Several chronic diseases derive from metabolic, genetic, or inflammatory causes and often these causes are interconnected. Pharmacological treatments, although effective, often lead to unpleasant side effects. In this context, preventive approaches are of growing interest. The literature data of recent years support that the dietary intake of bioactive compounds can positively influence the biological functions of an organism. Among the bioactive compounds in the diet, polyphenols are widely recognized for their beneficial effects on health, as useful compounds for preventing/combating a series of pathologies related to lifestyle, metabolism, and aging. The artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), a member of the Asteraceae family, is widely used in the food and herbal medicine fields for its beneficial properties. Artichokes are rich in polyphenols (including cynarin), flavonoids and their derivatives, and, for this reason, they have aroused interest in their pharmacological properties. The best-known activity of polyphenols is antioxidant activity. Through it, they help to neutralize free radicals, preventing cellular damage and the subsequent risk of conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Related to the antioxidant action we find the anti-inflammatory activity. This is an important benefit since chronic inflammation is a cause or contributory cause of many chronic diseases. Although many scientific results are of great interest and potential, there are still gaps to be filled. In this review, we report and discuss new insights providing documented evidence regarding the benefits of the artichoke compounds and their possible use to support the pharmacological treatment of pathologies associated with inflammation.

Interhemispheric and frontoparietal functional connectivity have been reported to increase during explicit information processing. However, it is unclear how and when interhemispheric and frontoparietal functional connectivity interact during explicit semantic processing. Here, we tested the neural coupling hypothesis that explicit semantic processing promotes neural activity in the nondominant right hemispheric areas owing to synchronization with enhanced frontoparietal functional connectivity at later processing stages. We analyzed electroencephalogram data obtained using a semantic priming paradigm, which comprised visual priming and target words successively presented under direct or indirect attention to semantic association. Scalp potential analysis demonstrated that the explicit processing of congruent targets reduced negative event-related potentials, as previously reported. Current source density analysis showed that explicit semantic processing activated the right temporal area during later temporal intervals. Subsequent dynamic functional connectivity and neural coupling analyses revealed that explicit semantic processing increased the correlation between right temporal source activities and frontoparietal functional connectivity in later temporal intervals. These findings indicate that explicit semantic processing increases neural coupling between the interhemispheric and frontoparietal functional connectivity during later processing stages.

(1) Background: Older people hospitalized with Covid-19 can reduced the capacity to walk. However, the prevalence of impairment of ambulation capacity still need to be established. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with the impairment of ambulation capacity at hospital discharge of older people with Covid-19. (2) Methods: A retrospective cohort study. Included age > 60 years, both sexes, hospitalized due to Covid-19. Clinical data was collected from the medical records. Ambulation capacity prior to Covid-19 infection was assessed through the patient report from his relatives. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify the risk factors associated with the impairment of ambulation at hospital discharge. (3) Results: Data from 429 older people were randomly. Among the 56.4% who were discharged, 57.9% had reduced ambulation capacity. Factors associated with reduced ambulation capacity at discharge were hospital stay higher than 20 days (OR: 3.5) and dependent ambulation capacity prior to Covid-19 (OR: 11.3). (4) Conclusion: More than half of the older people who survived hospitalized due to Covid-19 had reduced ambulation capacity at hospital discharge. Impaired ambulation prior to the infection, and a longer hospital stay were risks factors for reduced ambulation capacity.

Nutraceuticals comprise dietary supplements, functional foods, medicinal foods, and pharmaceuticals. However, to date all these concepts are interpreted in different ways with the rapid increasing knowledge on nutrition, medicine, and plant biotechnology changing the concepts about food, health and agriculture. What matters are the bioactive elements conveyed by foodstuffs as nutrients or non-nutrients, which interfere with human metabolism and have impact on health, aging and well-being. Food, not nutrients, is the fundamental unit in nutrition and edible mushrooms, are fungi that supply unique biological compounds, different from plant or animal origin, which significantly impact on health status. Their influence on medicinal interventions has been known and studied for many years. The role on neurodegenerative disorders has been recently investigated and their significance on many other diseases has been well demonstrated. On this note it is synthesized the more recent knowledge of some edible mushrooms and preparations on Ménière’s disease, a lifelong condition it can develop at any age, but most commonly appearing between 40 and 60 years of age.

Recent studies have discovered that functional connections are impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) accompanied by hallucinations(PD-H), even at the preclinical stage. The cerebellum has been implicated as playing a role in cognitive processes. However, the functional connectivity (FC) between cognitive sub-regions of the cerebellum of PD patients with hallucinations needs to be further clarified. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from three groups (17 PD-H, 13 no hallucinations accompanying the (PD-NH), and 26 healthy controls (HC) ) was collected in this study to explore the role of cerebellar FC changes in the cognitive performance. Additionally, we define cerebellar FC as a training feature for classifying all subjects using Support Vector Machine(SVM). We found that PD-H patients' cerebellum(Vermis_4_5 ) FC had increased within the left side of the precuneus(PCUN) compared to HC, cerebellum(Vermis_1_2) had increased within bilateral opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus(IFGoprec) and triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus(IFCtriang), left side of postcentral gyrus(PoCG), Inferior parietal lobe(IPL), and PCUNs compared to PD-NH. In the training results of machine learning, cerebellar FC has also been proven to be an effective biomarker feature, with a recognition rate of over 90% for PD-H. These findings indicate that cortico-cerebellar FC in PD-H and PD-NH patients were significantly disrupted with different distributions. The proposed pipeline offers a promising low-cost alternative for the diagnosis of preclinical PD-H and can be useful for other degenerative brain disorders.

Fermented food matrices, including beverages, can be defined as the result of the activity of complex microbial ecosystems where different microorganisms interact according to different biotic and abiotic factors. Certainly, in industrial production the technological processes aim to control the fermentation to place safe foods on the market. Therefore, if food safety is the essential prerogative, consumers are increasingly oriented towards a healthy and conscious diet driving the production and consequently the applied research towards natural processes. In this regard, the aim to guarantee safety, quality and diversify of products should be reached limiting or avoiding the addition of antimicrobials or synthetic additives using the biological approach. In this paper, following the recent re-evaluation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (NSYs) has been re-viewed the bio-protectant and biocontrol activity with a particular focus on their antimicrobial power, probiotic features and promoting functional aspects. In this review, the authors would underline the contribution of NSYs in all food production chain and its role in the technological and fermentative features for their practical and useful use as biocontrol agent in food preparations.

The aim of the presents study is to further expand the model of translational cross-validation by investigating the brain circuits or networks which underpin the same tasks by means of group independent component analysis for FMRI toolbox (GIFT). We hypothesized that there will be neural network patterns of activation and deactivation, which correspond to real time performance on clinical self-evaluation scales. We recruited 42 subjects: 20 healthy controls and 22 patients with major depressive episode. All subjects underwent functional MRI scanning using paradigm comprised of diagnostic clinical self-assessment depression scale contrasted to neutral scale. The data were processed with group independent component analysis for functional MRI toolbox and statistical parametric mapping. The results have demonstrated that there exist positively or negatively modulated brain networks during processing of diagnostic specific task questions for major depressive disorder. There have also been confirmed differences in the networks processing diagnostic versus off blocks between patients and controls in anterior cingulate cortex and middle frontal gyrus. Diagnostic conditions (depression scale) when contrasted to neutral conditions demonstrate differential activity of right superior frontal gyrus and right middle cingulate cortex in the comparison of patients with healthy controls. It is for the first time when potential neuroimaging state dependent biomarker has been directly linked with clinical assessment self-evaluation scale, administered as stimuli simultaneously with the fMRI acquisition. It may be regarded as further evidence in support of the ability of both methods to concordantly distinguish groups by means of incremental translational cross-validation.

Cyanobacteria constitute pioneer colonizer of specific environments whom settlement in new biotopes precedes the establishment of composite microbial consortia. Some heterotrophic bacteria constitute cyanobacterial partners that are considered as their cyanosphere, being potentially involved in mutualistic relationships through exchange and recycling of key nutrients, and sharing of common goods. Several non-axenic cyanobacterial strains have been recently isolated along with their associated cyanosphere from the thermal mud of Balaruc-les-Bains (France) and the biofilms of the retention basin where they develop. The community structure and relationships among members of the isolated cyanobacterial strains were characterized using a metagenomic approach combined with taxonomic and microscopic description of the microbial consortia. Results provide insights into the potential role and metabolic capabilities of microorganisms of thermal mud-associated cyanobacterial biofilms. Thus, the physical proximity, host-specificity and complimentary functions advocate for their complementarity between cyanobacteria and their associated microbiota. Besides these findings, our results also highlight the great influence of the reference protein database chosen when performing functional annotation of the metagenomes from organisms of the cyanosphere and the difficulty of selecting one unique database that appropriately cover both autotroph and heterotroph metabolic specificities.

Nickel-base superalloys like VDM 780 may possess a high content of Cr and Co. This influences solution energies of phase-forming elements like Al and Ta (γ′-phase), Nb (γ′′- and δ-phase), and Ti (η-phase). We perform density functional theory studies of a nickel matrix at 0 K with high concentrations of either Co and Cr and calculate the influence of these elements on solution energies. In the case of Co, the solution energy can be predicted well by the nearest-neighbor interaction in the Co-rich matrix. For Cr, the effect is more complicated because Cr has a larger ionic radius and changes the magnetic state of the material. The effect of a Cr-rich matrix on the energy of Co is dominated by magnetic effects, interactions with the other elements by elastic deformation of the lattice.

This study analyzed the relationship between anthropometric measures, cardiorespiratory capacity, strength, power and local muscle endurance with performance in the CrossFit® Open 2020. For this, 17 volunteers (6 women) (29.0 ± 7.2 years; 70.5 ± 9.8 kg) completed, on separate weeks, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), maximal oxygen consumption (2km row test), muscle strength (1RM back and front squat, isometric peak torque), and muscle power (1RM snatch and clean & jerk), and muscle endurance (Tibana test), which were compared with performance during the CrossFit® Open 2020. Multiple linear regression showed that for the CrossFit Open 2020.1 and 2020.2 workouts, the score in the Tibana test was the only variable that explained the outcomes (Beta = -0.78, p < 0.01 for 2020.1 workout and Beta = 0.82, p < 0.01 for 2020.2 workout). Performance in the CrossFit Open 2020.3 and 2020.4 workouts were explained through the relative strength (Beta = 0.58, p = 0.02 for 2020.3 workout and Beta = 0.50, p = 0.04 for 2020.4 workout). Lastly, Tibana test had the greatest influence on CrossFit Open 2020.5 workout (Beta = -0.75, p < 0.01). A local muscle endurance and muscle strength may be used to predict CrossFit® open workout performance.

Chellali et al. introduced two degree concepts, ve-degree and ev-degree (Chellali et al, 2017). The ve-degree of a vertex equals to number of different edges which are incident to a vertex from the closed neighborhod of v. Moreover the ev-degree of an edge e=ab equals to the number of vertices of the union of the closed neighborhoods of a and b. The most private feature of these degree concepts is, total number of ve-degrees and total number of ev-degrees equal to first Zagreb index of the graphs for triangle-free graphs. In this paper we introduce ve-degree entropy, ev-degree entropy and investigate the relations between these entropies and the first Zagreb index entropy. Finally we obtain the maximal trees with respect to ve-degree irregularity index.

Graph entropies have been used to interpret the complexity of the networks. There are various graph entropies in the literature. In this note a new graph entropy is defined which is based on the dominating sets of the graphs. Moreover the entropy of some classes of the graphs is obtained

The central nervous system (CNS) and the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract communicate through the gut-brain axis (GBA). Such communication is bi-directional and involves neuronal, endocrine and immunological mechanisms. The scientific data are mounting that gut microbiota is a source of a number of neuroactive and immunocompetent substances, which shape the structure and function of brain regions involved in control of emotions, physical activity and cognition. Most of GI maladies are associated with altered transmission within the GBA and influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. Current treatment protocols widely advocated for the treatment of GI disorders may positively or adversely affect the composition of intestinal microbiota with diverse impact on therapeutic outcome. The alterations of gut microbiota have been associated with mood and depressive disorders. and mental health is frequently altered in the course of many GI and non-GI ailments. Deregulation of the GBA may constitute a grip point for the development of diagnostic tools and personalized microbiota-based therapy. For example next generation sequencing (NGS) offers detailed analysis of microbiome footprints in patients with mental and GI disorders. Psychobiotics are new class of beneficial bacteria, with documented efficacy in the treatment of gut-brain axis disorders.

Many insights into human disease have been built on experimental results in Drosophila, and research in fruit flies is often justified on the basis of its predictive value for questions related to human health. Additionally, there is now a growing recognition of the value of Drosophila for the study of rare human genetic diseases, either as a means of validating the causative nature of a candidate genetic variant found in patients, or as a means of obtaining functional information about a novel disease-linked gene when there is little known about it. For these reasons, funders in the US, Europe, and Canada have launched targeted programs to link human geneticists working on discovering new rare disease loci with researchers who work on the counterpart genes in Drosophila and other model organisms. Several of these initiatives are described here, as are a number of output publications that validate this new approach.

