Timely screening for breast cancer plays a pivotal role in early detection and treatment; however, Afghan refugee females face significant barriers that hinder their access to these life-saving screening services. Cultural norms, socioeconomic factors, proficiency with the English language, and the challenges of navigating foreign healthcare systems contribute to low screening rates within this population. The current review article seeks to identify barriers to breast cancer screening in the Afghan refugee population in the United States (US) and address possible measures to overcome these challenges.

Recent developments in the quantization of general relativity theory provide a new perspective on matter and even the whole universe. Already in 1922, Eddington suggested that a future quantum gravity theory had to be linked to the Planck length. This is today the main view among many working with quantum gravity. Recently, it has been demonstrated how the Planck length, the Planck time can be extracted from gravity observations with no knowledge of G, ħ or even c. Rooted in this, both general relativity theory and multiple other gravity theories can be quantized and linked to the Planck scale. A revelation from this is that matter seems to be ticking at the reduced Compton frequency, where each tick can be seen as one bit, and one bit corresponds to a Planck mass event. This new way of looking at gravity also can tell us considerably about what quantum gravity computers are and what they potentially can do. We will claim that all quantum gravity and quantum gravity computers are directly linked to the Planck scale and the Compton frequency in matter, something we will discuss in this paper. Quantum gravity computers, we will see, in many ways are nature’s own designed computers with enormous capacity to 3D “print” real time. Basically, we live inside a gigantic quantum gravity computer known as the Hubble sphere, and we even are quantum gravity computers. The observable universe is basically a quantum gravity computer that calculates approximately 10^104 bits per second (bps).

Back-care knowledge and behaviour may play a vital role in preventing musculoskeletal current and future discomfort and injuries. The aim of the current survey was to explore the level of knowledge regarding ergonomics and posture together with postural behaviour and the incidence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in university students in the northeast of England. A mixed methods survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 55 university students. The 32-item valid and reliable questionnaire contains questions on socio-demographics, MSP, knowledge regarding ergonomics and posture (8 closed ended and 8 open-ended items) as well as postural behaviour. Nearly 1.8%, 20% and 78.2% of the university students had poor, fair and good knowledge of ergonomics and posture respectively. Among the 37 students who carried a backpack, 51.4% were found to have poor postural behaviour, 37.8% had fair behaviour and 10.8% had good postural behaviour. Of the 18 students who did not carry a backpack, 55.6% were found to have poor postural behaviour, 27.8% had fair behaviour and 16.6% had good postural behaviour. 70.9% of the students experienced MSP with the most prevalent site of pain being the lower back region. The key themes that emerged from qualitative data (8 open-ended questions) were: “Comfortable posture”, “Correct spinal alignment”, “Spine support”, “less pain and injuries”, “Use knees not the back”, “Keep the object close to body”, “Hands on desk”, “Feet flat on floor” as well as “eyes at screen level”. The findings of this study can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at educating university students about ergonomics and posture in order to prevent the incidence of MSP. Future research in this field with a large and more representative sample of the university students’ population is strongly recommended to fully understand their knowledge of ergonomics and posture, postural behaviour as well as incidence of MSP.

Emerging molecular and computational techniques may allow construction and computational treatment of dynamic digital twins on the scale of populations to individuals. This approach may pave the way for predictive, preventive, and personalized treatment. Because digital twins are independent of geographical location, this may also contribute to global equitable health.

This article conducts a bibliometric analysis focusing on the influence of globalization and technology in the academic context. Previous studies have focused on analyzing the relationship between the number of research citations and international collaboration, but no study has explored it in the scope of consumer behavior and retail. Leveraging the Scopus database, the research analyzes a significant corpus of 2,111 documents from 1971 to 2022. The findings reveal a distinct surge in academic output related to the topic of technology, reflecting a growing interest in understanding the interaction between technological factors and consumer behavior. The study also explores trends in international collaboration in publications as well as its impact on citation counts.

Color image binarization plays a pivotal role in image preprocessing work, significantly impacting subsequent tasks, particularly in text recognition. This paper concentrates on Document Image Binarization (DIB), aiming to separate a image into foreground (text) and background (non-text content). Through a thorough analysis of conventional and deep learning-based approaches, we conclude that prevailing DIB methods leverage deep learning technology. Furthermore, we explore the receptive fields pre- and post-network training to underscore the Transformer model's advantages. Subsequently, we introduce a lightweight model based on the U-Net structure, enhanced with the Mobile ViT module to better capture global information features in document images. Given its adeptness at learning both local and global features, our proposed model exhibits superior performance on two standard datasets (DIBCO2012 and DIBCO2017) compared to state-of-the-art methods. Notably, our proposed DIB method presents a straightforward end-to-end model devoid of additional image preprocessing or post-processing. Moreover, its parameter count is less than a quarter of the HIP'23 model, which achives best results on three datasets(DIBCO2012, DIBCO2017 and DIBCO2018). Finally, two sets of ablation experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed binarization model.

India has pledged ambitious initiatives to mitigate its growing economies’ impact on the climate, including a goal of net zero emissions by 2070. The transportation sector is one of the key sources of emissions. Therefore, fostering e-mobility within this sector is a key priority for the Indian government. The lifecycle of LiBs raises numerous concerns regarding its sustainability in production, use of rare materials, and most importantly waste management. Furthermore, this paper will highlight the case for EV battery recycling as a growing sector that also has the potential to foster circularity in the EV sector. Through the introductory section, this paper lays out rationale for battery recycling in a circular EV economy. The subsequent sections discuss the current and emerging battery technologies and their link to recycling methods whilst overviewing domestic and foreign battery recycling companies. Finally, the paper concludes with a gap assessment of the battery recycling ecosystem in India and makes recommendations to further integrate this industry into the EV supply chain. As India steers towards a sustainable future, it is imperative that the country integrates battery recycling to enhance circularity in the EV ecosystem, closing the gap between a growing number of EVs and waste management.

This paper provides an overview of modelling and simulation methods for complex systems, including queuing and life support systems. To realize and capture every aspect of a system or situation, a model is used in place of the actual one. Using a model and simulation, we may create scenarios and make decisions. Computer experiments with the model can save costs, time, and effort once its validity has been shown. A model of the thing under study is created by computer simulation, which then runs the model on a digital computer and examines the results. It's interesting to note that a knowledge base of data includes information about predicted behaviour of the model as well as coordinated determination of external variables and parameters. Selecting the precise model creation technique is the first and most difficult task in simulation. A review of techniques used in simulation model execution (serial and parallel discrete-event simulation), simulation model analysis (calibration, validation, verification, goal-seeking), and conceptual, declarative, functional, constraint, and multimodal design are presented in this paper.

_{he present study was conducted to quantify the heavy metals cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc in the bivalve mollusk concha prieta (Anadara tuberculosa) using in- ductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). This research aims to identify whether the bioaccumulate content of heavy metals exceeds the maximum limits established by various public health bodies such as the ONU, FAO, Codex Alimentarius, EEC, and NHI. Samples of the species were collected randomly from three locations in Puerto El Morro, Playas Municipal Market, and La Libertad Seafood Market in the Gulf of Guayaquil. Thirty-three soft tissue samples of (Anadara tuberculosa) were evaluated, and the values quantified in mg/kg were in the following order: Zn>Cu>Cd>Ni>Cr>Pb.}

This study focused on the investigation of myeloperoxidase through a Molecular Docking approach with various natural compounds to identify potential substances for cardiovascular research. Recent research has linked elevated myeloperoxidase levels to the severity of coronary artery disease. The results of the docking analysis revealed Polydatin, Daidzin, Astringin, Ginkgetin, and Amentoflavone as promising compounds with excellent binding capacity. To complement this, toxicity prediction studies were conducted using pkCSM. Overall, all four investigated molecules (Amentoflavone, Daidzin, Ginkgetin, and Astringin) were found to be non-toxic, exhibiting high maximum tolerated doses (human) and favorable values for Oral Rat Acute Toxicity and Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity. Moreover, they showed non-AMES toxicity and non-hepatotoxicity. Astringin, in particular, stood out with the highest positive effects, including a high maximum tolerated dose (human) and favorable values for Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity, along with dual inhibition of hERG II and hERG I. These findings suggest the potential utility of these compounds in cardiovascular research with minimized unwanted effects.

“Energy” is probably the most important term in science and technology. The reason is energy can be converted while it is overall conserved, and thereby correlates changes of a wide variety. Despite its successful use in many areas over more than a century, an analysis of current literature shows that definitions of what energy is and explanations why it is conserved are inconsistent. With regard to energy forms not even a definition was found, and examples given are often wrong. Looking at two interacting objects in the most simple situations, with energy conservation but without conversion, a consistent understanding of energy and its conservation can be derived. Based on it, the systematic set of energy forms with a clear definition of each is then presented.

Passive marine listening, involving the acoustic monitoring of underwater environments, has become increasingly vital for scientific research, environmental monitoring, and defense applications. However, the success of such applications critically depends on the ability to extract meaningful information from the often noisy and dynamic underwater acoustic environment. In this context, Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) have emerged as an essential tool for feature extraction, capturing the spectral characteristics of marine sounds and making them ideal for species identification and sound event detection. This research presents an innovative approach to enhance the robustness of MFCC-based passive marine listening through adaptive noise reduction techniques. The proposed approach utilizes dynamic spectral subtraction to counter underwater noise, resulting in enhanced signal-to-noise ratios for desired sounds. This adaptive system adjusts to dynamic underwater noise, allowing it to concentrate on target sounds and suppress interference effectively. The experimentation further validates the effectiveness of the proposed approach, with results reaching 99% on the full dataset of 570 mammals and vessels, demonstrating the effectiveness of SVM and Random Forests in the classification of underwater audio.

This theoretical study presents a novel perspective on the potential anti-inflammatory properties of Bromelain, a natural agent extracted from pineapple stems. The investigation explores the binding capabilities of Bromelain to Apoptosis-associated speck-like containing CARD (ASC), a crucial adapter molecule known for its involvement in inflammatory processes and inflammasome formation. For the first time, these findings suggest that Bromelain exhibits a notable affinity for ASC, indicating its promising role as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. This study sheds light on the molecular interactions that may contribute to Bromelain's therapeutic potential in modulating inflammatory responses.

We use the Stefan-Boltzmann law to derive and investigate what we will call the black hole CMB temperature luminosity. Interestingly, the CMB luminosity is always the same for every black hole at a luminosity distance equal to the Schwarzschild radius, which is fully valid in black hole cosmology, a topic that is actively discussed to this day. The CMB black hole luminosity is always the same , regardless of the mass of the black hole. This is in contrast to the Bekenstein-Hawking luminosity, which is linked to the Hawking temperature, that is mass dependent.

Developmental stability (DS) is indicated by the ability of individuals to resist random environmental and/or genetic perturbations during their development. Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA) is the commonest mean of assessing DS in bilateral traits. FA is defined as small random deviations from an ideal morphological symmetry. To date, little attention has been paid to sexual differences in FA among tortoises. With this issue in mind, we assessed levels of carapace scutation symmetries in a sample of 45 wild adult red-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis carbonarius (13 males and 32 females) from Arauca plains, East Colombia. Procrustes ANOVA reflected statistically significative sex-related FA, with males tending to exhibit a more pronounced asymmetry. Although we cannot identify the potential sources responsible for detected developmental instability, our results suggest a high degree of stress and highlight that human intervention in Arauca are affecting wildlife. Similar studies in the future, correlated with an estimate of human impact, could provide irrefutable proof of causality between FA and environmental stressors. The results of this study can represent an estimate of the fitness status of the studied population at present.

