical techniques to understand the influence of these notches on the fatigue performance of carbon steel structures. A plate with opposite semicircular edge single notches under the axial load creates stress concentration near the notch and it is much larger than the average stress on the plate. Both analytical and finite element methods are used to calculate the maximum stress around the notch. SOLIDWORKS Premium Student Edition 2023 has been employed for modelling and SOLIDWORKS Simulation Premium Student Edition 2023 has been used for stress analysis and fatigue notch factor of rectangular plate of size 31 mm x 25.4 mm x 6.35 mm. The uniform tensile load with a magnitude of 20195 N is applied on one sides of rectangular plate normal to the sides of notches with ratio h/r = 1, for the semicircular notch. The result obtained on both analytical and finite element methods are compared and the percentage of error has been evaluated. Subsequently, these specimens undergo fatigue testing under varying loading conditions to capture their fatigue behaviour. The acquired fatigue data is then plotted against stress amplitude to construct S-N curves, forming the foundation for assessing the fatigue life of the notched specimens. To complement the experimental findings and to gain a deeper understanding of the stress concentration phenomenon, numerical simulations are conducted using advanced finite element analysis (FEA) techniques. The finite element models are carefully calibrated against the experimental results to ensure their accuracy and reliability. The FEA simulations enable the determination of stress concentration factors at critical locations within the notched specimens, further validating the experimental observations. The investigation reveals crucial insights into the effect of opposite semicircular edge notches on the fatigue life of carbon steel structures. The obtained S-N curves allow engineers and designers to predict the fatigue life of components with similar notches, aiding in the development of reliable and durable structures in practical applications. Moreover, the stress concentration factors determined from the numerical simulations provide valuable data to assess the potential failure modes and to optimise designs, effectively mitigating fatigue-related failures. The combination of experimental and numerical approaches ensures a comprehensive and rigorous analysis of the fatigue behaviour in notched specimens, offering a reliable basis for making informed engineering decisions. The comparison between the analytical method and the Finite Element Method (FEM) demonstrated good agreement, with an error percentage of 4.272%. The analysis revealed that the specimen would experience failure after approximately 2882 cycles, with a maximum stress of 395.914 MPa. This research study enhances the understanding of fatigue life in carbon steel structures containing opposite semicircular edge notches and contributes valuable data to the field of fatigue mechanics. The outcomes serve as a valuable resource for professionals engaged in structural engineering, material science, and design optimisation, ultimately leading to safer and more durable industrial components in critical applications. The findings of this research contribute to the understanding of fatigue behaviour in carbon steel components with stress concentration effects caused by semicircular notches. Moreover, the validated numerical simulations and data curves facilitate the prediction of fatigue life and aid in determining the critical conditions leading to fatigue failure. In conclusion, this research highlights the significance of combining experimental testing with numerical simulations to comprehensively analyse the fatigue life of carbon steel specimens with opposite semicircular edge notches. The obtained stress concentration factors provide crucial information for structural integrity assessment and offer potential for further optimising design criteria to mitigate fatigue-related failures. The findings of this study could play a vital role in enhancing the reliability and safety of carbon steel structures subjected to cyclic loading conditions. The comprehensive experimental and numerical analyses establish a foundation for future studies exploring other materials and geometries with notches, fostering advancements in fatigue life prediction and structural integrity assessment.

Heat stress affects the granulosa cells (GCs) and ovarian follicular microenvironment, causing poor oocyte developmental competence and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the physical responses and global transcriptomic changes in bovine GCs to acute heat stress (43 ℃ for 2 h) in-vitro and gave essential insights into the general interaction at cell–stress nexus. Heat-stressed GCs exhibited transient proliferation senescence, resumed proliferation at 48 h post-stress. While post-stress immediate culture-media change had a relatively positive effect on proliferation resumption. Increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis was observed in heat stress group. In spite of the upregulation of pro-apoptotic and caspase executioner genes, antioxidants and anti-apoptotic genes were also upregulated in heat-stressed GCs. Progesterone and Estrogen hormones along with steroidogenic genes expression, declined significantly, in spite of the upregulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. Out of 12385 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 330 significant DEGs (75 upregulated, 225 downregulated) were subjected to KEGG functional pathway annotation, gene ontology enrichment, and STRING network analyses. Based on the manual query of DEGs, pathway and enrichment analyses, a vast interplay observed among all major signaling pathways strongly evidence the repression of cellular transcriptional and proliferation activity, averting the effects of heat stress through remodeling of cellular structural proteins and energetic-homeostasis. This study presents detailed responses of acute heat-stressed GCs at physical, transcriptional, and pathway levels and presents interesting insights into future studies regarding GCs adaptation and their interaction with oocyte and reproductive system at ovarian level.

Abstract: A large number of collecting expeditions were launched in regions of ‘centers of diversity’ and hundreds of thousands of sample have been collected and stored in gene banks as ‘genetic resources’. So far, only a small number of the samples have been evaluated for their biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Now, their time to become useful has come. A new global phenomenon has arisen – climate change. The crop genetic resources and their wild progenitors that have survived countless years of changing environment during the last 11,000 years could harbor genes that may be useful under the new growing conditions and environmental factors thrown up by climate change and global warming. With the deployment of modern bio-engineering techniques selected genes or gene fragments can be transferred from genetic resources to modern varieties of crop plants to make them well-prepared to mitigate the effects of global warming and climate change. The latter is the most serious issue facing plant breeders today. New pests and diseases could affect crop production. These review paper discusses various impacts and issues as a result of this phenomenon and suggest ways to safeguard our most important crops through better management of crop plant genetic resources in the near future.

Among the plant nutrients potassium (K) is one of the vital elements required for plant growth and physiology. Potassium is not only a constituent of plant structure but also plays regulatory function in several biochemical processes related to protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation. There are several physiological processes like stomatal regulation and photosynthesis are dependent on K. In the recent decades K was found to provide abiotic stress tolerance. Under salt stress, K helps in maintaining ion homeostasis and regulation of osmotic balance. Under drought stress condition K regulates the stomatal opening and makes the plants adaptive to water deficit. Many reports provided the notion that K enhances the antioxidant defense in plants and therefore, protects the plants from oxidative stress under various environmental adversities. Also, it provides some cellular signaling alone or in association with other signaling molecules and phytohormones. Although a considerable progress in understanding K-induced abiotic stress tolerance in plants has been achieved the exact molecular mechanisms of such protections are still under research. In this review, we summarized the recent literature on the biological functions of K, its uptake, and translocation and its role in plant abiotic stress tolerance.

Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide that has recently gained significant attention for its neuroprotective properties in various models of neurodegeneration. This review provides an overview of available experimental data on the beneficial properties of trehalose for central nervous system pathological conditions. Trehalose’s impact on neuronal cell survival and function was also examined. As a result, we identified that trehalose’s neuroprotection includes autophagy modulation as well as its capability to stabilize proteins and inhibit the formation of misfolded ones. Moreover, trehalose mitigates oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage by stabilizing cellular membranes and modulating mitochondrial function. Furthermore, trehalose attenuates excitotoxicity-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibiting inflammasome activation. A possible connection of trehalose with the gut-brain axis was also examined. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic effects of trehalose in neurodegenerative diseases. According to the conclusions drawn from this study, trehalose is a promising neuroprotective agent as a result of its distinct mechanism of action, which makes this compound a candidate for further research and development of therapeutic strategies to combat neuronal damage and promote neuroprotection in various neurological diseases.

This paper aims to explore differences between the perception of dark traits in formal leaders and levels of workplace stress among employees working in family and non-family businesses. Furthermore, we assess if the company nature (family-owned versus non-family-owned) moderates the relationship between the employees' perception of dark triad traits in their formal leaders and their workplace stress levels. The empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 220 Portuguese employees who responded to a questionnaire that included their perceptions of their formal leaders’ dark triad traits and workplace stress measures. All respondents work in small and medium-sized private companies with no management responsibilities and under formal hieratical supervision. The initial ideas that family firms’ employees perceive higher levels of dark triad traits in their formal leaders than non-family firms’ employees and that they also show higher levels of workplace stress than non-family firms’ employees were confirmed. The results also support the notion that higher perceptions of dark triad traits in formal leaders are related with higher levels of workplace stress of employees and that the company nature significantly moderates this relationship. These findings contribute to the research literature by addressing two aspects under-addressed in the comparison between family and non-family firms, while offering insights on the relationship between dark triad traits in formal leaders and workplace stress levels of employees.

Abiotic stress is a significant factor restricting the normal growth and development of plants. Under abiotic stress, plants maintain their life and continuous growth by reconfiguring transcriptional regulation and metabolic networks. In recent years, with the development of sequencing technology and mass spectrometry technology, transcriptomics and metabolomics have emerged as new disciplines following genomics and proteomics, which are conducive to identifying metabolites and regulatory genes in plants under abiotic stress. In this review, we mainly analyzes the technical characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of transcriptomics and metabolomics, focusing on reviewing the research progress in the field of plant responses to abiotic stress (temperature stress, salt stress, water stress, and heavy metal stress) using transcriptomics and metabolomics both domestically and internationally in recent years. It also provides a prospective view on current issues, which helps accelerate the understanding of the mechanisms of plant responses to abiotic stress and provides new ideas for breeding stress-resistant varieties in the future.

Australia’s avian species are unique and diverse. Due to the dramatic changed in distribution, physiology, and behaviour caused by both changing climatic conditions and human activities, Australian bird species becomes highly vulnerable to health-related factors such as impact injury and vehicle trauma, as well as environmental-related stressors such as animal attack and abnormal behaviours. This is reflected in increasing number of avian patients received by wildlife hospitals. The most common outcome of avian species in wildlife hospitals was euthanasia, only few of them were released back into their ecosystem. During the process of bird rescue and rehabilitation, stress can be caused by various stressors such as injury, infection, trauma, shock and stressful environment in wildlife hospitals and rehabilitation centres. Therefore, in order to better understand the causes of the high rates of mortality and improve the management and conservation strategies, it is important to study the species responses to environmental changes. Similar with other species, in birds, the HPA axis plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis by producing glucocorticoids (corticosterone in birds). In this study, we sampled a total of 30 individuals humanely euthanised at the Adelaide Koala and Wildlife Centre (AKWC), and noted their clinical information. Feather samples were collected from all 30 individuals, and then were processed and analysed for corticosterone levels using enzyme-immunoassay (EIA). The biological relevance of feather CORT assay was evaluated by comparing the absolute levels of CORT between birds. We also analysed the effects of different stressors by grouped the diagnosis into acute and chronic categories. Although results suggest that stress levels were variable between the diagnosis, no statistically significant difference was found between these two categories in this study due to the limited sample size. We also obtained patient records from the 2022-2023 period from AKWC for retrospective analysis. Records were categorized and analysed based on the diagnoses, species and admission dates. Retrospective analysis suggests that in 2022, the Rainbow Lorikeet had the highest admission rate (192/544, 35.29%), followed by Magpie (124/544, 22.79%). Most admissions occurred in Summer. Musculoskeletal injury was the most prevalent diagnosis across all species with Magpies having the highest rates (73.39%) across all diagnoses and Rainbow Lorikeets the second highest (36.46%). Beak and Feather disease (BFD) was another common diagnosis for lorikeets. Data collected at 2023 followed the similar trend. This is the first study that uses non-invasive method to determine stress levels of rescued Australian native avian species, aims at improving and implementing native avian species management and conservation initiatives. This research also provides a basis for future studies which allow for more detailed analyses of wild populations and a broader range of species.

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol found in various plants and fruits such as blackberries, blueberries, currants, strawberries, peanuts, and most especially in grapes. It is also present in red wine, although its content varies greatly depending on its origin. It is a phytoalexin produced by plants in response to stress, aggression from pathogens such as bacteria or fungi, or physical damage such as injury. In addition to its involvement in plant defence responses, resveratrol has been the subject of research interest due to its potential health benefits, including antioxidant properties and potential positive effects on the cardiovascular system, among others. Initial interest in its research stemmed from the so-called 'French paradox', in certain regions of France, where despite high intakes of saturated fats there was a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease. Science wondered the factor that might be protecting the French from inflammation, vascular damage and playing a role in their longer lifespan. Thus, in the 1990s, it was hypothesized that a component of wine could be the key element. Epidemiological studies began to suggest that moderate consumption of wine, especially red wine, was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. In vitro laboratory research supported this idea, demonstrating that resveratrol could inhibit processes involved in the development of atherosclerosis or the formation of arterial plaques, such as platelet aggregation in blood vessels and oxidative damage to LDL cholesterol. A plausible mechanism for heart protection thus emerged. Since then, an increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies have been carried out to unravel the mechanism by which resveratrol can slow down the aging process.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) represent a continuum of lifelong impairments resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol, with significant global impact. The “spectrum” of disorders includes a continuum of physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental impairments, which can have profound and lasting effects on individuals throughout their lives impacting their health, social interactions, psychological well-being and every aspect of their lives. This narrative paper explores the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and epigenetics in FASD pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications. Oxidative stress, induced by alcohol metabolism, disrupts cellular components, particularly in the vulnerable fetal brain, leading to aberrant development. Furthermore, oxidative stress is implicated in epigenetic changes, including alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA expression, which influence gene regulation in FASD patients. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation contribute to epigenetic changes associated with FASD. Understanding these mechanisms holds promise for targeted therapeutic interventions. This includes antioxidant supplementation and lifestyle modifications to mitigate FASD-related impairments. While preclinical studies show promise, further clinical trials are needed to validate these interventions' efficacy in improving clinical outcomes for individuals affected by FASD. This comprehensive understanding of the role of oxidative stress on epigenetics in FASD underscores the importance of multidisciplinary approaches for diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies. Continued research in this field is crucial for advancing our knowledge and developing effective interventions to address this significant public health concern.