High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a novel exercise intervention that may test body systems in a balanced and integrated fashion by challenging individuals’ abilities to complete mechanical work. However, research has not previously determined if physical work capacity is unique to traditional physiologic measures of fitness. Twenty-five healthy men and women completed a six-week HIFT intervention with physical work capacity and various physiologic measures of fitness assessed pre- and post-intervention. At baseline, these physiologic measures of fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity) were significantly associated with physical work capacity and this relationship was even stronger at post-intervention assessment. Further, there were significant improvements across these physiologic measures in response to the delivered intervention. However, the change in these physiologic measures failed to predict the change in physical work capacity induced via HIFT. These findings point to the potential utility of HIFT as a unique challenge to individuals’ physiology beyond traditional resistance or aerobic training. Elucidating the translational impact of increasing work capacity via HIFT may be of great interest to health and fitness practitioners ranging from strength/conditioning coaches to physical therapists.

With the increasing demand for security surveillance, assisted driving, and remote sensing, target detection networks with rich environmental perception capabilities and high detection accuracy have become a research hotspot. However, detection techniques based on single-modality images face limitations in environmental adaptability, as they are easily affected by lighting conditions, as well as obstacles such as smoke, rain, and vegetation, leading to information loss and failing to meet the required accuracy. To address these issues, we propose a target detection network—IV-YOLO, which integrates features from both visible and infrared images. We built a dual-branch fusion network based on YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once v8) that combines infrared and visible images for target detection. On this foundation, we designed a Bidirectional Pyramid Feature Fusion structure (Bi-Fusion) to fully integrate complementary features from different modalities, reducing detection errors caused by feature redundancy and extracting fine-grained features of small targets through dual-modal fusion. Additionally, we developed the Shuffle-SPP structure, which combines channel and spatial attention mechanisms to enhance focus on deep features and further aggregate upsampling, extracting richer features. To improve the model’s expressive power, we designed a loss function tailored for multi-scale target detection boxes, accelerating the network’s convergence during training. Experimental results show that the proposed IV-YOLO network achieves an average precision (mAP) of 74.6% on the UAV remote sensing dataset, 75.4% on the KAIST pedestrian dataset, and 84.8% on the FLIR dataset. While ensuring detection accuracy, our model significantly reduces computational load, making it well-suited to meet real-time requirements. This architecture is expected to find broad application in fields such as autonomous driving, public safety, and others.

This study explores the properties and behavior of bi-close-to-convex functions, introducing new subclasses defined by their relationship with fractional differential operator and bi-univalent functions. Using the Faber polynomial technique, we derive upper bounds for the n^{th} coefficient of functions in these classes. We also investigate the erratic behavior of initial coefficients in bi-close-to-convex functions, as characterized by the (λ,q)-fractional differintegral operator. Furthermore, we address Fekete-Szegö problems and present notable findings from our investigation, contributing to the continued growth and refinement of geometric function theory, yielding new insights and practical uses.

This paper presents a model for archival and retrieval of the videos of natural flowers. To design an efficient video retrieval system the stages namely, keyframe selection, feature extraction, feature dimensionality reduction and indexing are essential for fast browsing and accessing of videos. Three different keyframe selection approaches are proposed using clustering algorithms after segmenting flower regions from its background. Deep Convolutional Neural Network is used as a feature extractor. After keyframe selection, a video is represented with a set of keyframes. To reduce the feature dimension of a video, two feature selection methods are utilized. For an efficient archival and fast retrieval of flower videos an indexing method called KD-tree is recommended. For a given query video, similar videos are retrieved both in relative and absolute search modalities. An extensive experimentation conducted on a relatively large flower video dataset. The data set consists of 7788 videos of 30 different species of flowers. The videos are captured with three different devices in different resolutions. The comparative study reveals proposed keyframe selection approaches gives better results. It has also been observed that the videos retrieved in absolute approach with features selected from Binormal separation metric and indexing gives good results.

In this study, we introduce a new class of bi-univalent functions using q-Janowski Function. We derive the Fekete-Szegö functional problems for functions in this new subclass, as well as estimates for the Taylor-Maclaurin coefficients |α2| and |α3|. Furthermore, a collection of fresh outcomes are3 presented by customizing the parameters employed in our initial discoveries.

There have been multiple technological advancements that promise to gradually enable devices to measure and record signals with high resolution and accuracy in the domain of Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI). Multi-modal BCIs have been able to gain significant traction given the potential to enhance signal processing by integrating different recording modalities. In this review, we explore the integration of multiple neuroimaging and neurophysiological modalities including Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephalography (MEG), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Electrocorticography (ECoG), and Single-Unit Activity (SUA). This multimodal approach leverages the high temporal resolution of EEG and MEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, the invasive yet precise nature of ECoG, and the single-neuron specificity provided by SUA. The paper highlights the advantages of integrating multiple modalities, such as increased accuracy and reliability, and discusses the challenges and limitations of multimodal integration. Furthermore, we explain the data acquisition approaches for each of these modalities. We also demonstrate various software programs that help in extracting, cleaning, and refining the data. We conclude this paper with discussion on the available literature highlighting recent advances, challenges, and future directions for each of these modalities.

The focus of recent research shifts towards complex ‘whole organism’ responses (i.e., in multiple functional traits) in adaptation to or to defend against stressors under complex environmental conditions. This increasing complexity is challenging to analyse and demands sophisticated tools to drive meaningful conclusions from those data. Trait-based regression models, multivariate analyses, like principal component analyses, and plasticity indices can be used to tackle challenges with those complex investigations. But those methods have substantial limitations, like the need for high sample size, multi-dimensionality of results or the need for trait coordination in high-dimensional space, or the calculation on the population level, which might buffer or cover the de facto occurring individual effects. To improve and simplify studies on ‘whole organism’ responses, analyses, and their interpretation, we developed the Index for Adaptive Responses. This straightforward framework can unite all traits of an organism in one number. A newly developed transformation method, included in this framework, comprises a normalisation and standardisation to a baseline or control without changing the data or variance structure of the original data. We assessed the performance and accuracy of the framework with an application in an extensive predator-prey case study, with simulations and application examples using literature data. We show that the Index for Adaptive Responses respects adaptations as well as maladaptations and outperforms established approaches. The framework is robust against outliers and non-gaussian distribution. We further show that the qualitative prediction of the adaptiveness of included traits is highly accurate, even under challenging conditions, e.g., low replicate numbers. Functions and algorithms of the framework are provided with an R package but can easily be translated into other programming languages. The Index for Adaptive Responses will simplify future research on complex adaptive responses and improves our understanding of these responses’ ecological as well as evolutionary implications.

Renewable energy especially insights into solar energy are crucial in the energy business cycle. In this paper, an impact study of meteorological variables on solar energy production is conducted. The paper discusses the pipeline of data analysis specific to the case study and exploits open-source machine-learning algorithms to build predictive models. RandomForestRegressor and XGBoosting regressors are used to build the predictive model. The application code is integrated into an analytic software service (Power BI) and tested on Solar energy Open Data of Saudi Arabia. The solar energy production is found to be high between 800-1000 barometric pressure locations. Global Horizontal Irradiation is found to increase when the atmospheric temperature is more than 34∘ C. The impact of relative humidity is that the produced energy is high at lower humidity points. The wind speed effect is that the produced energy is significant between 2 to 4 m/s and reaches its maximum at 2.4 m/s. The predictive models produce nearly real-time predictions with Random Forest with R²: 0.909. The paper provides Global Horizontal Irradiation estimation equations using meteorological coefficients generated by the trained regressor. The paper presents implementation methodologies and records various instances of test results. It highlights the efficacy of machine learning in predictive modeling for renewable energy applications.

In the present paper we introduce three new classes of bi-univalent functions connected with Gregory coefficients. For functions in each of these three bi-univalent function classes we have derived the estimates of the Taylor--Maclaurin coefficients $\left|a_{2}\right|$ and $\left|a_{3}\right|$ and Fekete-Szeg\H{o} functional problems for functions belonging to these new subclasses. We defined three subclasses of the class of the bi-univalent functions $\Sigma$, namely $\mathfrak{HG}_{\Sigma}$, $\mathfrak{GM}_{\Sigma}(\mu)$ and $\mathfrak{G}_{\Sigma}(\lambda)$ by using the subordinations with the function whose coefficients are Gregory's numbers. First, we proved that these classes are not empty, i.e. contains other functions than the identity one. Using the well-known Carath\'eodory Lemma for the functions with real positive parts in the open unit disk, together with an estimation due to P. Zaprawa (see https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/357480) and another one of Libera and Zlotkiewicz, we gave upper bounds for the above mentioned initial coefficients and for the Fekete-Szeg\H{o} functionals. The main results are followed by some particular cases, and the novelty of the definitions and the proofs could involve further studies for such type of similarly defined subclasses.

This paper presents a proposal for a non-isolated bidirectional converter (NIBC) controlled by a deep neural network (DNN) to enable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging, which contributes to the development of more efficient and sustainable transportation and energy systems. The DNN controller manages power flow in both directions, making it possible to charge electric vehicles (EVs) and discharge power from EVs to the grid with improved efficiency and performance compared to traditional control methods. The non-isolated topology used in this proposal offers several benefits, including reduced cost, smaller size, and higher efficiency. To train the DNN controller, a large dataset of simulations was used, and the results were validated with a hardware setup. The real-time performance of the DNN controller was compared to a proportional-integral (PI) based controller through simulated results. The findings of the study show that the DNN controller outperforms traditional PI controllers.

Over past decades, a frequent co-morbidity of cerebrovascular pathology and Alzheimer's disease pathology has been observed. Numerous published studies indicate that preservation of healthy cerebrovascular endothelium can be an important therapeutic target. By incorporating appropriate drug(s) into biomimetic (lipid cubic-phase) nanocarriers, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic which targets certain cell-surface scavenger receptors, mainly class B type 1 (i.e., SR-BI), and crosses the blood-brain barrier. This targeting allows for various Alzheimer’s-related cell types to be simultaneously searched out for localized drug treatment in vivo.

This paperfocusesontheoscillatorypropertiesofthesemi-canonicalnonlineardelaydifferential equation ofthird-order (δ2(t)(δ1(t)ζ′(t))′)′ + η(t)ζα(τ(t))= 0, t ≥ t0, under theconditions ∞t01δ2(t)dt = ∞ andZ ∞t01δ1(t)dt < ∞. Using the new canonical transform method, we transformed the studied equation into a canonical type equation and then we find the conditions for the oscillation of the studied equation from the canonical equations. The obtained results are new and complement to the existing results mentioned in the literature. Examples are provided to illustrate the importance and novelty of the main results.

The immune system is central in controlling acute hepatitis B infection and in patients resolving chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Given that 221 million (75%) of CHB patients reside in low- and middle-income countries, developing a vaccine with therapeutic properties represents a rational and cost-effective approach more than a romantic endeavor. This review systematically analyses the critical variables related to the safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of CHB treatments. HeberNasvac's experience is revisited to address the challenges and potentialities of therapeutic vaccines, as well as the current roadblocks in research and development, registration, and large-scale implementation.

While in the past, especially numerical approaches such as regression models and p-values were utilized to investigate whether the functional form between age and happiness is linear or U-shaped in a given country, recent advances have shown that such approaches can be misleading, and graphical analyses should amend the analyses. However, these have the downside that they rely to some extent on subjective interpretations and are hardly quantifiable. If applied carelessly, they can be misleading as well. We suggest two easily computed statistics to combine graphical and numerical approaches. We demonstrate their usage with ESS data (N > 440,000) and show how they enable a more nuanced investigation of functional forms. Furthermore, we discuss how statistical uncertainty can be handled in the age-happiness debate and emphasize practical significance, which needs to be kept in mind.

In the pursuit of functional foods that promote health, nanoliposomal carriers have been used to enhance the stability and functionality of dairy products such as yogurt, promising therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fucoxanthin-loaded nanoliposomes in yogurt on its antioxidant, physico-chemical, and rheological properties under cold storage (21 days). Fucoxanthin-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared using the ultrasonic film dispersion technique and added at concentrations of 0%, 5% and 10% at the yogurt (Y-C, Y-FXN-5, Y-FXN-10). Homogeneous and uniform nanoliposomes (98.28 nm) were ob-tained, preserving their integrity and functionality, and ensuring prolonged release and bioavailability of fucoxanthin. Y-FXN-10 maintained the highest antioxidant activity according to the DPPH (52.96%), ABTS (97.97%), and FRAP (3.16 mmol ET/g) methods. This formulation exhibited enhanced erythroprotective potential, inhibiting hemolysis, photohemolysis, and heat-induced hemolysis, thereby preventing lipid pe-roxidation. However, viscosity and firmness decreased, affecting the texture and appearance. Sensory properties such as color, flavor, aftertaste, texture, and overall acceptance improved with the 10% fuco-xanthin-enriched yogurt formulation. These results suggest that nanoliposomal are suitable for carries fuco-xanthin, their incorporation into food matrices is key to developing functional foods. Regulatory approvals and consumer perceptions regarding nanotechnology-based products must be addressed, emphasizing their safety and health benefits.