The use of artificial intelligence technologies may help companies obtain the optimal use of resources and accomplish more activities with an increase in productivity by 40%. With access to real-time data and the ability to learn from patterns and behaviors, AI can perform these routine tasks more efficiently. Ambient intelligence, Ami, is one of the applications of artificial intelligence, which is called artificial environmental intelligence, which is a concept that focuses on using technology to create an environment that is intelligent and responsive to the needs of its users. This technology has the potential to revolutionize disaster response and management, which in turn facilitates access to necessary information and resources. necessary vitality in the event of a crisis. It may use ambient intelligence to create a network of sensors that can detect and respond to changes in the environment. So that this network can be used to monitor the environment for potential disasters, such as floods, fires and earthquakes. Sensors can also be used to detect changes in temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors that may indicate a potential disaster. This information can then be used to alert emergency responders and provide them with the information needed to respond quickly and effectively. Ambient intelligence can also be used to create a comprehensive database of resources and information that can be accessed in times of crisis. This database may include information about the location of shelters, medical facilities, and other resources that can be used to assist those affected by a disaster. It may also provide information about the condition of roads, bridges, and other infrastructure that may be affected by a disaster. This information can be used to inform response and management decisions, helping to ensure that resources are used in the most efficient way possible. Ambient intelligence can be used to create a communication platform between emergency responders and those affected by a disaster. This platform can also be used to provide updates on the emergency situation, in addition to providing information about available resources to those affected. This can help ensure that those affected by a disaster can access the resources they need in a timely manner.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2, has had a significant impact not only on bodily metabolism but also at the genomic level. This study utilizes a bibliometric approach to map and identify the relationship between COVID-19 and DNA damage, genomic instability, and cell cycle deregulation. The research began with the development of in-depth research questions and conducted two rounds of literature search in the Scopus database with stringent filters to ensure relevance and accuracy. From an initial 1098 documents, 576 relevant documents were selected for further analysis. The collected data was then visualized using bibliometric methods, enabling the identification of important patterns, trends, and relationships among the research variables. Key findings indicate that DNA damage, which can induce apoptosis, is the worst impact of the infection on cells. Term frequency analysis and science mapping revealed a close relationship between "DNA damage" and "apoptosis". Furthermore, discussions on genomic instability highlight telomere regulation issues, while cell cycle deregulation during virus replication in mammalian cells indicates the importance of maintaining cell membrane integrity.This study confirms the importance of bibliometric analysis in detecting and understanding the impact of COVID-19 at the genomic level, proposing several potential research targets and enhancing our understanding of the biological response to viral infection.

Cells execute biological functions to support phenotypes such as growth, migration, and secretion. Complementarily, each function of a cell has resource costs that constrain phenotype. Resource allocation by a cell allows it to manage these costs and optimize their phenotypes. In fact, the management of resource constraints (e.g., nutrient availability, bioenergetic capacity, and macromolecular machinery production) shape activity and ultimately impact phenotype. In mammalian systems, quantification of resource allocation provides important insights into higher-order multicellular functions; it shapes intercellular interactions and relays environmental cues for tissues to coordinate individual cells to overcome resource constraints and achieve population-level behavior. Furthermore, these constraints, objectives, and phenotypes are context-dependent, with cells adapting their behavior according to their microenvironment, resulting in distinct steady-states. This review will highlight the biological insights gained from probing resource allocation in mammalian cells and tissues.

Seismic vulnerability assessment in urban areas would in principle require the detailed modeling of each single building and the implementation of complex numerical calculations. This procedure is clearly difficult to apply at urban scale where many buildings have to be considered and therefore it is essential to have simplified, but at the same time reliable, approaches to vulnerability assessment. Among the proposed strategies, one of the most interesting concerns the application of machine learning algorithms, able to classify buildings according to their vulnerability on the basis of training procedures applied to existing datasets. In this paper machine learning algorithms will be applied to a dataset which collects and catalogs the structural characteristics of a large number of buildings and reports the damage observed in L’Aquila territory during the intense seismic activity occurred in 2009. A combination of a trained neural network and a random forest algorithm allows to identify an opportune “a-posteriori” vulnerability score, deduced from the observed damage, which is compared to an “a-priori” vulnerability one, evaluated taking into account characteristic indexes for building’s typologies. By means of this comparison an inverse approach to seismic vulnerability assessment, which can be extended to different urban centers, is proposed.

This paper studies the dividend optimization problem in the entropy regularization framework by following the same continuous-time reinforcement learning setting as in Wang et al. (2020). The exploratory HJB is established and the optimal exploratory dividend policy is a truncated exponential distribution. We show that, for suitable choices of the maximal dividend paying rate and the temperature parameter, the value function of the exploratory dividend optimization problem could be significantly different from the value function in the classical dividend optimization problem. In particular, the value function of the exploratory dividend optimization problem could be classified into three cases based on its monotonicity. Numerical examples are also presented to show the impact of temperature parameter on the solution.

The adoption of enterprise social platforms (ESPs) has become increasingly important for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) seeking to enhance communication, collaboration, and knowledge sharing in the digital economy. As digital transformation progresses, the role of ESPs in improving operational efficiency and long-term business performance warrants comprehensive evaluation. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of leading ESPs on SME performance, focusing on their capabilities to improve communication efficiency, interdepartmental collaboration, and cost-effectiveness while highlighting emerging trends such as automation and AI integration. A PRISMA-guided systematic review was conducted, analyzing 18 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2024. Inclusion criteria comprised English-language publications examining ESP adoption in SMEs, focusing on ESP features and their effects on operational and strategic outcomes. Quantitative analysis of the selected studies revealed that ESPs improve communication efficiency by 20% and enhance interdepartmental collaboration by 25%. While initial implementation costs pose challenges, ESPs contribute to a 15% reduction in operational costs over time. Additionally, trends in automation and AI integration suggest further potential for operational enhancements. The findings indicate that ESPs significantly enhance SMEs' competitiveness and sustainability, offering both immediate operational improvements and long-term strategic growth. Business leaders are encouraged to adopt ESPs to foster agility and innovation while ensuring robust data security measures.

Traditional photodynamic therapy (PDT) is often limited in its efficacy by insufficient light penetration, inefficient photosensitizer energy transfer, and inadequate target tissue oxygenation. X-ray activated PDT (XPDT), using nanoparticle (NPs) photosensitizers comprised of europium-doped yttrium oxide cores encased within silica shells (Y₂O₃:Eu@SiO₂), offers the potential of overcoming most of these limitations. Aimed at maximizing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), this study reports methodologies for investigation of the effects of synthesis conditions on the characteristics of Y₂O₃:Eu@SiO₂ NP. Transmission electronic microscope (TEM) revealed that the NP core diameter was linearly, positively correlated with condensation time (R2 = 0.7357, p < 0.05) and linearly, negatively correlated with urea concentration (R2 = 0.958, p < 0.05). The addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) during core synthesis demonstrated enhanced particle dispersion. Silica coating via APTES-1 and TEOS-3 conditions resulted in Y₂O₃:Eu@SiO₂ NPs that generated the highest ROS, with 8.7-fold and 8.9-fold increase respectively in relative fluorescence intensity at 8 Gy irradiation compared to a 5.2-fold increase in PBS under the same condition. In vivo evaluation using 18F-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography (18F-FLT PET) of mouse xenografts of a human prototypical cancer (ovarian) revealed a 55% reduction in tumor proliferation of radiation-sensitive CAOV3 tumors treated with Y₂O₃:Eu@SiO₂ NPs compared to a 19% reduction in tumor proliferation of radiation-resistant SKOV3 tumors on the fourth day post-treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest Y₂O₃:Eu@SiO₂ NPs can serve as effective photosensitizers for XPDT and their performance characteristics can be optimized by selecting synthesis conditions and parameters to deliver the desirable therapeutic effects, offering novel approaches to circumventing many of the limitations of conventional PDT in the treatment of cancer.

Glial cells provide physical and chemical support and protection for neurons. Secreted neurotrophic factors, scaffolds and vesicles regulate in addition to normal homeostasis, repair following neural tissue injury or degeneration. We previously demonstrated that human CNS glia have revascularization capacity by inducing endothelial cell sprouting and microchanneling driven by glial cell secreted components. The clinical potential of using secreted factors and vesicles generated by glial cells in conditioned media was shown by their re-normalization of pathological blood vessels and 3D tissue wound healing and remodeling capacity. To identify secreted components of glial cells and how CNS and PNS glial cells differentially regulate neural tissue homeostasis, disease and injury response, we developed a novel culture method for various types of glial cells that allow for isolating and characterizing secreted glial components, free of animal factors and contaminants normally associated with serum-based culture conditions. Our culture method will enable to identify secreted components using ultrasensitive RNA, glycoconjugate and protein analysis technologies. The characterization of glial secreted factors involved microchanneling may help in development of new clinical therapies for glial and neural cells or axons to migrate and reform connections.

The Universe has a gravitational horizon with a radius R_h = c/H coincident with that of the Hubble sphere. This surface separates null geodesics approaching us from those receding, and as free-falling observers within the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker spacetime, we see it retreating at proper speed c, giving rise to the eponymously named cosmological model R_h = ct. As of today, this cosmology has passed over 20 observational tests, often better than LCDM. The gravitational radius R_h therefore appears to be highly relevant to cosmological theory, and in this paper we begin to explore its impact on fundamental physics. We calculate the binding energy of a mass m within the horizon and demonstrate that it is equal to mc². This energy is stored when the particle is at rest near the observer, transitioning to a purely kinetic form equal to the particle's escape energy when it approaches R_h. In other words, a particle's gravitational coupling to that portion of the Universe with which it is causally connected appears to be the origin of rest-mass energy.

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has led to a corresponding increase in fraudulent activities and harmful content across online platforms, posing significant challenges to both cybersecurity and content integrity. Traditional methods of fraud detection and content moderation, often based on rule-based systems, have proven inadequate in addressing the dynamic and sophisticated nature of these threats. This paper explores the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance the effectiveness of fraud detection and content moderation systems. By leveraging supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning models, ML provides a more adaptive and scalable approach to identifying fraudulent transactions, detecting anomalies, and moderating content on digital platforms. Key methodologies discussed include the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for content analysis and the application of clustering algorithms for anomaly detection in financial transactions. The paper also addresses the challenges of implementing ML-based systems, such as data quality, bias, and the need for real-time processing, and proposes solutions to mitigate these issues. Furthermore, the ethical implications of using ML for these purposes are considered, with a focus on fairness and transparency. The findings demonstrate that ML significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of fraud detection and content moderation, making it a critical tool in the fight against digital threats. Continued research and innovation in this field are essential to keep pace with evolving threats.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), first conceptualized in 1923, encompasses a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and central obesity. This syndrome significantly increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its global prevalence has surged, largely attributed to lifestyle factors such as poor diet and physical inactivity. Recent research highlights the crucial role of caveolae, small cellular structures, in the pathophysiology of MetS, particularly in insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and vascular function. Managing MetS effectively requires a comprehensive strategy focused on lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments. Dietary approaches, environmental factors, regular physical activity and behavioral changes have demonstrated positive impacts on metabolic health. Despite current pharmacological options to individual conditions of MetS, emerging therapies targeting caveolae offer promising new avenues for treatment. While, microbiome modulation and certain natural agents may assist in managing the syndrome. Public health initiatives, including educational campaigns and stress reduction programs, are essential for the prevention and management of MetS. A multifaceted approach combining lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and personalized interventions is vital for effective management. Future strategies may benefit from precision medicine and the integration of emerging biomarkers for targeted therapies.

The anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of natural products can prevent diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and blood vessel damage. Fucoxanthin has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This research aimed to examine the preventative effects of fucoxanthin nanoparticles against aortic damage in diabetic rats. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was utilized to identify the size of fucoxanthin nanoparticles. The experiment consisted of five groups (n=8) namely: rats only received streptozotocin (STZ) solvent and fucoxanthin nanoparticles solvent as a control group; rats only received STZ and solvent of fucoxanthin nanoparticles solvent as the diabetic group; and rats received STZ and fucoxanthin nanoparticles at a dose of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW as the fucoxanthin nanoparticle group. The fucoxanthin nanoparticle sizes were 217.2 ± 42.8 nm in DLS. The dose-dependent administration of fucoxanthin nanoparticles elevated significant superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and insulin. However, blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and endothelial cell necrosis decreased compared to those in the streptozotocin group. Our findings suggest that fucoxanthin nanoparticles decrease malondialdehyde levels and increase superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels to inhibit oxidative stress, consequently preventing diabetes-induced aortic damage. Furthermore, fucoxanthin nanoparticles also may inhibit inflammation by reducing IL-6 and TNF-α levels. These mechanisms reduce endothelial cell necrosis, which can increase the expression of eNOS and NO levels in the aorta of diabetic rats.

We will outline the relationship between luminosity distance and cosmological redshifts, demonstrating that it is consistent with a new cosmological model recently proposed by Haug and Tatum [1], which appears to resolve the Hubble tension within the Rh = ct cosmology.

Approximate unlearning is an emerging field in machine learning that addresses the challenge of efficiently removing specific data points from models without the need for full retraining. In the financial sector, where models are built on sensitive customer data and market information, the ability to unlearn data is crucial for meeting privacy regulations like GDPR and ensuring model adaptability in real-time environments. This paper explores the categorization of approximate unlearning into two main approaches: data-driven approximation and model-driven approximation. Data-driven approximation focuses on selectively retraining parts of the dataset to simulate the removal of data, while model-driven approximation adjusts the model’s internal parameters to nullify the influence of unwanted data points. Both methods offer computational and memory-efficient ways to balance the need for privacy compliance with the performance demands of financial models. The paper discusses practical applications in algorithmic trading, fraud detection, and risk assessment, and highlights the challenges associated with each approach. Through case studies and literature references, we demonstrate how approximate unlearning can be applied to maintain system efficiency, data privacy, and regulatory compliance in the financial domain. This research provides a roadmap for future developments in approximate unlearning, particularly in the context of real-time financial systems and federated learning environments.

Background/Objectives: Managing chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) within the Spanish Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) presents significant challenges, particularly due to their high prevalence and poor disease control rates—approximately 45.1% for asthma and 63.2% for COPD. This study aims to develop a novel predictive model using Electronic Health Records (EHR) to estimate the likelihood of poor disease control in these patients, thereby enabling more efficient management in primary care settings. Methods: The Seleida project employed a bioinformatics approach to identify significant clinical variables from EHR data in primary care centers in Seville and Valencia. Statistically significant variables were incorporated into a logistic regression model to predict poor disease control in patients with asthma and COPD patients. Key variables included the number of short-acting β-agonist (SABA) and short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA) canisters, prednisone courses, and antibiotic courses over the past year. Results: The developed model demonstrated high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting poorly controlled disease in both asthma and COPD patients. These findings suggest that the model could serve as a valuable tool for the early identification of at-risk patients, allowing healthcare providers to prioritize and optimize resource allocation in primary care settings. Conclusions: Integrating this predictive model into primary care practice could enhance the proactive management of asthma and COPD, potentially improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden on healthcare systems. Further validation in diverse clinical settings is warranted to confirm the model's efficacy and generalizability.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by hyperreactivity in the airways, which can lead to significant lung damage if not properly managed. While placebos—medications with no active therapeutic ingredients—are sometimes used in clinical trials to gauge the effectiveness of asthma treatments, their long-term use raises concerns. Placebos work primarily through psychological mechanisms by enhancing patients’ expectations of treatment. However, prolonged reliance on placebo treatment in asthma could potentially mask symptoms, delay proper management, and lead to undetected lung damage or other adverse effects. This study explores the potential risks and consequences associated with long-term placebo use in asthma management.

Most available studies on the mechanical properties of apples lack the comprehensive results needed for the construction and validation of FEM models. Researchers typically focus on either the flesh and epidermis or the whole fruit, often overlooking the maturity stage of the examined apples. They usually report only firmness or the starch index as indicators of maturity. Furthermore, many studies use store-bought apples, which is impractical for industrial applications since this fruit have already undergone various treatments before reaching the shelf. This article aims to determine the mechanical properties of apples necessary for constructing FEM models that are both adequate and useful for the industry. The new Polish apple variety, Chopin, was selected as the research material. The study was conducted for three stages of apple maturity: development, ripening, and senescence. Mechanical properties of the flesh and skin were determined as material data for FEM models. Force-displacement curves and pressure-force functions were examined for future model validation. Using micro-computed tomography, the bruise volumes of fruit subjected to 20%, 50%, and 80% of the destructive force were determined. Significant differences were found between apples in the senescence stage and those in the development and ripening stages. Results of Micro-Ct and the results of modified and real compression tests of whole fruit have allowed us to formulate the research hypothesis regarding the influence of flesh cracking (characterized by local drops of force), influencing the bruise visibility and detection.

Autonomous underwater vehicles are not easily programmable such as autonomous vehicles. This is because route and motion planning for autonomous vehicles depend on a global map that considers the road's smoothness and traffic regulations in real time. However, this is not the case for underwater vehicles as we have to consider the external factors such as wind and tide that may pull autonomous underwater vehicles outside their route and affect the course of travel. This is where decision-making is important for autonomous underwater vehicles. An example is the avoidance of the loss of subsea vehicles as they can dynamically make routing decisions and return to their destinations.This paper exposes the decision-making process for autonomous underwater vehicles. Firstly, an analysis of internal factors such as buoyancy and the overall of the vehicle, and how they affect motion are conducted—secondly, the implementation of a design process that deals with the stages of motion and route planning. Finally, a survey is conducted on already implemented research for algorithms, to incorporate external factors for high-level decision-making.

Background and Aim: Patients with Type 2-diabetes condition tend to have multiple medications in various dosage which leads to complex medication regimens. Complexity of regimen results in poor adherence, uncontrolled glycemic value and treatment failure. The research aimed to investigate medication regimen complexity index, medication adherence, and impact of medication regimen complexity on glycemic control and medication adherence.Materials and Methods: A Crossectional Study methods was conducted at Bheri Hospital Nepalgunj, among 145 Diabetes patients. Medication adherence was assessed by using a General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS Nep-Tool). Medication regimen complexity was assessed by using a Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) tool. Chi-square test, One-way ANOVA, Paired t-test, and binary logistic regression were used for inferential statistics. Results: This study shows that most of the participants were female and aged group 50-59 years. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, followed by hypothyroidism. The majority of participants exhibited partial adherence 90 (62.1%) to their medication regimen. It was seen that medications prescribed for diabetes were more complex than non-diabetes medications (Mean±SD MRCI: 8.28±3.155 vs. 4.57±2.107). The negative correlation was seen with diabetes MRCI and medication adherence (r=-0.090). There was statistically significant association between diabetes MRCI and glycemic control, (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression revealed that females had lower odds of high MRCI compared to males ( multivariate p-value: 0.014, AOR: 0.403, 95% CI: 0.195-0.832), while sedentary lifestyle showed high Diabetes MRCI (COR: 4.709, 95% CI: 0.962-23.05) and abnormal BMI were associated with higher MRCI (binary p-value: 0.067, COR: 2.30, 95% CI: 0.942-5.65; multivariate p-value: 0.092, AOR: 2.323, 95% CI: 0.878-5.67). Conclusion: Diabetes medications are more complex, reducing adherence and worsening A1C outcomes. Simplifying regimens improves results, with MRCI being valuable for healthcare providers. The medication adherence and therapeutic outcomes can be improved by the improved by the involvement of clinical pharmacist using MRCI.

Detecting and evaluating pain in people with cognitive impairment, especially dementia, is a challenge. Their ability to accurately report pain and comprehend related questions decreases the reliability of their self-report. This has contributed to the fact that pain is underdiagnosed and undertreated in this population, which can lead to involuntary ageism. The design and assessment of this training capsule under the context of the European COST-Action TD1005 responds to the need for education and training in "Pain Assessment In Cognitive Impairment, especially dementia" and the development of the internationally agreed observational PAIC15 scale. The 3-hour capsule, intended for healthcare workers and caregivers, consists of theoretical-practical levels: 1) basic concepts and challenges in pain in aging, cognitive impairment/dementia, 2) available scales and PAIC15, 3) video presentation of clinical cases illustrating a 3×2 matrix of situations (rest, transfer and experimental pain) and stages of disease (mild and moderate). The objectives focused on training the ability to observe, detect, and assess the signs of pain using PAIC15 and its feasibility. The pre-post analysis in a Master educational setting showed agreement with the results obtained in the Spanish national survey on 1) scarce knowledge of observational tools and their use, and 2) uncertainty in the identification of signs of pain and feasibility in moderate/severe scenarios. The capsule improved the ability to identify and evaluate the pain items, especially facial expressions, and their confidence on observational tools. Debriefings highlighted the relevance of observational scales in dementia and the gain obtained using the new observational instrument.

This article comprehensively explores multiple aspects of cryptocurrencies and their price forecasting. Firstly, the article introduces the definition of cryptocurrency and its development process on a global scale, especially focusing on the launch of Facebook Libra and China's central bank digital currency, highlighting the importance and influence of digital currency in the global financial market. Subsequently, the article analyzes the advantages of digital currencies over traditional currencies, including improving economic transaction efficiency, reducing transaction costs and enhancing transaction transparency. Meanwhile, the article also explores the challenges and risks potentially brought by the development of digital currencies, such as regulatory uncertainty and market volatility. In this context, the article raises the importance of cryptocurrency price forecasting and introduces the forecasting models and techniques commonly used today. Finally, through specific experimental analysis, the effectiveness of using the deep learning model CNN-LSTM to predict the price of Bitcoin is demonstrated, and the directions of future research and optimization strategy are proposed. In summary, this paper comprehensively presents the research status and prospects of cryptocurrency and its price prediction field through systematic introduction and analysis.

In today's highly digitized and globalized financial environment, the need to protect payment systems from risk is more urgent than ever. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is rapidly becoming a key tool in this space, with machine learning algorithms, big data analytics, and real-time monitoring enabling AI to effectively detect and prevent fraudulent activity, optimize risk management processes, and deliver intelligent services. AI not only improves the security and efficiency of payment systems, but also significantly improves customer satisfaction and loyalty. With the continuous development of AI technology and financial payment technology, the financial payment industry will usher in more innovations and changes in the future, further optimizing the payment process, improving payment efficiency, and ensuring payment security.