Academic stress affects students' psychological and physiological well-being. Dental undergraduate programs are known for their demanding curriculum, leading to significant stress symptoms. Objective was to determine if salivary cortisol levels were higher in students exposed to academic stress, assess the relationship between stress severity/temperament and cortisol values, and explore relaxation technique effects. Salivary cortisol was measured at two time points for all participants: before exams and during a relaxation period after summer break. A third measurement was conducted for students with high pre-test cortisol levels who received instructions on progressive muscle relaxation(PMR) before subsequent exams. Additionally, participants completed two questionnaires: Perceived Stress Scale(PSS) and Fisher's Temperament Questionnaire. The group analysis based on the PSS indicated that 39 participants reported high stress. Women demonstrated significantly higher stress than men(p=0.042054). A significant difference in stress levels was observed between Director and Builder temperament types(p=0.029276). Cortisol levels showed a significant decrease from the first measurement to the second measurement, and the third measurement after implementing PMR. The grade in the "Dermatovenereology" course correlated with stress level according to the PSS(k=0.578467). Pre-test cortisol levels correlated with the frequency of using PMR guidelines during winter test periods(k=0.416138). Stress negatively affects the immune system and poses health risks. Implementing stress reduction techniques in dental/medical education could benefit students and the healthcare system.

Heat stress results in significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Genetics plays an important role in chickens adapting to the warming environment. Physiological parameters, including hematochemical parameters, change in response to heat stress in chickens. To explore the genetics of heat stress resilience in chickens, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using Hy-Line Brown (HLB) layer chicks treated with either high ambient temperature or combined high temperature and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection. Hematochemical parameters were measured during three treatment phases: acute heat stress, chronic heat stress, and chronic heat stress combined with NDV infection. Significant changes in blood parameters were recorded for 11 parameters across the three treatments. The GWAS revealed 39 significant SNPs (P < 0.05) for 7 parameters, located on Gallus gallus chromosomes (GGA) 1, 3, 4, 6, 11, and 12. The significant genomic regions were further investigated to examine if the genes within the regions were associated with the corresponding traits under heat stress. A candidate gene list including genes in the identified genomic regions that were also differentially expressed in chicken tissues under heat stress was generated. Understanding the correlation between genetic variants and resilience to heat stress is an important step in improving heat tolerance in poultry.

This review focuses on the role of small extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiological mechanisms of retinal degenerative diseases. Many of these mechanisms are related or modulated by the oxidative burden of the retinal cells. It has been recently demonstrated that cellular communication in the retina involves extracellular vesicles and that their rate of release and cargo features might be affected by the cellular environment and in some instances also mediated by autophagy. The fate of these vesicles is diverse, and could end up in the circulation and be used as markers, or target neighbour cells modulating gene and protein expression and eventually also angiogenesis. Neovascularization in the retina promotes vision loss in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The importance of micro RNAs, either as small extracellular vesicles’ cargo or free circulating, on the regulation of retinal angiogenesis is also discussed.

JIS SUJ2 is most widely used in bearing steels. The advantages are good hardenability, excellent fatigue, wear resistance and comprehensive mechanical properties. For wear resistance and fatigue resistance of the steel are getting more and more attention, the residual stress state and its distribution on the surface of the heat affect zone are critical factors affecting the fatigue life and wear resistance of the parts. In this study, using the SUJ2 as the material to talk about the surface residual stress and retained austenite distribution. Doing the quenching and tempering treatment to obtain different microstructures, using the induction method to re-quench the case region. After the heat treatment, measuring the residual stress and retained austenite volume on the surface by X-ray diffraction, observing the microstructure and comparing the hardness. The results show that the microstructure after heat treatment contains unsolidified carbides, tempered martensite and retained austenite. The residual stress on the surface is the tensile state. In the re-hardened area after induction quenching, the residual stress is all compressive, and the values are more than -800 MPa. In conclusion, in the same output power condition can be observed that the microstructure of the specimens before induction hardening has a significant impact on the effective case depth. The surface residual stress has changed from a tensile to a compressive state. In the re-hardened area, the maximum of the residual compressive stress increased with the austenitized temperature increase.

Pesticides are among the most widely used synthetic chemicals worldwide to protect crops, but besides being beneficial, they pose several environmental and health issues. The present study evaluates toxic effects of acetamiprid (ACMP) in rat liver and kidney tissues. Rats were exposed to ACMP (21.7 mg/kg b.wt; 1/10th LD50) for 21 days. Oxidative stress generation, apoptotic progression, and structural changes were evaluated via biochemical assays, semi-quantitative PCR, western blotting, and histopathology. ACMP exposure significantly decreased body weight and altered relative organ weight in hepato-renal tissues. Significant oxidative stress was evident by increased oxidative injuries to lipids and proteins and alterations of endogenous anti-oxidative enzymes. The administration of ACMP upregulated mRNA expression of Bax and caspase-3, while downregulated the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and released cytochrome c into the cytosol of the liver and kidney tissues. Likewise, exposure to ACMP caused severe degenerative changes in the histo-architecture of hepato-renal tissues. The results of the present study confirmed the toxicity of ACMP in rats’ liver and kidney tissues and emphasized the need for strict regulation and more mechanistic understanding to delineate the toxicity of ACMP in mammals.

Brain physiology and morphology are vulnerable to chronic stress, affecting cognitive performance and behavior. However, functional compounds found in food may alleviate these alterations. White quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Wild) seeds have high content of n-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid. This work aimed to evaluate the possible neuroprotective role of a quinoa-based functional food (QFF) in rats. Prepubertal male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with rat chow or QFF (50% rat chow + 50% dehydrated quinoa seeds) and exposed or not to restraint stress protocol (2 hours/day; 15 days). Four experimental groups were used: Non-stressed (rat chow), Non-stressed + QFF, Stressed (rat chow) and Stressed + QFF. Weight gain, locomotor activity (open field), anxiety (elevated plus maze, light-dark box), spatial memory (Y-maze), and dendritic length in the hippocampus were measured in all animals. QFF intake did not affect anxiety-like behaviors, while the memory of stressed rats fed with QFF improved compared to those fed with rat chow. In addition, QFF intake countered the stress-induced dendritic atrophy in pyramidal neurons located in CA3 area of the hippocampus. The results suggest that a quinoa-supplemented diet could have a protective role on the memory of chronically stressed rats.

Most of the damage to Vleg cars was caused by material fatigue. The objectives of the fatigue analysis on Xenia 2011 car wheels with the Finite Element Method using Solidworks are: 1) Knowing the fatigue analysis process on car wheels, 2) Knowing the results of the fatigue analysis on car wheels. The research method used is the Finite Element Method (FEM) method; the re-search steps include model data retrieval from the Wheel code, 3D model creation process, static simulation process according to SAE J 328 standard, mesh variations, fatigue simulation, and finally, standardization of results fatigue simulation regarding the SAE J 328 standard. The re-sults of the fatigue analysis on the Xenia 2011 car wheels obtained an age of 1000,000 cycles when compared with the minimum average of SAE J 328 of 600,000 cycles, this product design is clas-sified as a high cycle, which means it will experience a prolonged failure, and this design has a maximum alternating stress value of 627.4702 MPa, a strain of 0.007105, a displacement of 7.148 mm and a SOF of 0.087890 with a load factor used of 2.5, so overall this Xenia car can be loaded with a load of 1775 kg, if it is more than that, then Wheels will experience cracking.

Rearing density directly impacts fish welfare, which, in turn, affects productivity in aquaculture. Previous studies have indicated that high-density rearing during sexual development in fish can induce stress, resulting in a tendency towards male-biased sex ratios in the populations. In recent years, research has defined the relevance of the interactions between the environment and epigenetics playing a key role in the final phenotype. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms of individuals exposed to confinement remain elucidated. By using zebrafish (Danio rerio) the DNA methylation promotor region and the gene expression patterns of six genes: dnmt1, cyp19a1a, dmrt1, cyp11c1, hsd17b1, and hsd11b2 involved in the DNA maintenance methylation, reproduction, and stress were assessed. Zebrafish larvae were subjected to two high-density conditions (9 and 66 fish/L) during two periods of overlapping sex differentiation of this species (7 to 18 and 18 to 45 days post-fertilization, dpf). Results showed a significant masculinization in the populations of fish subjected to high densities from 18 to 45 dpf. In adulthood the dnmt1 gene was differentially hypomethylated in ovaries and its expression was significantly downregulated in the testes of fish exposed to high-density. Further, the cyp19a1a gene showed downregulation of gene expression in the ovaries of fish subjected to elevated density, as previously observed in other studies. We proposed dnmt1 as a potential testicular epimarker, and the expression of ovarian cyp19a1a as a potential biomarker for predicting stress originated from high densities during the early stages of development. These findings highlight the importance of rearing densities by long-lasting effects in adulthood conveying cautions for stocking protocols in fish hatcheries.

Abstract: Down Syndrome (DS) is a common genetic disorder characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to dysregulation of various metabolic pathways. Oxidative stress in DS is associated with neurodevelopmental defects, neuronal dysfunction, and the onset of dementia re-sembling Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, chronic oxidative stress contributes to cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers prevalent in DS individuals. This study investigates the impact of ageing on oxidative stress and liver fibrosis using a DS murine model (Ts2Cje mice). The liver in DS mice shows increased oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses, as evidenced by reduced glutathione levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, DS liver exhibits an altered in-flammatory response as measured by the expression of cytokines and heat shock proteins. DS liver also displays dysregulated lipid metabolism, indicated by altered expression of peroxisome prolif-erator-activated receptors and fatty acid transport proteins. Consistently, these changes might contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development, a condition characterized by liver fat accumulation. Finally, histological analysis of DS liver reveals increased fibrosis and steatosis, in-dicative of potential progression to liver cirrhosis. This finding highlights the increased risk of liver pathologies in DS individuals, particularly when combined with the higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in DS patients. These results shed light on the liver's role in DS-associated pathologies and suggest potential therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress and lipid metabolism to prevent or mitigate liver-related complications in DS individuals.

Water deficit is one of the factors that most influence plant growth and yield. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of silicon and salicylic acid application and water deficit on the growth and photosynthetic and osmoregulatory metabolism of Talisia esculenta Radlk seedlings and their recovery potential after the resumption of irrigation. Six treatments were performed: irrigation, irrigation suspension, irrigation suspension + silicon at 0.5 g L−1, irrigation suspension + silicon at 1.0 g L−1, irrigation suspension + salicylic acid at 50 mg L−1, and irrigation suspension + salicylic acid at 100 mg L−1. The evaluations were carried out at the beginning of the experiment (T0), at 10 and 15 (DIS) days after irrigation suspension, when the seedlings showed a photosynthetic rate close to zero, and at recovery (REC). The plants were submitted to water restriction for up to 15 days, being then re-irrigated until the recovery point, which was monitored based on the photosynthetic rate. Silicon application attenuated the harmful effects of water deficit on gas exchange, initial fluorescence, promoted proline accumulation in the leaf and root, and provided higher seedling quality. Salicylic acid application contributed to the maintenance of the relative water content of leaves during the water deficit period. Silicon and salicylic acid applications can attenuate the harmful effects of water stress, with silicon being the most effective agent in maintaining its growth and metabolism.

The novel coronavirus has affected the mental state of the general public, more so among healthcare workers. During the pandemic when the infectivity had become intense, dental professionals were at stake as their work demanded more proximity with oral and nasal secretions. Many dentists had to close their clinics for fear of infection. This had a significant impact on their financial, social and emotional wellbeing. Stress is what arises when something we care about is at stake. Dentistry which is already a stressful discipline, the pandemic has multiplied the already existing pressures of isolation, the focus on perfectionism, compromise on treatment, and time pressures. Our study has attempted to assess the perceived stress among dentists and the various correlates impacting the same. Resilience is the capacity to bounce back productively during stressful situations. Resilience acts like a buffer to wither stress. Resilience is neither permanent nor global. In our study, we have attempted to assess resilience among dentists using a standard validated scale and various sociodemographic factors impacting resilience. Further, we have tried to assess the correlation between stress and resilience. We found that senior dentists with more years of experience had more resilience and their perceived stress was less. Though we found increased perceived stress among women dentists, resilience did not have any gender difference. It is essential to be pandemic prepared with the implementation of resilience-building strategies at various levels.

The calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) mediate transcriptional regulation of development, growth, and responses to various environmental stresses in plants. To characterize the biological processes of soybean CAMTA (GmCAMTA) family members in response to abiotic stress, we identified 15 GmCAMTA genes from soybean (Glycine max L.) and investigated their roles in the abiotic stress response. The transcriptions of GmCAMTAs exhibited distinct circadian regulation patterns and were expressed differently in response to salt, drought, and cold stresses, except ABA. Interestingly, the expression levels of GmCAMTA2, GmCAMTA8, and GmCAMTA12 were higher in stem tissue than in other soybean tissues. To determine the roles of GmCAMTAs in the regulation of developmental processes and stress responses, we isolated GmCAMTA2 and GmCAMTA8 cDNAs from soybean and generated Arabidopsis overexpressing transgenic plants. The GmCAMTA2-OX and GmCAMTA8-OX plants showed hypersensitivity to drought stress. The water in the leaves of GmCAMTA2-OX and GmCAMTA8-OX plants was lost faster than that in WT plants under drought stress conditions. In addition, stress-responsive genes in the GmCAMTA2-OX and GmCAMTA8-OX plants were down-regulated under drought stress conditions. Our results suggest that GmCAMTA2 and GmCAMTA8 genes are regulated by circadian rhythms and function as negative regulators in development and drought stress responses.

