Abstract: Methods for creating endofullerenes have been steadily improving since their discovery allowing for new types of endofullerenes to be created in larger numbers. When a molecule is trapped in a fullerene, the fullerene creates a harmonic trapping potential leaving most of the fundamental properties of the internal molecule intact. The fullerene cage does create a preferred axis for the internal molecule similar to studies of the alignment of molecules in the presence of an external electric field. We explore the alignment of AlF and N2 inside of C60. The interaction between the internal molecule and the fullerene cage is calculated using ab initio electronic structure methods. This interaction is then used to calculate the spectroscopic properties of the internal molecule. The internal molecules are found to be strongly aligned despite all spectroscopic constants calculated being relatively unaffected by the fullerene cage.

Abstract: Using assembly theory of strings of any natural radix $b$ we find some of their salient regularities. In particular, we show that the upper bound of the assembly index depends quantitatively on the radix $b$ and the longest length $N$ of a string that has the assembly index of $N-k$ is given by $N_{(N-1)}=b^2+b+1$ and by $N_{(N-k)}=b^2+b+2k$ for $2 \le k \le 9$. We also provide particular forms of such strings. Knowing the latter bound, we conjecture that the maximum assembly index of a string of length $N_{(N-2)} \le N \le N_{\text{max}}$ is given by $a_{\text{max}}^{(N,b)} = \lfloor N/2 \rfloor + b(b+1)/2$, where $N_{\text{max}} = 4b^4$ if $b$ is even and $N_{\text{max}} = 4(b^4+1)$ otherwise. For $k=1$ such odd length strings are nearly balanced and there are four such different strings if $b=2$ and seventy-two if $b=3$. We also show that each $k$ copies of an $n$-plet contained in a string decrease its assembly index at least by $k(n-1) - a$, where $a$ is the assembly index of this $n$-plet. We show that the minimum assembly depth satisfies $d_{\text{min}}^{(N)} = \left\lceil \log_2(N) \right\rceil$, for all $b$, and is the assembly depth of a maximum assembly index string. We define the depth index of a string (OEIS \href{https://oeis.org/A014701}{A014701} sequence) and conjecture that if it is equal to the minimum assembly index of this string then its assembly depth equals the minimum assembly depth, and otherwise equals the minimum assembly index. Since these results are also valid for $b=1$, assembly theory subsumes information theory.

Abstract:

This paper presents a revival of FORTRAN 66 code which calculates flow through curved pipes. Results from the code were originally presented in [Greenspan, D. Secondary flow in a curved tube. J. Fluid Mech. 1973, 57, 167-176]. We demonstrate a step-by-step code revival process and compare original (coarse) results to updated (fine) solutions. The purpose of our paper is to make the code available as modern Fortran for the scientific community. The code runs quickly on modern hardware architectures and enables fast understanding of the physical effects included.

Abstract: Most physicists are dissatisfied with the current explanation of quantum mechanics, and the movement of the microscopic particles always confuses most physicists. Lots of people want to find a method to solve this question. However this question cannot be solved perfectly up to now. In this paper, the annihilation generation movement (AGM) is developed according to the electron motion in hydrogen atom. To verify the AGM, a curved surface to fit the dark fringe of the single slit diffraction is proposed. Based on the AGM, the wave function of a free electron is rewritten and the double-slit experiment can be understood. Here, we show the AGM is a perfect physical image to solve the puzzles of quantum mechanics, such as the understanding of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and the steady-state transition. We anticipate that we can find a new way to explain the quantum mechanics based on the AGM.

Abstract:

This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract: (1) Background: NGC 3516 is an active Seyfert galaxy, which has become a focal point of astronomical studies due to its variable luminosity and emission lines, linked to the activity of its central supermassive black hole (SMBH). This paper presents an analysis of long-term observations from 2014 to 2024, including photometric and spectroscopic data collected at the Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute (FAI, Kazakhstan) and the Shamakhy Astrophysical Observatory (SHAO, Azerbaijan). The primary aim of this study was to investigate the changes in luminosity and spectral characteristics of NGC 3516, providing insights into the dynamics of the galaxy’s activity and its evolving chemical composition. (2) Methods: The research utilized photometric data in the B, V, R filters, along with spectroscopic observations in the wavelength range of λ4000 Å–λ7000 ÅThe spectroscopic data were normalized to analyze the profiles of emission lines and their variations over time. Broad emission line profiles (Hα and Hβ) were also analyzed to estimate radial velocities. A three-component model was applied, demonstrating a better statistical fit to the observed data, indicating a complex structure and dynamics within the galaxy’s Broad Line Region (BLR).; (3) Results: The main results of the study show that from 2018 to 2024, the brightness of NGC 3516 varied with amplitudes of ΔB=0.35 mag, ΔV=0.18 mag, ΔR=0.20 mag. An increase in brightness was observed in April 2020, likely associated with an X-ray flare detected simultaneously. Spectroscopic observations revealed a gradual weakening of the Hγλ4340 Å emission line starting from mid-2023. Narrow emission lines of [FeII] λ4814.53 Å and [FeVII] λ6087 Å were detected, indicating an active phase of the galaxy in May 2020. Photometric observations also revealed an increase in the object’s brightness in 2020. These observations suggest intriguing changes in the object’s activity, potentially indicating luminosity and chemical composition dynamics over the observed period. For the broad Hα line profile in the spectrum of NGC 3516, obtained with the AZT-8 on April 20, 2020, the radial velocity v=981−20+19 km/s. The radial velocity for the Hβ profile was 937−576+584 km/s; (4) Conclusions: Long-term observations of NGC 3516 have revealed significant changes in its luminosity and spectral characteristics, suggesting dynamic processes within the active nucleus of the galaxy. The observed variability in the broad emission line profiles could be linked to processes within the Broad Line Region (BLR) interacting with the SMBH and surrounding matter. These results may help in a more accurate estimation of the SMBH mass and provide deeper insights into the dynamics and evolution of active Seyfert galaxies.

Abstract: Coupling superconducting (SC) contacts to light-emitting layers can lead to remarkable effects, as seen in inorganic quantum-well LEDs with superconducting contacts, where an enhancement in radiative recombination was observed. Additional dramatic effects were theorized if both electrodes are SC, such as correlated emission and 2-photon entanglement. Motivated by this and by the question if proximity induced SC is possible in organic light emitting materials, we studied the electronic properties of stacked SC-organic-SC devices. Our structures consisted of Nb (bottom) and NbN (top) SC electrodes and a spin-coated light emitting semiconductor polymer, MEH-PPV. Sputtering the SC directly on the polymer causes pinhole, which we prevent by ultra-slow deposition of a 5 nm aluminum film, before depositing the top SC in-situ. The Al protects the organic film from damage and pinhole formation, while preserving SC in the top electrodes due to proximity effect between Al and NbN. Electrical transport measurements of the completed junctions indicate that indeed, the top and bottom contacts are superconducting and the protected MEH-PPV layer is pinhole-free, as supported by HR-TEM and EDS. Most important, we find that as the temperature is decreased below the critical temperature of the SCs, the device shows evidence for proximity effect in the MEH-PPV and for a Josephson effect in the device.