Background: Differentiating essential tremor (ET) and functional tremor (FT) remains challenging due to their overlapping clinical presentations. Objective: In this study, we aimed to elucidate the demographic and psychometric differences between the aforementioned tremor types to enhance the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic strategies. Methods: In this prospective study, we included 96 patients diagnosed with ET or FT and analysed their related demographic data, clinical symptoms, and psychometric evaluation scores. Our statistical analysis involved Pearson’s chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact tests, and logistic regression to assess how the different variables impact tremor diagnosis. Results: Our study demonstrated a higher ET prevalence in males (p = 0.015). Furthermore, we demonstrated that patients with ET displayed a significantly lower body mass index and a lower age of onset compared to those with FT (p = 0.050 and p = 0.023, respectively). Our psychometric assessments revealed higher cognitive and body image scores in patients with ET, whereas those with FT scored higher on depression and anxiety scales. The misdiagnosis rate was 14.5%, emphasising the need for improved diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: We established specific demographic and psychometric distinctions between ET and FT, which could potentially benefit clinicians in making accurate diagnoses and tailoring treatment approaches. These findings support the inclusion of comprehensive psychometric evaluations into standard diagnostic procedures to better differentiate tremor types.

Graphene oxide (GO) is considered as one of the promising adsorbents for the removal of various heavy metal contaminants in aquatic environment, due to its beneficial structural, chemical and electronic properties. Using the density functional theory (DFT) approach, we investigate the reactivity of a model GO nanoparticule (C30H14O15) toward neutral and charged lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) atoms. We found the model metal-free GO to have a high chemical reactivity. To study the adsorption of the metal atoms on the GO nanoparticle, we have used a single and doubly-adsorbed neutral (Pb0 and Cd0) and charged (Pb2+, Cd2+) atoms. After identified possible adsorption sites on the GO, we found that a single charged metal ion binds more strongly than a neutral atom of the same type. To determine the possibility of multiple adsorptions of GO nanoparticle, two metal atoms of the same species are co-adsorbed on its surface. Our calculations reveals a site-dependent adsorption energy such that when two atoms of the same specie are adsorbed at sites Si and Sj , the binding energy per atom depends on the whether one of the two atoms is adsorbed firstly on the Si or Sj sites. It is also found that the binding energy per atom for two co-adsorbed atoms of the same specie is less than the binding energy of a singly-adsorbed atom which suggests that atoms may become less likely to be adsorbed on the GO nanoparticle when their concentrations increase. This applies to both neutral and charged atoms. We adduce the origin of this observation to be interplay between metal-metal interaction on the one hand and GO-metal on the other, with the former resulting in a less binding for the charged adsorbed metals in particular, due to repulsive interaction between two positively charged ions. The frontier molecular orbitals analysis and the calculated global reactivity descriptors of the respective GO- metal complexes revealed that all the GO-metal complexes have a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) relative to that of pristine metal-free GO nanoparticle. This suggests that although the GO-metal complexes are stable, they are less stable compared to metal-free GO nanoparticles. The negative values of the chemical potentials obtained for all the GO-metal complexes further confirms their stability. Our work calculates parameters that will be crucial to rational design of GO nanoparticles for Pb abd Cd ions contaminants removal, and may find application in water purification for example.

This paper presents an observer-based dynamic output feedback controller design procedure using Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) optimization for second-order systems with uncertainty and persistent perturbation in the states. Using linear-quadratic criteria, cost functions are minimized in a two-stage procedure to compute optimal state feedback gains, and observer gains are coupled into a dynamic output feedback optimal controller. The LMI set used in the two stages is matrix inversion-free, a key issue for polytope formulation when uncertainty is present. The approach is tested in a mobile inverted pendulum robotic platform, and the effectiveness is verified in this underactuated and undesensed case.

The human gastrointestinal gut contains about 100 trillion of microorganisms including up to 5000 different types of bacteria called the "gut microbiome". Alterations in the composition of gut microorganisms (dysbiosis) can cause threatening for life diseases. This present seeks to evaluate if finally diet and more specifically functional foods affect the intestinal microbiome, and if obesity and the metabolic syndrome (Mets) are associated with the intestinal microbiome. This systematic review was accomplished according to PRISMA guidelines mostly using the key words functional foods, microbiome, obesity, Mets, Mediterranean diet. The search was carried out of recent scien-tific articles from the databases Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The most studies discussed in this review showed a potential therapeutic effect of the Mediterranean diet rich in beneficial nutrients, on body weight, fat deposition, in correlation with modulation of the synthesis of gut microbiome. This literature review demonstrates a possible relationship between the metabolites of the microflora, the endotoxemia, obesity and Mets. The role of probiotics, prebiotics, and polyphe-nols in the prevention of obesity and Mets is of high importance in promoting healthy aging. The future challenge is to understand how different dietary patterns can regulate the composition of the gut microflora and whether these changes could be long-term.

In the last century, statistical process control has been considered a successful methodology for monitoring the variability and stability of a process over time. The analysis of variability using functional data analysis has become widespread during the early years of the 21st century. The present study proposes the implementation of a hybrid methodology called functional process control based on the functional data analysis methodology and combines its advantages with those of statistical process control, in order to provide a tool for detecting functional deviations. The phases are: (1) stabilization of processes through the identification and elimination of special causes of functional variability; (2) improvement of the process to be controlled by minimizing the common causes of functional variability; and (3) monitoring of the processes to ensure the maintenance or addition of further improvements.

A mathematical model that incorporates human attacks on dogs is presented to explore the dynamics of rabies transmission. The model divided the infection rate into two categories: dog-to-dog transmission rates during the prodromal phase (βdP) and the furious phase (βdF). It has been determined that the model is well-posed and that all of the solutions are positive, as well as the feasibility and positivity of the model's solutions. Both the basic reproduction number (R0) and the effective reproductive number (Re) are computed, and it is demonstrated that the model has a unique disease-free equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable whenever Re < 1. To identify the model's most sensitive parameters and the ones that intervention efforts should focus on, sensitivity analysis of the effective reproduction number is carried out. We can construct an optimal control system using the state equations, the adjoint equations, and the optimality condition that determines the controls by applying Pontryagin's Maximum/Minimum principle. To help decision-makers in allocating funds for rabies interventions, cost-effectiveness analyses are conducted. To determine the degree to which the intervention strategies are advantageous and cost-effective, this study performs a cost-effective analysis of one or all possible combinations of the optimal rabies control strategies (pre-exposed and post-exposed vaccination for both dog and human populations) for the four different transmission settings. After arranging the techniques to increase effectiveness (total infections prevented), a cost-effective analysis using the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) was conducted. The result supports the function that the four intervention options are performing to either completely eradicate or significantly reduce rabies disease among the populations. The dynamical behavior of the system is studied through simulations using the ode45 numerical technique from MATLAB.

This study comprehensively investigates Al2O3's mechanical properties, focusing on fracture toughness, surface energy, Young's modulus, and crack propagation. The density functional theory (DFT) is employed to model the vacancies in Al2O3, providing essential insights into this material’s structural stability and defect formation. The DFT simulations reveal a deep understanding of vacancy-related properties and their impact on mechanical behavior. In conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the fracture toughness and crack propagation in Al2O3 are explored, offering valuable information on material strength and durability. The surface energy of Al2O3 is also assessed using DFT, shedding light on its interactions with the surrounding environment. The combination of DFT and MD simulations provides a robust framework for a comprehensive understanding of Al2O3's mechanical properties, with implications for material science and engineering applications.

The current invasion of the Mediterranean Sea by the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus entails the implementation of effective strategies of control and management. In native areas, the species is highly appreciated as a hard- and soft-shell seafood, and hard-shell fisheries are developing in a number of invaded countries. Here, to verify alternative approaches for enhancing the commercial value of the species, we carried out a pilot experiment to test a flow-through system for the production of soft-shell blue crabs. Fifty crabs were collected in the Lesina lagoon (Adriatic Sea, Italy) and inspected for the coloration of the line on the distal edge of the fifth pereiopod. Accordingly, they were grouped into three groups showing no, white, and red lines, symptomatic of the progression of the pre-molt phase, and maintained for 31 days in a flow-through pond system. The overall mortality rate determined during the trial was similar across the three groups and ranged between 10 and 20%, indicating that the flow-through system was effective for rearing the crabs. In addition, the molting rate was 10%, 65%, and 85% for individuals at an early, intermediate, and advanced pre-molt stage, confirming that the line coloration can be used as an effective indicator of the advancement of the molting process. Our study provides a first contribution towards the introduction in the Mediterranean fishery sector of novel procedures and practices for the production of soft-shell blue crabs, which may represent a cost-effective strategy to enhance the capture and commercialization of this invasive species as a high quality and valuable shellfish product.

Among young children, parents are a main factor of children's preferences for food served as they are responsible for purchasing and providing Functional Foods (FFs) and they are role models for them. This revies study conducted according PRISMA guidelines and aimed to review the recent data about the consumption of FC into families as part of a balanced diet. The literature search was conducted via online academic search engines PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. The search process was restricted to research papers published in English in reviewed journals from 2012 to 2023. Thirty six articles were ultimately included in the present review. The results showed that there is a correlation between several socio-demographic and a higher probability of buying FFs for children. There is a positive effect on purchasing frequencies of gender (female), higher household annual income and education level, together with higher levels of nutritional knowledge and trust in positive scientific evidence regarding FFs. Also, parents’ socio-demographic factors affect the children’s F/V consumption. The summary of evidence concludes on the point that parents are the role models about their children’s eating behavior and eating habits.

Increasing the effectiveness of eradication therapy is an important task of gastroenterology. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of postbiotic (metabiotic) contained inactivated Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17648 (Pylopass™; Helinorm™) as adjuvant treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel study included H. pylori positive patients with FD. The postbiotic group received Pylopass 200 mg bid for 14 days in combination with the eradication therapy (esomeprazole 20 mg bid + amoxicillin 1000 mg bid + clarithromycin 500 mg bid for 14 days) and another 14 days after completion of eradication therapy. The eradication efficiency was 96.7% for the postbiotic group versus 86.0% for the placebo group (P=0.039). Both groups showed significant improvements in quality of life and reduction of most gastrointestinal symptoms with no significant differences between groups. The overall number of digestive adverse effects in the postbiotic group was lower than in the placebo group. Serious adverse effects were not registered. The postbiotic (metabiotic) contained inactivated L. reuteri DSM 17648 significantly improves the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication therapy in FD and decreases overall number of digestive adverse effects of this therapy.

Cyperus rotundus L. exhibits promising potential for the development of functional foods due to its documented pharmacological and biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of C. rotundus kombucha. The results demonstrated potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 76.7±9.6 uL/mL for the DPPH assay and 314.2±16.9 uL/mL for the ABTS assay. Additionally, the kombucha demonstrated alpha-glucosidase inhibitory with an IC50 value of 142.7±5.2 µL/mL. This in vitro antioxidant potential was further validated in vivo using Drosophila. Drosophila fed a high-sugar diet and supplemented with pure kombucha revealed significant increases in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Drosophila on a high-sugar diet supplemented with varying kombucha concentrations manifested enhanced resistance to oxidative stresses induced by H2O2 and paraquat. Concurrently, there was a notable decline in lipid peroxidation levels. Additionally, significant upregulations in CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 activities were observed when the high-sugar diet was supplemented with kombucha. Furthermore, in vivo assessments using Drosophila demonstrated significant reductions in alpha-glucosidase activity when fed with kombucha. A comprehensive GC-MS and HPLC analysis of C. rotundus kombucha detected the presence of antioxidative and anti-glucosidase compounds. In conclusion, C. rotundus kombucha exhibits considerable antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, demonstrating its potential as a beneficial beverage for health promotion.

For a nonzero normed linear space X‎, ‎we will define some different classes of fuzzy norms on X generated by linear and bounded linear functionals‎. ‎Also separate continuity of the elements of each class are investigated‎. ‎The aim of this research is to introduce a source of examples and counterexamples in the field of fuzzy normed spaces‎.

The main advantage of using the ferroelectric material as a component of complex heterostructure is the ability to tune various properties of the whole system by means of external electric field. In particular, the electric field may change the polarization direction within the ferroelectric material and consequently affect the structural properties, which in turn affects the electronic and magnetic properties of the neighboring material. Besides, the ferroelectrics proceed the electrostriction phenomenon, which is promising to be used to affect the magnetic states of interface state in the heterostructure with a magnetic component. The interfacial phenomena are of a great interest since they provide an extended functionality useful for electronic devices of a new generation. Following an idea of utilizing a ferroelectric in heterostructures component in the present work we consider 2DEG, Rashba effect, the effect of magnetoelectric coupling and magnetostriction in order to emphasize the advantages of such heterostructures as components of devices. For this purpose model systems of LaMnO3/BaTiO3, La2CuO4/BaTiO3, Bi/BaTiO3 and Bi/PbTiO3, Fe/BaTiO3 heterostructures are investigated by density functional theory calculations.

