Assessing the quality of corn seeds necessitates evaluating their content of water, fat, protein, and starch. This study integrates hyperspectral imaging technology with chemometric analysis techniques to achieve non-invasive and rapid detection of multiple key components in corn seeds. Hyperspectral images of the embryo surface of maize seeds were collected within the wavelength range of 1100~2498nm. Subsequently, image segmentation techniques were applied to extract the germ structure of the corn seeds as the region of interest. Seven spectral data preprocessing algorithms were employed, and the Detrending Transformation (DT) algorithm was identified as the optimal preprocessing method through comparative analysis using the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) model. To reduce spectral redundancy and streamline the prediction model, three algorithms were employed for characteristic wavelength extraction: Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA), Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS), and Uninformative Variable Elimination (UVE). Using both the original spectra and the extracted characteristic wavelengths, four content detection models were constructed: PLSR, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM). The experimental results demonstrate that the DT-CARS-LSSVM model exhibits exceptional accuracy and stability in predicting these four key components, with determination coefficients of 0.9877, 0.9344, 0.9827, and 0.9592, respectively. This study not only provides a scientific basis for evaluating the quality of corn seeds but also opens up new avenues for the development of non-invasive detection technology in related fields.

The increasing frequency and severity of phytoplankton blooms worldwide highlight the need for advancements in monitoring technologies. Optical remote sensors, such as Landsat, have proven to be a cost-effective method for large-scale, near-real-time assessments of phytoplankton biomass in lakes. However, its effectiveness is often compromised by atmospheric interferences like clouds, dust, and wildfire smoke, which can obscure the clear-sky conditions essential for accurate remote sensing. While partial atmospheric correction (removing only the Rayleigh effect) is commonly applied to address these interferences, it remains inadequate for mitigating the impact of wildfire smoke. This study investigates the potential of Landsat's coastal/aerosol band (B1) for assessing wildfire smoke interference effects on Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) retrieval models, which serve as proxies for phytoplankton biomass. We employed cluster analysis of B1 values to create a screening system based on aerosol reflectance, categorizing smoke interference into low, moderate, and high levels. Subsequently, we applied both partial (Rayleigh-corrected reflectance) and full (Landsat 8 Level 2 surface reflectance) atmospheric corrections before developing the Chl-a retrieval models. Excluding high wildfire smoke interference (B1 > 0.07) from the Chl-a calibration dataset significantly enhanced model performance, increasing the r-squared value from approximately 0.55 to 0.80. Moderate smoke interference (0.05 < B1 < 0.07) yielded results comparable to low-interference conditions. Notably, Rayleigh-corrected reflectance, even without additional aerosol band filtering, achieved higher r-squared values for the Chl-a retrieval model than full atmospheric correction. B1 thus proves to be a valuable tool for identifying low smoke-impacted observations, offering an effective method to monitor phytoplankton biomass amid increasing wildfire activity and improving the capacity to monitor aquatic environments in a changing global landscape.

This study analyzes future hydrological droughts in LCKW using the SWAT model and data from 2010-2021, evaluating the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) for 5, 10, 25, and 50-year return periods (RP) for 2029 and 2039 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The model shows high accuracy (R² = 0.82, NSE = 0.78). Under RCP4.5, streamflow may increase by 34.74% and 18.74%, while RCP8.5 predicts significant decreases of 37.06% and 55.84%. Historical data reveal frequent short-term droughts during SDI-3, notably in 2014–2016 and 2020–2021, with SDI-6 indicating less frequent but severe droughts, especially in 2015 and 2020. Future projections under RCP8.5 suggest wors-ening drought conditions in 2029 and 2039, with critical drought periods from January to April and November. Wavelet analysis indicates a high risk of severe hydrological drought in LCKW due to low annual recurrence rates, with the highest drought severity over a 50-year RP. The study high-lights an increasing likelihood of frequent and severe droughts, particularly under high emission scenarios such as RCP8.5, which could result in significant water shortages and ecosystem disrup-tions. It emphasizes the significance of adaptive water resource management strategies in mitigating negative impacts on water security and ecosystem health.

Delaying the onset of laminar-turbulent transition is an attractive method in reducing skin friction drag, especially on streamlined bodies where Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities are the dominating mechanism for transition. Miniature vortex generators (MVGs) offer an effective approach to attenuate these instabilities by generating counter-rotating vortex pairs. They are placed in pairs within an array and resemble small winglet-type elements. The conventional methodology involves adjusting MVG parameters and conducting computationally expensive DNS and/or downstream stability analyses to assess their effectiveness. However, analyzing the vortex parameters of MVG-generated vortices can potentially guide a more targeted approach in modifying MVG parameters and identifying critical factors for transition delay. Therefore, this study investigates changes in three primary MVG parameters, namely inner distance, periodicity and height, and utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to create a dataset that examines the characteristics of the generated counter-rotating vortex pairs and their potential in drag reduction. The objective is to establish correlations among these parameters and their influence on delaying transition.

Big Data and blockchain technology are coming together to revolutionize how decisions are made in a decentralized way across various industries. This review looks at how these technologies, along with distributed systems, can improve data security, transparency, and real-time processing, making decision-making more efficient and informed. The integration enhances data security with unchangeable records, increases transparency and traceability, and supports real-time data analysis. However, there are challenges to overcome, including scalability, data privacy, interoperability, regulatory compliance, and high costs. By examining case studies such as Estonia's healthcare system, IBM and Walmart's Food Trust, and the Brooklyn Microgrid project, we explore the practical applications and benefits of combining Big Data with blockchain. Despite these hurdles, the review finds that the ongoing advancements and innovative solutions in these technologies offer significant promise. They are set to drive the adoption and effectiveness of decentralized decision-making, ultimately leading to better efficiency and outcomes across multiple sectors.

Silicon carbide particle-reinforced aluminum matrix (SiCp/Al) composites are significant lightweight metal matrix composites extensively utilized in precision instruments and aerospace sectors. Nevertheless, the inclusion of rigid SiC particles exacerbates tool wear in mechanical machining, resulting in a decline in the quality of surface finish. This work undertakes a comprehensive investigation into the problem of tool wear in SiCp/Al composite materials throughout the machining process. Initially, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to analyze the effects of cutting velocity vc, feed per tooth fz, milling depth ap, and milling width ae on tool wear during high-speed milling under SCCO2-MQL (Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Minimum Quantity Lubrication) ultrasonic vibration conditions. Furthermore, a prediction model for tool wear was developed by employing the orthogonal test method and multiple linear regression. The model's relevance and accuracy were confirmed using F-tests and t-tests. Ultimately, through the utilization of a genetic algorithm, the milling parameters were optimized, resulting in the identification of the most optimal combination of parameters. Empirical findings suggest that the careful selection of milling parameters can significantly mitigate tool wear, extend the lifespan of the tool, and enhance the quality of the surface. This work serves as a significant point of reference for the processing of SiCp/Al composite materials.

L-gulonolactone oxidase enzyme (GULO) catalyzes the last step of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) biosynthesis. This enzymatic activity is lost in primates. The full-length rat GULO has been previously produced in plants and demonstrated to be active. In this study, we compare activity of two variants of GULO produced in Escheriachia coli cells, full-length rat GULO (fGULO) and its C-terminal catalytic domain (cGULO). The expression and purification of the recombinant proteins were optimised and their biological activity was confirmed by two methods, the GULO activity assay in the protein extracts and the ‘in-gel’ staining for GULO activity. Both variants of recombinant GULO were biologically active in both assays. However, cGULO is more promising than fGULO for ascorbic acid production because it is more efficiently produced by bacteria.