Insulin resistance, as a common pathological process of many metabolic diseases, including diabetes and obesity, has attracted much attention due to its relevant influencing factors. To date, studies have mainly focused on the mechanisms between mitochondrial stress and insulin resistance, and they are now pursued as a very attractive therapeutic target due to their extensive involvement in many human clinical settings. In view of the complex pathogenesis of diabetes, natural drugs have become new players in diabetes prevention and treatment because of their wide targets and few side effects. In particular, plant phenolics have been paid more attention because of their close relationship with oxidative stress. In this review, we briefly review the mechanisms by which mitochondrial stress leads to insulin resistance. Moreover, we list some cytokines and genes that have recently been found to play roles in mitochondrial stress and insulin resistance. Furthermore, we describe several natural drugs that are currently widely used and give a brief overview of their therapeutic mechanisms. Finally, we suggest possible ideas for future research related to the unique role that natural drugs play in the treatment of insulin resistance through the above targets.

This work is based on identifying the analysis techniques used to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using the zebrafish model. In this context, a literature review was performed with the Web of Science database. We used the terms zebra fish, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, model, and Danio rerio. Fifty articles were reviewed, of which thirty-three were chosen to perform this review and were classified according to the source of plant extracts, compounds extracted from plants, chemical compounds, and other sources. This paper is an effort to provide a literature review on zebrafish models and elucidate their pros and cons to evaluate anti-inflamatory and antioxidant activity.

The effect of Gymnema Sylvestre supplementation on beta cell and hepatic activity was explored in an alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rat model. Adult rats were made hyperglycemic via a single inj. (i.p) of Alloxan (120mg/kg b.w). Gymnema Sylvestre was supplemented @250mg/kg and 500mg/kg b.w. Blood glucose levels were constantly monitored. After 21 days, rats were euthanized, and blood and tissues (pancreas and liver) were collected for biochemical, expression, and histological analysis. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the means of different treatment groups. Gymnema Sylvestre significantly reduced blood glucose levels with a subsequent increase in plasma insulin levels in a dosage-dependent manner. Total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde, LDL, VLDL, ALT, AST, triglyceride, total cholesterol, total protein, C-reactive protein, and cortisol levels were reduced significantly in alloxan-treated hyperglycemic rats supplemented with Gymnema Sylvestre as compared to control. Significantly raised paraoxonase, arylesterase, albumin, and HDL levels were also observed in Gymnema Sylvestre supplemented hyperglycemic rats. Increased mRNA expression of Ins-1, Ins-2, Gck, Pdx1, Mafa, and Pax6 were observed, while decreased expression of Cat, Sod1, Nrf2, and NF-kB was observed in the pancreas. Whereas increased mRNA expression of Gck, Irs1, SREBP1c, and Foxk1 and decreased expression of Irs2, ChREBP, Foxo1, and FoxA2 were observed in the liver. The current study indicates the potent effect of Gymnema Sylvestre on the transcription modulation of the insulin gene in the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rat model. Enhanced plasma insulin levels further help to improve hyperglycemia-induced dyslipidemia through transcriptional modulation of hepatocytes.

Despite accumulating evidence for the pro-apoptotic role for X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1 (XAF1), its involvement in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response remains undefined. Here, we report that XAF1 enhances cell sensitivity to ER stress and acts as a switch in unfolded protein response (UPR)-mediated cell-fate decisions favoring apoptosis over adaptive autophagy. XAF1 interacts with and destabilizes ER stress sensor GRP78 through the assembly of zinc finger protein 313-mediated destruction complex. Moreover, XAF1 gene transcription is activated by ER stress through PERK-Nrf2 signaling to direct an adaptive to apoptotic switch of stress response by blocking C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP)-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination and subsequent phosphorylation of inositol-required enzyme-1α (IRE1α). In tumor xenograft assays, XAF1-/- tumors display substantially lower regression compared to XAF1+/+ tumors in response to cytotoxic dose of ER stress inducer. XAF1 and GRP78 expression show an inverse correlation in human cancer cell lines and primary breast carcinomas. Collectively this study uncovers an important role for XAF1 as a linchpin to govern the sensitivity to ER stress and the outcomes of UPR signaling, illuminating the mechanistic consequence of XAF1 inactivation in tumorigenesis.

Inositol transporter (INT) is reputed as the pivotal transporter for vital metabolites like lipids, minerals, and sugars particularly. These transporters play important role in transitional metabolism and various signaling pathways in plants through regulating the transduction of messages from hormones, neurotransmitters, and immunologic and growth factors. Extensive studies have been conducted on animal INT with promising outcomes. However, few recent studies have highlighted the importance and the complexity of INT genes in the regulation of plant physiology stages including growth and tolerance to stress conditions. The present review sum-up the most recent findings on the role of INT or inositol genes in plant metabolisms and the responsive mechanisms that cope with external stressors. Moreover, we highlighted the emerging role of vacuoles and vacuolar inositol transporters in plant molecular transition and their related roles in plant growth and development. Inositol transporters are the essential mediator for the inositol uptake and its intracellular broadcasting for various metabolic pathways where they play crucial roles. Also, so far characterized only in animals, we reported evidence on Na+/inositol transporters H+/inositol symporters and suggested their roles and operating mode in plants. Thus, understanding the INT functioning system, the coordinated movement of inositol, and the relation between inositol generation and other important plant signaling pathways would be an excellent asset for advancement in researches on plant stress adaptation.

An imbalance in any metabolic system can be traced to its homeostasis. When homeostatic environment is not attainable then there will be a response from the body. A new shift has emerged, “the negative feedback effect of high fructose consumption;” more pain than gain. The human metabolic system daily combat fructose sugar metabolism which emanates from high consumption. This inadvently lead to a chronological series of complications arising from the feedback. These feedbacks play pivotal roles in skeletal muscle damage and other body frameworks, it also fosters toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), factors that impose and inflict damaging effects to the body`s energy currency and serious threat to health. These damages are missed or overlooked because of early nonspecific physiological symptoms. High level of fructose has both long- and short-term effects on human metabolic processes. These effects which are majorly through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals, are felt in the disruption of biomolecules such as causing DNA mutation, lipid peroxidation etc. these effects in turn lead to various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other health issues. In this review, we will focus on the damaging effects this sugar has on human health and the present solutions being applied. We will also look at the next step in combatting and controlling these negative feedbacks.

Abstract Objectives To assess the causes and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adult asylum seekers and refugees. To explore whether the causes and risk factors of PTSD, between male and female adult refugees/ asylum seekers is different. Study design Systematic review of current literature. Data Sources PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar up until February 2019 Method A structured systematic search was conducted in the relevant databases. Papers were excluded, if they failed to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Afterwards, a qualitative assessment was performed on the selected papers. Results 12 Studies were included for the final analysis. All papers were either case studies/report or cross sectional studies. The number of traumatic events experienced by refugees/asylum seekers, is the most frequently reported pre-migration causes for PTSD development. Whilst acculturative stress, is the most common post migration stressor. There were mixed reports, regarding the causes of PTSD between both genders of refugees/asylum seekers. Conclusion This reviews’ findings, have potential clinical application into helping clinicians, to risk stratify refugees/asylum seekers for PTSD development and thus aid in embarking on earlier intervention measures. However, more rigorous research similar to this one, is needed for it to be implemented into clinical practice.

Burnout is common in many countries and is associated with several other problems, such as depression, anxiety, insomnia and memory deficits, and prospectively it predicts long-term sick-leave, cardiovascular disease and death. Clinical burnout or its residual symptoms often last several years and a common assumption is that recovery takes a long time by nature despite full time sick-leave and absence of work stress. Literature suggests models that hypothetically explain the development, but not maintenance, of the syndrome. Based on cognitive and behavioral principles and stress theory this paper describes a theoretical model explaining how clinical burnout can develop and be maintained. While the development of clinical burnout is mainly explained by prolonged stress reactions and disturbed recovery processes due to work related stressors, maintenance of the syndrome is particularly explained by prolonged stress reactions and disturbed recovery processes due to the new context of experiencing burnout and being on sick-leave. Worry about acquired memory deficits, passivity and excessive sleep, shame, fear of stress reactions, and the perception of not being safe are examples of responses that can contribute to the maintenance. The model has important implications for research and how to intervene clinical burnout.

Strawberry is a saline sensitive plant adversely affected under slightly or moderately saline conditions. Growth and biochemical parameters of strawberry plants grown under NaCl (0-, 30-, 60-, and 90 mmol L-1) conditions with or without a halophytic companion plant (Portulaca oleracea L.) were investigated in a pot experiment. Salt stress negatively affected the growth, physiological (stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage, total soluble solids) and biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll contents (chl-a and chl-b), proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, catalase, and peroxidase enzyme activities, lycopene, vitamin C contents along with the mineral uptake of strawberry plants. The companionship of P. oleacea increased fresh weight, dry weight, and fruit average weight and total fruit yield of strawberry plants along with the improvement of physiological and biochemical parameters. This study showed that cultivating of P. oleracea with strawberry plants under salt stress conditions effectively increased strawberry fruit yield and quality. We, therefore, that approaches towards the use of P. oleracea could be an environmentally friendly method that should be commonly practised where salinity is of great concern.

Recent developments in the cryopreservation space has increased the trend in germplasm collections established through cryopreserved in vitro material. Cryopreservation of recalcitrant seeds through embryos and embryonic axes, is not uncommon. Tropical and sub-tropical plants are not acclimated to the cold season, therefore have no in-built natural resilience to the cold. Also, larger seeds from trees, such as avocado (Persea americana Mill.), mango (Mangifera indica) and durian (Durio zibethinus L.) are sensitive to desiccation, chilling and freezing stress, making them unsuitable for seed banking or cryopreservation. Alternatively, as seeds do not carry the same genetic make-up as the mother plant, especially in the context of woody rainforest species of which the cross-pollination is dominant; seed conservation does not serve the purpose of germplasm preservation. Other plant material and methods are needed for these plants to be successfully stored in liquid nitrogen (LN). One such method commonly used is shoot-tip cryopreservation which ensures the clonal fidelity of germplasm. There are many problems when using shoot tips of tropical recalcitrant-seeded species. These include: 1) the toxic effects of cryoprotective agents towards structural integrity; 2) optimum developmental stage for success and 3) oxidative stress associated with excision injury leading to necrosis triggering cell death and hindering regeneration for the shoot tips in culture. A pre-requisite for any cryopreservation system is the availability of an established tissue culture regeneration platform. This review will outline conservation strategies for avocado with special emphasis on attempts and improvements made in the cryopreservation space for storing this horticulturally important crop ‘avocado’ at ultra-low temperatures.

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has affected HCPs in multiple way. It has caused psychological impact in form of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. In this study, we aim to study and compare the stress level, anxiety and depression among HCPs who are posted in special COVID-19 units with the HCPs who are not posted in COVID-19 units.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2020, at various hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. All health care professionals (HCPs) were invited to participate. A total of 301 HCPs completed this study, who were divided into two groups; those who are posted in COVID-19 ward (Group A) and those who are not (Group B). Psychological Impact was English version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale - 21 (DASS-21).Results: In Group A, 70.5% had moderate, severe, or extremely severe depression compared to 49.2% in group B. In Group A, 75.4% had moderate, severe, or extremely severe anxiety compared to 44.7% in group B. In Group A, 80.3% had moderate, severe or extremely severe stress compared to 54.2% in group B. Anxiety, depression and stress were significantly higher in HCPs who were posted in COVID-19 ward compared to those who were not posted in COVID-19 wardConclusion: There was significantly higher anxiety, stress and depression in health care professionals posted in COVID-19 ward. Both the government and health care agencies should take responsibility for protecting the psychological well-being of health care communities all over the world and ensuring a healthy work environment.

Cyanobacteria are highly diverse, widely distributed photosynthetic bacteria inhabiting various environments ranging from deserts to the cryosphere. Throughout this range of niches, they have to cope with various stresses and kinds of deprivation which threaten their growth and viability. In order to adapt to these stresses and survive, they have developed several global adaptive responses which modulate the patterns of gene expression and the cellular functions at work. Sigma factors, two-component systems, transcriptional regulators and small regulatory RNAs acting either separately or collectively, for example, induce appropriate cyanobacterial stress responses. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the diversity of the sensors and regulators involved in the perception and transduction of light, oxidative and thermal stresses and nutrient starvation responses. The studies discussed here point to the fact that various stresses affecting the photosynthetic capacity are transduced by common mechanisms.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is the global public health emergency concern and had an impact on the day to day life of individuals. Its effect on an individual’s mental health is significant to the extent of suicide. Objective: This study aimed to assess the magnitude of psychological problems and their associated factor among communities living in Dilla town in response to the pandemic. Methods: From Apr 1- Apr 15, 2020, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using multi-stage sampling techniques. Self-administered the questioner, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and logistic regression analysis (95% CI, p-value <0.05) was used. Results: This study included 445 respondents with a 94% non- response rate who was living in Dilla town. In total, 34.4% of respondents had a psychological problem (11.4 % mild and 23% moderate level of the psychological problem). Female, Greater secondary level of education, monthly income below 500 ETB, more than three family size, and wearing face mask were variables associated with the outcome variable (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Nearly one-third of the respondents had mild to moderate psychological among communities living in Dilla town. There is a need for mental health support on those identified groups of peoples to enhance their resilience in response to the pandemic.

Astaxanthin (AX) is a carotenoid that exerts potent antioxidant activity and acts in the lipid bilayer. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AX on muscle atrophy-mediated disturbance of mitochondria that have a lipid bilayer. Tail suspension was used to establish muscle- atrophied mouse models. AX diet fed to tail-suspension mice prevented loss of muscle weight and decreased myofiber size in the soleus muscle. Additionally, AX improved down-regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II and III in the soleus muscle after tail suspension. To confirm the AX phenotype in the soleus muscle, we examined its effects on mitochondria using Sol8 myotubes derived from the soleus muscle. We found that AX was preferentially detected in the mitochondrial fraction; it significantly suppressed mitochondrial complex III-driven production of reactive oxygen species in Sol8 myotubes. Moreover, AX inhibited the activation of caspase 3 via inhibiting the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol in antimycin A-treated Sol8 myotubes. These results suggested that AX inhibited mitochondrial oxidative stress through a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway and thus prevented muscle atrophy.