The study investigated the chemical and functional characterization of propolis collected in southern Italy, in particular in Basilicata, a region rich in ecological and vegetative biodiversity. Sixteen samples of propolis, collected within a radius of 40 km from each other in the Basilicata region, showed significant differences between the chemical and functional parameters investigated: color index (L*, a*, b*; P<0.05), variation in chemical composition and antioxidant activities, by ABTS and FRAP assays. In general, Lucanian propolis had a low content of waxes (P<0.05) and a high content of resin (P<0.05) and balsams (P<0.05). The content of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were highly variable, as was the biological capacity. In conclusion, Lucanian propolis showed a remarkable variability, highlighting a significant diversification according to the geographical position and the diversity of the flora surrounding the apiary of which the bees use as a source of resin. This study therefore contributes to the enhancement of the quality of propolis, laying the foundations for the production and marketing of propolis not only in the food industry, but also in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Aromatic azo compounds have -N=N- double bonds as well as larger π electron conjugation system, which endows aromatic azo compounds with wide applications in the fields of functional materials. The properties of aromatic azo compounds are closely related to the substituents on their aromatic rings. However, traditional synthesis methods, such as the coupling of diazo salts, have a great limitation on the structural design of aromatic azo compounds. Therefore, many scientists have devoted their efforts to developing new synthetic methods. Moreover, recent advances in the synthesis of aromatic azo compounds led to the improvement of design and preparation of light-response materials at molecular level. This review summarizes the important synthetic progress of aromatic azo compounds in recent years, with an emphasis on the pioneering contribution of functional nanomaterials in the field.

Secondary metabolites from Hibiscus sabdariffa have been used to prevent different diseases. Roselle Hibiscus is known for being rich in phenolic bioactive compounds. The extraction conditions are directly related to the chemical composition and then to the overall bioactivity of the extract. In this study, a Box Behnken experimental design has been used to optimize the antioxidant activity, considering four variables: the ethanol:water ratio, the temperature, the extraction time, and the solvent:solid ratio. The experiment comprises 27 experiments and 3 repetitions at the central point. The results are described by surface response analysis and a second-degree polynomial equation. The model explains 87% of the variation in the response. The maximum antioxidant activity is yielded when 1% solids are extracted in 35.5% ethanol at 60°C for 33 min. Finally, a nutritional functional supplement of 495 µmol Trolox Equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity was prepared with the optimized extract.

In recent years, functional fluidic electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumps have attracted considerable attention due to their remarkable features, such as simple structure, quiet operation, and energy-efficient utilization. EHD liquid pumps can be used in various industrial applications, like flow transfer, thermal management, and actuator drive. In this paper, the author reviewed EHD liquid pump research in these specific aspects: the first observation of the EHD effect, its mathematical modeling, and the choice of pump structure, electrode configuration, and working medium. Based on the review, a summary of the development and latest research on EHD pumps can be provided for the readers.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers among men in India. Although studies on PCa have dealt with the genetics, genomics, and the environmental influence in causality of PCa, not many studies employing the next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches of PCa have been carried out. In our previous study, we have identified some causal genes and mutations specific to Indian PCa using Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES). In the recent past, with the help of different cancer consortiums such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), along with differentially expressed genes (DEGs), many cancer-associated novel non-coding RNAs have been identified as biomarkers. In this work, we attempt to identify DEGs as well as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with signature pathways from an Indian PCa cohort using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) approach. From a cohort of 60, we screened 6 patients who underwent prostatectomy; we performed a whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (WTSS)/RNA-sequencing to decipher the DEGs. We further normalized the read counts using fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) and analyzed the DEGs using a cohort of downstream regulatory tools, viz. GeneMANIA Stringdb, Cytoscape-Cytohubba, cbioportal to map the inherent signatures associated with PCa. By comparing the RNA-seq data obtained from the pairs of normal and PCa tissue samples using our benchmarked in-house cuffdiff pipeline, we observed some important genes specific to PCa such as STEAP2, APP, PMEPA1, PABPC1, NFE2L2, HN1L and some other important genes known to be involved in different cancer pathways such as, COL6A1, DOK5, STX6, BCAS1, BACE1, BACE2, LMOD1, SNX9, CTNND1 etc. We also identified a few novel lncRNAs such as LINC01440, SOX2OT, ENSG00000232855, and ENST00000647843.1 that need to be characterized further. Deregulation of SOX2OT is observed in various tumors, including lung cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and glioblastoma. It would be interesting to characterize its function in PCa as well. In comparison with publicly available datasets, we have identified characteristic DEGs and novel lncRNAs implicated in signature PCa pathways in an Indian PCa cohort which have perhaps not been reported. As a pilot study, this has set a precedent for us to validate further experimentally, and we firmly believe this will pave a way towards discovery of biomarkers and development of novel therapies.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of the proposed study is disclosure of correlations between the dynamics of the Breathe Rate (BR) and Heart Rate (HR) when performing the intermittent physical operation at maximum power on a cycle ergometer.Methods: The stage on the study of the General functional athlete readiness (GFAR) performed using the sports standard “Red Engine” and the cycle ergometer in 16 volunteers (10 men, 6 women) whose average age was 21±1.17 years. To determine the sports potential of the volunteers in this study, we used own Coefficient of Anaerobic Capacity (CANAC Q, beats). Continuous recording of the heart rate and respiratory rate of volunteers in the maximum power sports test was carried out by the “RheoCardioMonitor” device with an athlete functional readiness module based on the method of Transthoracic electrical impedance rheography (TEIRG).Results: The degree of correlation of functional indicators (M, HR_M, GFAR) with CANAC Q for the group in full (n=80) occurred at a very high level, which confirmed the effectiveness of using the Coefficient of Anaerobic Capacity (CANAC Q) in assessing the general functional athlete readiness of the volunteers. Conclusions: CANAC Q measured in “beats” of the heart and recorded very accurately using the method of transthoracic electrical impedance rheography (TEIRG). For this reason as promising sports PSM-system, CANAC Q can replace the methods for determining the functional athlete readiness by blood lactate concentration and maximum oxygen consumption.

A common requirement of embedded software in charge of safety tasks is to guarantee the identification of those Random Hardware Failures (RHFs) that can affect digital components. RHFs are unavoidable. For this reason, functional safety standards, like the ISO 26262 devoted to automotive applications, require embedded software designs able to detect and eventually mitigate them. For this purpose, various software-based error detection techniques have been proposed over the years, focusing mainly on detecting Control Flow Errors. Many Control Flow Checking (CFC) algorithms have been proposed to accomplish this task. However, applying these approaches can be difficult because their respective literature gives little guidance on the their practical implementation in high-level programming languages, and they have to be implemented in low-level code, e.g., assembly. Moreover, the current trend in the automotive industry is to adopt the so-called Model-Based Software Design approach, where an executable algorithm model is automatically translated into C or C++ source code. This paper presents two novelties: firstly, the compliance of the experimental data on the capabilities of Control Flow Checking (CFC) algorithms with the ISO 26262 automotive functional safety standard; Secondly, by the implementation of the CFC algorithm in the application behavioral model is automatically translated. There is no need to modify the code generator. The assessment was performed using a novel fault injection environment targeting a RISC-V (RV32I) microcontroller.

In this paper, the concept of fuzzy locally convex spaces generated by a family of fuzzy seminorms is introduced. We prove that a Minkowski functional of zero neighborhoods generates a seminorm and finally deduce that the topology generated by the family of seminorms coincides with that of the Minkowski functional.

Mixed cadmium tellurides – cadmium sulfides thin layers were formed on the polyamide PA 6. Monotelluropentathionic acid (H2TeS4O6) was used as precursor of tellurium and sulfur. We applied a low-temperature, nontoxic and cost-effective SILAR method. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and sulfide (CdS) layers were formed through consecutive reactions of sorbed/diffused chalcogens species from telluropentathionate anion (TeS4O62–) with functional groups of polyamide and alkaline cadmium sulfate. The pseudo-second-order rate and Elovich kinetic models best fitted to quantify an uptake of chalcogens and cadmium on PA6. The effects of chalcogens and Cd on the structure and optical properties of PA6 were characterized using UV/Vis and IR spectra. The clear changes of these properties found in dependence on the concentration and exposure time in precursor's solutions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and an ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were applied in order to evaluate the effect of the chalcogens having particles on the changes in structure of polyamide 6 films depending on the exposure time in the solution of the chalcogens precursor and its concentration. The optical band gap energy of formed layers was found to be in the order of 1.52–2.36 eV. Studies of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy reveal that the diameter of the average grain is about 30 nm. The grains are conical in shape and unevenly distributed all over the surface of the substrate.

The study of the brain networks using analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data based on statistical dependencies (functional connectivity) and mathematical graph theory concepts is common in neuroscience and cognitive sciences for examinations of patient and healthy individuals. The Consciousness Fields according to Taheri theory and applications in the optimization of system under study have been investigated in various studies. In this study, we examine the results of working with Faradarmani Consciousness Field (FCF) in the brain of Faradarmangars. Faradarmangars are one of the necessary components in mind mediation of the function of Faradarmani Consciousness Fields according to Taheri. For this purpose, the functional and effective connectivity and the corresponding brain graphs of EEG from the brain of Faradarmangars is compared with that of non Faradarmangar groups during FCF connection. According to the results of the present study, the brain of the Faradarmangars shows significant decreased activity in delta (BA8), beta2 (BA4/6/8/9/10/11/32/44/47) and beta3 (in 34 of 52 BA) frequency bands mainly in frontal lobe and after that in parietal and temporal lobes in the comparison with the non Faradarmangars. Moreover, the functional and effective connectivity analysis in the frontal network shows dominant multiple decreased connectivity mainly in the case of beta3 frequency band in all parts of the frontal network. On the other hand, the graph theory analysis of the Faradarmangar brain shows an increase in the activity of the O2-T5-F4-F3-FP2-F8 areas and significant decrease in the characteristic path length and increases in global efficiency, clustering coefficient and transitivity. In conclusion, the unique higher graph function efficiency and the reduction in the brain activity and connectivity during the Faradarmani Consciousness Field mind mediation, shown the passive and detector like function of the human brain in this task.

Microorganisms inhabiting subsurface petroleum reservoirs are key players in biochemical transformations. The interactions of microbial communities in these environments are highly complex and still poorly understood. This work aimed to assess publicly available metagenomes from oil reservoirs and implement a robust pipeline of genome-resolved metagenomics to deci-pher metabolic and taxonomic profiles of petroleum reservoirs worldwide. Analysis of 301,2 Gb of metagenomic information derived from heavily flooded petroleum reservoirs in China and Alaska to non-flooded petroleum reservoirs in Brazil enabled us to reconstruct 148 MAGs of high and medium quality. At the phylum level, 74% of MAGs belonged to bacteria and 26% to ar-chaea. The profiles of these MAGs were related to the physicochemical parameters and recovery management applied. The analysis of the potential functional core in the reservoirs showed that the microbiota was specialized for each site, with 31.7% of the total KEGG orthologies annotated as functions (1,690 genes) common to all oil fields, while 18% of the functions were site-specific, i.e., present only in one of the oil fields. The oil reservoirs with lower level of intervention were the most similar to the potential functional core, while the oil fields with longer history of water in-jection had greater variation in functional profile. These results show how key microorganisms and their functions respond to the distinct physicochemical parameters and interventions of the oil field operations such as water injection and expand the knowledge of biogeochemical trans-formations in these ecosystems.

Inherited retinal diseases (IRD) comprise a heterogeneous set of clinical and genetic disorders that lead to blindness. Given the emerging opportunities in precision medicine and gene thera-py, it has become increasingly important to determine whether DNA variants with uncertain significance (VUS) are responsible for the patients’ IRD. This research was performed to assess the functional consequence of six VUS identified in patients with IRD. Clinical assessments in-cluded an ophthalmic examination, best corrected visual acuity, and kinetic perimetry. Imaging was acquired with the Optos ultra-widefield camera and spectral-domain optical coherence to-mography (SD-OCT). Genetic testing was performed by Molecular Vision Laboratories. VUS that were predicted to alter splicing were analyzed with a minigene assay which revealed that VUS in the genes OPA1, CNGB1, and CLUAP1 altered spicing mechanisms. Due to the emerging gene and cell therapies, these results expand the genotype-phenotype correlations for patients diag-nosed with an IRD.

The changes in consumer preferences and the increasingly competitive global market have demanded that food entrepreneurs engage in innovative value-added activities. The date is a delicatessen fruit known by its content of active compounds (e.g., dietary fiber and antioxidants) and its biological activity which has a vast potential in the design of new products such as bioactive ingredients, sugar substitutes, dietary supplements, functional foods, among others. In the current paper, innovative approaches to the value addition to date fruits and their processing by-products have been reviewed from recent high-quality scientific works. New processes such as ultrafiltration and hydrothermal treatments are shown as a useful alternative to obtain differentiated date-based ingredients (e.g., fiber concentrates, sap syrups, and date powders). Moreover, the use of date fruits and their byproducts as natural sources of value-added active compounds in the preparation of dairy, meat, and bakery and cereal products is also presented.