It is of great academic significance to understand how the atomic structure of interfaces and boundaries in materials impacts the magnetic coupling nature across the boundaries and encourage development of state-of-the-art magnetic devices. Here, we carry out a systematic investigation of the atomic and electronic structures of twin boundaries (TBs) in LiFe5O8 thin films and determine their concurrent magnetic couplings using atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomistic first-principles calculations. The results show ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic coupling can exist across the different TBs in LiFe5O8 (LFO) thin films and electrical structures within a few atomic layers directly rely on the TB atomic core structures. Uncovering one-to-one relationship between the magnetic properties of individual TB and the local atomic structures will clarify a thorough comprehension of numerous fascinating magnetic properties of commonly utilized magnetic materials, which will undoubtedly encourage the progress of sophisticated magnetic materials and devices.

Dairy farming dates to the early Neolithic era in Europe, Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Over time, the industry has evolved from small ranches and farmhouses milk processing units to large, intensive dairy farms and big, high-tech processing units. Despite the industry’s contribution to the economy and food production, multiple studies have tainted cattle farming as a main contributor to climate change. This study explores literature in dairy farming and sustainable development goals (SDGs) to identify current scholarly developments since the formulation and adoption of SDGs in 2015 and themes for future research. This paper argues that dairy animals are not the source of sustainability shortfalls as depicted by multiple scholarly articles, but human processes associated with dairy farming. Data was analyzed using R package, Excel, NVIVO, and VoS Viewer. A review of literature shows that dairy farming and its contribution to sustainability has gained more intensive scientific interest since 2015. Moreover, livestock management, feed production and management, stakeholder’s management, logistics and supply chain management, and waste management are the sources of environmental adversities associated with dairy farming. Notably, these are human processes developed from commercialization of dairy farming and involve multiple stakeholders across the supply chain. While solutions are embedded within these processes, innovation emerges as a key driver of sustainability and source of opportunities to strengthen sustainability in dairy farming sector and achieve the sustainable development goals.

Background: Despite advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over the last few decades, treatment opportunities for patients with HCC remain limited. HCC is the most common form of liver cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases worldwide. Moreover, apart from the current pharmacological interventions, hepatic resection and liver transplantation are the mainstay curative approaches for patients with HCC. Methods: This systematic review included phase I, II, III, and IV clinical trials (CTs) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on current treatments for patients with HCC in an Asian population (2013–2023). A total of 427 articles were screened, and 184 non-duplicate publications were identified. After screening titles and abstracts, 96 publications were excluded, and another 28 were excluded after full-text screening. The remaining 60 eligible RCTs/CTs were finally included. Results: Sixty clinical trials fulfilled our inclusion criteria and screened 36 drugs as monotherapy or combination therapy for HCC. Most studies used sorafenib alone or in combination with any of the treatment regimens. Lenvatinib or atezolizumab with bevacizumab was used for HCC after initial sorafenib treatment. Eighteen studies compared the efficacy of sorafenib with that of other drugs, including lenvatinib, cabozantinib, tepotinib, tigatuzumab, linifanib, erlotinib, resminostat, brivanib, tislelizumab, selumetinib, and refametinib. Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive insights into effective treatment interventions for HCC in Asian populations. The overall assessment indicated that sorafenib alone or in combination with atezolizumab and bevacizumab has been the first treatment choice in the past decade to achieve better outcomes in patients with HCC in an Asian population

As a precious natural resource, forests are being destroyed. In previous studies, there is a lack of interactive assessment of its distribution that comprehensively considers multiple external disturbances. This paper takes the Barcelona Metropolitan Region as an example. Based on remote sensing, it analyzes the development process of the forest from 2006 to 2018 through multiple landscape indicators, and OLS models were established to analyze variables that have direct and indirect effects on forest distribution. In addition, the ecological structure of the forest was analyzed based on NDVI. It was found that the forest area is the largest but has been decreasing, becoming more complex in distribution structure. Much of the forest was converted to agricultural land and grassland. The green quality of forests was increasing, and the broad-leaved forest, the second largest area, contributes the most. NDVI is the most important positively correlated variable, and daytime surface temperature is an important inverse factor related to NDVI. In addition, NDBI is also a negative condition that inhibits forest development. In conclusion: The BMR forest area is decreasing and becoming more fragmented. NDVI and daytime LST are the two most significant factors. Climate warming may lead to worse forest development.

The movement of liquid droplets on the energy gradient surface has attracted extensive attention. Inspired by biological features in nature, such as the periodic spindle-shaped nodes in spider silks and conical-like barbs of cacti, the structure-property-function relationship of multifunctional gradient surfaces. In this study, a series of specific patterns are fabricated by 3D printing technology, followed by modification via the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment and liquid phase chemical deposition, resulting in enhancing the ability of water droplets of 5μL to travel 18.47mm on a horizontal plane and 22.75mm against gravity up to 20° tilting angle. Additionally, analysis techniques have been employed including contact angle analyzer, ESCA and laser confocal microscope to evaluate the sample performance. This work could further be applied to many applications related to microfluidic devices, drug delivery and water/fog collection.

Carotenoids are common and diverse organic compounds with various functional roles in ani-mals. Except for certain aphids, mites, and gall midges, all animals acquire necessary carotenoids only through their diet. The House fly (Musca domestica) is a cosmopolitan pest insect that populates diverse habitats. Its larvae feed on organic substrates that may vary in carotenoid composition according to their specific content. We hypothesized that the carotenoid composition in the adult House fly’s body would reflect its composition in the larval feed. We reared house fly larvae on substrates that differed in carotenoid composition and characterized the carotenoid composition of the emerging adults. Our results indicate that the carotenoid composition of adult House flies is related to the carotenoid composition in its natal substrate, but does not directly reflect it. We suggest that these findings may be developed to identify sources of House fly in-festations. We also recommend that care should be taken when considering the rearing substrates of House fly larvae used for animal feed.

Short video addiction refers to a psychological dependency on short video applications, characterized by an intense attachment and an inability to control usage, leading to typical addiction symptoms. While its definition bears similarities to substance addiction, significant differences also exist. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published in 2013, short video addiction has not yet been officially classified as an addiction disorder. To facilitate more in-depth and standardized research on short video addiction, it is essential to synthesize and organize existing studies on its theoretical foundations and mechanisms.

The spread of fake news poses a serious threat to public trust and informed decision-making. The emergence of AI-generated fake news exacerbates this issue, as it can be produced more rapidly and convincingly than human-generated content. Addressing this issue, our paper introduces a robust approach to detect AI-generated fake news that is applicable across major disinformation domains: Politics and Elections, Health and Medicine, Science and Technology, and Entertainment and Celebrities. Our models differentiate between AI-generated and human-generated news articles while assessing their truthfulness. Utilizing large language models such as ChatGPT, we curated datasets spanning both AI and human generated fake and genuine news. Following extensive data preprocessing and the application of diverse feature extraction techniques, our models were trained using multiple machine learning algorithms. Our results show the feasibility of accurately identifying AI-generated fake news, thereby adding a significant layer of defense in combating misinformation across various sectors. In addition, we have explored the potential utility of transferable machine learning models trained on data from one domain (e.g., politics), when tested on another domain (e.g., health).

The Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most widely grown horticultural crop in the world and is important for the economy of many countries. In the wine production chain, grape varieties play an important role as they directly influence the authenticity and classification of the product. Identifying the different grape varieties is therefore fundamental for quality control and inspection activities, as well as for regulating production. Currently, ampelography and molecular analysis are the main approaches to identifying grape varieties. However, both methods have limitations. Ampelography is subjective and prone to errors and is experiencing enormous difficulties as ampelographers are increasingly scarce. On the other hand, molecular analyses are very demanding in terms of cost and time. In this scenario, Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) methods have emerged as a classification alternative to deal with the scarcity of ampelographs and avoid molecular analyses. In this study, the most recent and current methods for identifying grapevine varieties using DL classification-based approaches are presented through a systematic literature review. The classification pipeline of the 31 studies found in the literature was described, highlighting its pros and cons. Most of the studies used DL-based models trained with leaf images acquired in a controlled environment at a maximum distance of 1.2 metres to classify grape varieties. In addition, there is a large gap between practical applications and the datasets used: a great lack of varieties, limited data acquired in the field and a lack of tests on plants under adverse conditions. Potential directions for improving this area of research were also presented.

Residential segregation refers to the phenomenon where people of different socioeconomic backgrounds live in spatially separated areas. It is essential to ensure equitable access to urban amenities for all residents in pursuit of the normative values in urban planning. To achieve this planning goal, the disparity in accessibility to urban amenities needs to be appropriately diagnosed. Private apartments and public rental apartments are representative types of residences where residential segregation is likely to occur in the context of South Korea, since these two types show considerable differences in the education, income, and occupations. The objective of this study is to develop an analysis framework for diagnosing the difference in accessibility to urban amenities between the two residential types, and to empirically demonstrate their utility in the planning process. The empirical analysis conducted on Seoul revealed that not only were there significant local variations in accessibility between the two segregated residential areas, but the overall differences across the entire area were also pronounced. The proposed framework is useful in supporting decision-making processes for locating new public facilities or identifying regional priorities for guiding the placement of private amenities, with the aim of mitigating differences between segregated residential areas.

Smart City has emerged as the mainstream paradigm for urban governance innovation, sustainable development, and strategy upgrades, which is drawing attention from scholars worldwide. However, current frameworks for Smart City assessment remain incomplete and simplistic. In is paper, 30 national or provincial capitals in China were selected and we designed a tri-dimensional SPI model—Social, Physical, and Information Space—for smart city spatial development assessment. Utilizing methods such as entropy weighting, coupled coordination degree models, and the Dagum Gini coefficient, this study assesses the spatial development and coupled coordination of 30 cities from 2011 to 2019. Finally, by means of BP neural networks, the study examines the contribution of each indicator to the spatial coupled coordination. The results indicated that with a narrowing disparity in development speeds among different regions, the spatial coupled coordination development level of smart capitals in China has steadily increased, presenting a pattern of staggered distribution. Moreover, the IS subsystem plays the most significant role in coupled coordination. The significance of this research lies in its tri-dimensional spatial perspective of the spatial development and coupled coordination differences of the Smart City, providing evidence-based support for the regional layout and optimization in China.

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia whose prevalence rises with age and is linked to increased morbidity and mortality due to the risk of thromboembolism. Management typically involves anticoagulation and rhythm control, but the treatment of elderly patients with multiple comorbidities requires careful consideration of drug side effects and interactions. Cibenzoline, a Vaughan-Williams class IA antiarrhythmic, is effective against AF but has risks of toxicity, especially in older people and those with renal impairment, due to its renal excretion and prolonged half-life in these populations. Discussion: This paper presents a case of an 80-year-old woman with paroxysmal AF who suffered cardiac arrest due to cibenzoline toxicity despite receiving standard adjusted dosages. The patient's cibenzoline blood concentration was significantly higher than the therapeutic range, leading to cardiotoxicity, which was exacerbated by drug interactions with bisoprolol and edoxaban, both metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) successfully managed the cardiac arrest. This case emphasizes the unpredictable pharmacokinetics of cibenzoline in elderly patients with renal impairment and the need for vigilant therapeutic drug monitoring to avoid adverse events. Conclusions: Cibenzoline can pose a significant risk of severe toxicity in elderly patients with renal impairment, and drug interactions may potentiate this risk. The paper underscores the importance of careful dose adjustment and monitoring of drug levels in this population. In cases of cibenzoline-induced cardiac arrest, V-A ECMO and IABP are effective treatment modalities. The case study serves as a critical reminder for clinicians to remain vigilant for drug-induced complications and to apply aggressive supportive treatments when necessary.

Pavement crack detection is one of the key links in highway pavement maintenance management. In the current road crack detection, the network model easily ignores the shallow geometric features of cracks and cannot extract the key feature information of cracks. Aiming at the above problems, an EC-YOLOX network model is proposed. The CFPN is constructed to cross-fuse different scale features to solve the feature scale invariance. In the strengthen feature extraction layer, ECANet is fused to enhance the ability to pay attention to key information. The WEIoU loss function is proposed, which assigns different penalty terms to the target box in the vertical and horizontal directions. In terms of data, geometric distortion constraint correction is performed on the single-point perspective pavement image. The experimental data show that the accuracy of EC-YOLOX on the self-built data set reaches 76.34% mAP@0.5, which is 4.45% higher than that of YOLOX. The loss curve of EC-YOLOX is smoother than that of YOLOX, and the minimum training loss value is 2.136, which is 0.648 lower than the minimum loss value 2.784 of YOLOX. Many experiments have verified the effectiveness of EC-YOLOX in improving the detection effect in pavement crack detection.

The Food and Drug Administration’s 2011 Process Validation Guidance and International Council for Harmonization Quality Guidelines recommend continued process verification (CPV) as a mandatory requirement for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, and other regulated industries. As a part of product life cycle management, after process characterization in stage 1 and process qualification and validation in stage-2, CPV is performed as stage-3 validation during commercial manufacturing. CPV ensures that the process continues to remain within a validated state. CPV requires the collection and analysis of data related to critical quality attributes, critical material attributes, and critical process parameters on a minimum basis. Data is then used to elucidate process control regarding the capability to meet predefined specifications and stability via statistical process control tools. In statistical process control, control charts and Nelson rules are commonly used throughout the industry to monitor and trend data to ensure that a process remains in control. In the control chart, the mean value is taken as the center line, and 3σ limits are placed on either side of the center line. In CPV, manufactured lots are summarized, trended, and discussed at a cross-functional level at pre-defined intervals (either weekly, bi-weekly, or even monthly) based on the batch run rate. A cross-functional team assesses details regarding 1) violation frequency, 2) statistical strength of the signal, 3) violation magnitude and its impact on process or quality, and 4) any potential root causes for out-of-expectation or out-of-trend signals. The cross-functional team must analyze whether any signal identified by the control chart is reliable and must determine whether corrective action should be taken and justify the decision in the CPV meeting minutes based on statistical strength and reliability of the signal. However, basic control charts are susceptible to false alarms and nuisance alarms. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the assumptions behind control charts and the inherent false alarm rates for different Nelson rules. In this article, the authors have detailed the assumptions behind the usage of control charts, the rate of false alarms for different Nelson rules, the impact of skewness and kurtosis of a data distribution on the false alarm rate, and methods for optimizing control chart design by reducing false alarm rates and nuisance signals.

Grain quality, cooking quality and nutritional quality traits are some of the major attributes that enhance uptake and utilisation of improved cowpea varieties. Therefore, there is need for a better understanding of the genetic variation and inter-relationships among these quality traits in cowpea to integrate them in cowpea breeding programs. The study was conducted to determine genetic variability among 306 cowpea genotypes for grain quality, cooking quality and nutritional quality traits and to understand the interrelationships among these traits for exploitation in breeding programs. The results showed highly significant differences (P

To assure the opacity, an optimal problem is to retain the occurring events sequences as many as possible. Contrary to such problem, the other optimal problem is to preserve the minimal occurring events sequences. In the paper, based on the choosing cost, an optimal opacity-enforcing model is presented to minimize the sum of discount choosing cost, which is not only to preserve the opacity, but also to retain the secret to the maximum. To solve the model, two scenarios on opacity are considered. For the two scenarios, some algorithms are presented to achieve the optimal solution for the model by using the method of dynamic programming. And then, the solutions produced by the algorithms are proved correctly by theoretical proof. Finally, some illustrations for the algorithms are given.