Background: Hypertension is a cardiovascular syndrome with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hypertension caused by various stress factors is called stress-induced hypertension (SIH). The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) "neuroinflammatory-sympathetic overactivation" is involved in SIH formation. Melatonin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and blood pressure lowering effects. The present study is to explore the antihypertensive effects and mechanism of central melatonin which based on microglia derived neuroinflammation. Methods: Stress-induced hypertension (SIH) was induced by electric foot-shock stressors with noise interventions in rats. Melatonin (0.01，0.1，1 mmol/L) was administered to RVLM and then blood pressure (BP) and serum norepinephrine (NE) were monitored to reflect sympathetic vasomotor activity in SIH rats. Excitatory neurotransmitter (Glutamate) and inhibitory neurotransmitter [γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] were measured using ELISA kits. Markers of microglia M1 polarization (CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs (IL-1β, TNF-α)) expression in the RVLM were measured by RT-qPCR. Results: (1) Stress-induced increase in blood pressure and serum NE concentration; RVLM microinjection melatonin attenuated the elevation of blood pressure and increase of plasma NE in SIH rats in a dose-dependent manner. (2) The expression of CD86, PICs (IL-1β, TNF-α) and c-fos were increased in SIH rats; RVLM injection melatonin attenuated RVLM neuroinflammation and its effect is concentration-dependent. (3). Stress-induced increase in glutamate concentration in RVLM; RVLM injection melatonin reduced glutamate level and increased GABA level in SIH rats in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: RVLM injection of melatonin inhibits M1 polarization and has anti-hypertensive effects. Melatonin reduces M1 polarization in microglia might be a novel target and a new strategy for anti-stress induced-hypertension.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a hereditary polyneuropathy caused by mutations in Mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a GTPase in the outer mitochondrial membrane involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fusion and bioenergetics. Autosomal-dominant inheritance of a R94Q mutation in MFN2 causes the axonal subtype 2A2A which is characterized by early onset and progressive atrophy of distal muscles caused by motoneuronal degeneration. Here, we studied mitochondrial shape, respiration, cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP content as well as mitochondrial quality control in MFN2-deficient fibroblasts stably expressing wildtype or R94Q MFN2. Under normal culture conditions, R94Q cells had slightly more fragmented mitochondria but a similar mitochondrial oxygen consumption, membrane potential and ATP production as wildtype cells. However, when inducing mild oxidative stress 24 h before analysis using 100 µM hydrogen peroxide, R94Q cells exhibited significantly increased respiration but decreased mitochondrial ATP production. This was accompanied by increased glucose uptake and an upregulation of hexokinase 1 and pyruvate kinase M2 suggesting increased pyruvate shuttling into mitochondria. As these changes coincided with decreased levels of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in R94Q cells, we conclude that the disease-causing R94Q mutation in MFN2 causes uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration from ATP production by a less efficient mitochondrial quality control triggered by oxidative stress.

The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the articles that addressed the effect BA or carnosine supplementation on physical exercise (PE)-induced oxidative stress (OS). Before May 2018 we searched throughout PubMed, CAPES Periodic and SPORTDiscus human model peer review, randomized control studies with chronic BA or carnosine supplementation on PE-induced OS. A total of 128 citations were found. Only four articles met criteria for inclusion. All four studies used healthy young sedentary, recreationally active or athletic participants. After a chronic BA or carnosine supplementation, the studies evaluated PE-induced OS both immediately and several hours after exercise (0.5 to 48 h). In response to PE-induced OS, when compared to placebo, BA/carnosine supplementation increased total antioxidant capacity [TAC; Effect Size (ES) = 0.35, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.06 to 0.65, p = 0.02] and glutathione (GSH; ES = 0.75, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.19, p = 0.0007) concentrations while decreased direct OS markers (ES = −1.19, 95% CI −1.48 to −0.80, p < 0.01) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (ES = − 0.58, 95% CI −1.10 to −0.06, p = 0.03). BA or carnosine supplementation did not prevent the increase in indirect OS markers (ES: 0.06, 95% CI −0.38 to 0.500, p = 0.80). In humans, following PE-induced OS, initial treatment trials of BA or carnosine supplementation seemed to increase TAC and GSH concentrations, while decreasing SOD activity. Also, albeit mitigating the acute increase in direct OS markers (reactive nitrogen and oxygen species), treatment did not decrease measured values of indirect OS markers (peroxidation or molecule oxidation).

Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a highly conserved regulatory process carried out by adenosine-deaminases (ADARs) on dsRNAs. Although a considerable fraction of the transcriptome is edited, the function of most editing sites is unknown. Previous studies indicate changes in A-to-I RNA editing frequencies following exposure to several stress types. However, the overall effect of stress on the expression of ADAR targets is not fully understood. Here, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing of wild-type and ADAR mutant C. elegans worms after heat-shock to analyze the effect of heat-shock stress on the expression pattern of genes. We found that ADAR regulation following heat-shock does not directly involve heat-shock related genes. Our analysis also revealed that lncRNAs and pseudogenes, which have a tendency for secondary RNA structures, are enriched among upregulated genes following heat-shock in ADAR mutant worms. The same group of genes is downregulated in ADAR mutant worms under permissive conditions, which is likely, considering that A-to-I editing protects endogenous dsRNA from RNA-interference (RNAi). Therefore, temperature increases may destabilize dsRNA structures and protect them from RNAi degradation, despite the lack of ADAR function. These findings shed new light on the dynamics of gene expression under heat-shock in relation to ADAR function.

Introduction: Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (Tgfbr2) signaling regulates odontoblast differentiation, dentin mineralization, and the paracrine signaling that guides sensory innervation in developing mouse molars. We hypothesized that Tgfbr2 also regulates the neuro-pulpal responses to injury to activate axon sprouting and tertiary dentin secretion. Methods: We per-formed a timed deletion of Tgfbr2 using tetracycline-responsive Osterix-Cre;Tgfbr2f/f (Tgfbr2^cko) mice, which allowed them to develop normally. At 3 months, we drilled a shallow hole on the mesial side of the first mandibular molar (M1) in both control and Tgfbr2^cko mice. Hemi-mandibles were collected 4, 8, 21, and 56 days post-injury (dpi). In situ hybridization (ISH) for Sp7 was performed to confirm Osterix-Cre transcription. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and histology were used to examine the tertiary dentin, and immunofluorescence was used to visualize CGRP+ axons following the injury. Results: Tgfbr2 deletion was inferred by Sp7 ISH. Micro-CT and histology indicated a lower dentin volume in 21 dpi Tgfbr2^cko M1s compared to WT M1s, but the volume was comparable by 56 dpi. The duration of axon sprouting was longer in injured Tgfbr2^cko M1s compared to WT M1s. Conclusions: These results suggest that sensory afferents may support dentin repair in Tgfbr2-deficient odontoblasts.

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) encompasses the comprehensive evaluation of an indi-vidual's health and well-being across multiple dimensions. Mindfulness, recognized as a scientifi-cally supported strategy for anxiety management, plays a role in enhancing both physical and mental health. The Gut-Brain Axis (GBA) serves as the bidirectional communication link between the gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system. This study aims to explore the associa-tion between Mindfulness and factors influencing the GBA in both healthy individuals and those with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). A cross-sectional investigation involved 338 adults, in-cluding 50 IBD patients, utilizing validated Greek scales for Mindfulness (MAAS-15), Mediterra-nean Diet (14-MEDAS), and HRQoL (EQ-5D-5L). The questionnaire gathered demographic, an-thropometric, and lifestyle data. Among healthy participants, EQ-5D-5L showed a moderate cor-relation with the MAAS-15 scale (r=0.389, p

In this case series, we examine the impact of the Titan-iR Pro® deep spectrum biotherapeutic device on brain function in healthy individuals. Here we present 15 participants, aged 26-68 years, who enrolled in this open-label study, designed to assess the effect of a single 15-minute course of deep spectrum biotherapy on brain function. Although symptom-free upon enrollment, participants had diverse medical histories with some displaying early signs of cognitive decline. As part of the evaluation, all participants engaged in electroencephalogram (EEG) recording sessions that focused on assessing event-related potential (ERP) evaluations, including audio P300 amplitudes and latencies (speeds), neurocognitive testing, and physical reaction times. Following the Titan-iR Pro intervention an improvement in EEG-based cognitive markers was observed. These results underscore the importance of further investigation into the potential of advanced and deep spectrum photobiomodulation in the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and other neurological disorders.

High-grade gliomas are extremely fatal tumors, marked by severe hypoxia and therapeutic resistance. Autophagy is a cellular degradative process that can be activated by hypoxia, ultimately resulting in tumor advancement and chemo-resistance. Our study aimed to examine the link between autophagy markers expression in low (LGG) and high-grade gliomas (HGG). In 39 glioma cases, we assessed protein expression of autophagy markers LC3B, p62, and DRAM by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and mRNA expression of autophagy genes; PI3K, AKT, m-TOR, PTEN, ULK1, ULK2, UVRAG, Beclin 1 and VPS34 using RT-qPCR. Livak’s method was used to analyze the relative changes in gene expression and multi-variate Anova test and Spearman's correlation tests were performed for statistical significance. LC3B, p62, and DRAM expression were positive in 64.1%, 51.3%, and 28.2% of glioma cases respectively. The expression of LC3B and p62 was notably higher in HGG compared to LGG. VPS34 exhibited a significant differential expression and increased fold change and demonstrated strong positive correlations with Beclin1 (rs=0.768), UVRAG (rs=0.802), and ULK2 (rs=0.786) in HGG compared to LGG, thus highlighting the potential link between autophagy and glioma progression. We Provide preliminary data for functional analysis of autophagy using cell culture model and to identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions

We report the first correction by Prime editing of a mutation in the RYR1 gene, paving the way to gene therapies for RYR1-related myopathies. The RYR1 gene codes for a calcium channel named Ryanodine receptor 1, which is expressed in skeletal muscle fibers. The failure of this channel causes muscle weakness in patients, which degenerates into motor disabilities. Currently, there are no effective treatments for these diseases, which are mainly caused by point mutations. Prime editing allows the modification of precise nucleotides in the DNA. Our results showed a 59% correction rate of the T4709M mutation in the RYR1 gene in human myoblasts by RNA delivery of the Prime editing components. It is to be noted that the T4709M is recessive, and thus, persons having a heterozygous mutation are healthy. These results are the first demonstration that it is possible to correct mutations in the RYR1 gene.

Aging induces numerous physiological alterations, with immunosenescence emerging as a pivotal factor. This phenomenon has attracted both researchers and clinicians, prompting pro-found questions about its implications for health and disease. Among the contributing factors, one intriguing actor in this complex interplay is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpesvirus family. Latent CMV infection exerts a profound influence on the aging immune system, potentially contributing to age-related diseases. This review delves into the intricate relationship between immunosenescence and CMV, revealing how chronic viral infection im-pacts the aging immune landscape. We explore the mechanisms through which CMV can im-pact both the composition and functionality of immune cell populations and induce shifts in in-flammatory profiles with aging. Moreover, we examine potential role of CMV in such pathol-ogies as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, COVID-19, and Long COVID. This review underlines the importance of understanding the complex interplay be-tween immunosenescence and CMV. It offers insights into the pathophysiology of aging and age-associated diseases, as well as COVID-19 outcomes among the elderly. By unraveling the connections between immunosenescence and CMV, we gain a deeper understanding of aging's remarkable journey and the profound role that viral infections play in transforming the human immune system.

Biological, environmental, behavioral, and social factors can influence sleep and lead to sleep disorders or diseases. Sleep disorders are common, numerous and heterogeneous in terms of their etiology, pathogenesis, and symptomatology. Management of sleep-wake circadian disorders (SWCD) includes education to sleep hygiene, behavioral strategies, psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), particularly), instrument-based treatments (i.e. positive airway pressure therapy, hypoglossal nerve stimulation), and pharmacotherapy. Depending on the disease, therapy varies and is executed sequentially, or can be a combination of several forms of therapy. Drugs used for SWCD include traditional sleep or wake-promoting agents, chronotherapeutic agents. Recently, novel medications, which are more precisely acting on specific neurochemical systems (i.e. orexin system) important for sleep and wake, are also increasingly being used. In this review, the pharmacotherapy of common sleep disorders (insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorder, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep wake disorders, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders) embedded in the overall therapeutic concept of each disorder is presented. There is also an outlook on possible future pharmacotherapies.

Device-mediated, non-invasive drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a significant advancement in treating neurological diseases. The BBB is a tightly packed layer of endothelial cells that shields the brain from harmful substances in the blood, allowing necessary nutrients to pass through. It is a highly selective barrier, which poses a challenge to delivering therapeutic agents into the brain. Several non-invasive techniques and devices have been proposed or investigated to enhance drug delivery across the BBB. This paper presents the current state of the art and case studies that address the pharmacology, technology, delivery systems, regulatory approval, ethical concerns, and future possibilities.