Fructan, a fructose polymer, is used as carbohydrate reserve in many plants. The nutritional and therapeutic benefits of fructans have attracted increasing interest by consumers and food industry. In the course of evolution, many plants have developed the ability of regulating plant frunctan metabolism genes to produce different structures and chain length fructans, which are strongly correlated with their survival in harsh environments. De nevo domestication of fructan-rich plants based on genome editing is a viable and promising approach to improve human dietary quality and reduce the risk of chronic disease. These advances will greatly facilitate breeding and production of tailor-made fructans as a healthy food ingredient from wild plants such as polygonati rhizoma. The purpose of this review is to broaden our knowledge on plant fructan biosynthesis, evolution and beneficial applications for human health.

(1) Background: Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) in adolescents can negatively affect physical, psychological and social functioning, resulting in functional disability. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an outpatient rehabilitation program based on graded exposure in vivo (EP) compared with care as usual (CAU) in a RCT. The aim of the interventions (EP and CAU) is to improve functional ability in adolescents with CMP, CAU is interdisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation care, based on graded activity. (2) Methods: A pragmatic multicenter randomized clinical trial with a 12-month follow-up was used. Adolescents (12-21 years) with musculoskeletal pain were invited to participate. Primary outcome was functional disability (Functional Disability Inventory). Most important secondary measures: perceived harmfulness, pain catastrophizing and intensity. Data analysis was performed by intention-to-treat linear mixed model analysis. (3) Results: Sixty adolescents were randomized to EP or CAU and data of 53 adolescents (93% female) could be analyzed (25 EP, 28 CAU). Mean age was 16.0 years (SD=1.87). Adolescents in EP showed a clinically relevant and statistically significant decrease in functional disability (estimated mean difference at least -8.81,p-values≤0.01) compared with CAU at all time points. Significant differences in favor of EP were found for perceived harmfulness at all time points (p-values≤0.002), for pain catastrophizing (PCS) at 2 months follow-up (p-value=0.039) and for pain intensity at 4 and 10 months follow-up (p-values≤0.028). (4) Conclusion: The effectiveness of the trial is in favor of the EP and leads to a significant and clinically relevant decrease in functional disability compared to usual care.

Changes in land-use have been observed in banana-based systems in the African Great Lakes region affected by Xanthomonas wilt disease (XW) of banana. Through participatory focus group discussions (FGDs) and the 4-cell method, changes in land-use were retrospectively assessed in 13 XW-affected landscapes/villages along a 230 km transect from Masisi (XW arrived in 2001) to Bukavu (XW arrived around 2014) in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo during 2015. The four-cell chart ranked land-use by mapping the area under production and the number of households involved in production. Farmers’ perceptions on the sustainability of new land-uses were also documented. Soil nutrient content and erosion levels were measured for five major land-use options/ trajectories on 147 fields across 55 farms in three landscapes along the transect. From being ranked the most important crop (92% of landscapes i.e. produced on large areas of land and by many households) before XW outbreaks, its importance had declined with most households in 36% of the landscapes growing it on smaller farms while in 64% of cases by few households on smaller pots. Farmers uprooted entire banana mats or fields, expanding land under other crops, mainly beans, taro, sweet potato, cassava, maize, coffee and eucalyptus. Species richness did not change at landscape level, though 21 crops were introduced at farm level. Land-use for banana is however still perceived to be more sustainable due to its multi-functional roles. Soils under banana plots were found in general to be better in their chemical attributes while high erosion levels (Mg ha-1 year-1) were observed under cassava (1.7-148.9) compared with banana (0.3-10.7) and trees (0.3-5.9). The current shift away from banana could thus have profound effects on supply of key services and sustainability of the production systems. This study offers a good basis/entry point for interventions in the XW-affected landscapes.

Flower color and color patterns are important traits for ornamental species; for this reason, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying these characters is extremely significant for plant breeders. The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.) is well known for its flowers, odd leaves and tree form. However, the genetic mechanism underlying its flower color remains unknown. In this study, a putative LtuPTOX gene was identified based on multiple databases of differential transcript expression at various developmental stages and the complete genome sequence of Liriodendron. Then, the full-length cDNA of LtuPTOX was derived from tepals and leaves using RACE approaches. Furthermore, the gene structure and a phylogenetic analysis of PTOX as well as AOXs, highly similar homologs in the AOX family, were used to distinguish between the two subfamilies of genes. In addition, transient transformation and qPCR methods were used to determine the subcellular localization and tissue expression pattern of the LtuPTOX gene. Moreover, the expression of LtuPTOX as well as pigment contents was investigated to illustrate the function of this gene during the formation of orange bands on petals. The results showed that the LtuPTOX gene encodes a 358-aa protein that contains a complete AOX domain (PF01768.17). Accordingly, Liriodendron PTOX and AOX genes were identified as only paralogs since they were rather similar in the sequence. LtuPTOX showed chloroplast localization, and expressed in the colored organs such as petals and leaves. In addition, increasing pattern of LtuPTOX transcripts lead to carotenoids accumulation on the orange-band in the development period of flower bud. Taken together, our results provide that LtuPTOX is involved in petal carotenoid metabolism and orange band formation in L. tulipifera. Meanwhile, the identification of this potentially involved gene will lay a foundation for further uncovering the mechanism of flower color formation in L. tulipifera.

The purpose of this study was to assess if self-regulation of intensity based on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a reliable method to control the intensity of metabolic conditioning of functional-fitness session. In addition, the relationship between RPE and changes in heart rate and lactate responses was also analyzed. Eight male participants (age 28.1 ± 5.4 years; body mass 77.2 ± 4.4kg; VO₂max: 52.6 ± 4.6 mL·(kg·min)⁻¹) completed three randomly sessions (5 to 7 days apart) under different conditions: (1) all-out (ALL); (2) self-regulation of intensity based on a RPE of 6 (hard) on the Borg CR-10 scale (RPE6); and (3) a control session. Rate of perceived exertion, LAC and HR response were measured pre, during and immediately after the sessions. The RPE and LAC during the ALL-OUT sessions were higher (p ≤ 0.05) than the RPE6 and control sessions for all the analyzed time points during the sessions. Regarding HR, the 22 min area under the curve of HR during ALL-OUT and RPE6 sessions were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than the control session. The average number of repetitions was lower (p ≤ 0.05) for the RPE6 session (190.5 ± 12.5 repetitions) when compared to the ALL session (214.4 ± 18.6 repetitions). There was a significant correlation between RPE and LAC (p = 0.001; r = 0.76; very large) and number of repetitions during the session (p = 0.026; r = 0.55; large). No correlation was observed between RPE and HR (p = 0.147; r = 0.380). These results indicate that self-regulation of intensity of effort based on RPE may be a useful tool to control exercise intensity during a metabolic conditioning session of functional-fitness.

Prostanoids modulate the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, in which inflammation has an important role. It is well known that inducible Ciclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is responsible for prostanoid production associated with inflammation. Angiotensin II may be implicated through the expression of COX-2 in the vascular wall. The purpose of this study was to examine in angiotensin II-stimulated adventitial fibroblasts the anti-inflammatory activity of different food peptides by inhibiting COX-2 expression, and the production of pro-inflammatory prostanoids. Fibroblasts from aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated with different food derived peptides followed by incubation with Angiotensin II. COX-2 expression was determined by western blot, transcriptional activity by luciferase assays and prostaglandin E2 by enzyme immunoassay. COX-2 expression was inhibited in the presence of Val-Pro-Pro (bovine β-casein 84–86), Arg-Asp-Ile-Leu-Asn-Gln (ovalbumin 84–89) and Tyr-Arg-Gly-Gly-Leu-Glu-Pro-Ile-Asn-Phe (ovalbumin 125–134). Angiotensin II-induced prostaglandin E2 production was also reduced by all the above-mentioned sequences. The incubation with ovalbumin-derived peptides displayed a significant reduction of COX-2 promoter activity compared to the stimuli with Angiotensin II in transiently transfected cells. These three sequences could potentially be used as functional food ingredients to reduce inflammation related to cardiovascular diseases.

Optoelectronic devices are gold standard for 3D evaluation in clinics but due to the complexity of such kind of hardware and the lack of access for patients affordable, transportable and easy to use systems must be developed to be largely used in daily clinics. The Kinect^TM sensor presents various advantages compared to optoelectronic devices: price, transportability but also some limitations: (in)accuracy of the skeleton detection and tracking as well as the limited amount of available points that make 3D evaluation impossible. To overcome these limitations a novel method has been developed to perform 3D evaluation of the upper limbs. This system is coupled to rehabilitation exercises allowing functional evaluation while performing physical rehabilitation. To validate this new approach a double step method was used. The first step is a laboratory validation where the results obtained with the Kinect^TM have been compared with results obtained with an optoelectronic device, 40 healthy young adults participated in this first part. The second step was to determine the clinical relevance of such kind of measurement. Results of the healthy subjects were compared with a group of 22 elderly adults and a group of 10 chronic stroke patients to determine if different patterns can be observed. The new methodology and the different steps of the validations are presented in this paper.

The synthesis these past few years of novel organic molecules that spontaneously self-assemble into a large variety of molecular architecture, particularly generating organogels, has opened up new horizons for preparing functional materials. Here, we present an original preparation path of such materials through the making of hybrid gels of these molecules together with covalent polymers. Three types of systems are described: i) intermingled gels where a polymer gel and an organogel pervade one another; ii) encapsulation of self-assembled filaments in polymer fibrils, which provides a system with unusual magnetic properties; iii) the reverse situation where self-assembled nanotubes sheathe polymer fibrils. Here two covalent polymers are considered: a neutral polymer, namely stereoregular polystyrene (isotactic or syndiotactic), and a semi-conducting polymer, P3BT. In the latter case, semi-conducting nanowires are obtained.

We study certain function algebras and their operator algebra completions on r-discrete abelian groupoids, the corresponding conditional expectations, maximal abelian subalgebras (masa) and eigen-functionals.

Although the spanwise periodicity within the gap between two tandem circular cylinders has been observed by some researchers, there is a lack of systematic study on the properties of this pe-riodicity. For the spanwise periodicity within the gap, this study aims to ascertain its characteris-tics, its influences on the flow field, and its variation trend with increasing spacing ratio. By nu-merically simulating the flow around two tandem circular cylinders with a diameter ratio of d/D=0.6 and seventeen spacing ratios (L/D=1.00~6.00) at Re=3900, this study shows four flow re-gimes: Reattachment Flow (L/D=1.00~3.15), Bi-stable Flow (L/D=3.24), Intermittent Lock-in Co-shedding (L/D= 3.30~3.50) and Subharmonic Lock-in Co-shedding (L/D=4.00~6.00). Further, de-pending on the spanwise periodicity length of the time-averaged flow structures (i.e. Pz) within the gap, Reattachment Flow is, for the first time, subdivided into three new sub-flow regimes: Small-scale Periodic Reattachment (L/D=1.00~1.50, Pz/D=(0, 4]), Large-scale Periodic Reattachment (L/D=2.00~2.25, Pz/D>4) and Non-periodic Reattachment (L/D=2.50~3.15, no spanwise periodicity). The formation mechanisms are elaborated by analyzing the combined effect of both the L/D value and the spanwise-averaged time-averaged reattachment angle of the downstream cylinder. Moreover, this study proves that the newly-defined Small-scale Periodic Reattachment and Large-scale Periodic Reattachment are responsible for the pronounced asymmetry of the flow along the transverse direction within the gap. In addition, detailed flow properties and statistical pa-rameters are provided for each flow regime, such as velocity, vorticity, force coefficient, separa-tion/reattachment angle, Strouhal number and Q-criterion.

Accurately predicting electrical signals of three-phase Direct Torque Control (DTC) induction motors is crucial for optimal motor performance and effective condition monitoring. However, multiple DTC motors’ complexity and operating conditions’ variations pose challenges for traditional prediction methods. To overcome these challenges, we propose an innovative approach that combines Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform electrical motor simulation data and a Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network to forecast processed motor data. By transforming the DTC induction motor signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, we enhance the capability of learning models to capture subtle differences and generate various input features. The Bi-LSTM model effectively captures both forward and backward dependencies in time series data, enabling accurate prediction of electrical signals. We evaluate the proposed approach using our simulated dataset and compare the proposed method to a state-of-the-art model, the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), demonstrating its effectiveness in improving the accuracy and reliability of induction motor signals forecasting. The finding provides valuable insights for advancing motor control and operation in industrial applications.

Pathogen-host interaction (virus-host, bacteria-host and fungi-host) is analyzed from the perspective of biothermodynamics. A mechanistic model of pathogen-host interactions, which was earlier applied to virus-host interactions, was applied for the first time to bacteria-host and fungi-host interactions. Through a mechanistic model suggested in this research, it is possible to explain the phenomenon of tropism of microorganisms to develop infections in certain tissues. Gibbs energy of biosynthesis represents the driving force for growth of bacteria inside host organisms. A growing bacterial colony represents a thermodynamic system, while the host organism is its surroundings. The permissiveness coefficient determines the possibility of growth of bacteria in an appropriate environment (tissue).