Teledermatology, the dermatological consultation and diagnosis via digital communication technologies, has become increasingly important in modern healthcare. The integration of teledermatology into clinical practice has gained significant interest, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness and reliability of teledermatology, with high levels of patient satisfaction and diagnostic accuracy. Pathpoint® eDerma is a cloud-based dermatology platform that aims to streamline the documentation and management of dermatological conditions. It offers several clinical benefits, including faster diagnosis, reduced unnecessary procedures, improved access to care, and cost savings. The platform follows a comprehensive risk management plan and complies with safety regulations. It undergoes regular recertification and reviews to ensure its safety and effectiveness. The clinical evaluation of eDerma confirms its ability to deliver significant clinical benefits while effectively mitigating risks. The benefit-risk ratio of eDerma is highly acceptable, supporting its use in clinical settings to enhance dermatological care.

As the global population faces an increasing prevalence of physical disabilities, the challenge of motor rehabilitation has become increasingly urgent. Considering that approximately 15% of the global population lives with some form of disability, with a significant number having motor disa-bilities that greatly impact their quality of life, the integration of robotic technologies into rehabili-tation processes offers an opportunity for significant improvement in functional recovery and pa-tient autonomy. This analysis aims to evaluate the progress and challenges encountered in imple-menting robotic technology for the rehabilitation of patients with physical disabilities, highlighting the potential of emerging technologies such as exoskeletons, assisted training devices, and brain-computer interface systems in facilitating motor recovery. By examining relevant clinical studies, the analysis demonstrates the varied effectiveness of robotic therapies compared to traditional re-habilitation methods, while also highlighting the need for ongoing research to optimize care prac-tices and address challenges related to cost, accessibility, and treatment personalization. In con-clusion, robotic technologies represent a promising direction in motor rehabilitation, with the po-tential to revolutionize the care of patients with physical disabilities, significantly improving quali-ty of life and social integration.

This article explores the application of machine learning techniques, specifically focusing on ensemble methods like Random Forests, for detecting fraudulent activities in digital financial transactions. Highlighting the evolution from traditional statistical approaches to modern machine learning models, it underscores the effectiveness of Random Forests in handling the inherent challenges of imbalanced datasets typical in fraud detection scenarios. Using a Kaggle dataset of credit card transactions, the study optimizes Random Forest parameters through rigorous parameter tuning, achieving significant improvements in model performance metrics such as Area Under the Curve (AUC). The findings underscore the critical role of machine learning in enhancing fraud detection capabilities, emphasizing the ongoing evolution and future potential of these methodologies in financial risk management.

In recent years, the treatment of locally-advanced rectal cancer (LARC) has been spotlighted in a number of landmark, practice-changing trials, heralding in the age of so-termed “total neoadjuvant therapy” (TNT). However, the lack of a common control arm, standard inclusion criteria, or, indeed, definition of TNT necessitates further study in this field, particularly using real-world data. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients treated for LARC at a single Canadian academic cancer centre between July 1st 2019 and July 14th 2022. This includes the June 2020 incorporation of TNT. 290 patients were included in the final analysis, and 124 variables were collected on each patient, including demographics, treatment type, adverse events, response to treatment, surgery versus watchful waiting and survival. Our findings demonstrate that both TNT and non-TNT regimens are highly toxic, with regards to both overall toxicity and grade 2+ adverse effects. 62 (96.9%) of patients on TNT experienced toxicities, compared to 186 (82.3%) of the non-TNT patients. Grade 2+ toxicities were 46 (71.9%) and 143 (63.3%), respectively. TNT, however, was associated with improved rates of complete response, compared to non-TNT treatment regimens (44% vs 24%). These findings suggest that TNT harbours both benefit and risk in a real-world population, and both of these aspects should be considered when deciding on a treatment approach for an individual patient. More work in the area is needed to determine longer term survival, as well as impact of surgery versus organ preservation approach on patient outcomes.

A microwave technique prepared a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) by grafting two hydrophilic monomers onto a polysaccharide substrate. The monomers used are acrylic acid (AA) or acrylamide (AM) to graft onto a pullulan substrate (PUL) to form PUL-g- AA (SAP1) and PUL-g- AM (SAP2), respectively. The monomers (AM/AA) graft together onto a PUL substrate to form PUL-g-(AM/AA) (SAP3). Grafting parameters such as grafting efficiency with percentage, conversion of monomer to polymer, gel content, water retention, water adsorption capacity, and swelling kinetics were determined. Additionally, the effect of environmental pH (2, 4, 7, 9, and 12) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant was evaluated, where SDBS was added by 1,2,3,4 and 5 mM to form (SAP4 to SAP8). FTIR results show that AM grafted on PUL through an aliphatic C-N bond, while AA grafting occurred through a single C-C bond. The grafting efficiency with AM is higher than with AA, as well as their gel contents. Water absorbance capacity increased with grafting of AA or AM separately, and water retention was enhanced. The highest absorbent capacity, water retention, gel content, and grafting parameters values were obtained with 3 mM SDBS content and pH7. The swelling kinetics showed that the increases in the theoretical and experimental swelling equilibriums were 72 % and 82%, respectively, at SAP6 compared to the values of these parameters in SAP3. The water absorption capacity of the hydrogel increases with increasing pH to 7 and then gradually decreases. XRD improves the crystallinity and crystalline size of the hydrogel after grafting polymerization for AM/AA into PUL, in addition to enhancing thermal stability. On the contrary, FE-SEM demonstrated that SDBS improves the porosity and pore size of the hydrogel surface in SAP6.

The extent of access to energy of displaced populations in settlements and camps in Africa is largely 14 unknown. A multitude of contextual factors, such as the location and the characteristics of housing, 15 the legal status, the socio-cultural background, and the availability of humanitarian and public ser- 16 vices impact the living conditions and the needed energy services. Limitations in accessing energy 17 services have direct, multilayered, and far-reaching implications, including impacts on health, nu- 18 trition, education, protection, and livelihood. The objective of this article is to contribute to a more 19 comprehensive overview of the current state of energy access in displacement contexts on the Afri- 20 can continent by identifying and utilizing existing data. After a screening of the vast and various 21 available information, setting up of a database, consolidating the gathered data as well as assessing 22 the quality through a quality assessment method, the currently available information is visualized 23 and discussed. Considerable differences in the access to electricity for displaced persons across the 24 countries are found. For both electricity and clean cooking, the availability for displaced persons 25 ranges from nearly no access at all up to an access rate of 100%. More strikingly, the results also 26 show that besides South Africa and countries in the Maghreb region, the access to both clean cook- 27 ing and electricity for displaced persons is very low. At the same time, the fragmented data availa- 28 bility, the poor data quality, and the questionable expediency of available data allows neither solid 29 theoretical conclusions nor planning of effective practical implementation measures. Novel inter- 30 disciplinary research, conceptual frameworks and indicators are needed for the purpose of compa- 31 rability and consistency. Future research has the potential to more comprehensively capture the 32 current state of access to energy in displacements contexts and in a next step to examine how energy 33 is interwoven in the lives of displaced people to derive a set of more detailed context-sensitive en- 34 ergy indicators. It is essential that the concerned persons, the displaced persons themselves are in- 35 cluded in the research in a meaningful way.

Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a rare epithelial tumor located in the craniopharyngeal duct, often associated with high morbidity and a high long-term recurrence rate. ACP is predominantly diagnosed in children below the age of 15 and accounts for a majority of Craniopharyngioma cases in the United States. It is most commonly caused by a mutation in exon 3 of the CTNNB1 gene, which promotes overaccumulation of β-Catenin in the WNT pathway. As β-Catenin accumulates, it over-activates the transcription factor, causing an over-transcription of WNT proteins and uncontrolled cell growth. Current methods of treatment for ACP are centered around surgical intervention and radiotherapy, including gross-total resection (GTR), subtotal resection (STR), and a combination of subtotal resection and adjuvant radiotherapy (STR+XTR). These methods of treatment are associated with high risk due to the proximity of ACP to critical structures near the craniopharyngeal duct. High recurrence rates and morbidity are closely associated with current methods of treatment and other methods have yet to be attempted in craniopharyngioma. This review will explore two possible methods of non-surgical and non-radiological therapeutic interventions. The use of RNAi therapy and CRISPR may provide insight and be a potential way to treat ACP with increased quality of life and decreased recurrence rates.

Building defects are very prevalent and contribute significantly to a building's economic value. There are numerous information sources on building defects that have a lot potential for learning more about building defects. This study aimed to identify the information sources used in previous building defect studies and to identify the motivation for carrying out such studies. To fulfil this aim a scoping study was carried out. The information sources identified included insurance companies, private databases, questionnaire surveys, lawsuits, building surveys, client complaint forms, and maintenance reports. This study found that insurance company and client complaint forms include the largest collection of real building defect cases, but such databases may lack detailed descriptions of the causes of the defects. The main purposes of building defects studies identified here included design challenges, identification of defects, building maintenance management, quality management, systematization in data collection, providing an overview of typical defects, and classifying defects. Identification was found to be the most common purpose, indicating that the industry wants to learn more. This study identified research gaps in the climate perspective in relation to building defects. Most of the studies focused on the economical perspective, and none focused on the carbon footprint perspective.

The escalating levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) due to anthropogenic activities have raised significant concerns regarding their far-reaching consequences, including potential impacts on human brain function. This study employs Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) and a comprehensive literature review to comprehensively examine the effects of varying atmospheric CO₂ concentrations on human brain activity. Historical and projected CO₂concentration data, along with neuroscientific insights, were integrated into the ABM framework to simulate brain activity responses under different CO₂ scenarios. The simulations revealed that elevated CO₂ levels disrupt neural activity and alter neurotransmitter profiles, indicating potential cognitive consequences. Sensitivity analysis emphasized the importance of accurate parameterization for robust simulations. The findings underscore the urgent need to address global CO₂ emissions to preserve cognitive health. Further research is essential to validate and refine the model, incorporating additional factors for a comprehensive understanding of the cognitive repercussions of rising CO₂ levels, crucial for informed policy-making and public awareness campaigns.

Abstract: Social media has become a vital tool in ensuring productivity among Undergraduates, as studies have shown an increased number of users globally. This study assessed the impact of social media usage on undergraduates’ academic performance and working memory. Participants from three different universities such as the University of Georgia (UG), Eastern European University (EEU), and Batumi State University (BSU) completed this study using online google forms. UG and EEU are in the capital city, and BSU is in Batumi City. The study questionnaires were approved by the institutional review board before the data collection. Descriptive analyses were assessed for all study populations, characteristics, frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, version 25.0 for Windows) software. 41.3% were male students, as most of the participants were foreign students living and studying in Georgia. Male students had the risk of ‘conflict’ with families and friends because of social media. Female students are at increased risk of using social media as an ‘escape’ from negative feelings. 89.7% of students that perform physical activities, considering their academic workload had the risk of preoccupation complaints. 87.9% felt dissatisfied regularly because they wanted to spend more time on social media. Utilization of social media differed based on the characteristics of the participants such as age, gender, and geography. We observed the increase in prevalence of social media addiction, its effect on academic performance and working memory among undergraduate students.