The human polyamines spermine and spermidine are essential for cell function, and their properties have been extensively studied. However, research results of experiments conducted without understanding the properties of polyamines have been evaluated and published by reviewers who appear to have little knowledge of the properties of polyamines. It is sad that some studies repeat what was done more than half a century ago before polyamines were characterized. First, I explain the basic properties of polyamines that researchers need to know. Then, the relationship between changes in polyamine levels in the body and age- and lifestyle-related diseases is discussed. In addition, the epigenetic mechanism of action of polyamines in relation to healthy longevity and, conversely, age- and lifestyle-related diseases and the progression of senescence are discussed. Spermine, which increases with a polyamine-rich diet, acts to suppress aberrant gene methylation and proinflammatory status associated with aging. Meanwhile, chronic inflammation associated with aging induces the enzyme activity of spermine oxidase, which breaks down spermine and produces acrolein, resulting in reduced spermine levels. Acrolein, a toxic aldehyde that increases with age- and lifestyle-related diseases, is thought to accelerate these diseases.

Amphetamine is a psychostimulant drug with a high risk of toxicity and death when misused. Abuse of amphetamines is associated with an altered organic profile, which includes omega fatty acids. Low omega fatty acid levels are linked to mental disorders. Using the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD), we investigated the chemical profile of the brain in amphetamine-related fatalities and the possibility of neurotoxicity. We classified amphetamine cases as low (0-0.5 g/ml), medium (&gt;0.5 to 1.5 g/ml), and high (&gt;1.5 g/ml) based on amphetamine levels in brain samples. All three groups shared 1-octadecene, 1-tridecene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosane, and oleylamide. We identified chemical-disease associations using the CTD tools and predict an association between docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids and curated conditions like autistic disorder, disorders related to cocaine, Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive dysfunction. An amphetamine challenge may cause neurotoxicity in the human brain due to a decrease in omega-3 fatty acids and an increase in oxidative products. Therefore, in cases of amphetamine toxicity, supplement therapy may necessitate preventing omega-3 fatty acid deficiency.

During the last decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become one of the most important model organisms to study different physiological and biological phenomena. Research field of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase related proteins (CARPs) is not an exception in this. The best-known known function of CAs is the regulation of acid-base balance. However, studies performed with zebrafish, among others, have revealed important roles for these proteins in many other physiological processes, some of which have been unpredicted in the light of the previous studies and suggestions. Examples are roles in zebrafish pigmentation as well as motor coordination. Disruption of the function of these proteins may generate even lethal outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CA-related studies performed in zebrafish.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the EQ-5D-Y-3L (Y-3L) and the expanded five level version, the EQ-5D-Y-5L (Y-5L). Methods: Children/adolescents with an acute or chronic health condition and from the general population completed the Y-5L and Y-3L self-report questionnaires. Performance of the Y-5L and Y-3L was determined by comparing feasibility, redistribution of dimension responses, discriminatory power, validity, and test-retest reliability. Results. Five hundred and fifty children/adolescents completed baseline measures and 173 completed repeat measures. The ceiling effect decreased by 15% from the Y-3L to Y-5L. Informativity of dimensions improved by 0.094 on the Y-5L. There was a range of 4-9% inconsistent responses moving from the Y-3L to Y-5L. Convergent validity of the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Y-3L, Y-5L dimensions was similar, weak to moderate (r_s range: 0.18 – 0.38) but similar and strong on paired Y-3L and Y-5L dimensions: Kendall Tau B (range 0.69 – 0.80) and Gamma (range 0.92 – 0.98). The Y-5L and Y-3L showed moderate to substantial agreement for test-retest reliability across dimensions and VAS scores in stable chronic health conditions and fair agreement for the general population. Conclusion: The EQ-5D-Y-5L is a valid, reliable extension of the Y-3L for children/adolescents across health conditions and healthy children/adolescents. The expanded levels reduced the ceiling effect. The relative informativity of report across dimensions increased on the Y-5L compared to the Y-3L with retention of the evenness of reporting. The convergent validity and test-retest reliability of the Y-5L was comparable to the Y-3L.

Dehydrolutein accumulates in substantial concentrations in the retina. The aim of this study was to compare antioxidant properties of dehydrolutein with other retinal carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, and their effects on ARPE-19 cells. The time-resolved detection of characteristic singlet oxygen phosphorescence was used to compare the singlet oxygen quenching rate constants of dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The effects of these carotenoids on photosensitized oxidation were tested in liposomes, where photooxidation was induced by light in the presence of photosensitizers, and monitored by oximetry. To compare the uptake of dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin, ARPE-19 cells were incubated with carotenoids for up to 19 days, and carotenoid contents were determined by spectrophotometry in cell extracts. To investigate the effects of carotenoids on phototocytotoxicity, cells were exposed to light in the presence of rose bengal or all-trans-retinal. The results demonstrate that the rate constants for singlet oxygen quenching are 0.77x1010, 0.55x1010, and 1.23x1010 M-1s-1 for dehydrolutein, lutein and zeaxanthin, respectively. Overall, dehydrolutein is similar to lutein or zeaxanthin in protection of lipids against photosensitized oxidation. ARPE-19 cells accumulate substantial amounts of both zeaxanthin and lutein but no detectable amounts of dehydrolutein. Cells pre-incubated with carotenoids are equally susceptible to photosensitized damage as cells without carotenoids. Carotenoids provided to cells together with the extracellular photosensitizers offer partial protection against photodamage. In conclusion, the antioxidant properties of dehydrolutein are similar to lutein and zeaxanthin. The mechanism responsible for its lack of accumulation in ARPE-19 cells deserves further investigation.

The objective of the study was to report the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) following road traffic accidents (RTAs) among children. A community-based survey using EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) in Hindi was used to collected data from community. The survey included 2620 households from urban and rural areas of Ujjain, India. From these households 229 children aged 5–18 years with a history of RTA in the last 1 year were identified, with 27%, 63%, and 10% children reporting mild, moderate, and severe injury based on length of hospitalization. Motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians constituted most RTAs. Helmet use was low (12%). EQ-5D-5L revealed that the most severe and extreme problem was pain and discomfort, whereas the least severe problem was usual activity and self-care. The most common (65%) injuries were either abrasion or fracture and dislocation. EQ-5D-5L severity index was maximum (mean 72) for lower extremity injuries. The results of the present study highlight the ability and requirement for quality of life measurement using EQ-5D-5L among children post-RTA.

Objectives: To explore the effect of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) treatment on quality of sleep and other aspects of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with cancer pain. Methods: In an observational, multicenter, cohort study, cancer patients from palliative care units, oncology departments, and pain clinics and affected by BTcP were included. Enrolled patients were assessed at the four visits: T0 (baseline), T7, T14, and T28. Well-controlled chronic background pain during the whole study period was mandatory. BTcP was treated through transmucosal fentanyl. Three questionnaires were used to measure the HRQoL: EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS). Results: In 154 patients, the HRQoL showed a significant improvement for all physical and emotional characteristics in the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL, except for nausea and vomiting (Linear p-value = 0.1) and dyspnoea (Linear p-value =0.05). The ESAS and PSQI questionnaires confirmed these positive results (p<0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusions: This prospective investigation by an Italian expert group, has confirmed that careful management of BTcP induces a paramount improvement on the HRQoL. Because in cancer patients there is a high prevalence of BTcP and this severe acute pain has deleterious consequences, this information can have an important clinical significance

Orthogonal operators can successfully be used to calculate eigenvalues and eigenvector compositions in complex spectra. Orthogonality ensures least correlation between the operators and thereby more stability in the fit, even for small interactions. The resulting eigenvectors are used to transform the pure transition matrix into realistic intermediate coupling transition probabilities. Calculated transition probabilities for close lying levels illustrate the power of the complete orthogonal operator approach.

Chloracne is the major skin symptom caused by dioxin intoxication. Dioxin activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)–cytochrome p450 1A1 (CYP1A1) system, generates oxidative stress, and induces hyperkeratinization of keratinocytes and sebocytes leading to chloracne. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) is a master switch inducing expression of various antioxidative enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1. Cinnamaldehyde is an antioxidant phytochemical that inhibits AHR–CYP1A1 signaling and activates the NRF2–antioxidative axis. The cinnamaldehyde-containing Kampo herbal medicine Keishibukuryogan is capable of improving chloracne in Yusho patients who are highly contaminated with dioxin. Agents with dual functions in promoting AHR–CYP1A1 inhibition and NRF2 activation may be useful in managing dioxin-related health hazards.

Beneficial microbes are crucial for improving crop adaptation and growth under vari-ous stresses. They enhance nutrient uptake, improve plant immune responses, and help plants tolerate stresses like drought, salinity, and heat. The yield potential of any crop is significantly influenced by its associated microbiomes and their potential to im-prove growth under different stressful environments. Therefore, it’s crucial and excit-ing to understand the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions. Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the primary staple foods worldwide, in addition to wheat and rice. Maize is also an industrial crop globally, contributing 83% of its production for use in feed, starch, and biofuel industries. Maize requires significant nitrogen fertilization to achieve opti-mal growth and yield. Maize plants are highly susceptible to heat, salinity, and drought stresses and require innovative methods to mitigate the harmful effects of environmental stresses and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. This review summarizes our current understanding of the beneficial interactions between maize plants and specific microbes. These beneficial microbes improve plant resilience to stress and in-crease productivity. For example, they regulate electron transport, downregulate cata-ase, and upregulate antioxidants. We also review the roles of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhancing stress tolerance in maize. Additionally, we explore the application of these microbes in maize production and identify major knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to utilize the potential of beneficial microbes fully.

This literature review provides an in-depth exploration of the research conducted on the investigation and measurement of residual stress (RS) in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) products, particularly focusing on how process parameters influence the phenomenon. RS plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical behavior and structural integrity of WAAM components. This review article gives an understanding of the relationship between process parameters and RS to optimize the WAAM processes and ensure the durability of the final products. It also summarizes key findings, measurement techniques, challenges, and future directions in this evolving field. The review also analyzes a measurement of RS in the products of WAAM as a function of process parameters depending on examining various research studies, techniques, and methodologies employed in their studies. Experimental measuring techniques and numerical analysis of RS to determine the impacts of RS in mechanical response in products of WAAM were discussed. By offering a comprehensive overview of current research trends and insights, this review serves as a valuable resource to guide future investigations, fostering the advancement of WAAM as a robust and efficient manufacturing technology.

Stress is a natural yet potentially harmful aspect of human life, necessitating effective management, particularly during overwhelming experiences. This paper presents a scoping review of personalized stress detection models using wearable technology. Employing the PRISMA-ScR framework for rigorous methodological structuring, we systematically analyzed literature from key databases including Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed. Our focus was on biosignals, AI methodologies, datasets, wearable devices, and real-world implementation challenges. The review presents an overview of stress and its biological mechanisms, details the methodology for the literature search, and synthesizes the findings. It shows that biosignals, especially EDA and PPG, are frequently utilized for stress detection and demonstrate potential reliability in multimodal settings. Evidence for a trend towards deep learning models was found, although the limited comparison with traditional methods calls for further research. Concerns arise regarding the representativeness of datasets and practical challenges in deploying wearable technologies, which include issues related to data quality and privacy. Future research should aim to develop comprehensive datasets and explore AI techniques that are not only accurate but also computationally efficient and user-centric, thereby closing the gap between theoretical models and practical applications to improve the effectiveness of stress detection systems in real scenarios.

Virgin Argan Oil (VAO) is extracted from the fruits of the Moroccan endemic species argan [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels]. It is known for its richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids and its unique composition in tocopherols conferring a panoply of pharmacological properties, documented in several studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of VAO against oxidative and nitrosative stress induced in cells of the model species Tetrahymena pyriformis. As a comparison, well-known Virgin Olive Oil (VOO) from Olea europaea L. was used instead. Both oils were subjected to a preliminary analysis of phytochemicals and properties of interest. Oxidative stress in T. pyriformis cells was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 350µM, whereas sodium nitroprusside (SNP) nitrosative stress was induced using a 1mM concentration. Neither of these concentrations caused relevant changes in cell viability. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated in the cell cultures by using H2-DCFDA dye. The activity and cell localization of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was evaluated as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) generated after lipid peroxidation. Finally, the presence and localization of intracellular lipid droplets was assessed by using Nile red. The treatment of cultures with H2O2 produced significant increases in the activity of CAT, SOD and GPX and in the level of GSH, as also did the SNP treatment. MDA level was increased by both the treatments. VAO and VOO treatment were found to protect T. pyriformis from oxidative stress and increased cells defense in nitrosative stress. In another hand VAO and VOO decreased significantly MDA level increased by H2O2 treatment and failed after SNP treatment. The quantification of fluorescence signal obtained from immunolocalization of antioxidant enzymes confirmed the results obtained after the evaluation of their activities. Interestingly the level of ROS and the number of lipid droplets increased by H2O2 treatment was significantly decreased by VAO and VOO co-treatments. VAO and VOO represent strong antioxidants, playing an important role in protecting cells against oxidative stress.

Residual stresses in fiber metal laminates (FML) inevitably develop during the manufacturing process. The main contributor to these stresses is the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between fibers and metal in combination with high process temperatures. To quantify these stresses, the use of specimens with an asymmetric layup is an easily adaptable method. The curvature that develops after the manufacturing of flat laminates with an asymmetrical layer stack is a measure of the level of residual stresses evolving during cure. However, the accuracy of the curvature evaluation is highly dependent on specimen design and other influencing parameters. In this work a large set of FML specimens is investigated to identify relevant influencing parameters and derive conclusions about specimen design and evaluation techniques. For certain layups and process parameters, there is a good correlation between the curvature and the stress-free temperature, which is further covered by analytical solutions for bimetals. This correlation is the basis to transfer curvature into a stress-free temperature that can consequently be used for the quantification of residual stress levels in more complex FMLs. The transfer is validated by in-situ strain measurements during cure using a strain gage technique. Based on the results, the application of asymmetric specimens for residual stress characterization in more complex laminates is presented in the form of a workflow.