Abstract: The Hypergeometrical Universe Theory (HU) introduces a novel model of the universe and matter, fundamentally altering our understanding of cosmology, quantum mechanics, and classical forces. Central to HU is the concept of the Fundamental Dilator (FD), a quantum mechanical wave generator responsible for shaping space through metric waves. HU posits that all particles are polymers of FDs, existing as shapeshifting space deformation solitons spinning in 4D and traveling at the speed of light along a hyperspherical locus in a 4D spatial manifold. This model redefines matter and replaces conventional particle-wave dualism with the Quantum Trinity of the FD, the dilaton field, and the Quantum Lagrangian Principle (QLP). HU reinterprets spacetime as a mere proxy for events occurring in a 4D spatial manifold, introducing an absolute 4D reference frame and reinterpreting Lorentz transformations in reciprocal space. So, HU replaces all the discussion on metric, spacetime with rotation matrices in a 4D spatial manifold affecting not space but 4D k-vectors. In HU, forces are carried by the dilation field (4D metric waves). Waves’ 4D k-vectors transform according to Lorentz transformations. So, HU solves the dynamics problem in the inertial frame and then reverts the solution to the Absolute Reference frame. By doing so, HU derives the Laws of Nature from first principles and resolves fundamental issues in cosmology, dismissing the need for dark matter, dark energy, and inflation . The theory explains the horizon problem with an initial hyperspherical uniform mass distribution and galaxy dynamics with idiosyncratic mass distributions while showing that time dilation is an artifact of diminishing forces as absolute velocities approach the speed of light. One of HU's significant contributions is the derivation of the laws of gravitation and electromagnetism, demonstrating that both follow the same Lorentz force format. The radial dependence of gravitational forces is shown to be a consequence of reference frame selection, such as one centered on the Sun, where radial symmetry dictates the force's behavior. This revolutionary insight has profound implications for electrodynamics, promising to transform the design of magnetic bottles, stellarators, tokamaks, and space propulsion technologies. Additionally, HU interprets gravitation as a Van der Waals force, where the carrier dilaton field oscillates at a frequency of 1E24 Hertz. This high-frequency process leads to the dynamic screening of gravitational effects, unifying gravitation and electromagnetism. The theory also facilitates non-perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (HU-QCD) by mapping its particle model to the Pati-Salam SU(4) GUT model and eliminating the need for an integral functional in the Lagrangian Principle through the use of the Quantum Lagrangian Principle (QLP). Lastly, HU addresses and resolves the Faint Sun Paradox, the Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curve Conundrum, the Early Galaxy Formation Conundrum, the HyperBright Early Galaxies Conundrum, the Cylindrical Galaxy Conundrum (JWST observations) which will be presented in forthcoming work.

Abstract: Today's Lambda Cold Dark Mater (ΛCMD) cosmology model is in crisis and requires a new Kuhn paradigm. This new paradigm is presented here, analogous to shift from geocentric to a heliocentric system. All our cosmological measurements are measurements INSIDE (IN) the universe, not OUTSIDE (OUT) of space-time. This is not a trivial observation, because (IN) measurements gives a distorted picture of a simpler, true (OUT) cosmology. ΛCDM cosmology is a distorted internal view of the (OUT) spherical, linearly expanding universe using Brans-Dicke's theory generalization: Self Creating Cosmology (SCC). This (OUT) SCC model reproduces (IN) ΛCDM cosmology parameters: the ratio of matter to dark energy, the equation of the dark energy state, the time of dark energy dominance, and the value of today's acceleration. In SCC cosmology model Ωk = (-1/12), but like some cosmic “mimicry” a spherical universe “pretends” to be flat from INSIDE view. The predicted theoretical ratio of radial to transverse distance is 1.0847 for z = 1089.8, compared to experimental ratio H0(SNe)/H0(CMB) = 1.0858 ± 0.0127. This same ratio solves the S8 tension. The unexpectedly early appearance of various structures detected by JWST for large redshift is caused by incorrectly determined relation of t(z).

Abstract:

A covariant classical theory of gravity is given assuming absolute flat spacetime and the strong equivalence principle (SEP). It is shown that adherence to these postulates requires that the gravitational field “dimensionally perturb” all physical objects at a location universally. Such perturbations are referred to as “gravity shifts,” and it is found that all gravitational phenomena may be given in terms of them. Two classes of observers emerge in “gravity shift theory”—“natural observers” using gravity shifted instruments as is, and “absolute observers” that correct for the gravity shifting applied to instruments. Absolute observers accurately measure quantities, including the absolute spacetime metric as it actually is. Natural observers do not accurately measure quantities, but their system of measurement is observationally consistent, yielding a curved “natural metric” to characterize spacetime. When a local gravitational system is surrounded by a “background system” with negligible curvature effects, its gravity shifting induces a diffeomorphism applied to the local system, yielding satisfaction of the SEP for natural observers. Using the naturally observed inertial form of physical law in free-fall frames, covariant formulation in all coordinates establishes the natural metric as the universally coupled “gravitational metric” in physical law. The unique field equation determining gravity shifts, and therefore the natural metric, is developed. The resultant bimetric theory is parameterless, complete, and self-consistent. The field equation yields the observed post-Newtonian natural metric and linearizes to the predictive linearized Einstein equation, which, along with SEP satisfaction, results in successful prediction of a wide variety of observed gravitational phenomena. A supplement is provided that extends the range of predictions to include low post-Newtonian order radiation cases, and also the strong-field cases consisting of the properties of black and neutron stars plus any nearby matter and light, where in all cases, the predictions are shown to be consistent with observations.