Oilseed plants of the Brassicaceae plant family are cultivated for food, feed and industrial purposes on large-scale in Europe. This review gives an overview of current market-oriented applications of new genomic techniques (NGTs) in relevant Brassicaceae oilseed crops based on a literature survey. In this respect, changes in oil quality, yield, growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are goals in oilseed rape (B. napus) and camelina (C. sativa). Environmental risk assessment scenarios are developed for specific NGT applications in Brassicaceae oilseed crops with either a changed oil composition or with fitness related traits. In case of a changed oil composition an increase or decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) demonstrates risks for health and survival of pollinators. In case of fitness related traits other risks were identified, i. e. an increased risk of spread and persistence of NGT plants. Furthermore, there are indications for potential disturbance of interactions with the environment, involving signalling pathways and reaction to stress conditions. It is shown that for a comprehensive risk assessment the technological potential of NGTs, the plants’ biology and the scale of releases have to be considered in combination. Therefore, the release of NGT plants into the environment for agricultural purposes will require risk assessment and monitoring of single traits as well as of combinatorial and long-term cumulative effects. In addition, risk management should develop concepts and measures to control and potentially restrict the scale of releases. This is especially relevant for NGT Brassicaceae in Europe which is a centre of diversity of this plant family.

Background. The Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ) is widely used to measure functional ability in persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). The instrument was developed with limited involvement from persons with RA, and their perception of the instrument has not been studied in depth. The aim of this study was to explore how persons with RA experience the use of the HAQ in care. Methods. Forty persons with RA were purposefully recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were then analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. Results. The participants questioned the relevance of the HAQ but nevertheless experienced that the instrument had a profound effect on their understanding of health and how care is delivered. The analysis resulted in three themes: Problems with individual items, meaning of the summative score, and effects on care and health perceptions. Conclusions. To make the HAQ relevant to persons with RA, it needs to be revised or to include an option to select items most meaningful to the respondent. To ensure relevance, the HAQ update should preferably be co-created by researchers, clinicians and persons with RA.

Urban rail transit hub platform is the most important area for passenger flow distribution. In order to calculate passenger flow volume in platform and evaluate platform service level during rush hours, this paper presents a method for modeling and simulation of passenger flow distribution in platform. Passenger flow distribution model (PFDM) is proposed based on the basic analysis and the superposition principle of passenger flow. Simulation design for PFDM is proposed by Anylogic, which contains simulation process and simulation model. Experiment results show that PFDM and simulation design are effective and accordant with the reality scenario, and the simulation precision is comparatively ideal. This research could provide a beneficial reference for train scheduling and operation management under the viewpoint of traffic safety and service level.

Recycling waste products is an environmental-friendly activity that can bring benefits to accompany, saving manufacturing costs and improving economic efficiency. For the beer industry, recycling bottles can reduce manufacturing costs and reduce the industry's carbon footprint. This paper presents a model for a multi-objective collection-distribution center location and allocation problem in a closed loop supply chain for the beer industry, in which the objective is to minimize total costs and transportation pollution. Uncertainties in the form of randomness and fuzziness are jointly handled in this paper to ensure a more practical problem solution, for which returned bottle sand unusable bottles are considered fuzzy random variables. A heuristic algorithm based on priority-based global-local-neighbor particle swarm optimization (pb-glnPSO) is applied to ensure reliable solutions for this NP-hard problem. A case study on a beer operation company is conducted to illustrate the application of the proposed model and demonstrate the priority-based global-local-neighbor particle swarm optimization.

Background: Acute kidney disease (AKD) is a known risk factor for increased mortality and evolution towards chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults. The data regarding children are scarce. The purpose of our study is to explore the risk factor for AKD and impact of AKD following an acute kidney injury (AKI) episode in children on mortality and new-onset CKD. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 736 children with ages between 2 and 18 years old with AKI admitted in a tertiary care hospital from the west Romania over a 9 years period. Results: AKD incidence following AKI was 17%. Patients that developed AKD were older, with higher baseline serum creatinine values, urea, C reactive protein and lower proteins, haemoglobin and sodium. They were more often exposed to sepsis, critical illness and nephrotoxic medications and presented certain susceptibilities like CKD, neoplasia, anemia, heart failure, arterial hypertension, stem cell transplant and female gender. AKI causes that increased the risk of AKD were intrinsic ones. AKD increased the overall mortality by three times. The factors that independently increased the risk of evolution towards CKD were AKD, acute tubular necrosis and higher baseline serum creatinine values. Conclusions: AKD is an independent risk factor for mortality and new-onset CKD in children.

Adolescents most often experience mild acute COVID-19 but may still face fatigue and persistent symptoms such as post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) and post-infective fatigue syndrome (PIFS). We explored the fecal microbiota in a prospective controlled cohort of 136 non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-positive and 32 SARS-CoV-2-negative controls aged 12–25 years. With a targeted qPCR approach, the quantities of 100 fecal bacterial taxa were measured at baseline (early convalescent stage) and after six months. Results: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii M21.2 and Gemmiger formicilis (both p<0.001) were enriched in the SARS-CoV-2-positive participants compared to controls at baseline. Lower baseline abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii M21/2 (p=0.013) and higher abundance of Clostridium spiroforme (p=0.006), Sutterella wadsworthensis (p<0.001) and Streptococcus thermophilus (p=0.039) were associated with six-month fatigue. Sutterella wadsworthensis and Streptococcus thermophilus enrichment was additionally associated with PCC in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group (p<0.001 and 0.042 respectively). Conclusions: In mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in adolescents and young adults, beneficial Faecalibacterium prausnitzii M21/2 and Gemmiger formicilis were enriched compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative controls. Additionally, both known (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Streptococcus thermophilus) and new (Clostridium spiroforme, Sutterella wadsworthensis) bacteria were associated with persistent symptoms in the COVID-19 infected group, warranting further exploration of the role of these bacteria in COVID-19 disease and PCC pathophysiology.

Genetic transformation is a critical tool for gene manipulation and functional analyses in plants, enabling the exploration of key phenotypes and agronomic traits at the genetic level. While dicotyledonous plants offer various tissues for in vitro culture and transformation, monocotyledonous plants, such as rice, have limited options. This study presents an efficient method for genetically transforming rice (Oryza sativa L.) using seed-derived embryogenic calli as explants. Two target genes were utilized to assess regeneration efficiency: green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and the apple FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like gene (MdFT1). Antisense MdFT1 was cloned into a vector controlled by the rice α-amylase 3D (Ramy3D) promoter, while eGFP was fused to Cas9 under the Ubi promoter. These vectors were introduced separately into rice embryogenic calli from two Korean cultivars using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic seedlings were successfully regenerated via hygromycin selection using an in vitro cultivation system. PCR confirmed stable transgene integration in the transgenic calli and their progeny. Fluorescence microscopy revealed eGFP expression, and antisense MdFT1-expressing lines exhibited notable phenotypic changes, including variations in plant height and grain quality. This study demonstrated the effective use of seed-derived embryogenic calli for rice transformation, offering a promising approach for developing transgenic plants in monocot species.