Different organisms, cell types, and even similar cell lines can dramatically differ in resistance to genotoxic stress. This testifies to the wide opportunities for genetic and epigenetic regulation of stress resistance. These opportunities could be used to increas the effectiveness of cancer therapy, develop new varieties of plants and animals, and search for new pharmacological targets to enhance human radioresistance, for example, for -manned deep space expeditions. Based on the comparison of transcriptomic studies in cancer cells, in this review we propose that there is a high diversity of genetic mechanisms of development of genotoxic stress resistance. This review focused onpossibilities and limitations of the proposed regulation of the resistance of normal cells whole organisms to genotoxic and oxidative stress by overexpressing of stress-response genes. Moreover, the existing experimental data on the effect of such overexpression on the resistance of cells and organisms to various genotoxic agents has been analyzed and systematized. We suggest that the recent advances in the development of multiplex and highly customizable gene overexpression technology that utilizes the mutant Cas9 protein and the wealth of available data on gene functions and their signal networks open new opportunities for research in this field.

The physiological response to a psychological stressor broadly impacts energy metabolism. In-versely, changes in energy availability affect the physiological response to the stressor in terms of hypothalamus, pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system activation. Glu-cocorticoids, the endpoint of the HPA axis, are critical checkpoints in endocrine control of ener-gy homeostasis and have been linked to metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Glucocorticoids, through the glucocorticoid receptor, activate transcription of genes associated with glucose and lipid regulatory pathways and thereby control both physi-ological and pathophysiological systemic energy homeostasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of glucocorticoid functions in energy metabolism and systemic metabolic dysfunc-tion, particularly focusing on glucose and lipid metabolism. There are elements in the external environment that induce lifelong changes in the HPA axis stress response and glucocorticoid levels, the most prominent are early-life adversity, or exposure to traumatic stress. We hypothe-sise that when the HPA axis is so disturbed after early-life adversity, it will fundamentally alter hepatic gluconeogenesis, inducing hyperglycaemia, and hence crystalise the significant lifelong risk of developing either the metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes. This gives a “Jekyll and Hyde” role to gluconeogenesis, providing the necessary energy in situations of acute stress, but driving towards pathophysiological consequences when the HPA axis has been altered.

Durum wheat (DW) is one of the major crops grown in the Mediterranean area, a climate-vulnerable region where the increase in day/night (d/n) temperature are severely threatening DW yield stability. In order to improve DW heat tolerance, the introgression of chromosomal segments derived from the wild gene pool is a promising strategy. Here, four DW-Thinopyrum spp. near-isogenic recombinant lines (NIRLs) were assessed for their physiological response and productive performance after an intense heat stress (IH, 37/27°C d/n) applied for 3 days at anthesis. The NIRLs included two primary types (R5, R112), carriers (+) of a differently sized Th. ponticum 7el1L segment on DW 7AL arm, and two corresponding secondary types (R69-9/R5, R69-9/R112), possessing a Th. elongatum 7EL segment distally inserted into the 7el1L ones. Their response to the IH stress was compared to that of corresponding non-carrier sib lines (−) and of the heat tolerant cv. Margherita. Overall, the R112+, R69-9/R5+ and R69-9/R112+ NIRLs exhibited a tolerant behaviour towards the applied stress, standing out for maintenance of leaf relative water content, but also for accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in flag leaf and for preservation of photosynthetic efficiency. As a result, all the above three NIRLs (R112+ > R69-9/R5+ > R69-9/R112+) displayed good yield stability under the IH, also in comparison with cv. Margherita, R112+ particularly relying on strength of spike fertility/grain number traits, R69-9/R5+ on efficient compensation by grain weight increase. This work largely confirmed and further substantiated the value of exploiting the wild germplasm of Thinopyrum species as useful source for the improvement of DW tolerance to even extreme abiotic stress conditions, such as the severe heat treatment throughout day- and night-time applied here.

Currently, one of the main challenges is the mitigation of the effects of climate change on the agricultural sector. Conventional agriculture, with the intensive use of herbicides and pesticides to control weeds and pests, and the improper use of mineral fertilizers, contributes to climate change by causing increased greenhouse gases and groundwater pollution. Therefore, more innovative technologies must be used to overcome these problems. One possible solution is nanotechnology, which has the potential to revolutionize the conventional agricultural system. Active nanoparticles can be used both as a direct source of micronutrients and as a delivery platform for bioactive agrochemicals to improve crop growth, yield and quality. The use of nanoparticle formulations, including nanopesticides, nanoherbicides, nano-fertilizers and nano-emulsions, has been extensively studied to improve crop health and shelf life of agricultural products. Comprehensive knowledge of the interactions between plants and nanoparticles opens up new opportunities to improve cropping practices through the enhancement of properties such as disease resistance, crop yield, and nutrient use. The main objective of this review is to analyze the main effects of climate change on conventional agricultural practices, such as the use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers. It also focuses on how the introduction of nanoparticles into conventional practices can improve the efficiency of chemical pest control and crop nutrition. Finally, this review examines in depth the last 10 years (2014-2024) of scientific literature regarding the use of nanoparticles in agriculture to mitigate the effects of climate change.

We delve into the intricate dynamics governing anisotropic fluids within the cosmological paradigm, elucidating the nuanced influence of conformal anomalies upon the stress-energy tensor. Through the presentation of a sophisticated theoretical framework, we seamlessly intertwine unconventional fluidic properties with profound cosmological considerations, thereby augmenting and refining our comprehension of the primordial universe.

In this experiment, the fermented pineapple residue (FPR) was replaced with 0% (CON), 25% (T25) and 50% (T50) in the diet based on silage royal grass roxb for 30 days in the fattened fatten bulls to evaluate the effect of FPR on growth performance, serum indicators and rumen characteristics.Thirty Simmental calves were selected and divided into three groups according to a completely random design.The temperature and humidity of the cowshed shall be measured every day.Rectal temperature and blood of cattle were measured, and blood and immune markers were measured.The results showed that the rectal temperature decreased significantly when adding 25% fermented pineapple residue (P&lt;0.05), and the rectal temperature decreased significantly when adding 50% fermented pineapple residue (P&lt;0.01).The content of T4 and TC in serum of cattle in T50 group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P&lt;0.01), and the content of T3 was significantly higher than that in the control group (P&lt;0.05), and the content of CR was significantly lower than that in the control group (P&lt;0.01). Fermented pineapple residue can indeed improve the oxidative (heat) stress resistance of finishing cattle. In the correlation experiment, bacterial genera such as Succinniclassicum, Melainabacteria, Lachnospiraceae, and Fibrobacteres all showed significant or extremely significant correlations with heat stress-related indicators.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome involve chronic low-grade inflammation called metabolic inflammation as well as metabolic derangements from increased endotoxin and free fatty acids. It is debated whether the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in monocytic cells can contribute to amplify metabolic inflammation; if so, by which mechanism(s). To test this, metabolic stress was induced in THP-1 monocytic cells by treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), palmitic acid (PA), or oleic acid (OA), in the presence or absence of ER stressor thapsigargin (TG). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and markers of ER/oxidative stress was determined by qRT-PCR, TNF-α protein by ELISA, ROS by DCFH-DA assay, HIF-1α/p38/ERK-1,2/NF-κB phosphorylation by immunoblotting, and insulin sensitivity by glucose-uptake assay. Regarding clinical analyses, adipose TNF-α was assessed by qRT-PCR/IHC and plasma TNF-α/hs-CRP/MDA/OX-LDL by ELISA. We found that the cooperative interaction between metabolic and ER stresses promoted TNF-α, ROS, CHOP, ATF6, SOD2, and NRF2 expression (P≤0.0183),. However, glucose uptake was not impaired. TNF-α amplification was dependent on HIF-1α/p38/NF-κB phosphorylation, while MAPK/NF-κB inhibitors and antioxidants/ROS scavengers attenuated TNF-α production (P≤0.05). Individuals with obesity displayed increased adipose TNF-α gene/protein expression as well as elevated plasma levels of TNF-α, CRP, MDA, and OX-LDL (P≤0.05). Our findings support a cooperative interaction between metabolic and ER stresses, favoring inflammation by triggering TNF-α production via the ROS/CHOP/HIF-1α and MAPK/NF-κB dependent mechanisms. This study also shows the therapeutic potential of ROS scavengers/anti-oxidants in inflammatory conditions involving metabolic/ER stresses.

Blood image intensity has been used to detect erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). However, it does not give an information on biophysical properties of blood sample under continuous ESR. In this study, three physical properties, including, τ₀, ESR_τ, and AI_I, are suggested to quantify mechanical variations of blood under continuous ESR. To demonstrate the proposed method, blood sample is loaded into a driving syringe. The blood flow rate is set in a periodic on–off pattern. Blood sample is then supplied into a capillary chip, and microscopic blood images are captured at specific intervals. Blood shear stress is quantified from the interface of blood stream in the coflowing channel. Both τ₀ and ESR_τ are then obtained by analyzing the blood shear stress. Simultaneously, the AI_I is evaluated by analyzing the image intensity of blood flow. According to the experimental results, the τ₀ exhibits consistent trends with respect to hematocrit as well as diluent. The ESR_τ and AI_I showed a reciprocal relationship each other. Three suggested properties represented substantial differences for suspended blood samples (i.e., hardened red blood cells, different concentration of dextran solution and fibrinogen). In conclusion, the present method can detect variations of blood sample under continuous ESR effectively.

It is now well accepted that most chronic diseases have a common feature which is “low-grade” inflammation. Whether inflammation is causal or rather consequent to these diseases is still a matter of debate. A key factor of inflammation is considered to be “oxidative stress”, which is the result of an alteration of redox homeostasis which is critical for the regulation of physiological cell and organ metabolism and proliferation. The term “oxidative stress” is how-ever often used in an inappropriate manner as the primary target of the initial oxidative radical, superoxide ion, is nitric oxide which, being in large excess, acts as a “buffer”, yielding reactive nitrogen species. It is only once the superoxide fluxes exceed the nitric oxide fluxes that true “oxidative stress” occurs. Nitro-oxidative stress is a more appropriate term which takes into account the evolving generation of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species and their effects on cell and organ pathophysiology. The molecular bases of redox homeostasis and nitro-oxidative stress will be presented and discussed using obesity-linked inflammation as a path-ophysiological example.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site of membrane biogenesis in most eukaryotic cells. As the entry point to the secretory pathway, it handles more than 10.000 different secretory and membrane proteins. The membrane insertion of proteins, their folding, and ER exit are affected by the lipid composition of the ER membrane and its collective membrane stiffness. The ER is also a hotspot of lipid metabolism for membrane lipids including sterols, glycerophospholipids, ceramides and neural storage lipids. The unfolded protein response (UPR) bears an evolutionary conserved, dual sensitivity to both protein folding-imbalances in the ER lumen and aberrant compositions of the ER membrane, referred to as lipid bilayer stress (LBS). Through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, the UPR upregulates the protein folding capacity of the ER and balances the production of proteins and lipids to maintain a functional secretory pathway. In this review, we discuss how UPR transducers sense unfolded proteins and LBS with a particular focus on their role as guardians of the secretory pathway.

Background and Objectives: The trends in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and related metabolic dysfunctions in Japan is unknown. Thus, we aimed to clarify the trends of these before the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Japan. Materials and Methods: We included Japanese individuals aged 25-79 years who underwent health examinations at our center. We analyzed anthropometry, lifestyle-related disease, and nutritional intake in relation to MASLD trends from 2010-2019. Results: The prevalence of MASLD increased in all ages and body mass index (BMI) classes, reaching 30.3% in males and 16.1% in females, with MASLD accounting for 75% of steatotic liver cases and more than half of all type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and high waist circumference (HWC) cases. The increase in the prevalence of MASLD was due to an increase in that of steatotic liver itself, and there was no increase in the prevalence of other factors, such as overweight, T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of glucose metabolic disorders (GMDs) and hypertension decreased. National nutritional data showed an increase in energy intake, total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which correlated with a decrease in GMDs. Salt intake also decreased, which correlated with hypertension. The MASLD group had a higher prevalence of all related metabolic factors than the non-MASLD group, especially HWC, T2DM, and hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of MASLD increased with that of steatotic liver, regardless of age or BMI. A relationship between increased dietary fat, increased steatotic liver, and decreased GMDs was suggested.

The concept of ecosystem services (ESs) provides a valuable approach to communicate societies' dependence on natural ecosystems, assisting in the evaluation of measures to protect vegetation in watersheds that promote water-related ESs. Vegetation cover and land use are important factors related to the capacity of ecosystems to provide soil loss regulation and sediment retention services, which are highly relevant for sediment management in watersheds draining into reservoirs with multiple water uses. This study aims to assess the relationship between potential changes in land use and land cover and the sediment retention service provided by riparian vegetation in a watershed draining into a hydroelectric reservoir in the Brazilian Cerrado. Sediment load was selected as a physical variable that affects different water uses in reservoirs, with these uses being dependent on the quality or quantity of stored water. Scenarios were analyzed to represent landscape reconfigurations from a baseline condition in order to account for the recovery of riparian vegetation by the agricultural sector, as foreseen in the Brazilian Forest Code. To map and quantify variations in annual sediment retention, the InVEST model was used, which allows estimating an integrated response of the drainage basin to large-scale land use changes over time and space. The results show that for the drainage basin of the Corumbá IV Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP), the recovery of riparian areas occupied by annual crops has the potential to generate greater benefits to water use in the reservoir. In the studied catchment area, 14% of the total vegetation deficit in riparian areas is occupied by crops, while 86% is occupied by pastures. This highlights the buffering role of riparian vegetation as an effective practice for managing sediment flows originating from sheet erosion in agricultural landscapes. The methodology employed in this study allows for the quantification and mapping of the effects of soil and water conservation measures in river basins. This enables the prioritization of sectoral efforts for the restoration of native vegetation, considering the highest returns in benefits perceived by water users affected by sediment input in reservoirs. The study's results reinforce the importance of conserving vegetation in riparian areas and their surroundings for sediment retention, highlighting the role of these areas as assets in providing water-related ecosystem services.