Polydatin, a polyphenolic compound sourced from various natural origins, has garnered attention due to its potential anti-tumor properties and low toxicity. This research utilized Molecular Docking methods to investigate the molecular interactions between Polydatin and the Crystal Structure of Human UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS1), aiming to uncover the mechanisms contributing to its anti-tumor effects. The study revealed a substantial binding energy value of approximately -10 kcal/mol for the Polydatin-UXS1 interaction, indicating a robust and favorable binding. This suggests that Polydatin holds significant promise in cancer research, offering insights into its ability to interact with and potentially modulate the activity of UXS1. Moreover, the additional step of predicting toxicity properties using the pKCSM server provides valuable insights into the safety profiles of polydatin ( or piceid). From these results, the parameters for polydatin: —Max. tolerated dose (human),- Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50), and - Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity (LOAEL)—suggest a favorable safety profile.These findings position Polydatin as a compelling candidate for further exploration in cancer research, highlighting both its efficacy and safety considerations.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurological complication that affects the central nervous system. It occurs as a late complication of the measles infection the young children and adolescents who are commonly affected present with personality changes and neurological deficits. The diagnosis can be done via clinical features, electroencephalography, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. At present, there is no cure for SSPE. The immunisation against measles is the main strategy in preventing this condition. Here, we present a case of a 22-year-old Indian male diagnosed with Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

The Swiss Personalized Health Network has developed a national framework for enabling the semantic representation of health data within a Knowledge Graph. This framework has been implemented in all Swiss university hospitals, promoting seamless sharing and integration of clinical routine data with other health-related data, including omics and clinical research data. While research projects often have flexibility in selecting terminologies and specific versions, historical clinical routine data are typically coded for billing or administrative purposes using predefined terminologies in various (sometimes even unknown) versions over time. Some of these terminologies do not adhere to best practices for ontology design, presenting significant challenges to the retrospective re-use of such coded data for research. Common issues with these terminologies include the lack of machine-readable traceability across versions and non-adherence to FAIR principles. Terms from older versions frequently disappear in newer ones, making it challenging to distinguish outdated from invalid terms. Additionally, 'semantic drift' occurs, where the meaning of terms changes across versions. To address these challenges, we have implemented FAIR and historized versions of ATC, CHOP, and ICD-10-GM. We represent each version in RDF using versioned URIs and track meaning changes between versions in a machine-readable way using OWL and RDFS. The integration of these historized terminologies into our quality control framework, based on SHACLs, enables comprehensive data quality control in hospitals and empowers researchers to effectively utilize this data. Our work aims to bridge the gap between health data coded in different terminology versions, ensuring a consistent and reliable semantic representation.

(1) Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the second largest cause of mortality in female worldwide. Besides from basic risk factors, there are several hereditary variables that contribute to BC. Breast cancer has been linked to a variety of nuclear DNA changes as well as mitochondrial DNA alterations. The aim of this study was to analysis the association of mitochondrial tRNA leucine2 gene with BC. (2) Material and methods: In the current study, 24 samples have been collected from various families in Peshawar. DNA was extracted from Blood. PCR was used to amplify the mitochondrial tRNA MT-TL2 gene, and 22 samples were sequenced. The sequence was compared with accession #NC-012920.1 of the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). (3) Results: The results (Chromatograph, nucleotide sequence and rCRS alignment) shows mutations in mitochondrial tRNA MT-TL2 gene in our participants is not the cause of Breast cancer. (4) Conclusion: Yet, a significant number of BC patients must be studied, and their full mitochondrial DNA must be analyzed. This will provide an indication of the potential DNA marker that might be used to prevent BC deaths at the earliest stages.

The increasing demand for operational efficiency in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) has sparked interest in Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodologies. LSS integrates Lean’s waste elimination focus with Six Sigma’s variability reduction, offering a comprehensive framework for process improvement. Despite its potential, SMEs face unique challenges in implementing LSS, such as financial limitations and resistance to change. This systematic review evaluates the application of LSS in SMEs, analyzing its impact on operational, financial, and quality performance across different industries and geographical regions. The study identifies key success factors, barriers, and research gaps while proposing regression models to predict financial gains associated with LSS adoption. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, sourcing literature from SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar published between 2014 and 2024. The inclusion criteria targeted studies involving LSS implementation in manufacturing SMEs. Data extraction included study characteristics, methodologies, and outcomes. A risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The synthesis involved descriptive statistics, effect measures, and sensitivity analyses. Out of 150 initially identified studies, 109 met the inclusion criteria. The findings demonstrate that LSS implementation significantly improves operational performance, with 77.98% of studies showing reductions in cycle time and defect rates. Financial outcomes, including cost savings and ROI, showed moderate to large effects, with 63.58% of the reviewed studies reporting cost reductions. Quality improvements were noted across studies, particularly in First Pass Yield, with 67% of studies demonstrating enhanced quality metrics. The geographic distribution indicated strong research activity in India (23.85%), the United States (6.42%), and Europe (5.50%). Both developed (46.79%) and developing (45.87%) economies contributed extensively. Key barriers included resource constraints (reported in 45% of studies) and resistance to change (noted in 31%). LSS offers substantial benefits for SMEs, driving process efficiency, cost reduction, and quality improvements. However, challenges such as limited resources and organizational resistance must be addressed for successful adoption. This review provides insights into best practices, highlights research gaps, and suggests areas for future investigation, emphasizing the need for customized LSS strategies tailored to the unique contexts of SMEs.

The real birth of Brazil can be traced to the remote Jesuit village of São Paulo de Piratininga, founded in 1554, after arduous efforts to ascend the Serra do Mar. This isolated settlement, inhabited by a mixture of Indigenous peoples and Portuguese colonizers, became the pivotal point for the expansion of Portuguese territory in South America. The people of São Paulo, or paulistas, shaped by their harsh environment and violent history, forged a unique identity. Through their relentless expeditions, the bandeirantes ventured deep into the interior, hunting Indigenous peoples for slavery and expanding the Portuguese domain beyond the boundaries defined by European treaties. This essay explores how the humble origins of São Paulo de Piratininga grew into a force that shaped the modern Brazilian state and its borders.

This paper examines radially infalling worldlines in both Schwarzschild and Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates. A new Schwarzschild coordinate chart is presented which emphasizes the curvature of both the time and space coordinates and makes clear not only the mechanism by which the inertial observer is accelerated relative to the rest observers, but also clearly shows the light-like nature of the inertial worldline at the event horizon. The light-like nature of the falling frame is then supported by examining the falling worldlines in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates. The effect of length contraction in the falling frame is also analyzed in both Schwarzschild and Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates.

Disk galaxies have a typical dimension of few tens of thousands of light years. It follows from the theory of general relativity that any signal originating from the galactic center will be noticed at the outskirts of the galaxy only tens of thousands of years later. This retardation effect is absent in modelling used to calculate rotation curves throughout the entire galaxy and its external gas. The considerable differences between Newtonian action at a distance predictions and observed velocities are currently removed either by assuming dark matter or by suggesting various modifications to the laws of gravity, MOND being a long standing alternative to Newtonian gravity. In previous papers we have shown that applying general relativity in a rigorous fashion without mindlessly neglecting retardation, one can explain the radial velocities of galactic matter without modifying gravity or adding unseen matter. Moreover, it was shown that dark matter effects as they appear in gravitational lensing, the Tully-Fisher relation, and mass estimations based on the virial theorem could also be explained as retarded-gravity effects. In the original main paper on the subject only one galaxy (M33) was analysed in detail. This was later amended somewhat with a published study of eleven galaxies. Here we give a more comprehensive retardation analysis of 143 galaxies of different types from the SPARC Galaxy collection. We show that in most cases we obtain an excellent fit without postulating dark matter or modifying general relativity.

We carry out a systematic study on the motion of test particles in the region inner to the naked singularity of a quasi–hyperbolically symmetric γ-metric. The geodesic equations are written and analyzed in detail. The obtained results are contrasted with the corresponding results obtained for the axially symmetric γ-metric, and the hyperbolically symmetric black hole. As in this latter case, it is found that test particles experience a repulsive force within the horizon (naked singularity), which prevents them to reach the center. However in the present case this behavior is affected by the parameter γ which measures the departure from the hyperbolical symmetry. These results are obtained for radially moving particles as well as for particles moving in the θ−r subspace. Possible relevance of these results in the explanation of extragalactic jets, is brought out. .

The celebrated geodesic congruence equation of Raychaudhuri, together with the resulting singularity theorems of Penrose and Hawking that it enabled, yield a highly general set of conditions under which a spacetime (or, more generically, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold) is expected to become geodesically incomplete. However, the proofs of these theorems traditionally depend upon a collection of assumptions about the continuum spacetime (and, in the physical case, the stress-energy distribution defined over it), including its global structure, its energy conditions, the existence of trapped null surfaces and the various volume/intersection properties of geodesic congruences, that are inherently difficult to translate to the case of discrete spacetime formalisms, such as causal set theory or the Wolfram model. Some, such as the discrete analog of Raychaudhuri's equation for the volumes of geodesic congruences, are subtle to formulate due to intrinsic differences in the behavior of discrete vs. continuous geodesics; for others, such as the definition of a trapped null surface, no appropriate translation is known for the general discrete case due to a lack of a priori coordinate information. It is therefore a non-trivial question to ask whether (and to what extent) there exist equivalently general conditions under which one expects discrete spacetimes to become geodesically incomplete, and how these conditions might differ from those in the continuum. This article builds upon previous work, in which the conformal and covariant Z4 (CCZ4) formulation of the Cauchy problem for the Einstein field equations, with constraint-violation damping, was defined in terms of Wolfram model evolution over discrete (spatial) hypergraphs for the case of vacuum spacetimes, and proceeds to consider a minimal extension to the non-vacuum case by introducing a massive scalar field distribution, defined in either spherical or axial symmetry. Under appropriate assumptions, this scalar field distribution admits a physical interpretation as a collapsing (and, in the axially-symmetric case, uniformly rotating) dust, and we are able to show, through a combination of rigorous mathematical analysis and explicit numerical simulation, that the resulting discrete spacetimes converge asymptotically to either non-rotating Schwarzschild black hole solutions or maximally-rotating (extremal) Kerr black hole solutions, respectively. Although the assumptions used in obtaining these preliminary results are very strong, they nevertheless offer hope that a more general, perhaps ultimately ``Penrose-like'', singularity theorem may be provable in the discrete spacetime case too.

This paper gives both a general canonical quantum gravity theory and the general canonical quantum gravity theories of the Universe and general black hole, and discovers the relations reflecting symmetric properties of the standard nonlinear gravitational Lagrangian, which are not relevant to any concrete metric models. This paper concretely shows the general commutation relations of the general gravitational field operators and their zeroth, first, second and third style, respectively, of high order canonical momentum operators for the general nonlinear system of the standard gravitational Lagrangian, and then has finished all the four styles of the canonical quantization of the standard gravity.

A technique devised some years ago permits to study a theory in a regime of strong perturbations. This translate into a gradient expansion that, at the leading order, can recover the BKL solution. We solve exactly the leading order equations in a spherical symmetric case and we show that the 4-velocity in such a case is multiplied by an exponential warp factor when the perturbation is properly applied. This factor is always greater than one. We will give a closed form solution of this factor for a simple case. Some numerical examples are also given.

In this work, we try to find a way to describe the physical law of micro-world under the frame of a space-time theory. By introducing the scalar fields $\mathcal{D}\left( x\right)$ and $\zeta\left( x\right) $, we rewrite the action of conventional field theory and the Lagrangian describing the motion of the particle, where a modified space-time relation is obtained. To test the correctness of this attempt, we demonstrate the Klein-Gordon equation by the Hamilton-Jacobi method in four dimensional form and present a time delay for the ground state of hydrogen atom.