Current agriculture intensifies crop cultivation to meet food demand, leading to unsustainable use of chemical fertilizers. This study investigates a few physiological and agronomic responses of common wheat following the inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce nitrogen inputs. A field trial was conducted in 2022-23, in Legnago (Verona, Italy) on Triticum aestivum var. LG-Auriga comparing full (180 kg ha-1) and reduced (130 kg ha-1) N doses, both with and without foliar application at end tillering of the N-fixing bacterium Methylobacterium symbioticum. Biofertilization did not improve shoot growth, while it seldom increased root length density in the arable layer. It delayed leaf senescence, prolonged photosynthetic activity, amplified stomatal conductance and PSII efficiency under reduced N dose. Appreciable ACC-deaminase activity of such bacterium disclosed augmented nitrogen retrieval and reduced ethylene production, explaining ameliorated stay-green. Yield and testing weight were unaffected by biofertilization, while both glutenin-to-gliadin and HMW-to-LMW ratios increased together with dough tenacity. It is concluded that Methylobacterium symbioticum can amplify nitrogen metabolism at reduced nitrogen dose, offering a viable approach to reduce chemical fertilization under suboptimal growing conditions for achieving a more sustainable agriculture. Further research over multiple growing seasons and soil types is necessary to corroborate these preliminary observations.

The primary objective of this study is to determine the existence of a significant correlation between inflammation levels, as measured by inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and the severity of depressive symptoms assessed using HAM-D assessment scale. This could provide additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that inflammation plays a notable role in the pathogenesis of depression. The data analysis supports the hypothesis that the biological mechanisms of inflammation contributes to the clinical manifestations of depression. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers, especially interleukins (IL6, IL1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been identified in patients with major depressive disorder compared to the findings in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) were measured in a sample of 31 patients hospitalized at the Socola Institute of Psychiatry in Iasi, Romania, and compared to a control group with no psychiatric or inflammatory conditions. One of the main objectives is to determine if there is a significant correlation between inflammation levels, measured by inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and the severity of depressive symptoms assessed using HAM-D scores. Conclusions: The study results suggest a significant correlation between inflammation levels measured by inflammatory markers IL-1β and IL-6 and the severity of depressive symptoms evaluated by HAM-D scores in the study group. These findings support the hypothesis that inflammation may play an important role in the development or exacerbation of depressive symptoms. The relationship between inflammation and depression is also influenced by risk and protective factors that require further research.

Background: The antisense oligonucleotide against APOC3 mRNA volanesorsen was recently introduced to treat Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS). Cases of decreased platelet count are reported among patients treated with volanesorsen. The aim of the study is to evaluate platelet function and thrombin generation (TG) assessment in FCS patients receiving volanesorsen. We performed a cross-sectional study on FCS patients treated with volanesorsen. Methods: changes in PLC were assessed from baseline to Tw12 and Tw36. To assess TG, samples were processed by CAT (with PPP-reagent LOW). The results were expressed by the trombogram graphic (thrombin variation over time); lagTime; Endogenous Thormbin Potential(ETP); peak; time to reach peak(ttpeak), startTail e velocity Index. Platelet aggregation was assessed by testing different agonists using turbidimetry method. Results: Four FCS patients and 4 matched healthy controls were included in the present study. Changes in PLC at Tw12 was 30% and 34% at T36w. Thrombin generation results show values in normal range (for patients and controls respectively lagTime:10,42±4,40 and 9,25±0,99; ttPeak:14,33± 4,01 and 13,10±0,67; startTail:32,13±3,54 and 29,46±1,69; velocityIndex:20,21±3,63 and 33,05±13,21; ETP 599,80±73,47 and 900,2±210,99; peak value 76,84±1,07 and 123,30±39,45) and no significant difference between cases and controls. Platelet aggregation test showed values in range with no significant difference with healthy controls Conclusions: Our study showed for the first time that no significant changes in the general haemostasis assessed by TG and in platelet function have been observed in FCS patients receiving volanesorsen.

In the frame of our diversity-oriented research on multitarget small molecule anticancer agents, utilizing convergent synthetic sequences terminated by Sonogashira coupling reactions, a preliminary selection of representative alkyne-tethered vindoline hybrids was synthesized. The novel hybrids with additional pharmacophoric fragments of well-documented anticancer agents, including FDA-approved tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (imatinib and erlotinib) or ferrocene or chalcone units, were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on malignant cell lines MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer), A2780 (ovarian cancer), HeLa (human cervical cancer) and SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) as well as human embryonal lung fibroblast MRC-5 served as reference non-malignant cell line for the assessment of the therapeutic window of the tested hybrids. The biological assays identified a trimethoxyphenyl-containing chalcone-vindoline hybrid (36) as a promising lead compound exhibiting submicromolar activity on A2780 cells with a marked therapeutic window. These results suggest that ovarian cancer might be considered as a prioritized target of treatment with 36.

This paper presents the work done to transition the lab scale synthesis (1 g) to a large scale (400 g) synthesis of the 3-5-diamino-1H-Pyrazole Disperazol; a new pharmaceutical for treatment of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections. The potentially hazardous diazotisation step in the lab scale synthesis was transformed to a safe and easy to handle flow chemistry step. Additionally, the paper presents an OSHA recommended safety assessment of the active compound E, performed by Fauske and Associates, LLC.

Litsea martabanica root's antioxidant and AChE activity showed promise as a pesticide detoxification agent in our previous study. In addition to roots, its leaves can help mitigate pesticide exposure, although there is limited scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. However, the use of roots in many countries, such as Thailand, could contribute to environmental degradation, as highland communities traditionally cut down whole trees to obtain them. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity and anti-pesticide potential of water extracts from L. martabanica leaves instead of its roots through in vitro and in vivo investigations. The findings showed that L. martabanica water extracts and fractions demonstrated varied antioxidant activity. The water extract, obtained using traditional extraction methods, was chosen for in vivo experiments. Rats received the extract followed by chlorpyrifos exposure for 16 days. Results indicated reduced acetylcholinesterase activity in chlorpyrifos-exposed rats, while treatment with leaf extract led to increased activity, suggesting its potential as a detoxifying agent. Histopathological examination revealed no liver cell necrosis and showed liver cell regeneration, indicating potential protection against free radical-induced liver damage without affecting rat liver weight or biochemical profiles. Utilizing L. martabanica leaves for healthcare purposes holds promise without negative environmental impact.

Titanium alloys belong to the metal biomaterials that are one of the most widely used in medicine. In recent years, in order to reduce the use of vanadium, Ti6Al4V alloy is increasingly replaced by Ti6Al7Nb alloy. In addition, to ensure the best possible biocompatibility, its surface is subjected to appropriate modifications, for example, anodic oxidation. Despite the extensive use of anodic oxidation of titanium implants in orthopedics, there are few works focused on a detailed analysis of the chemical composition of the surface layers. In addition, the effect of treatments before anodic oxidation on the properties of the produced layer has not been analyzed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze in detail the chemical composition of the passive layer of Ti6Al7Nb alloy obtained by anodic oxidation preceded by sandblasting. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the analyzed surface affecting biocompatibility were determined. For this purpose, surface observation, wettability and roughness tests, microhardness tests, electrochemical tests and phase composition analysis were carried out. In addition, the preclinical suitability, of the surface modified in this way, was evaluated by cytotoxicity tests.