The objective of this study was aimed to study the sensory processes of the “human-computer interaction” model when classifying visual images with an incomplete set of signs based on the analysis of early, middle, late and slow components of event-related potentials (ERPs). 26 healthy subjects (men) aged 20-22 years were investigated. ERPs in 19 monopolar sites according to the 10/20 system were recorded. Discriminant and factor analysis were applied. The component N450 is the most specialized indicator of the perception of unrecognizable (oddball) visual images. The amplitude of the ultra-late components N750 and N900 is also higher under conditions of presentation of the oddball image, regardless of the location of the registration points. The results of the study are discussed in the light of the paradigm of the P300 wave application in brain-computer interface systems, as well as with the peculiarities in brain pathology. Promising directions for the development of studies of the “Brain Computer Interface” (BCI) P300 systems are to increase the throughput of information flows. To extend the application of the P300 ERPs to multiple modalities, the underlying physiological mechanisms and responses of the brain for a particular sensory system and mental function must be carefully examined.

Healthy life style is associated with decreased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality in the general population. However, there is no definitive evidence on the benefits of physical activity and other health-related behaviors in the early-stage CKD. This study aimed to explore the association between health-related behaviors and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality in the early stages of CKD. The National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database from January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2016 was used to screen 83,470 subjects with early stage CKD. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between health-related behaviors and ESRD and death. Kaplan-Meier curves for mortality and ESRD were plotted according to the physical activity, smoking status and alcohol consumption pattern. Risk of death decreased significantly in subjects who engaged in sufficient physical activity (adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.73; 95% CI: 0.64-0.83; p < 0.001). Risk of ESRD and death increased significantly in the current smoker with adjusted HR of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.06-1.95; p < 0.02) and 1.61 (95% CI: 1.44-1.80; p < 0.001) respectively. Therefore, systematic interventions to encourage physical activity and smoking cessation need to be actively considered in the early stages of CKD.

A practical method is presented to estimate rare earth elements (REE) concentrations in magmatic vapour phase (MVP) in equilibrium with water-saturated granitic melts based on empirical fluid-melt partition coefficients of REE (k_P^REE). The values of k_P^REEcan be calculated from a set of new polynomial equations linking to the chlorine molality (m_Cl^v) of the MVP associated with granitic melts, which are established via a statistical analysis on the existing experimental dataset. These equations may be applied to the entire pressure range (0.1 to 10.0 kb) within the continental crust, suggesting that light REEs behave differently in magmatic fluids, i.e. either being fluid compatible with higher m_Cl^v or fluid incompatible with lower m_Cl^v values. In contrast, heavy REEs are exclusively fluid incompatible and partition favourably into granitic melts. Consequently, magmatic fluids tend to be rich in LREE relative to HREE, leading to REE fractionation during the evolution of magmatic hydrothermal systems. Maximum k_P^REEvalue for each element is predicted and presented in a REE distribution diagram constrained by the threshold of m_Cl^v. REE contents of the granitic melt is approximated by whole-rock analysis, so that REE concentrations in the associated MVP would be estimated from the value of k_P^REE given chemical equilibrium retains. Two examples are provided respectively, to show the use of this method as a REE tracer to fingerprint the source of ore-fluids responsible for the Lake George intrusion-related Au-Sb deposit in New Brunswick (Canada), and for the Bakircay Cu-Au (-Mo) porphyry systems in northern Turkey.

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) are ubiquitous in industrial-11 ized environments due to the continuous use of electrical devices. Our previous studies demon-12 strated ELF-EMF affects muscle cells by modulating oxidative stress and enhancing myo-genesis. 13 This pilot study investigated these effects on skeletal muscles of sedentary adult mice, assessing 14 physiological responses to ELF-EMF exposure and potential modulation by antioxidant supplemen-15 tation. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to ELF-EMF (0.1 or 1.0 mT) 1 hour/day up to 5 weeks, and 16 fed a standard diet without or with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Results showed transient increases in 17 muscle strength (after 2-weeks’ exposure at 1.0 mT), potentially linked to muscle fiber recruitment 18 and activation, revealed by higher PAX7 and MyH expression levels. After ELF-EMF exposure, ox-19 idative status assessment revealed transient increases in expression levels of SOD1 and catalase en-20 zymes, in total antioxidant capacity and in protein carbonyl levels, marker of oxidative damage. 21 These effects were partially reduced by NAC. In conclusion, ELF-EMF exposure affects skeletal 22 muscle physiology and NAC supplementation partially mitigates these effects, highlighting the 23 complex interactions between ELF-EMF and antioxidant pathways in vivo. Further investigations 24 on ELF-EMF as a therapeutic modality for muscle health are necessary.

In order to assess the impact of nitrogen availability on lipid metabolism of Streptomyces coelicolor, we first assessed the global lipid content of 21 strains derived from S. coelicolor M145 deleted for at least one gene involved in nitrogen metabolism. This study revealed that only 7 strains deleted either for genes encoding, proteins involved in polyamine (GlnA2/SCO2241, GlnA3/SCO6962, GlnA4/SCO1613) or protein (Pup/SCO1646) degradation, for the global regulator DasR/SCO5231 that controls negatively the degradation of N acetylglucosamine, a constituant of peptidoglycan, or for two proteins involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism, GlnE/SCO2234 and GlnK/SCO5584, had a higher triacylglycerol content than the original strain whereas 5 of these strains (with the exception of glnA2 and pup mutant strains) had a lower cardiolipin content than the original strain. Furthermore, the determination of the level of production of the blue polyketide, actinorhodin (ACT), of these 7 strains grown either in phosphate (Pi) limitation or proficiency, revealed that ACT production was totally abolished in the dasR mutant in both Pi conditions whereas the deletion of pup, glnA2, glnA3 and glnA4 was correlated with a significant increase of total ACT production, in Pi limitation. However, in Pi proficiency, ACT production was only slightly enhanced in the pup, glnA2 and glnA4 mutants and was strongly reduced in the glnA3 mutant. Altogether our data suggest that high TAG and ACT biosynthesis and low cardiolipin biosynthesis might all contribute to the lowering of oxidative stress resulting from nitrogen limitation or from other causes.

Stress is a critical factor in the development of mental disorders such as addiction, underscoring the importance of stress resilience strategies. While the ketogenic diet (KD) has shown efficacy in reducing alcohol consumption in male mice without cognitive impairment, its impact on the stress response and addiction development, especially in females, remains unclear. This study examined the KD's effect on increasing ethanol intake due to vicarious social defeat (VSD) in female mice. Sixty-four female OF1 mice were divided into two dietary groups: standard diet (n=32) and KD (n=32). These were further split based on exposure to four VSD or exploration sessions, creating four groups: EXP-STD (n=16), VSD-STD (n=16), EXP-KD (n=16), and VSD-KD (n=16). KD-fed mice maintained ketosis from adolescence until the fourth VSD/EXP session, after which they switched to a standard diet. The Social Interaction Test was performed 24 hours after the last VSD session. Three weeks post-VSD, the Drinking in the Dark test and Oral Ethanol Self-Administration assessed ethanol consumption. The results showed that KD blocked the increase in ethanol consumption induced by VSD in females. Moreover, among other changes, KD increased the expression of the ADORA1 and CNR1 genes, which are associated with mechanisms modulating neurotransmission. Our results pointed to KD as a useful tool to increase resilience to social stress in female mice.

Petrochemicals and oil refineries are industrial processes that use compounds and polymers derived directly or indirectly from natural gas or crude oil for chemical purposes. They have posed a number of short- and long-term risks to the environment and the people who live nearby. The study aims to determine how the presence of industrial areas, such as oil refineries, affects the local population's perception of their surroundings. The investigation centers on the Tehran Oil Refinery, a major refinery hub, and its perceived environmental impact. For this purpose, a Geographic Information System for Public Participation (PPGIS) covering three basic sections has been designed: socio-demographic information of the participants; self-perceived health; and landscape valuation before and after an intervention. The main observations show a complex interaction between industrial presence and the perception of landscape values. Participants' reactions to the manipulated Photographs reveal important details about the psychological impact of visual elements on emotional perception. There is also a direct relationship between the level of stress and emotional perception in the manipulated and original photos.This research adds to the larger debate about the effects of industrialization on the environment and society. It emphasizes the importance of considering public perception when planning and developing industrial projects. The goal is to strike a balance between industrial operational needs and environmental quality preservation, resulting in long-term urban growth.

Adiponectin (APN) has been thoroughly investigated for its role in various human disorders. It is fascinating to note that this peptide plays an essential role as a therapeutic agent to cure a plethora of disorders. Our aim is to elucidate the applications and therapeutic potential of this peptide, demonstrating its involvement in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other metabolic disorders. APN has been correlated with many ocular disorders and metabolic disorders. The localization and expression of APN in various tissues were the first markers of its local actions. Screening this peptide on a wider platform helps to confirm its application as a novel peptide in various diseases. Altered levels of APN have been well elucidated in the progression of metabolic disorders, and its targeted administration has resulted in combating dysregulation of biochemical and molecular pathways involved in disease pathology. A close association of oxidative stress is also known to contribute to the onset of retinal disorders. Among so many APN has been shown to have a promising response in the context of wet AMD, but further studies are needed to elucidate its full potential in humans.

Living in extreme environments, marine organisms face constant exposure to a range of stressors, such as high radiation levels, fluctuations in temperature, and oxidative stress. Understanding extremophile fishes is crucial because it gives us valuable insights into the biochemical, physiological, and developmental processes that govern life, by observing how they operate under natural stressors. Among the most fascinating adaptations is the existence of specialised enzymes and compounds that function as potent antioxidants, successfully counteracting reactive oxygen species' deleterious effects. In this review, we analysed the findings from several studies on Antarctic and deep-sea fish species, while highlighting the environmental stressors effects toward the antioxidant system. The antioxidant defences of the considered extremophile fishes have been extensively studied, but there is still much to learn to fully understand this complex system, while the relative research is still ongoing. Consequently, we are properly anticipating further advancements over the next few years about our understanding of crucial physiological processes that support cell survival.

Dermatological consultations are a significant aspect of daily operations at small animal clinics, with atopic dermatitis (CAD) affecting almost 15% of the canine population. The ECS role in the skin reveals its direct action on homeostasis and deregulation, contributing to dermatopathies. It also details its presence in specialized skin cells, revealing a delicate and complex therapeutic potential. Due to the difficulties and the growing scientific evidence of the therapeutic benefits of cannabis, this work aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of cannabis oil in treating CAD. Thus, canines diagnosed with CAD were divided into two groups: the group treated using full spectrum high cannabidiol (CBD) [cannabis oil orally] and the control group (olive oil). The evaluation methods for the effectiveness of the therapy were based on the measurement RNAm of interleukins 6, 10, and 31 and oxidative stress in the blood. Despite the theoretical basis, no significant results were obtained between the groups in this work. Thus, it is concluded that oral administration of full spectrum high CBD cannabis oil 2,5 mg/kg twice a day is not efficient in reducing IL and oxidative stress compared to placebo; nevertheless, it still presents a promising approach in the multi-target treatment of CAD.

The consequences of heat stress during the dry period can extend into the postpartum period, affecting health and productivity in the subsequent lactation. We hypothesized that cows with distinct core body temperatures (CBT) would exhibit disparate behaviors associated with different degrees of heat generation or dissipation. The primary objective was to investigate behavioral differences of dry Holstein cows (n=50) classified as high-temperature (HT) or low-temperature (LT) based on median CBT during the summer months using visual observations and accelerometer technology. A secondary objective was to investigate the transcriptome of white blood cells (WBC) collected from a subgroup of HT and LT cows (n=5; per group). Minor behavior differences were observed during the visual observations (performed for a total of 16h/cow). Based on the accelerometer data, HT cows displayed higher periods of high activity and lower periods of inactivity prepartum and diminished rumination time postpartum than LT cows. There were 16 differently expressed genes (DEG) in WBC of HT than LT cows. Despite the low number, several of the identified DEGs have been previously associated with heat stress. Results indicate that CBT and patterns of activity prepartum may serve as valuable predictors for identifying dairy cows with distinct tolerance to heat stress.

Background: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a significant player in the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite the established link between ER stress and inflammatory pathways, there remains a need for deeper exploration of the specific cellular mechanisms underlying ER stress-mediated neuroinflammation. Methods: This study aimed to investigate how severity of ER stress can impact the release of proinflammatory cyto-kines IL-6 and IL-8 from astrocytes and microglia, comparing the effects with those induced by well-known immunostimulants - tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: Mild ER stress has a distinct effect on the cytokine release compared to more intense stress levels, i.e. diminished IL-6 production was accompanied by an increase in IL-8 level, which was significantly more pronounced in astrocytes than in microglia. On the contrary, prolonged or more severe ER stress induced inflammation in glial cells, leading to a time- and concentration-dependent buildup of pro-inflammatory IL-6 but unlike inflammatory agents, ER stress inducer diminished IL-8 secretions by glial cells. Conclusion: The differences could hold importance in identifying ER stress markers as potential drug targets for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or mood disorders, yet it requires confirmation in more complex animal studies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of heat stress on some biochemical parameters in the blood of dairy cows raised in Bulgaria. The study was conducted on a dairy farm with a capacity of 500 cows, Holstein breed, raised in free-group housing in individual resting boxes. The research was carried out over three seasons: spring, summer, and autumn, with a total of 90 blood samples collected from the cows raised on the farm - 30 blood samples for each season, including cows from the 30th to the 60th day of lactation. Temperature and humidity data were obtained from the nearest meteorological station to the farm. Based on this data, the minimum, average, and maximum values of the temperature-humidity index were calculated. The analysis of variance revealed that the month of the study significantly influenced the following blood parameters: glucose, urea, total protein, cortisol, prolactin, and Ca (P < 0.001). Analysis of the data expressed by LS mean values clearly shows that during the hot months, dairy cows experience a deficit of energy from carbohydrate sources, which they compensate for from other non-carbohydrate sources. Confirmation of this is seen in the blood glucose values, which during the summer are 1.50 mmol/l, approximately twice as low as the values measured during spring and autumn. Regarding urea concentration, a final product of protein metabolism, the values recorded during the summer are 5.3 mmol/l, 1.5 times higher compared to other study periods. As a result of the metabolic load on the liver, the values of hepatic enzymes (ASAT and ALAT) decrease during the summer months, respectively to 93.92 and 17.68 U/L. Cortisol levels in the blood during the summer were registered at 50.92 nmol/l, indicating that cows are under stress. Values for prolactin are of interest, with the highest values being recorded in spring - 1.09 mlU/I. During the summer and autumn studies, the values are 0.99 and 0.89 mlU/I, respectively. A similar trend of decreasing values from spring to autumn season is observed in total blood protein, namely 89.93; 81.99, and 74.36 g/l.