It is well known that a sequence of two non-collinear Lorentz boosts (pure Lorentz transformations) does not correspond to a Lorentz boost, but involves a spatial rotation, the Wigner or Thomas-Wigner rotation. We visualize the interrelation between this rotation and the relativity of distant simultaneity by moving a Born-rigid object on a closed trajectory in several steps of uniform proper acceleration. Born-rigidity implies that the stern of the boosted object accelerates faster than its bow. It is shown that at least five boost steps are required to return the object's center to its starting position, if in each step the center is assumed to accelerate uniformly and for the same proper time duration. With these assumptions, the Thomas-Wigner rotation angle depends on a single parameter only. Furthermore, it is illustrated that accelerated motion implies the formation of an event horizon. The event horizons associated with the five boosts constitute a natural boundary to the rotated Born-rigid object and ensure its finite size.

Despite available global efforts and funding, Tuberculosis (TB) continues to affect a considerable number of patients worldwide. Policy makers and stakeholders set clear goals to reduce TB incidence and mortality, but the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) complicate the reach of these goals. Drug-resistance TB needs to be diagnosed rapidly and accurately to effectively treat patients, prevent the transmission of MDR-TB, minimise mortality, reduce treatment costs and avoid unnecessary hospitalisations. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of laboratory methods for detecting drug resistance in MTB, focusing on phenotypic, molecular and other drug susceptibility testing (DST) techniques. We found a large variety of methods used, with the BACTEC MGIT 960 being the most common phenotypic DST and the Xpert MTB/RIF being the most common molecular DST. We emphasise the importance of integrating phenotypic and molecular DST to address issues like resistance to new drugs, heteroresistance, mixed infections and low-level resistance mutations. Notably, most of the analysed studies adhered to the outdated definition of XDR-TB and did not consider the pre-XDR definition, thus posing challenges in aligning diagnostic methods with the current landscape of TB resistance.

The search for fundamental determinants of bio-molecular chirality is a hot topic in biology, clarifying the meaning of evolution and the enigma of life's origin. Non-biological and biological entities obey the universal laws of nature grounded on space-time symmetry (STS) transformations. The fabric of STS is the immense subject of our review. The symmetry, encompassing behavior of elementary particles and galaxy structure, imposes its fundamental laws on all hierarchical levels of the biological world. Objects across spatial scales may be classified as chiral or achiral concerning a specific space-related symmetry transformation - mirror reflection. Chirality as a symmetry element reflecting the property of asymmetry (or dissymmetry) is the critical structural feature of natural systems, including sub-atomic particles and living matter. The inheritance of molecular symmetry from the symmetry of elementary particles points to the bi-directional causal pathway of prevalent bio-chirality. We assume that both extremities of spatial dimension naturally influence this transitional state of biological matter. The current review promotes an integrative holistic approach to the new experimental results in fast-developing and divergent branches of STS and biological chirality. The generalized view on biological chirality is a necessary and promising avenue for adequately understanding the link between protein folding, cell morphology, neuronal signaling, and laterality of cognitive functions.

We study the effect of the generation of the mechanical transverse wave (MTW)　travelling in the opposite direction (OD) to a moving medium (MM) on the relativistic energy conservation law (RECL). From the viewpoint of the relativity of simultaneity (RS), the time on the coordinate coinciding with the advance end of the wave (AEW) travelling toward the rear of the MM passes faster than that on the coordinate coinciding with the wave source (WS). Then the AEW in the MM travels forward compared to that in the rest frame of reference (RFR) which is stationary relative to the medium when the time on the coordinate coinciding with the WS is same for each inertial frame of reference (IFR). Hence, the coordinate interval (CI) between the AEW and WS in the MM is observed to be larger than that between them in the RFR. We show that this difference holds true for the CI of any portion having transverse velocities mutually converted by the Lorentz transformation (LT). This difference in the CI leads to that in the rest mass (RM). We demonstrate that the RM included in wave motion (WM) in the MM is larger than one included in WM in the RFR when comparing the portions having transverse velocities mutually converted by the LT. This relation holds true for all portions in WM. Therefore, the total coordinate interval of the portion (CIP) and total RM (TRM) included in WM in the MM (WMMM) are large compared to them included in WM in the RFR. Furthermore, we compare the relativistic kinetic energy (RKE) of the MTW travelling in the OD to the MM (ODMM) with that of the MTW propagating in the direction vertical to the moving direction of the medium. We prove that the CIP and RM included in the former MTW are larger than them included in the latter MTW when comparing each portion with the same transverse velocity (TV). Moreover, the total CIP and TRM included in the former MTW are also large compared to them included in the latter MTW. The reason for these is that the latter CIP and RM are equal to them in the RFR when comparing the portions having transverse velocities mutually converted by the LT. On the other hand, the energy supplied to generate each MTW is the same. From these, we demonstrate that the RKE of the MTW travelling in the ODMM can be larger than the total relativistic energy (TRE) of the MTW propagating in the direction vertical to the moving direction of the medium. Consequently, we propose a violation of the RECL and Einstein’s principle of relativity (EPR) because the TRE is not necessarily conserved in the IFR in which the medium is moving.

Netrokona is a district of the Mymensingh division in northern Bangladesh. In this study, we analyze the soil profile in Netrokona Sadar using digital soil mapping and land formation using the satellite image technique. This study also analyzes the soil profile using remote sensing data of 4 different points in selected area. The main focus of the study is analyzing the soil profile for the structural compatibility and environmental impact for that. After analyzing the soil we found that the soil of that area is mainly clay loam and clayey loam and the soil contains low coarse fragement which is 5.6-8% but we need al least 15-30% coarse fragement in the soil. The soil of this area needs good management to improve its drainage and bearing capacity.

This study discusses the application of reinforcement learning (RL) in financial asset risk assessment, especially how to improve the ability of risk prediction and asset portfolio optimization through deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model. Traditional financial risk assessment methods are often unable to effectively cope with the dynamic changes and complexities of the financial market, but RL technology provides innovative solutions for modern financial risk management by means of real-time adjustment and adaptation mechanism. This paper experimentally verifies the advantages of DRL models in improving forecasting accuracy and risk management efficiency and discusses the potential impact of AI technology in the financial sector. The findings show that despite challenges such as data quality and model interpretation, the application of AI technology provides financial institutions with more precise and flexible risk management tools, driving further development of fintech.

In February of 2024, Dr. Jun Zhuang and Dr. Casey Kennington published a paper (Zhuang and Kennington, 2024) in which they classified large language model (LLM) survey papers into different taxonomies utilizing graph learning. In this paper, I evaluate the dataset they created and used and propose that in its current state, there is not enough samples to classify other survey papers into specific categories.

Phase errors in magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), pose significant challenges to data accuracy and interpretation. As MR technologies advance, the demand for more sophisticated phase correction methods continues to grow, enhancing diagnostic precision and analytical outcomes. This review explores the evolution of phase correction models, beginning with simple global phase shifts, progressing through traditional linear statistical models, and culminating in modern machine learning techniques—specifically, neural networks. We also examine a range of optimization functions and optimizers, including both MR data-specific and common statistical approaches, applied in phase error correction. Despite notable progress, challenges remain in developing fully automatic phase error correction methods, particularly given the absence of ground truth in real-world MR data. This review highlights key methods, discusses their limitations, and proposes future pathways, including ensemble learning, that could guide further innovation in phase error correction.

High-resolution in-situ CT measurements in the (sub-)$\upmu$m range are typically only feasible in synchrotron facilities, as the use of a conventional loading stage in laboratory CTs with a cone beam source does not permit a corresponding geometric magnification. This publication presents a CT system with a novel concept that allows spatial resolutions down to 0.5 $\upmu$m on the one hand, and on the other hand is able to apply loads up to 5 kN in compression and tension direction to the sample during the measurement. This leads to a challenging design of the system with regard to the required precision of the mechanical setup, if measurements close to the theoretically possible magnification can be carried out successfully. The components utilized are presented, along with the requisite considerations and methodologies. It can be demonstrated that the intended specifications with regard to precision and quality are met. Finally, a complex measurement problem in materials science is presented as an illustrative example that demonstrates the potential of the system described.

In recent years, there has been a significant demand for Instructional Design (ID) professionals due to the rise of remote work, increased reliance on digital learning solutions for professional development, and the integration of digital technologies in formal and informal learning spaces. However, practical and authentic personalized courses are unavailable for professionals who want to transition into the field. This study addresses the gaps in most of the available ID courses and details the design of an Instructional Design Skill-Strength Assessment System (IDSSAS) that evaluates gaps in users' skills and offers them courses and mentors to help them bridge them in preparation for work as an ID in the corporate space. Employing a User-Centered Design (UCD) approach, the system prioritizes personalization, real-world application, and practical skills that better position them to be more employable, a significant improvement over the mostly available traditional, theory-focused ID training programs. IDSSAS, which is integrable with any Learning Management System (LMS) or Learning Experience Platform (LXP), was developed with Storyline 360, and it offers personalized learning and feedback as well as provides users with the agency to choose a mentor that is best aligned with their area of interest. The design was grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and incorporates design features like a progress bar, feedback loop, challenges, social interaction, and agency to support students' motivation and promote Autonomy, Relatedness, and Competence. IDSSAS, in its manual and present automated form, has been successfully used to mentor some transitioning ID professionals globally who are now gainfully employed.

Within education, we make assumptions the correct manner of teaching a student, and with that, we assume further that regardless of the intellectual content that a student should engage with, the acculturation for the customary (and always rather traditional) means of religious apprehension for the purpose of an assumedly universal and beneficial role. This article instead promotes the view that such determinations are (1) unsuitable for modern society and (2) causal to a disjunction with a truly proper manner of education in the form of the matheticism – a term rather unfortunately applied in educational theory.

Music has been proposed for a long time as a treatment for mental disorders. However, some special types of music or stimulating sounds might induce negative emotions. Herein, 8-week-old male mice were exposed to two specific genres of music, hip-hop (HH) and heavy metal (HM), and construction noise (CN), and a series of behavioral experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of these music or sounds on the emotion of mice. The experiment lasted 1 week in which 8-week-old male mice were used as animal models. We found that long term exposure HM, HH, and CN induced depressive symptoms with a decrease in dopamine receptor 1 and BDNF in the mixture of hippocampus and frontal cortex of mice. Our results have highly addressed that certain special types of sound or music might induce negative emotions and loss of dopaminergic neurons in mice, and it is necessary to intervene in adolescences who are exposed to these music or sounds for a long time.

This paper investigates the flexural behavior of unfired and fired one-way slabs constructed from reinforced ferronickel slag-based alkali-activated concrete. The study aims to expand the limited knowledge of large-scale testing of alkali-activated concrete structural elements, with a particular emphasis on their post-fire performance. Four slabs, each measuring 2.1 × 0.9 × 0.18 m³, were produced—two made of alkali-activated concrete and two of conventional concrete incorporating ordinary Portland cement. Both types of concrete exhibited similar compressive strengths. In each group, one slab served as a reference (control specimen—tested under monotonic four-point bending in its original state), while the other was subjected to a standard fire curve on the tensioned side before mechanical testing. The fired slabs were then tested in a cooled condition under ambient conditions. The effect of fire on the alkali-activated concrete was further examined using mercury intrusion porosity and scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the load capacity of structural members cast with alkali-activated concrete is only slightly lower than that of their conventional concrete counterparts (6% lower). However, the alkaliactivated slabs retain more of their stiffness and ductility after fire exposure.