Background: Endometriosis is a female chronic inflammatory disease in which endometrial tissue develops outside the uterine cavity. It is a complex pathology, that significantly contributes to morbidity in premenopausal women, leading to chronic pain, infertility, and subfertility negatively impacting the physical, and emotional well-being and overall quality of life. The public health burden of endometriosis remains elusive and challenging to determine, and this uncertainty can lead to inadequate healthcare services and treatments. Objective: To estimate the incidence and prevalence of endometriosis in Italy using the hospital discharge records database. Population-based retrospective study. Nationwide between 2011 and 2020. Methods: From the National Hospital Discharge Database were selected all admissions with a diagnosis of endometriosis (ICD-9-CM, codes 617.x), supported by the presence of a procedure code of laparoscopy or any other surgical procedure allowing direct visualisation of the lesions. Main outcomes measures Incidence and prevalence of endometriosis were estimated for the entire 2010-2020 period and by individual year, analysing the time trend and variability in different geographical areas of Italy. Results: A total of 134,667,646 women aged 15–50 years with one or more hospitalisations for endometriosis in all Italian hospitals. The incidence of endometriosis in Italy during this period was 0.839 per 1000 women (CI95% 0.834-0.844), exhibiting a statistically significant decreasing trend over the years. A discernible north-south gradient was observed, with higher rates documented in the northern regions. The prevalence rate stood at 14.0 per 1000 during the same period, and a similar north-south geographical gradient was identifiable in the prevalence rates as well. Conclusions: The utilization of national-level hospital data enables the generation of incidence and prevalence data for endometriosis without variations in methods and definitions, facilitating the evaluation of temporal trends and regional comparisons. Understanding and quantifying this phenomenon is essential for appropriate healthcare planning in various Italian regions.

Background: The modified Duke index derived from coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) was designed to predict cardiovascular outcomes based on the severity of coronary ste-nosis. However, it does not take into consideration the presence or severity of peri-coronary in-flammation. The peri-coronary fat attenuation index (FAI) is a novel imaging marker determined by CCTA which reflects the degree of inflammation in the coronary tree in patients with coronary artery disease. Purpose: To assess the association between the modified Duke index assessed by CCTA, cardiovascular risk factors and peri-coronary inflammation in the coronary arteries of pa-tients with coronary artery disease. Methods: One hundred seventy-two patients who underwent CCTA for typical angina were assigned into two groups based on the modified Duke index: group 1 – patients with low index ≤ 3 (n=107) and group 2 – patients with high index > 3 (n=65). Demo-graphic, clinical and CCTA data were collected for all patients, and FAI analysis of coronary in-flammation was performed. Results: Patients with increased values of the modified Duke index were significantly older compared to those with a low index (61.83 ± 9.89 vs. 64.78 ± 8.9; p = 0.002). No differences were found between the two groups in terms of gender distribution, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia or smoking history (all p > 0.5). The FAI score was significantly higher in patients from group 2, who presented a significantly higher score of inflammation compared to the patients in group 1, especially at the level of the right coronary artery (FAI score 20.85 ± 15.80 vs. 14.61 ± 16.66; p = 0.01 for the right coronary artery, 13.85 ± 8.04 vs. 10.91 ± 6.5; p = 0.01 for the circumflex artery, and 13.26 ±10.18 vs. 11.37 ± 8.84; p = 0.2 for the left anterior descending artery). CaRi-Heart® analysis identified a significantly higher risk of future events among patients with a high modified Duke index (34.84 % ± 25.86 % versus 16.87 % ± 15.80 %; p

Introduction: The emergency of the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread and its subsequent global pan-demic have raised significant concerns regarding its impact on pregnancy outcomes. This review aims to summarize the emerging data on the risk of preterm delivery in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted from March 2020 to December 2023 using PubMed, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies correlating maternal COVID-19 infection with preterm birth were included. Results: Thirteen studies were analyzed, indicating a higher incidence of preterm birth in SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women compared to controls. The average incidence rate of pre-term birth in infected patients was 18.5%, with a median of 12.75%, while non infected women showed an average incidence of preterm birth of 10% with a median of 8.2%. Discussion: Studies suggest an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and increased risk of preterm birth and cesarean section. Severity of symptoms and underlying comorbidities further elevate this risk. Notably, infections during the third trimester pose the highest risk of preterm birth. Conclusion: Preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is crucial to mitigate adverse obstetric outcomes. Close monitoring and tailored interventions for infected pregnant women, particularly those in later trimesters and with comorbidities, are imperative to reduce the risk of preterm birth and improve maternal-fetal outcomes.

Wearable Biosensor Technology (WBT) has emerged as a transformative tool in the educational system over the past decade. This systematic review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of WBT utilization in educational settings over a 10-year span (2012-2022), highlighting both the evolution of this field and its integration to address challenges in education by integrating technology to solve specific educational challenges, such as enhancing student engagement, monitoring stress and cognitive load, improving learning experiences, and providing real-time feedback for both students and educators. By exploring these aspects, the review sheds light on the potential implications of WBT for the future of learning. A rigorous and systematic search of major academic databases, including Google Scholar and Scopus, was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles selected were assessed for methodological quality and bias using established tools. The process of data extraction and synthesis followed a structured framework. Key findings include the shift from theoretical exploration to practical implementation with the EEG being the predominant measurement, aiming to explore mental states, physiological constructs, and teaching effectiveness. Wearable biosensors are significantly impacting the educational field, serving as an important resource for educators and a tool for students. Their application has the potential to transform and optimize academic practices through sensors that capture biometric data, enabling the implementation of metrics and models to understand the development and performance of students and professors in an academic environment, as well as to gain insights into the learning process.

Background: Learning arrangements in health care profession education are increasingly taking place in digital environments. VR in nursing education, as one of the digital elements, is the subject of controversial debate. On the one hand it supports the authenticity of case studies by adding realistic perspectives and information. On the other hand, the costs of developing and maintaining software and hardware hinder long-term implementation. Methods: In this paper, we describe our findings and insights from two different research projects focused on the incorporation of digital tools, particularly virtual reality (VR), into nursing education. Based on the German context, our aim is to promote the adoption of innovative digital methods in nursing education and to offer invaluable experiences from the field. Results: Starting with a brief recapitulation of the projects, we then elucidate the pedagogical strategies for embedding VR-driven scenarios in nursing education. Based on our experiences during the projects we identify various positive aspects, such as change of perspective and simulating acute situations. Key findings: Although potential drawbacks remain, we advocate long-term implementation and specific use of VR at the interface between theory and practice. Nevertheless it is crucial to establish regular evaluation observing the value of digitalisation, especially VR; for nursing education.

Background: Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease; however, predicting graft outcomes remains a significant challenge. Early identification of reliable biomarkers could enhance post-transplant management and improve long-term outcomes. This study aimed to identify metabolomic biomarkers within the first week post-kidney transplantation that predict renal function at six months. Methods: We conducted a prospective study involving 50 adult patients who received deceased donor kidney transplants. Plasma samples collected one-week post-transplant were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in a semi-targeted metabolomic approach. A Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) model identified metabolites associated with serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL at six months. Metabolites were selected based on a Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) score >1.5, which was used to optimize model performance. Results: The PLS-DA model demonstrated strong predictive performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.958. The metabolites negatively associated with serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL were 3-methylindole, guaiacol, histidine, 3-indolepropionic acid, and α-lipoic acid. Conversely, metabolites positively associated with worse kidney graft outcomes included homocarnosine, 5-methylcytosine, xanthosine, choline, phenylalanine, kynurenic acid, and L-kynurenine. Conclusions: Early metabolomic profiling post-transplantation shows promise in predicting renal function. Identifying metabolites with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as those that are harmful and could be targeted therapeutically, underscores their potential clinical significance. The link between several metabolites and the tryptophan pathway suggests that further specific evaluation of this pathway is warranted. These biomarkers can enhance patient management and graft survival.