In recent years, distributed generation technology has developed rapidly. Renewable energy, represented by wind energy and solar energy, has been widely studied and utilized. In order to give full play to the advantages of Distributed Generation (DG) and meet the challenges after power grid access, Active Distribution Network (ADN) is considered as the future development direction of traditional distribution network because of its ability of active management. Nowadays, multi-scenario analysis is widely used in the research of optimal allocation of distributed power supply in active distribution network. Aiming at the problems that may arise when using multi-scenario analysis to plan DG with uncertainties in large-scale scenarios, a scenario reduction method based on improved clustering algorithm is proposed. The validity of the scene reduction method is tested, and the feasibility of the method is verified. At present, there are few studies on the optimal allocation of DG in ADN under fault state. In this paper, comprehensive safety indicators are introduced. Considering the timing characteristics of DG and the influence of active management mode, a bi-level programming model is established, which aims at minimizing the investment of annual life cycle and the removal of active power. The bi-level model is a complex mixed integer non-linear programming model. A hybrid algorithm combining cuckoo search algorithm and primal dual interior point method is used to solve the model. Finally, through the simulation of the IEEE-33 node system, the superiority of the scenario reduction method and the comprehensive security index used in this paper to optimize the configuration of DG in ADN is verified.

Over the past decade and a half, dynamic functional imaging has revolutionized the neuroimaging field. Since 2009, it has revealed low dimensional brain connectivity measures, has identified potential common human spatial connectivity states, has tracked the transition patterns of these states, and has demonstrated meaningful alterations in these transition and spatial patterns in neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, and over the course of development. Recently, researchers have begun to analyze this data from the perspective of dynamic system and information theory in the hopes of understanding how these dynamics support less easily quantified processes, such as information processing, cortical hierarchy, and consciousness. Consciousness, in particular, appears to be strongly linked to entropy production in the brain. Little attention has been paid to the effects of psychiatric disease on entropy production in the human brain, however. Even disorders characterized by substantial changes in conscious experience have not been widely analyzed from this perspective. We begin to rectify this by examining the complexity of subject trajectories in state space through the lens of information theory. Specifically, we identify a basis for the dynamic functional connectivity state space and track subject trajectories through this space over the course of the scan. The dynamic complexity of these trajectories is assessed along each dimension of the proposed basis space. Using these estimates, we demonstrate that schizophrenia patients display substantially simpler trajectories than demographically matched healthy controls, and that this drop in complexity concentrates along specific dimensions. We also demonstrate that entropy generation in at least one of these dimensions is linked to cognitive performance. Overall, results suggest great value in applying dynamic systems theory to problems of neuroimaging and reveal a substantial drop in the complexity of schizophrenia patients’ brain function.

Arthrospira platensis, which is known as the most important food supplement of the future due to its high nutritional value, was the focus of this study. The main objective of this study was to develop a functional cracker enriched with proteins, essential amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids with the incorporation of A. platensis. Therefore, this research aimed to improve the texture (including moisture and firmness) and sensory properties (such as color, taste, and smell) of crackers by adding A. platensis at three different levels (0%, 2.5%, and 5.0%). The sensory attributes of crackers were evaluated by twenty taste testers and thirty consumers, assessing color, odor, taste, crispness, and overall preference. The highest hardness value among the studied trials was observed in trial 14, which contained 5% A. platensis with 577 N. According to the results of the panel test, among the crackers with 5% A. platensis addition, trial 14 had the highest color value. To obtain the optimum formula, dough with 50 mg/g A. platensis, 625 mg/g flour, and 220 mg/g water was recommended. The addition of A. platensis has great potential to improve the nutritional, textural, and sensory properties of crackers.

Herbicide-resistant weed populations in numerous cropping systems pose a significant threat to global food security by reducing crop yields and increasing production costs. Multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) Avena fatua L. (wild oat) plants with non-target site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms can express resistance to herbicides without previous exposure and are thus particularly troubling. Although precise molecular mechanisms for resistance to five different mechanisms of action are not clear, numerous transcription factors and stress-related proteins are preferentially subjected to constitutive post-translational modifications (PTMs) in MHR plants. Transient assays to quickly assess if changes to specific genes can change the MHR response will facilitate the development of new strategies to manage MHR weeds. Our study showed that the Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV) mediated system can be an option for A sa-tiva (cultivated oat) and A. fatua (wild oat) functional analysis. The inoculation efficiency of this system ranged from 48% to 100%. Its efficacy was demonstrated by successfully knocking down phy-toene desaturase (PDS) expression and overexpressing green fluo-rescent protein (GFP), suggesting its potential for oat functional genomics.

Objectives: To compare the effects of high-velocity resistance training to slow-velocity re-sistance training on neuromuscular and functional parameters and to analyze the relationship between changes in walking speed and improvements in neuromuscular parameters following intervetions. Methods: 40 participants were randomly assigned to either a high-speed resistance training group (GHS, n = 18; age = 80.41 ± 10.12 years; BMI = 23.81 ± 3.45 kg/m²) or a low-speed resistance training group (GLS, n = 22; age = 82.89 ± 5.32 years; BMI = 23.81 ± 3.45 kg/m²). Before and after the interventions, gait speed (m/s) was assessed using a 10-minute walking test, and relative maximal force (Relative F max, N/kg) was evaluated during maximal voluntary isometric con-traction of the plantar flexors. From the force-time curve, early (0 – 50 ms) and late (100 – 200 ms) rates of force development (RFD) were extracted from the linear slopes (Δ force / Δ time). Results: Gait speed significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.05). However, the improvement was more pronounced in the GHS compared to the GLS (p < 0.05). Relative Fmax showed a more significant increase in the GLS than in the GHS (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant 10% increase in early RFD in the GLS and a 20.1% increase in the GHS were observed (p < 0.05). The improvement in early RFD was greater in the GHS (p < 0.05). Additionally, late RFD improved significantly only in the GHS (+20.4%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: High-velocity resistance training appears particularly effective in improving the ability to rapidly generate force, which is essential for many daily activities re-quiring explosive movements and quick responses.

.Halophyte species are rich in bioactive compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, due to the limited tech-nical-scientific data regarding these properties in the halophyte Salicornia neei, this research aimed to analyze micronutrients, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and activities of S. neei extracts using solvents of different polarities and plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) as free radical scavengers and antimicrobial agents. The fresh plant was collected and subsequently, pigments and micro-nutrients were determined by spectrophotometry and ICP, respectively. From the prepared extracts, antioxidant activity was de-termined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and antimicrobial activity by the disc diffusion method for fungi and bacteria. The results obtained demonstrated that the native Brazilian halophyte S. neei can be considered a food rich in minerals and pigments with excellent antioxidant properties, showing inhibition 96.72% and IC50 (4.15 mg/mL). For free radical scavenging capacity, the most effective solvent was ethanol: acetone (1:1) and there was no significant difference (p

Objectives: This study aims to explore the use of murine models in peripheral nerve transection research, evaluating and synthesizing key methods for analyzing nerve regeneration to guide future research and clinical interventions. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted in February 2024, adhering to Cochrane and PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using Medline, Scielo, and Lilacs databases. The focus was on experimental studies of nerve regeneration in animal models post-transection. Only experimental clinical trials reporting nerve regeneration outcomes were included; studies lacking a comparator group or functional evaluation methods were excluded. Results: Out of 273 studies initially identified from MEDLINE, 19 were selected for detailed analysis. The average study included 32.5 subjects, with about 10.16 subjects per intervention subgroup. The predominant model was the sciatic nerve injury with a 10mm gap. The most common intervention involved unprocessed adipose-derived stem cells, utilized in 14 articles. Conclusions: The review underscores the significant potential of current methodologies in peripheral nerve regeneration, particularly highlighting the use of murine models and thorough evaluation techniques. These studies significantly contribute to our understanding of nerve regeneration processes and inform directions for future research.

This study presents a computational simulation to explore the distinctive patterns of neural connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), focusing on the concepts of spatial and topological proximities. ASD is characterized by unique cognitive and behavioral profiles, often attributed to atypical neural development and connectivity. Our simulation employs a two-pronged approach: first, by modeling spatial proximity through the generation of clustered 3D node positions, we mimic the observed over-connectivity in localized brain regions in ASD. Second, we construct a topological network to represent the complex interplay of under-connectivity and over-connectivity in functional brain networks, a hallmark of ASD's neural landscape. The spatial model demonstrates pronounced clustering, reflecting the structural brain differences and atypical growth patterns reported in neuroimaging studies of individuals with ASD. In contrast, the topological model reveals a network with a mix of sparse and dense connections, simulating the diverse and often contradictory findings of functional connectivity in ASD, such as reduced long-range connections and increased local connections. Our simulation provides a visual and conceptual framework for understanding the altered neural connectivity in ASD. It underscores the importance of considering both physical (spatial) and functional (topological) aspects of brain connectivity to grasp the full extent of neurodevelopmental deviations in ASD. This approach not only aids in elucidating the neural underpinnings of ASD's core symptoms but also offers a foundation for developing targeted interventions. Future research, integrating more complex and individual-specific data, could further refine this model, enhancing our understanding of ASD's neural dynamics and contributing to personalized therapeutic strategies.

An increased demand for natural products nowadays most specifically probiotics (PRO) is evident since it comes in conjunction with beneficial health effects for the consumers. In this regard, it is well known that encapsulation could affect positively the PRO's viability throughout food manufacturing and long-term storage. This paper aims to analyze and review various multilayer strategies for encapsulation of PRO. Double-layer encapsulation of PRO by electro-hydrodynamic atomization or electrospray technology has been reported along with layer-by-layer assembly and water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions to produce multilayer PRO-loaded carriers. Finally, their applications in food products are presented. The resistance (cover material) and viability of (PRO) to mechanical damage, during gastrointestinal transit and shelf life of these trapping systems are also described. The PRO encapsulation in double and multiple-layer coatings combined with other technologies can be examined to increase the opportunities for new functional products with amended functionalities opening a novel horizon in food technology.

Due to the retrognathic mandible, an orthodontist frequently observes skeletal class II malocclusion in growing patients. The preferred technique for analyzing and monitoring the temporomandibular joint alterations caused by the functional device is magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]. The study aimed to assess and compare changes in the articular disc's dimension and location before and following the use of various class II correctors to correct the class II molar relation using MRI technology. Methods: 39 adolescent patients aged 15-23 years old [24 girls and 15 boys] who were diagnosed with skeletal Class II division 1 malocclusion based on clearly defined criteria underwent treatment with either the power scope II [PS], Sabbagh Advanced Repositioning Appliance [SARA] and or Dynaflex [DF] with fixed appliances. For fixed functional treatment, the average length of treatment was 5-7 months. The changes in the articular disc dimension and position and condylar position were assessed. The study was done at the Department of Orthodontics at the College of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University in Erbil City. Results: Group DF has a significant effect on the condylar position index and posterior joint space on the closed mouth and disc length on both open and close mouth techniques, and in the group SARA, disc position, and condylar position index on closed mouth technique have shown that significant differences were observed. Conclusion: Class II malocclusions can be effectively corrected by fixed functional appliances. The statistical significance forward movement of the condyle in the glenoid fossa and the posterior movement of the articular disc concerning the condylar head was observed. The mechanism of action of functional appliances appears to include the forward migration of the C-GF complex.

The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment poses a threat to ecosystems and increases concerns about their exposure to the human body. However, despite being consumed for health improvement, limited research has been conducted on MPs in functional foods. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of MPs and the relation of the source of raw material or the manufacture in various omega-3 oil in the Korean market. MPs in omega-3 capsule and raw oil, sourced from both plant-based (PB) and animal-based (AB) sources, were investigated. We developed the method by direct filtration with acetone washing and analyzed MPs greater than 5 μm using microscope-Raman spectroscopy. The average number of MPs was found to be 1.2 ± 1.7 MPs/g for PB raw oil, 2.2 ± 1.7 MPs/g for AB raw oil, 3.5 ± 3.9 MPs/g for PB capsule oil, and 10.6 ± 8.9 MPs/g for AB capsule oil. Polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate were major specious (83-95 %) found in omega-3 oil. The ratio of size range remained consistent across all groups, with a trend of higher detection rates as the size diminished. The results reveal that the main reason of MPs contamination is not the source of raw material but the manufacturing and packaging process for omega-3 oil.

Fermented foods have long been known to have immunomodulatory capabilities and fermentates derived from the lactic acid bacteria of dairy products can modulate the immune system. We have used skimmed milk powder to generate novel fermentates using Lb. helveticus strains SC234 and SC232 and we demonstrate here that these fermentates can enhance key immune mechanisms that are critical to the immune response to viruses. We show that our novel fermentates SC234 and SC232 can positively impact on cytokine and chemokine secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, cell surface marker expression, and phagocytosis in macrophage models. We demonstrate that fermentates SC234 and SC232 increase the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-27, and IL-10, promote an M1 proinflammatory phenotype for viral immunity via NO induction, decreases chemokine expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP), increasing cell surface marker expression, and enhance phagocytosis in comparison to their starting material. These data suggest that these novel fermentates have potential as novel functional food ingredients for the treatment, management and control of viral infection.