In a recent paper: “On the time dependency of a₀” the authors claim that they have tested “one of the predictions of the Scale Invariant Vacuum (SIV) theory on MOND” by studying the dependence of the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) accelera- tion at two data sets, low-z (3.2 × 10⁻⁴ ≤ z ≤ 3.2 × 10⁻²) and high-z (0.5 ≤ z ≤ 2.5). They claim “both samples show a dependency of a₀ from z”. Here, the work men- tioned above is revisited. The explicit analytic expression for the z-dependence of the a0 within the SIV theory is given. Furthermore, the first estimates of the Ω_m within SIV theory give Ω_m = 0.28 ± 0.04 using the low-z data only, while a value of Ω_m = 0.055 is obtained using both data sets. This much lower Ωm leaves no room for non-baryonic matter! Unlike in the mentioned paper above, the slope in the z- dependence of A₀ = log10(a₀) is estimated to be consistent with zero Z-slope for the two data sets. Finally, the statistics of the data are consistent with the SIV predic- tions; in particular, the possibility of change in the sign of the slopes for the two data sets is explainable within the SIV paradigm; however, the uncertainty in the data is too big for the clear demonstration of a z-dependence yet.

Often, in biology, we are faced with the problem of exploring relevant unknown biological hypotheses in the form of myriads of combinations of factors/genes/proteins that might be affecting the pathway under certain conditions. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells treated with ETC-1922159, many genes were found up and down regu- lated, individually. A recently developed search engine ranked combinations of Inter- leukin (IL)-X (X, a particular gene/protein) at 2nd order level after drug administration. These rankings reveal which IL-X combinations might be working synergistically in CRC. If found true, oncologists can further test the combination of interest in wet lab and determine the mechanism of functioning between the IL and X. In this research work, we cover combinations of IL with nuclear factor κ B (NFκB), Potassium ion channel sub- family members (KCN), mucin (MUC), TP53, STAT, TNF receptor as- sociated factor (TRAF), STEAP4 metalloreductase, STEAP3 metalloreductase, ATP- binding cassette (ABC) transporters and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

Attention mechanisms have become a fundamental component of deep learning, including the field of computer vision. The key idea behind attention in computer vision is to help the model focus on the relevant spatial regions of the input image, rather than treating all regions equally. The traditional approaches to attention mechanisms in computer vision often suffer from distribution inconsistencies in the attention maps, resulting in sharp transitions that negatively affect model’s focus and lead to poor generalization on complex shapes. The problem of spatial incoherence is particularly pronounced in the task of semantic segmentation, where accurate pixel-level predictions require a detailed understanding of the spatial relationships within the image. In this paper, we propose an attention mechanism called Smooth Attention designed for convolutional neural networks to address the problem of spatial inconsistency in attention maps through multidimensional spatial smoothing. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism and demonstrate its superior performance compared to traditional methods.

In recent years, Big Data (BD) has become a crucial tool for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), impacting their performance and growth in significant ways. This systematic literature review aims to analyze the effects of BD on SMEs by examining 93 research papers published from 2014 to 2024. Employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, the review focuses on key drivers and barriers to BD adoption, including business improvement, economic performance, and revenue growth. The methodology involved a comprehensive analysis of research methodologies used in the studies, addressing biases, gaps, and the need for diverse approaches. The findings reveal that while BD has led to notable enhancements in operational efficiency and revenue for many SMEs, challenges such as limited resources and technical expertise remain. A significant reporting bias was observed, with 47% of the literature comprising quantitative studies, followed by 28% case studies, while mixed-methods and qualitative studies were underrepresented (22% and 17%, respectively). This imbalance suggests a potential overemphasis on quantitative approaches, limiting the diversity of insights available. Addressing these biases is essential to fully harness the potential of BD for SMEs to drive innovation, enhance competitiveness, and achieve better performance in the increasingly data-driven business environment.

Often, in biology, we are faced with the problem of exploring relevant unknown biological hypotheses in the form of myriads of combinations of factors/genes/proteins that might be affecting the pathway under certain conditions. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells treated with ETC-1922159, many genes were found up and down regu- lated, individually. A recently developed search engine ranked combinations of DNA repair gene-X (X, a particular gene/protein) at 2nd order level after drug administration. These rankings reveal which Wnt-X combinations might be working synergistically in CRC. If found true, oncologists can further test the combination of interest in wet lab and determine the mechanism of functioning between the Wnt and X. In this re- search work, we cover combinations of RAD with X-ray repair cross complementing (XRCC) family, 5’-3’ exoribonuclease 2 (XRN2), NFKB repressing factor (NKRF), B cell CLL/lymphoma (BCL) family, exosome component (EXOSC) family, FA comple- mentation group (FANC) family and XRCC with EXOSC.

Entropy production in stochastic thermodynamics is defined as the average over all the possible system trajectories of a quantity (observable) which measures the divergence between a trajectory and its time-reversal. In this way a quantitative measure of the irreversible evolution of a system out of equilibrium can be given. In this note we consider a Markov system and substitute the linear average with a more general notion of average over the trajectories (Kolmogorov-Nagumo mean) which corresponds to substituting Shannon entropy with Rény entropy. We show that, unlike the linear average case, the resulting notion of entropy production depends on how the observable is defined.

In this paper, we present the application of a special soil resistivity model, the Exponentially Graded Multilayered Soil model, to the interpretation of Borehole Resistivity Logging surveys. The model, which was recently introduced by the authors, offers an alternative to the interpretation provided by constant resistivity layer models. The model is applied to synthetic soil surveys as well as to a real survey that is not satisfactorily interpreted using conventional models.

This paper explores the application of machine learning (ML) in predicting functional recovery in patients with ischemic stroke. As technology advances, ML shows significant potential in the field of stroke medicine, especially in the areas of big data analytics and personalized medicine. Studies have shown that ML algorithms can improve the accuracy of stroke image analysis, subtype classification, risk assessment, treatment guidance, and prognosis prediction. However, the widespread use of ML still faces challenges such as data standardization, model validation, privacy, and bias. This paper reviews the current application status of ML in the field of stroke, discusses the challenges faced, and looks forward to the future development direction, aiming to promote the practical application of ML technology in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients.

This study aimed to explore the intricate relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, infections, and neuroinflammation, focusing specifically on the impact of pathogenic epitopes of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) in a mouse model of mitochondrial dysfunctions. The investigation included female middle-aged PARK2^-/- and C57BL/6J wild-type mice immunized with EBNA1_386-405 or with active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)_35-55 peptide. PARK2^-/- mice developed more severe EAE than wild-type mice. Following immunization with EBNA1_386-405, only PARK2^-/- exhibited symptoms resembling EAE. During the acute phase, PARK2^-/- mice immunized with either MOG_35-55 or EBNA1_386-405 exhibited similar infiltration of T cells and macrophages in the spinal cord and decreased GFAP expression in the brain. However, EBNA1_386-405 -immunized PARK2^-/- mice showed significantly increased frequencies of CD8a+ T cells and CD11c+ B cells, and distinct cytokine profiles in the periphery compared to wild-type controls. These findings highlight the role of EBV in exacerbating inflammation, particularly in the context of mitochondrial deficiencies.

Quantum observers, agents whose entanglement with a measured system may remain coherent, are analyzed in a consistent approach. Thought experiments, including one by Deutsch and one by Frauchiger and Renner, are discussed and modeled using quantum circuits. Terminology is suggested which helps avoid contradictions.

A presentation is provided of a structural approach for the concurrent teaching of introductory propositional calculus and set theory. The existence of isomorphism is shown between each law (or tautology) of propositional calculus and the form of a corresponding set which is equal to the universal set U considered.

Background: Vaccine hesitancy, identified by the World Health Organization as a top ten global health threat, presents a significant barrier to public health efforts, exacerbated by the politicization of vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic.1 Motivational interviewing (MI) has been shown to be effective in addressing difficult topics, including vaccine hesitancy, emphasizing the need for its integration into medical education.2 Objective: This study explores ways to enhance the medical student curriculum on MI, specifically targeting the management of conversations with vaccine-hesitant patients. These authors seek to evaluate the impact of different teaching approaches on the efficacy of MI training within clinical education. Methods: A blinded study design was implemented, comparing two groups of medical students trained using distinct MI teaching methods: Learning Through Experience (LTE) and Traditional Teaching (TT). The LTE group engaged with a Vaccine Hesitant Standardized Patient (VHSP) before and after an instructional module on the use of MI to combat vaccine hesitancy. In contrast, the TT group interacted with a control Standardized Patient (SP) before the same module and then with the VHSP. Any medical student above the age of 18 was eligible for this study. All students in a vaccine elective at RVUCOM on the Colorado and Utah campuses were enrolled, as well as student volunteers. We excluded any students who opted out of the study. The effectiveness of each method was assessed through confidence and performance scores derived from participant self-evaluations and standardized patient feedback, respectively. Results: Participants in the TT group demonstrated superior mastery of MI skills as taught in the didactic session based on statistically significant findings across more tested variables. The LTE group exhibited enhanced ability in practical applications with standardized patients based on statistically significant findings. Both groups showed increased confidence in MI techniques, with the LTE group reporting greater confidence in vaccine knowledge and MI abilities. That said, the LTE method did not drastically outperform the TT approach in overall efficacy. Conclusions: The study indicates that while traditional TT training effectively imparts MI skills, the LTE approach may offer benefits in applying these skills in clinical scenarios. These findings suggest the potential for integrating multiple teaching methods into the medical curriculum to better prepare students for engaging with vaccine-hesitant patients. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of these teaching strategies on student performance and patient outcomes.

Tourism Geographers in Anglo-American geographical departments migrate to teach and research tourism in applied schools and departments such as business, resource and environment, and even cultural and creative industry. Under national research assessment and funding pressures, tourism geographers are not encouraged to keep on undertaking serious theoretical researches related to their mother discipline and transferred to research applied researches and publish in hybrid journals. Such changes in tourism geographers` research behavior have not been tested and reported in Asian academic contexts, especially Taiwan while frequently being discussed internationally. This research aims to investigate the differences in the research behavior of tourism geographers between those who are staffed in geography departments and those who migrate to applies departments such as tourism and recreation, resource and environment, and others in terms of publishing journals, paradigmatic approaches, research types(qualitative, quantitative, and mixed), research methods and geographical scales conducted based on content analysis of articles published by tourism geographers in geography and tourism and recreation departments. This study revealed that there are significant differences in the research behavior of tourism geographers between different department. Finally, this paper explains the differences in terms of Taiwan changing social and economic conditions, academic traditions and politics of geography and applied departments, research habits and preferences of tourism geographers among departments and other aspects. This study can help international tourism geography academic circles to understand the complexity and diversity of tourism geography academic landscape of the Chinese language.