Receptor–ligand interactions at cell interfaces initiate signaling cascades essential for cellular communication and effector functions. Specifically, T cell receptor (TCR) interactions with pathogen-derived peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells are crucial for T cell activation. The binding duration, or dwell time, of TCR–pMHC interactions correlates with downstream signaling efficacy, with strong agonists exhibiting longer lifetimes compared to weak agonists. Traditional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methods quantify 3D affinity but lack cellular context and fail to account for factors like membrane fluctuations. In the recent years, single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has been applied to measure 2D binding kinetics of TCR–pMHC interactions in a cellular context. Here, we introduce a rigorous mathematical model based on survival analysis to determine exponentially distributed receptor–ligand interaction lifetimes, verified through simulated data. Additionally, we developed a comprehensive analysis pipeline to extract interaction lifetimes from raw microscopy images, demonstrating the model’s accuracy and robustness across multiple TCR–pMHC pairs. Our new software suite automates data processing to enhance throughput and reduce bias. This methodology provides a refined tool for investigating T cell activation mechanisms, offering insights into immune response modulation.

A phase 1-2, prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label clinical trial (Code RPCEC00000382, https://rpcec.sld.cu/trials/RPCEC00000382-En/), with parallel groups, involving 1161 participants was designed to assess safety and immunogenicity of two Cuban COVID-19 vaccines (Mambisa and Abdala) in boosting COVID-19 immunity of convalescent adults after receiving one dose of either vaccine. The main safety outcome was severe vaccination adverse events occurring in <5% of vaccinees. Main immunogenicity success endpoints were ≥4-fold anti-RBD IgG seroconversion or ≥20% increase in ACE2-RBD inhibitory antibodies in >55% of vaccinees in Phase 1 and >70% in Phase 2. Neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 variants were evaluated. Both vaccines were safe; no deaths or severe adverse events occurred. Mild intensity adverse events were the most frequent (>73%); headache predominated for both vaccines. Phase 1 responders were 83.3% (p = 0.0018) for Abdala. Mambisa showed similar results. Phase 2 responders were 88.6% for Abdala (p <0.0001) and 74.2% for Mambisa (p = 0.0412). In both phases, anti-RBD IgG titers, inhibition percentages and neutralizing antibody titers increased significantly after the booster dose. Both vaccines were safe and their immunogenicity surpassed the study endpoints.

: This study focuses on optimizing chlorophyll extraction techniques and strategically placing leaf disks to enhance chlorophyll concentration in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) leaves. Thirty sesame genotypes, categorized into light green (LG), middle green (MG), and deep green (DG) pigment groups based on leaf coloration, were selected from a larger pool of field-grown accessions. The investigation involved determining optimal SPAD value index measurements, quantifying pigment concentrations, exploring extraction solvents, and selecting suitable leaf disk positions. Significant variations in chlorophyll content were observed across genotypes, greenness categories, and leaf disk positions. The categorization of genotypes into DG, MG, and LG groups revealed a correlation between leaf appearance and chlorophyll content. The study highlighted a consistent relationship between carotenoids and chlorophyll, indicating their role in adaptation to warm environments. Examination of leaf disk positions revealed a significant chlorophyll gradient along the leaf blade, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols. Chlorophyll extraction experiments identified DMSO and 96% ethanol, particularly the later incubated for 10 minutes at 85°C, as effective choices. This recommendation considers factors like cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, safety, and environmental regulations, ensuring consistent and simplified extraction processes. For higher chlorophyll extraction, focusing on leaf tips and the 75% position along the sesame leaf blade is suggested, consistently yielding higher chlorophyll content. Our findings therefore, underscores insightful knowledge on chlorophyll gradients and encouraging for standardized protocols, that enabling researchers to refine experimental designs for precise and comparable chlorophyll measurements. Recommended solvent choices ensure reliable outcomes in plant physiology, ecology, and environmental studies.

The interest in virtual fencing, as opposed to traditional physical barriers, has increased since it makes it easier to move the boundaries of animal enclosures for agricultural and rewilding purposes. Despite this, the implementation of virtual fence systems, such as the Nofence© system, requires large financial investments. The necessity of individual collars also makes it more difficult to implement this system on a larger scale. If a herd of cattle tend to maintain cohesive social groups around dominant individuals, it might be possible to use fewer collars thereby making the system more cost efficient. This study investigates the pattern in spatial distribution in a herd of 17 Angus cows on Fanø in Denmark with GPS locations, using a Nofence© system. The aim of this paper is to determine how individuals position themselves in a herd, spatially, and identify a pattern in ranks. The method used in this study examines the distances between an individual to the rest of the herd mates using nearest neighbour and distribution plots. Contrary to the expectations, this study did not show a distinct pattern in herd distribution. While some tendencies in spatial distribution patterns were observed, only a low concordance could be found (W=0.15,p=3.02e−16). Therefore, interactions among individuals should be considered in future studies, rather than only investigating the herd as one unit. A cumulative curves of the ranks estimated over the entire periods allowed however a rough estimation of the hierarchy and allowed the identification of the highest ranked cows. Therefore it might be possible to use fewer collars if the high ranked cows are discovered, but the estimation of the hierarchy will require a period of observation overall several days as the hierarchical positions are fluctuating too much from days to days. Therefore the cumulative rank curves seems to be a valid solution.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies, are significantly changing treatment strategies for human malignant diseases including oral cancer. Cancer cells usually escape from immune system and acquire proliferative capacity and invasive/metastatic potential. We have focused on the two immune checkpoints, PD-1/PD-L1 and CD47/SIRPα in the tumor microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and performed a retrospective analysis of the expression of seven immune-related factors (PD-L1, PD-1, CD4, CD8, CD47, CD56 and CD11c), and examined their correlation with clinicopathological status. As a result, there were no significant findings relating seven immune-related factors and several clinicopathological statuses. However, the immune-checkpoint related factors (PD-1, PD-L1, CD47) were highly expressed in non-keratinized epithelium-originated tumors when compared to those in keratinized epithelium-originated tumors. It is of interest that immunoediting via immune checkpoint-related factors was facilitated in non-keratinized sites. Several researchers reported that keratinization of oral mucosal epithelia affected the immune response, but our present finding is the first study to show a difference of the tumor immunity in the originating-epithelium of OSCC, keratinized or non-keratinized. Tumor immunity, an immune escape status of OSCC might be different in the originating-epithelium, keratinized or non-keratinized.

In this study, broilers were selected as the research object to investigate the effects and mechanism action of dietary gallic acid (GA) supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and muscle fiber-related gene expression. A total of 750 one-day-old healthy 817 male crossbred broiler chickens were divided into five treatment groups, with six replicates per group: control group (CON), basal diet, basal diet with lipopolysaccharide challenge (LPS), basal diet with 150, 300, 450 mg/kg GA supplementation and LPS challenge (GA150, GA300, GA450). On days 14, 17, and 20, chickens in the LPS, GA150, GA300, and GA450 groups received intramuscular injections of LPS, while chickens in the CON group received saline. Compared with the LPS group, adding GA (GA150 and GA300) significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) of broiler chickens from 1 to 50 days old (p < 0.05), and had the tendency to increase average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.078). Dietary addition of 450 mg/kg GA significantly reduced the pH value of breast muscle at 45min after slaughter (p < 0.05), and as the level of GA addition increased, the pH value first decreased and then increased. Compared with the LPS group, adding 450mg/kg GA significantly increased the brightness of breast muscles at 45min and 24h after slaughter (p < 0.001). Dietary supplementation of 450 mg/kg GA significantly decreased the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of post-mortem breast muscle (p < 0.05). Adding 450 mg/kg GA could significantly increase C22:6n-3 concentration in breast muscle (p < 0.05). Different GA levels had no significant effect on the intramuscular fat (IMF) content of broiler breast muscle (p > 0.05). Adding GA (GA150 and GA300) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in the breast muscle after LPS stimulation, significantly increased (p < 0.05) the catalase (CAT) activity, and significantly reduced (p < 0.05) malonic dialdehyde (MDA) production, and had the tendency to increase glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (p = 0.066). In addition, dietary supplementation of GA significantly increased the expression levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) I and MyHC IIa in breast muscles (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased the expression level of MyHC IIx (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary addition of GA can alleviate the stress response on the growth performance of broiler chickens and improve antioxidant capacity and meat quality. The appropriate amount of dietary GA at each stage was 300 mg/kg.