A total of 473 metabolites were identified from 4 sour cherry genotypes using UPLC-TOF-MS. Untargeted metabolomics revealed the dominant chemical groups present in sour cherries. PCA showed that the diversity in sour-cherry metabolites was due to the genotype differences indicating iditol, malic acid, chlorobenzene, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and pyroglutamic acid as the predominant contributors. The variable importance in the projection (VIP &gt; 1.0) in partial least-squares–discriminant analysis described 20 biomarker metabolites, representing the cherry metabolome profiles. A heatmap of Pearson’s correlation analysis between the 20 biomarker metabolites and antioxidant activities identified seven antioxidant determinants that displayed the highest correlations with different types of antioxidant activities. This study of correlating metabolomics and antioxidant activities elucidated that the higher nutritional value and biological functions of select sour cherry genotypes can be useful for the development of nutraceutical and functional foods.

Nereis as a mudflat organism has a variety of uses, in the history of China as a Chinese herbal record, because of its body contains rich amino acids, fatty acids and other nutrients, it can be used for therapeutic treatment and treatment can also be used as health care products. acids, fatty acids and other nutrients, it can be used for therapeutic treatment and treatment can also be used as health care products. In modern times, more and more researchers have studied the protease extract of Nereis as a mudflat organism. In modern times, more and more researchers have studied the protease extracted from the body of nereis and found that there are a variety of functional proteins in nereis, including superoxide dismutase, superoxide dismutase, superoxide dismutase and superoxide dismutase. More and more researchers have studied the proteases extracted from the body of nereis and found that there are a variety of functional proteins in nereis, including superoxide dismutase, adenylate cyclase, glycosidase, and plasminase. In this paper, the functional proteases in the extracts of nereis were summarized, and the functions and characteristics of proteases in nereis were discussed from the perspective of molecular structure.

A system to evaluate several facets of hand function for neuroprostheses-mediated tasks is proposed. It includes a platform that serves as a test bench, sensors for dynamometry, electromyography, sensorized glove, and interactive objects. The system methodically locates and assesses the motor points along the forearm, evaluates stimulation-induced fatigue, measures digit motion and forces exerted during ADL grasps, and evaluates nerve excitability to advance electrode designs. While the system is exclusively designed for neuroprostheses-mediated grasp, it can also be extended to generic grasp and object manipulation-based research.

In this study, changes in the microstructure of coal tar pitch during successive processes, including pyrolysis, polycondensation, and crystallization, were examined in connection with the resulting variations in structure factors, as measured by XRD analysis, and functional groups, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. To this end, four zones were defined based on variations in crystallinity, which were indicated by d002 and Lc. Each zone was further characterized by interpreting crystallinity development in relation to changes in functional groups and specimen height. At around 400 °C, polycondensation occurred as the C-Har and C-Hal peaks decreased in intensity. These peak reductions coincided with the formation of mesophase spheres, resulting in enhanced crystallinity. Subsequently, at around 500 °C, the peak intensity of C-H and COOH decreased, which was attributed to the release of large amounts of gasses. This led to sharp volume changes and a temporary reduction in crystallinity. All these results suggest that changes in the functional groups of coal tar pitch at lower temperatures (600 °C or less) during the carbonization process are closely associated with variations in its crystallinity. The major findings of the present study provide valuable insights for designing highly effective processes in the manufacturing of synthetic graphite blocks using CTP as a binder material, including by selecting appropriate temperature ranges to minimize volume expansion and crystallinity degradation and determining the lowest possible carbonization temperature to ensure adequate binder strength.

Functional ankle instability (FAI) results from multiple ankle sprains, causing a perceived sense of joint instability due to muscle and ligament imbalances. Neuromuscular training (NMT) is employed to enhance ankle stability in individuals with FAI. The study included 24 male university students with FAI, who underwent ankle NMT on three surfaces. OpenSim musculoskeletal model analyzed the effects on ankle muscle activity, kinetics, and kinematics. Utilizing repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and one-dimensional statistical non-parametric mapping (SNPM1d) to identify distinctions between training surfaces. NMT on foam cushion (FC) significantly enhanced tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius medial (GM) activation during walking compared to level-ground (LG) and artificial turf (AT) (p&lt;0.05). However, no differences observed for peroneus longus (PL), gastrocnemius lateral (GL), and peak ankle plantarflexion (PF). During jogging and fast running, post FC training increased TA, PL, GM, GL activation, and peak ankle PF moment (p&lt;0.05). Additionally, post FC training, subtalar mobility was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05), and ankle joints exhibited greater dorsiflexion (DF) angles during jogging and fast running (p&lt;0.05). Consequently, selecting FC for short-term ankle NMT proves more advantageous in enhancing ankle stability among individuals with FAI, yielding a more positive impact on FAI improvement.

Background: Functional beverages are ordinary foods with components or ingredients able to provide specific health effects other than purely nutritional effect. Aim: This study aims to formulate a new functional beverage obtained from the recovery of YoAlp® whey, a bovine fermented milk obtained using autochthonous starter cultures, added with Renetta Canada/Golden Delicious-Raspberry (YWL), Renetta Canada-Aronia (YWA) and Ravèntse (YWR) fruit juices to improve the functionality of the beverage. Methods: Microbiological analysis and chemical characterization, by a proteomic approach and spectrophotometric microassay, have been conducted on beverages to investigate the expected shelf-life and potential health promoting effects. Results: The microbiological assessment confirmed the safety of the beverages and the probiotic bacteria vitality over a shelf life of seven days. Biochemical analysis performed highlight the presence of different bioactive peptides (ACE inhibitory and antioxidant), and the betacasomorphin 9 (BCM-9), marker of A2 variant of β-casein typically present in Aosta Valley cattle breeds. Moreover, high amounts of total polyphenols, which concur to the antioxidant activity values observed, have been found. Furthermore, ACE inhibitory activity is well correlated to the bioactive peptides detected. Finally, a consumer test confirmed the YoAlp® whey-based beverages appreciation. Conclusions: The production of these beverages could represent a huge opportunity for Aosta Valley’s farms to increase their income and competitiveness, creating a circular economy by recovering a by-product like whey and following sustainability and healthy trends, which are driving the food sector.

The possibility of using graphane monolayer crystals as the electrode material is becoming popular. Graphane is stable at room temperature and has large surface area, but its chemical inertness hinders its direct interactions with Li ions. In this study, we performed density functional theory calculations to study the energetic stability, structural and electronic properties of Li on graphane with various CH divacancy configurations (v12, v13 and v14 ). The results show that adsorption of Li atom reduces the formation energy of the CH divacancy configurations. The Li-v12 is most stable with the highest binding energy of 3.25 eV/Li and relaxes to in-plane with other C atoms. Altering the Li charge state to have Li−1-v12 or Li+1 -v12 affects the energetic stability and electronic characters of Li-v12 . The Li−1-v12 (Li +1-v 12 ) enhances (reduces) the binding force between Li and v 12 configuration, and furthermore it improves (deteriorates) the conductivity of the structure. Further investigation of graphane with vacancies is encouraged due to these intriguing observations, as it holds promise for potential utilization as an electrode material.

The objective of this study was to create yogurts enriched with freeze-dried probiotic culture and freeze-dried fermented black chokeberry juice, in conjunction with a commercial starter culture. This approach was adopted to boost functionality and optimize the nutritional content of the yogurt. The study specifically investigated the impact of supplements, which included (i) freeze-dried probiotic culture Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 and (ii) freeze-dried fermented chokeberry juice Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917, as adjuncts in different formulations of yogurt. These formulations were then compared with commercially produced yogurt. All the products exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, and the probiotic strain consistently maintained levels exceeding 7 log cfu/g throughout the entire storage period. The highest lactic acid production was observed in yogurts produced with the proposed adjuncts (1.44 g/100 g yogurt at the 28th days of storage). Levels of syneresis were observed in lower values in yogurt produced with freeze-dried fermented chokeberry juice. Yogurts prepared with the supplement derived from fermented juice displayed elevated total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (25.74 µg GAE/g and 69.05 µmol TE/100g respectively). Moreover, sensory tests indicated an exceptional aroma and fruit flavor. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of dried probiotic-fermented chokeberry juice as an adjunct in yogurt production enhances both the antioxidant capacity and the growth of beneficial bacteria. Furthermore, the dried form of this product makes it a significant candidate for industrialization potential due to its stability and ease of application.

Measurements of systems taken along a continuous functional dimension, such as time or space, are ubiquitous in many fields, from the physical and biological sciences to economics and engineering. Such measurements can be viewed as realisations of an underlying smooth process sampled over the continuum. However, traditional methods for independence testing and causal learning are not directly applicable to such data, as they do not take into account the dependence along the functional dimension. By using specifically designed kernels, we introduce statistical tests for bivariate, joint, and conditional independence for functional variables. Our method not only extends the applicability to functional data of the Hilbert-Schmidt independence criterion (HSIC) and its d-variate version (d-HSIC), but also allows us to introduce a test for conditional independence by defining a novel statistic for the conditional permutation test (CPT) based on the Hilbert-Schmidt conditional independence criterion (HSCIC), with optimised regularisation strength estimated through an evaluation rejection rate. Our empirical results of the size and power of these tests on synthetic functional data show good performance, and we then exemplify their application to several constraint- and regression-based causal structure learning problems, including both synthetic examples and real socio-economic data.

The association between obesity and clinical as well as radiological outcomes in patients suffering non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear. The obesity paradox suggests a protective effect regarding in-hospital mortality. This study evaluates the impact of body mass index (BMI) on functional long-term outcome and bleeding volume in patients with non-traumatic ICH. A retrospective cohort study including all consecutive patients with spontaneous ICH treated at a tertiary referral centre between December 2017 and June 2021, aged 80 years or younger (n = 218), were included. Patients were dichotomized into overweight (OW, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and normal weight (NW, BMI < 25 kg/m2). Functional outcomes were assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS), extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (NIHSS) at 1, 3, 6 and 12-months follow-up. Bleeding volumes were calculated as ABC/2. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to assess clinical predictors of favourable outcome in the long-term. Of 218 patients (66.04 ± 15.18 years) suffering non-traumatic ICH, 115 (52.75%) were OW (29.72 ± 3.82). Female sex (p = 0.1), NIHSS (p = 0.69), cardiovascular risk factors (p = 0.55), ICH volume (p = 0.19), and presence of anticoagulation (p = 0.67) did not significantly differ between the OW and NW cohort. At discharge, functional outcome did not significantly differ between both cohorts (NW, mRS 3.92 ± 2.54 vs. OW, mRS 3.21 ± 2.43, (p = 0.28)). Multivariate analysis revealed that haemorrhage volume (p = 0.01) was the only robust risk factor to predict functional outcome after 1 year. Our data suggests that in ICH patients, neither obesity nor patient’s age are negative predictors for functional outcome in the long-term. Instead, bleeding volume is a robust risk factor predicting poor functional status after ICH. Therefore, prospective randomized trials analysing this coherence are highly warranted.

Plant-derived diterpene synthases (PdiTPSs) play a critical role in the formation of structurally and functionally diverse diterpenoids. However, the specificity or promiscuity of PdiTPSs remains unclear. In order to gain more understanding of this, the sequences of 199 functionally characterized PdiTPSs and their corresponding 3D structures were collected and manually corrected. Then, the correlations among sequences, domains, structures and their corresponding products were comprehensively analyzed. However, those features alone was insufficient for ef-fective product-specific classification of PdiTPSs as these methods could not establish a clear mapping between the enzymes and products. Nevertheless, local structural analysis can identify residues that have been experimentally proven to influence product outcomes through mutagenesis, and these residues exhibit conservation in spatial positioning and physicochemical properties. And aromatic residues surrounding the substrate exhibited selectivity towards its chemical structure. Specifically, tryptophan (W) was preferentially located around the linear substrate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), while phenylalanine (F) and tyrosine (Y) were preferentially located around the initial cyclized diterpene intermediate. This analysis revealed the functional space of residues surrounding the substrate of PdiTPSs, most of which have not been experimentally explored. These findings provide guidance for screening specific residues for mutation studies to change the catalytic products of PdiTPSs.

The cross-kingdom stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and its mammalian receptors LANCL1 and LANCL2 regulate cardiomyocyte response to hypoxia by activating NO generation. Over-expression of LANCL1/2 increases transcription, phosphorylation and activity of eNOS and im-proves cell vitality after hypoxia/reoxygenation via the AMPK/PGC-1α axis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ABA/LANCL system also affects mitochondrial oxidative metab-olism and structural proteins. The effect of ABA and of the silencing or overexpression of LANCL1 and LANCL2 were investigated in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts on mitochondrial function, cell cycle and expression of cytoskeletal, contractile and ion channel proteins. Overexpression or silencing of LANCL1/2 significantly increased, or conversely decreased, mitochondrial number, oxphos complex I, proton gradient, glucose and palmitate-dependent respiration, transcription of uncoupling proteins, expression of proteins involved in cytoskeletal, contractile and electrical functions. These effects, and LANCL1/2-dependent NO generation, are mediated by the tran-scription factor ERRα, upstream of the AMPK/PGC1-α axis and transcriptionally controlled by the LANCL1/2-ABA system. The ABA-LANCL1/2 hormone-receptors system controls fundamental aspects of cardiomyocyte physiology via an ERRα/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling axis and ABA-mediated targeting of this axis could improve cardiac function and resilience to hypoxic and dysmetabolic conditions.