Apolipoprotein A (ApoA), an integral component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, plays a vital role in the transport and metabolism of lipids. It is implicated in both cardiovascular (CVD) and neurological diseases. In the context of CVD, ApoAs are pivotal in facilitating the reverse transport of cholesterol, mitigating inflammation, and preserving endothelial function. These char- acteristics highlight the crucial role of ApoA in averting the onset of CVDs. Moreover, ApoA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkin- son's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Apart from its role in lipid metabolism, recent stud- ies have indicated the involvement of ApoA in neuroprotection, amyloid-beta clearance, and regu- lation of neuroinflammation. This paper addresses the research question: "How do different isoforms of Apolipoprotein A influence the development and progression of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, and what are the potential therapeutic implications of targeting ApoA in these conditions?" By providing a comprehensive review of current knowledge, this paper empha- sizes the importance of ApoA in understanding the intricate connections between cardiovascular and neurological health, suggesting that ApoA-targeted interventions may help treat diseases in both domains.

The branding of cities through their historical and cultural assets has become a pivotal strategy in urban development and tourism. This study focuses on Erbil Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its potential as a brand for Erbil, a city with a rich historical backdrop and flourishing urban landscape. The study aimed to explore the perceptions of Erbil's residents regarding the cultural significance of the Citadel and its potential as a city brand. A mixed-method survey questionnaire was conducted, collecting data from around 440 residents through both manual distribution around the Citadel and an online platform. The findings were analysed using SPSS to provide both descriptive and inferential statistical insights.

Low dropout (LDO) regulators are widely used in portable electronic devices because they 1 occupy small chip and printed circuit board (PCB) areas. This work presents the design of a low 2 noise low dropout (LDO) linear voltage regulator using folded cascode operational amplifier and 3 source follower buffer for frequency compensation. The proposed design achieves low output noise 4 with feedback loops, which makes it possible to improve load and line regulations as well as the 5 transient response for voltage applications in comparison with the literature. The designed LDO 6 linear regulator works under the input voltage of 2.8-4.8 V and provides up to 100 mA load current 7 for an output voltage of 2.6 V. 8 9 Moreover, the operational amplifier design contributes to the major reduction in the frequency 10 noise, and make sure the stability of LDO under different conditions. Furthermore, the novel LDO 11 design topology has very less dropout voltage, fast transient response and minimized power dissi- 12 pation under maximum load current, worst process corner, and maximum temperature to achieve 13 high power efficiency, maintain output voltage in the presence of fast load changes, and to lower the 14 power loss across the pass element especially at high load. Design criteria are addressed in detail. 15 16 This LDO topology is able to achieve ultra-low noise i.e. 2 /muv/√Hz for frequency >1kHz. The 17 proposed LDO is implemented in the cadence virtuoso H9A with CMOS 130 μm technology.

This study delves into the impact of artificial intelligence on students’ learning.The paper pioneers the use of kmeans classification to reduce the dimensionality of features before the classification process, which minimizes redundant information and computational overhead. This step is not commonly found in prior research.Firstly, a random forest model is established with “whether AI assistance was used to complete the paper” as the output, and various features as inputs. The analysis of the predictive accuracy when changing input features reveals the degree of influence of each feature on using AI to complete the paper. After feature selection, the remaining 6 features can still effectively predict the use of AI to complete the paper, indicating the representativeness of the extracted indicators. Subsequently, the PCA-K-means algorithm is employed to classify the use of artificial intelligence. PCA algorithm is used for dimensionality reduction of the extracted features to better characterize students’ use of AI. Three representative variables are selected, and the contribution of each feature is computed based on the factor loading matrix. Finally, the K-means algorithm is used to classify students based on the three dimensional features, showing that students can be effectively classified into 2 categories. The results indicate that the majority of students support the use of AI technology to enhance their abilities, although some students may only intend to use AI to cope with exams and similar tasks.

Objective To explore the endoscopic anatomical structures of lumbar surgery. Methods A total of 290 patients who underwent lumbar endoscopic surgery due to lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation from September 2020 to September 2022 were retrospectively reviewed in our hospital,179 patients had complete surgical video recordings, including 108 males and 71 females, aged from 19 to 65 years, with an average age of 41±16 years. The endoscopic structures through the intervertebral foramen and interlaminar space were independently identified by 3 doctors with more than 3 years of related surgery experience. When there were differences of opinions, the three doctors would discuss and come to a consensus. The probability, location, and neighboring structures of each specific structures were statistically analyzed. Results The anatomical structures observed through the lumbar foramen under endoscopy include muscles and ligaments attached to the superior articular process (SAP), main blood vessels inside the intervertebral foramen, blood vessels on the surface of IVD, and blood vessels on the surface of the dural sac and nerve root. The major anatomical structures observed through interlaminar space are multifidus, the conjugated ligament of ligament flavum and capsule ligament (capsule part of flavum ligaments), edges of the lamina, specific vessel bundle to facet with exit nerve root. Conclusion The anatomical structures under spinal endoscopy have certain characteristics, which are grossly different from those under open surgery. Familiarity with these anatomical structures has important clinical significance.

Keywords: Response surface methodology; Ultrasonication; marigold flower; polyphenols, microcapsules; antimicrobial activity.

This paper reviews the multiple roles of machine learning in improving the resilience of power grids, especially in applying new energy storage technologies. Energy storage technologies, such as compressed air energy storage, flywheel energy storage, and superconducting coil energy storage, significantly improve the power grid's ability to respond to load fluctuations and emergencies through intelligent control and optimisation of machine learning algorithms. This not only helps to optimise energy dispatch and improve the operational efficiency and flexibility of the grid but also significantly improves the stability and reliability of the grid so that it is better able to meet future challenges and needs.

Chikungunya (CHIKV) and Mayaro (MAYV) viruses are arthritogenic alphaviruses that promote an incapacitating and long-lasting inflammatory muscle-articular disease. Despite studies pointing out the importance of skeletal muscle (SkM) in viral pathogenesis, the long-term consequences on its physiology after acute injury and the mechanism of persistence of symptoms are still poorly understood. Combining molecular, morphological, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and histological analysis, we conduct a temporal investigation of CHIKV and MAYV replication in a wild-type mice model, focusing on the impact on SkM composition, structure, and repair in the acute and late phases of infection. We found that viral replication and induced-inflammation promote fast loss of muscle mass and reduction of fibers cross sectional area, by inducing muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and Atrogin expression, that trigger protein breakdown, resulting in acute SkM fibers atrophy. After temporal reduction of inflammation and clearance of infectious viral particles, SkM atrophy persists until the late phase of infection. The genomic CHIKV and MAYV RNAs were still detected in SkM at the late phase, along with increased levels of chemokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression. In agreement with the involvement of inflammatory mediators on induced atrophy, neutralization of TNF and the reduction of oxidative stress using monomethyl fumarate, an agonist of Nrf2, decreases atrogens expression and atrophic fibers, while increasing weight gain in treated mice. Taken together, these data indicate that arthritogenic alphavirus infection could chronically impact body SkM composition and also harm repair machinery, contributing to a better understanding of mechanisms of arthritogenic alphaviruses pathogenesis and with description of potentially new targets of therapeutic intervention.

Objective: This study aims to establish a link between primary healthcare service accessibility among rural populations and the principle of territorial equity, a pivotal aspect of regional development strategies. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of primary healthcare service accessibility in rural Quebec, integrating theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence on territorial, regional, and community development. Through this approach, we sought to comprehend the nuanced dynamics and mechanisms contributing to territorial equity enhancement. Results: Our findings indicate that refining developmental strategies through community-driven approaches and regional initiatives can foster territorial equity. Moreover, employing sophisticated methodologies to measure primary healthcare service accessibility can promote territorial equity, emphasizing community development. Conclusion: Enhancing access to primary healthcare services and employing advanced assessment methodologies are essential for advancing territorial equity and supporting regional development initiatives. This underscores the critical importance of prioritizing healthcare accessibility in rural areas to achieve equitable development outcomes.

Optimal planning and design of microgrids is a priority for electrification of off-grid areas. Indeed, according to one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7, the UN recommends universal access to electricity for all but, at the lowest cost. To achieve this goal, several optimization methods with different strategies have been proposed in the literature. This paper proposes a microgrid installation and planning model based on a combination of several techniques. Python 3.10, the programming language, has been used in conjunction with machine learning techniques such as unsupervised learning based on K-means clustering and deterministic optimization methods based on mixed linear programming. These methods were complemented by the open-source spatial method for optimal electrification planning: onsset. The results obtained enabled us to simulate the model obtained, with a cluster considered as a case study, based on the elbow and k-means clustering method; then, in a second phase, to size the microgrid with a capacity of 40 kW, by optimizing all the resources available on the site: the example of the various resources in the case of Togo was considered (solar, wind, hydropower). This study therefore highlighted the optimal resources obtained by integrating battery systems by the optimization model formulated on the basis of the various technology costs, such as investment, maintenance and operating costs, based on the technical limits of the various technologies. For the optimum results obtained, solar systems account for 80% of the maximum load considered, compared with 7.5% for wind systems and 12.5% for battery systems. Next, an optimal microgrid connection model was proposed, based on the constraints of a voltage stability limit estimated at 10% of the maximum voltage drop. The substation capacity limit was also taken into account. The results obtained from the case studied enabled us again, to present selective results for load nodes in relation to the substation node. And finally, the spatial technology planning tool made it possible to obtain results on the different strategies for the various technologies required for the electrification planning study of the Togo case. The various results obtained from the different techniques provide the leads needed for a feasibility study for optimal electrification of off-grid areas, using microgrid systems.

Though nowadays germanium do not reach the range of popularity than other metals, i.e. rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes of it also a strategic metal. Though germanium can be find in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry, and also, the recycle of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery, Hydrometallurgy is performing a key role to the successful achievement of this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.

The liver diseases are posing serious threat to human health associated with abusive use of allopathy medicines, especially in developing economies like Pakistan. The strengthening of detoxification system using natural products might be a suitable option to minimize the liver problems. In this current research, Zingiber officinale and Azadirachta indica were evaluated for their hepatoprotective role. For the purpose, 20 Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups i.e., negative control, paracetamol positive control, 2.5% ginger and 2% neem powder, respectively. During 42 days study, the levels of bilirubin and liver enzymes significantly elevated due to liver damage. Although, the values dropped (20-25%) in treatment group. Serum glucose and serum lipid profile increased in positive control group, but reduced (5-10%) in both ginger and neem groups. The serum protein profile declined in liver damage group, however, improved (~5%) in treatment groups. The hematological parameters slightly declined in liver damage group, but increased in ginger and neem groups. Moreover, the white blood cells differential count and renal parameters showed abnormal values in liver damage group, but improved after treatment. This study is promising and highlighted the hepato-protective role of neem and ginger that may open several avenues of research.

A difficult open problem that has never been fully resolved in the literature to date is the behaviour of the (TDCDP) third approximation. As a giant step towards modern control theory, this cutting-edge paper will advance control theory and other relevant inter-disciplinary subjects. Because control theory is important in industry and engineering, this study will be especially beneficial to anyone working in these disciplines who wish to understand more about recent advances in control theory settings. In contrast, the wealth of applications of Fokker Planck Kolmogorov (FPK) equations numerous disciplines As a result, the study instantly gains more taste and credibility. At the end of the paper, there are several challenging open problems, some concluding remarks, and recommendations for further investigation.

The therapeutic, attenuative, and morphological effects of proprietary neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC EVs, AB126) produced by Aruna Bio, Inc. were assessed in a range of in vitro and in vivo models of stroke. We emphasize that modulation of neuroinflammation is a key target and suggest further studies to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of action and ultimately how best to dose and monitor the benefits of AB126 in stroke patients.