More than 20 lines of independent evidence from clinical observations, studies in laboratory animal models, pharmacokinetic considerations, and numerous temporal and spatial associations previously indicate that numerous genetic and environmental factors leading to inflammation and oxidative stress confer vulnerability to aberrant metabolism of acetaminophen during early development, leading to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Contrary to this conclusion, multivariate analyses of cohort data adjusting for inflammation-associated factors have tended to show little to no risk of acetaminophen use for neurodevelopment. To resolve this discrepancy, here we use in-silico methods to create an ideal (virtual) population of 120000 individuals in which 50% of all cases of virtual ASD are induced by oxidative stress-associated cofactors and acetaminophen use. We demonstrate that Cox regression analysis of this ideal data set shows little to no risk of acetaminophen use if cofactors which create aberrant metabolism of acetaminophen are adjusted for in the analysis. Further, under-reporting of acetaminophen use is shown to be a considerable problem for this analysis, leading to large and erroneously low calculated risks of acetaminophen use. In addition, we argue that factors which impart susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced injury, and propensity for acetaminophen use itself, can be shared between the prepartum, peripartum, and postpartum periods, creating additional difficulty in analysis of existing datasets to determine risks of acetaminophen exposure for neurodevelopment during a specific time frame. It is concluded that risks of acetaminophen use for neurodevelopment obtained from multivariate analysis of cohort data depend on underlying assumptions in the analyses, and that other evidence, both abundant and robust, demonstrate the critical role of acetaminophen in the etiology of ASD.

We assessed depression, anxiety, and stress in healthcare workers (HCWs) in 2023 and the evo-lution of depression in 2023 compared with 2022. In September-November 2023, 181 HCWs from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress 21 Scale (DASS-21 R), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). The prevalence of moderate-to-severe levels was 13.81% for DASS-Depression, 18.79% for DASS-Anxiety, 16.02% for DASS-Stress, 19.89% for PHQ-9, and 12.16% for HAM-A. Moderate-to-severe PHQ-9 clinical depression was found in 19.89% of respondents, and moderate-to-severe HAM-A clinical anxiety in 12.16%. Moderate-to-severe PHQ-9 depres-sion was significantly lower in the 2023 study group (19.89%, N=181) compared with 2022 (30.60%, N=114) (p=0.036), also within the 2022-2023 follow-up study group (N=88) (p=0.026). We did not find significant statistical differences between those infected vs. non-infected, vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated, working with vs. non-working with SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Males were significantly more stressed (p=0.018) and anxious (p=0.034), and physicians in training had the highest prevalence of moderate-to-severe depression (31.60%), followed by physicians (25.64%). In 2023, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms decreased but remained within a concerning range. By addressing these psychological issues, we can prevent professional crises in the healthcare system.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the histological and biochemical ef-fects of capsaicin on implant osseointegration and oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats weighing between 250 and 300 grams were used in this study. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three equal groups: implant + control (n= 8), implant + capsai-cin-1 (n= 8), and implant + capsaicin-2 (n= 8). 2.5 mm diameter and 4 mm length titanium im-plants were surgically integrated into the corticocancellous bone parts of the femurs. In the treatment groups, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 25 mg/kg (implant + capsaicin-1) and 50 mg/kg (implant + capsaicin-2) of capsaicin. No additional applications were made in the con-trol group. Three rats in totally were died during and after the experiment, as a result of the an-alyzes performed on 21 animals. Results: The highest total antioxidant status value was found in capsaicin dose 2, according to the analysis. The control group had the highest total oxidant status and oxidative stress index values, while group 2 of capsaicin had the lowest. After analysis, we found that there was no observed positive effect on osteointegration in this study (p> 0.05), alt-hough the bone implant connection was higher in the groups treated with capsaicin. Conclusi-ons: A positive effect on osteointegration was not observed in this study. This may be due to os-teaclast activation. However it was found that it has a positive effect on oxidative stress. Osteo-clast activation may be the cause of this phenomenon. Capsaicin was found to have a positive effect on oxidative stress (p

Abiotic stress, especially drought stress poses a significant threat to the terrestrial plant growth, development, and productivity. Although mulberry have great genetic diversity and extensive stress tolerant traits in agroforestry systems, only a few reports offer preliminary insight into biochemical responses of mulberry leaves under drought conditions. In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis on the “drooping mulberry” (Morus alba var. Pendula Dippel) under PEG-6000-simulated drought stress. Our research revealed that drought stress significantly enhanced flavonoid accumulation and up-regulated the expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were elevated. In vitro enzyme assays and fermentation tests indicated the involvement of flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase (XM_010098126.2) and anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase 5 (XM_010101521.2) in the biosynthesis of flavonol aglycones and glycosides, respectively. The recombinant MaF3GT5 protein was found to recognize kaempferol, quercetin, and UDP-glucose as substrates, but not 3-/7-O-glucosylated flavonols and UDP-rhamnose. MaF3GT5 is capable of forming 3-O- and 7-O-monoglucoside, but not di-O-glucosides, form kaempferol. This implies its role as a flavonol 3, 7-O-glucosyltransferase. The findings from this study provided insights into the biosynthesis of flavonoids and could have substantial implications for the future diversified utilization of mulberry.

Despite a large amount of research on synchronous and mutually induced kidney and heart damage, the basis of the disease is still not fully clarified. Healthy mitochondria are essential for normal kidney and heart function. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs when the clearance or process of generation and fragmentation of mitochondria is disturbed. The kidney is the second organ after the heart in the number of mitochondria. Kidney tubules are rich in mitochondria due to the high energy requirements for absorption processes of large amounts of ultrafiltrate and dissolved substances. The place of action of oxidative stress is the influence on the balance in the production and breakdown of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species . A more precise determination of the place and role of key factors that play a role in the onset of the disease is necessary for understanding the nature of the onset of the disease and the creation of therapy in the future. The narrative review integrates results found in previously performed studies which have evaluated oxidative stress participation in renocardial syndrome type 3.

Microglial cells are brain macrophages that support and protect the central nervous system enviroment. Aging induces alterations in microglial polarization, resulting in a shift towards a neurotoxic phenotype characterized by increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Dysregulation of microglial cells regulatory pathways and interactions with neurons contribute to chronic activation and neurodegeneration. A better understanding the involvement of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, is a critical topic to studying the role of inflammatory responses in disease progression. Furthermore, the metabolic changes in aged microglia, including downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation are discussed in this review. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing better preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Plant responses to different light and water availability are variable among species and their re-spective phenotypic plasticity, and the combination between these two abiotic factors can alleviate or intensify stressful effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of exposure time of Cedrela fissilis Vell. seedlings to different water and light availability and the interaction of these factors. Seedlings were submitted to combinations of three shading levels – SH (0, 30 and 70%) and three water regimes based on the water holding capacity (WHC) in the substrate, constituting nine cul-tivation conditions: T1 – 0% SH + 40% WHC; T2 – 0% SH + 70% WHC; T3 – 0% SH + 100% WHC; T4 – 30% SH + 40% WHC; T5 – 30% SH + 70% WHC; T6 – 30% SH and 100% WHC; T7 – 70% SH + 40% WHC; T8 – 70% SH +70% WHC; T9 – 70% SH + 100% WHC. C. fissilis seedlings respond to water deficit, here represented by 40% WHC, regardless of exposure time, and when cultivated in full sun, the stressful effects were enhanced, acting in a synergistic manner. The condition that provided better gas exchange performance and greater total dry mass accumulation for C. fissilis seedlings was 30% shading combined with 100% WHC. C. fissilis seedlings have physiological plasticity and resilience to survive under different water and light conditions.

The aim of this work was to describe the physiological limitations induced under drought conditions in young sweet orange trees, including the crop capability to recuperate its physiological status once re-watering, and after a water withholding. The trial was conducted during two consecutive months (July and August) in two-years old sweet orange trees. Three irrigation treatments were arranged: A full irrigation treatment; (FI); a low-frequency deficit-irrigation treatment (LFDI); and a sustained-deficit irrigation (SDI) treatment. The obtained results showed that for Stem values below -1.5 MPa, significant decreases in gas exchange rates, evidencing diffusive limitations to drought stress. Additionally, there was evidence of increased osmolyte synthesis, compatible as a defensive response to prevent oxidative damage. Likewise, the isohydric behaviour observed also resulted in significant decreases in gs even for moderate stress situations. In addition, it was observed that in the LFDI treatment, the stress levels reached caused a significant increase in the levels of Pro and MDA, which were not equal to those detected in FI during the recovery periods, which leads us to assume that potential values below -1.8 MPa would be causing significant oxidative damage with no capacity for subsequent recovery, and probably affecting the final yield.

Based on the dynamic strength variation mechanism of concrete under complex loading conditions, two approaches were devised: numerical testing and CT scanning, guided by the principle of minimizing energy dissipation. A methodology for calculating concrete's failure area and measuring its strength was developed. The analysis delves into the mechanisms behind failure patterns and variations in concrete specimen strength, focusing on crack initiation, development, and the resultant failure surface formed by crack propagation, along with the stress distribution in concrete specimens subjected to diverse loading conditions. Through evaluating the strength and computed failure area of concrete specimens, it is evident that the loading method influences both the strength and failure area of concrete specimens. In general, a larger failure area correlates with a higher measured strength.

. Background/Objectives: Crohn's disease is a chronic and debilitating intestinal disorder that alternates between remission and active flare-ups, often leading to hospitalization. Social support is known to enhance adaptation to the disease and modulate stress perception in patients, while stress may exacerbate symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of perceived stress and social support in Crohn's disease and their impact on the frequency of flare-ups. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, assessing stress and social support in a cohort of 91 patients with Crohn's disease during flare-up and remission phases. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) and a Social Support Questionnaire were utilized for evaluation. We examined the relationship between stress and social support in Crohn's disease. The interaction between the variables studied was also studied, considering the stage of the disease. Finally, we realized analysis of the influence of these two variables on the development of flares in Crohn's disease. Results: The study revealed that patients experience higher stress levels during flare-ups and that these levels are amplified by a lack of social support. A significant relationship was identified between the levels of social support and the occurrence of flare-ups, indicating that better social support is associated with fewer flare-ups.. Conclusions: Patients with Crohn's disease in the flare-up phase are subject to considerable stress. Deficit in social support is linked to an increase in stress levels. The interplay of social support and stress plays a critical role in the development of flare-ups.

Histone post-translational modification is one of the main mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, which plays a crucial role in the control of gene expression and various biological processes. However, whether or not it affects fungal virulence is not clear in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In this study, we identified and cloned the histone methyltransferase Defective in methylation 5 (Dim5) in S. sclerotiorum, which encodes a protein containing a typical SET domain. SsDim5 was found to be dynamically expressed during infection. Knockout experiment demonstrated that deletion of SsDim5 reduced the virulence in Ssdim5-1/Ssdim5-2 mutant strains, accompanied by a significant decrease in H3K9 trimethylation levels. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed the downregulation of genes associated with mycotoxins biosynthesis in SsDim5 deletion mutants. Additionally, the absence of SsDim5 affected the fungus's response to oxidative and osmotic, as well as cellular integrity. Together, our results indicate that the H3K9 methyltransferase SsDim5 is essential for H3K9 trimethylation, which regulating fungal virulence to host plants through impacting on mycotoxins biosynthesis, and the response to environmental stresses in S. sclerotiorum.

Bridges enable communications and transportation of goods nationally and internationally, underpinning economic and social activities, thus they are pylons of our prosperity and mobility. Bridges worldwide are constantly subjected to physical wear, ageing, deterioration, hazards, environmental influences, and increased loading. Loss of performance and functionality of bridge structures would have a crucial impact on overall infrastructural resilience and would cause significant negative economic and social consequences. Monitoring their behaviour for different loading conditions relies on accurate estimations of the stress-strain state of various critical components and remaining capacities. These activities are of high importance for better planning lifespan prolongation, that is the extension of their service life and prevention of unforeseen collapses, in line with sustainability principles of well-informed maintenance. In many cases, access to the structure is limited or even impossible, which causes the need for the deployment of remote and contactless methods. One such innovative technique, which has recently attracted attention in scientific and practical applications is the digital image correlation (DIC). DIC is a contactless approach applicable for long-term measurements, which enables obtaining the full field of strains and deformations. Although the DIC approach has been widely used in world engineering practice for monitoring bridges and has proved to be a reliable and accurate method, there is a lack of systematic integral review on previous practical applications, revealing limitations and perspectives. This is the main motivation and novelty of this study, which will describe selected case studies, in which DIC was used on real full-scale bridge structures and propose improvements for the method.