The protein extract of Ulva australis hydrolyzed with alcalase and flavourzyme investigated multi-functional properties, including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), collagenase inhibitory and antibacterial activities. The #5 fraction (SP5) and #7 fraction (SP7) of U. australis hydrolysate from cation-exchange chromatography showed significantly high TAC, collagenase inhibitory and antibacterial effects against Propionibacterium acnes, and only Q3 fraction from anion-exchange chromatography showed high multi-functional activities. The eight peptides among 42 peptides identified by MALDI-TOF/MS and Q-TOF/MS/MS were selected from the results to screen molecular docking on target proteins, and were synthesized. Thr-Gly-Thr-Trp (TGTW) showed ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activity. Effect TAC as Trolox equivalence was dependent on the concentration of TGTW. The Asn-Arg-Asp-Tyr (NRDY) and Arg-Asp-Arg-Phe (RDRF) possessing collagenase inhibitory activity increased according to the increase of concentration and the IC50 values of them were 0.95 mM and 0.84 mM, respectively. Peptides, RDRF and His-Ala-Val-Tyr (HAVY) showed anti-P. acnes effects with IC50 values of 8.57 mM and 13.23 mM, respectively. These results suggest that the U. australis hydrolysate could be a resource for the application of effective nutraceuticals and cosmetics.

For centuries, Foeniculi fructus (F. fructus) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in China and Europe and is widely used as a natural therapy for digestive disorders, including indigestion, flatulence, and bloating. The mechanism by which F. fructus alleviates functional dyspepsia was analyzed through network pharmacology, and its therapeutic effect on an animal model of functional dyspepsia was investigated. The compounds, targets, and related diseases of F. fructus were studied utilizing the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database. Information on the target genes was classified using the UniProt database. A network was built using Cytoscape 3.9.1, and functional dyspepsia-related genes were checked using the Cytoscape string application. The efficacy of F. fructus on functional dyspepsia, including gastroparesis and gastrointestinal motility, was confirmed by treatment with its extract in a mouse model of loperamide-induced functional dyspepsia. Seven compounds targeted twelve functional dyspepsia-associated genes. In a functional dyspepsia mouse model, F. fructus significantly suppressed the symptoms when compared to that in the control group. Our animal studies showed that the mechanism of action of F. fructus is closely related to gastrointestinal motility. Based on animal experimental results, the results showed that F. fructus provides a potential means to treat functional dyspepsia, suggesting that its medical mechanism for functional dyspepsia can be described by the relationship between seven key compounds of F. fructus, including oleic acid and β-sitosterol, and 12 functional dyspepsia-related genes.

Voids in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals are commonly assumed to form by the aggregation of vacancies; however, the mechanisms of vacancy clustering and diffusion are not fully understood. In this study, we use computational modeling to provide a detailed insight into the structures and formation energies of primary vacancy clusters, mechanisms and barriers for their migration in bulk copper, and how these properties are affected at simple grain boundaries. The calculations were carried out using Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potentials and Density Functional Theory (DFT) and employed the Site-Occupation Disorder code (SOD), the Activation Relaxation Technique nouveau (ARTn) and the Knowledge Led Master Code (KLMC). We investigate stable structures and migration paths and barriers for clusters of up to six vacancies. Migration of vacancy clusters occurs via hops of individual constituent vacancies with di-vacancies having a significantly smaller migration barrier than mono-vacancies and other clusters. This barrier is further reduced when di-vacancies interact with grain boundaries. This interaction leads to the formation of self-interstitial atoms and introduces significant changes into the boundary structure. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-vacancy clusters exhibit increasingly complex migration paths and higher barriers than smaller clusters. Finally, the direct comparison with the DFT results shows that EAM can accurately describe the vacancy-induced relaxation effects in the Cu bulk and in grain boundaries. Significant discrepancies between the two methods were found in structures with a higher number of low-coordinated atoms, such as penta-vacancies and di-vacancy absortion by grain boundary. These results will be useful for modeling the mechanisms of diffusion of complex defect structures and provide further insights into the structural evolution of metal films under thermal and mechanical stress.

Multilevel functional principal components analysis (mFPCA) is used to treat dynamical changes in shape in this article. Results of standard (single-level) FPCA are presented here also as a comparison. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is used to create univariate data (i.e., a single “outcome” variable) that contains two distinct classes of trajectory with time. MC simulation is also used to create multivariate data of sixteen 2D points that represent (broadly) an eye; this data also has two distinct classes of trajectory (an eye blinking and an eye widening in surprise). This is followed-up by an application of mFPCA and single-level FPCA to “real” data consisting of twelve 3D landmark outlining the mouth that are tracked over all phases of a smile. By consideration of eigenvalues, results for the MC datasets find correctly that variation due to differences in groups between the two classes of trajectories variation are larger than variation within each group. In both cases, differences in standardized component scores between the two groups are observed, as expected. Modes of variation are shown to model the univariate MC data correctly, and good model fits are found for both the “blinking” and “surprised” trajectories for the MC “eye” data. Results for the “smile” data show that the smile trajectory is modelled correctly, namely: the corners of the mouth are drawn backwards and wider during a smile. Furthermore, the first mode of variation at level 1 of the mFPCA model show only subtle and minor changes in mouth shape due to sex, whereas the first mode of variation at level 2 of the mFPCA model govern whether the mouth is upturned or downturned. These results are all an excellent test of mFPCA, which show that mFPCA presents a viable method of modelling dynamical changes in shape.

We attempted to understand the cervical cancer patient samples through Whole Exome Sequencing. We derived the variants from raw reads via our in-house benchmarked pipeline and validated the variants by IGV. This is the first cervical cancer exome data from the Indian cohort. Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is caused mainly by persistent infections of high-risk HPV, reduced parity, and factors like a decrease in average socioeconomic levels. We keep this because no cervical cancer exome data is available from the Indian cohort. Methods: The CC patient clinical samples were initially subjected to preparation using Qiagen DNA extraction, quantified, and the library preparation using the Agilent target enrichment system. Further, exome capture by Illumina platform (100X), quality check, alignment, and variant calling followed by the downstream analysis and finally visualized by IGV. Results: We observed a large number of SNVs or mutations from an Indian perspective, such as KMT2C, OR4M1, PDPR2P, EPHB1, FAS, OPCML, MGST1, C1QTNF9, HS6ST3, OR4K2, PRPSAP2, KCNJ12, FIGNL1, SFXN1, BAGE2, ARVCF, NAMPT variants of significance, unknown significance and possibly significant are reported. Conclusion: For the first time, KMT2C is observed as a novel potent mutation and pathogenic, showing the variant position at (7:152265091, T>A, SNV 62478356) from the Indian context in CC. Further, we visualized and validated the mutations using the Integrative Genomic Viewer (IGV) browser. Finally, we discuss the inherent challenges through KMT2C mutations.

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction can lead to high value-added molecules production while helping decrease anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Copper can reduce CO2 to more than thirty different hydrocarbons and oxygenates, but it lacks the required selectivity. We present a computational investigation of the role of nano-structuring and alloying in Cu-based catalysts on the activity and selectivity of CO2 reduction to one-carbon products: carbon monoxide, formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, and methane. The adsorption, activation, and conversion of CO2 were computed on monometallic and bimetallic (decorated and core-shell) 55-atom Cu-based clusters. The dopant metals considered were Ag, Cd, Pd, Pt, and Zn, located at different coordination sites. The relative binding strength of the intermediates at different applied potentials were used to identify the optimal catalyst for the selective CO2 conversion to one carbon products. It was discovered that single atom doping with Cd and Zn is optimal for the CO2 to carbon monoxide conversion. The core-shell models with Ag, Pd, and Pt provided higher selectivity for formic acid and formaldehyde. The Cu-Pt and Cu-Pd showed lowest overpotential for methane formation.

Background: Modern computational solutions enabling evaluation of the global neuronal network arrangement seem to be particularly valuable for research on neuronal disconnection in schizophrenia. However, a vast number of algorithms used in these analyzes may be an uncontrolled source of results inconsistency. Objective: Our study aimed to verify whether the comparison of schizophrenia patients with healthy controls, in terms of indexes describing the organization of the neural network, will give analogous results when these parameters are calculated using two different functional connectivity measures. Methods: Resting-state EEG recordings from schizophrenia patients and healthy controls were collected. Based on these data, Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) graphs were computed two times using two different functional connectivity measures (phase lag index, PLI, and phase locking value, PLV). Results: Two series of be-tween-group comparisons regarding MST parameters calculated based on PLI or PLV gave contradictory results, in many cases the values of a given MST index based on PLI were higher in patients, and the results based on PLV were lower in patients than in the controls. Additionally, within the patients' group, selected network measures were significantly different when calculated from PLI or PLV. Conclusions: The selection of FC measures significantly affects the parameters of MST-based neural networks and might be a source of disagreement between the results of network studies on schizophrenia.

N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline (NNDM4NA, C8H10O2N2), is a superelastic and superplastic charge-transfer molecular crystal with a high molecular dipole moment, µ=7.95 D, which crystal-lizes in the acentric polar point group 2. Highly aligned poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) polymer micro-fibers with embedded NNDM4NA nanocrystals were fabricated using the electrospinning tech-nique. The composite fibers display an extraordinarily high piezoelectric output response, where for a small stress of 5.0x103 Nm-2, an effective piezoelectric voltage coefficient of geff=3.6 VmN-1 was obtained. The fibers were found to display solid state blue fluorescence with a long (147 ns) life-time decay. Furthermore, the composite fibers exhibit an average increase of 67% on the Young modulus reaching 55 MPa, while the tensile strength reaches 2.8 MPa when compared with solely PLLA fibers. The results show that nanocrystals, from small organic molecules, with elastic and piezoelectric properties form hybrid functional 2-dimensional luminescent array which are me-chanical strong and generate high output voltages making them promising for applications in energy harvesting and as solid-state blue emitters.

To resist hydrodynamic forces, two main underwater attachment strategies have evolved multiple times in aquatic animals: glue-like “bioadhesive secretions” and pressure-driven “suction attachment”. In this review, we use a multi-level approach to highlight convergence in underwater attachment mechanisms across four different length-scales (organism, organ, microscopic and molecular). At the organism level, the ability to attach may serve a variety of functions, the most important being: (i) positional maintenance, (ii) locomotion, (iii) feeding, (iv) building, and (v) defense. Aquatic species that use bioadhesive secretions have been identified in 28 metazoan phyla out of the 34 currently described, while suction organs have a more restricted distribution and have been identified in five phyla. Although biological adhesives are highly diverse, it is possible to categorize them into four main types according to the time scale of operation: permanent, temporary, transitory, and instantaneous adhesion. At the organ level some common principles have evolved independently in different biological lineages: for example, animals with single-unit attachment organs can be distinguished from those with multi-unit organs. Fundamental design elements can also be recognized for both types of attachment mechanisms. Suction attachment systems comprise a circular or elliptical attachment disc, a sealing rim to prevent leakage and a mechanism to lower the internal pressure. Bioadhesive-producing organs, on the other hand, usually contain a glandular tissue associated with connective tissues or other types of load-bearing support structures and muscles that facilitate locomotion or mechanical detachment. At the microscopic level, similar designs and organizations appear once again to have emerged independently in different phylogenetic lineages. Independent of the taxon and type of adhesion, there are species in which the biosynthesis, packaging and release of adhesive secretions takes place at the level of a single type of secretory cell, whereas in others these secretions are produced by two or more secretory cell types. Duo-gland adhesive systems involved in temporary adhesion present an additional level of complexity as they also exhibit de-adhesive secretory cells. Yet, strikingly similar cellular organizations have been reported in highly disparate species. In the case of biological suction organs, regions of the organ that contact the substratum are highly textured with stiff microstructures. Although clearly non-homologous in different animals, these microstructures are thought to enhance friction on rough surfaces. At the molecular level, proteins are the main organic constituent of adhesive secretions in aquatic animals. We compared the global amino acid compositions of bioadhesives using principal component analysis to show that homologous adhesives from phylogenetically related species cluster together, and there is little overlap between taxonomic groups. However, several non-permanent adhesives are grouped together even though they belong to disparate phyla, indicating convergence in amino acid composition. We also investigated relatedness among individual adhesive proteins using a sequence similarity-based clustering analysis. While many proteins appear taxon-specific, some have clear sequence homologies based on shared protein domains between phylogenetically distant organisms. However, it is highly probable that these domains, which are also present in many non-adhesive proteins, were convergently acquired from ancestral proteins with unrelated general functions. We herein present morphological, structural, and molecular convergences between different attachment mechanisms in aquatic animals that likely arose in response to shared functional and selective pressures.