Hereditary cardiomyopathies (CMPs), including Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC), Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM), represent a group of heart disorders that significantly contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and are often driven by genetic factors. Recent advances in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology have enabled the identification of rare variants in both well-established and minor genes associated to CMPs. Nowadays, a set of core genes is included in diagnostic panels for ARVC, DCM, HCM. On the other hand, despite their lesser-known status, variants in the minor genes may contribute to disease mechanisms and influence prognosis. This review evaluates the current evidence supporting the involvement of the minor genes in CMPs, considering their potential pathogenicity and clinical significance. A comprehensive analysis of databases such as ClinGen, ClinVar, and GeneReviews, along with recent literature and diagnostic guidelines, provides a thorough overview of the genetic landscape of minor genes in CMPs and offers insights for future research and translation to clinical practice. Given the increasing knowledge on these less-understood genetic factors, future studies are essential to clearly assess their roles, ultimately leading to improved diagnostic precision and therapeutic strategies in hereditary CMPs.

In this work, we designed a MEMS device which allows simultaneous direct measurement of mechanical properties during deformation under external stress and characterization of the evolution of microstructure of nanomaterials within a transmission electron microscope. This MEMS device makes it easy to establish the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of nanomaterials. The device uses piezoresistive sensors to qualitatively measure the force and displacement of nanomaterials, e.g., in wire and thin plate forms. The device has a theoretical displacement resolution of 0.19 nm and a force resolution of 2.1 μN. The device has a theoretical displacement range limit of 2.74 μm and a load range limit of 27.75 mN.

Obesity is a major public health concern globally, significantly increasing the risk of numerous metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. While lifestyle interventions remain the primary strategy for weight management, pharmacotherapy is increasingly recognized as an essential component for patients with obesity, especially when lifestyle modifications alone are insufficient. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, originally developed for the management of type 2 diabetes, have emerged as effective agents in promoting weight loss in both diabetic and non-diabetic populations. This literature review examines the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of GLP-1 receptor agonists, focusing on liraglutide and semaglutide, in obesity treatment. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on obesity-related comorbidities, their comparison with other pharmacological treatments, and future perspectives.

Artificial neural networks are highly efficient tools for numerous kinds of tasks, which include forecasting, regression, and recognizing patterns in classification and pattern recognition. An artificial neural network is a model for processing information using essential components called artificial neurons that are inspired by the human brain. Two significant aspects of delayed neural networks dynamic activity are their stability and the synchronization phenomenon. This work presents a bidirectional associative memory (BAM) incommensurate fractional-order delay neural network model. The incommensurate fractional orders are calculated within the stability region through the corresponding eigenvalues and their points of equilibrium. The involved neuron states are synchronized with each other for the calculated incommensurate stable fractional orders. The reduction of the time delay will give more relaxation time for the state variable $w_4(t)$ to be stable as compared to the state variable $w_3(t)$ due to the induction of extra activation functions. The theoretical findings of this research have significance for providing guidance and controlling the dynamic behavior of artificial neural networks.

As the penetration of renewable energies increases, their acceptance of the power grid system is becoming an important issue. In the case of South Korea, a 22.9kV transformer is frequently utilized to reduce the power loss of the generated renewable energy transmission, so the power quality at the point of common connection (PCC) is inevitably influenced by the nonlinearity of the transformer and the uncertainty of the inductance and resistance of the transmission line. In this paper, we present a point of common connection voltage-modulated direct power control (PCCVM-DPC) system that enhances power quality at the PCC. First, we present the mathematical dynamics of active and reactive power at the PCC side, which contains the step-up transformer’s nonlinearity, the grid voltage harmonics, and the parameter uncertainties. By analyzing the disturbance terms of the PCCVM-DPC system, we present the disturbance observer (DOB) for the PCCVM-DPC system. To assess the efficacy of our approach, we perform comparative studies of the PCCVM-DPC without DOB and PCCVM-DPC with DOB by constructing the simulation environment based on the commercial step-up transformer and ESS inverter datasheet. We have validated that the active and reactive power control performance of the PCCVM-DPC with DOB outperforms the PCCVM-DPC without DOB from the observation that the current total harmonic distortion reduced by more than 40% compared to the PCCVM-DPC without the DOB.

This research investigates the energy consumption of buildings managed by traditional Building Management Systems (BMS) and proposes the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology to enhance energy efficiency. Conventional BMS often suffer from significant energy wastage and safety hazards due to sensor failures or malfunctions. These issues arise when building systems continue to operate under unknown conditions while the BMS is offline, leading to increased energy consumption and operational risks. The study demonstrates that integrating IoT systems with existing BMS can substantially improve energy efficiency in smart buildings. The research involved designing a system architecture prototype, performing MATLAB simulations, and real-life case study which revealed that IoT devices are effective in reducing energy waste, particularly in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and lighting. Additionally, an auxiliary bypass system was incorporated in parallel with the IoT system to enhance reliability in the event of IoT system failures. Preliminary findings indicate that the integration of IoT systems with traditional BMS significantly boosts energy efficiency and safety in smart buildings. This integration offers a promising solution for advancing energy management practices and policies, thereby improving both operational performance and sustainability in building management.

The incidence of right-turning pedestrian accidents is increasing in South Korea. Most of the accidents occurred when the larger vehicle was turning right, and the main cause of the accidents was found to be the driver's limited field of vision. After these accidents, the government has implemented a series of institutional measures with the objective of preventing such accidents. However, despite the institutional arrangements in place, pedestrian accidents continue to occur. We focused on the many limitations that autonomous vehicles, like humans, can face in such situations. To address this issue, we propose a right-turn pedestrian collision avoidance system by installing a LiDAR sensor in the center of the intersection to facilitate pedestrian detection. Furthermore, the urban road environment is considered, as this provides the optimal conditions for the model to perform at its best. During this research, we collected data on right-turn accidents using the CARLA simulator and ROS interface and demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach in preventing such incidents. Our results suggest that the implementation of this method can effectively reduce the incidence of right-turn accidents in autonomous vehicles.

With online wildlife trade increasing and viral videos increasing demand, the trade in primates on TikTok is becoming more prevalent. Despite wildlife trade being banned on most social media platforms, the trade in primates persists. TikTok’s policies ban the sale of live animals, and specific terms related to wildlife trade are banned; however, these search term bans are easy to get around, and sellers are still prolific on the site. This study documented primates for sale on TikTok using the search term “for sale monkey” over a four-month period (from mid-July to mid-November 2023) with the aim of determining how widespread primate trade is on TikTok, the legality of advertisements, and which countries advertise the most primates for sale. 42 individual advertisements were identified, spanning 6 different genera of primates and 5 different countries. Spider monkeys, rhesus macaques, and common marmosets were found to be the most commonly advertised species on TikTok. All spider monkeys were advertised from the USA, while the majority of the marmosets were advertised from the UK, and all of the rhesus macaques were advertised from Pakistan. The USA was the only country identified in this study that advertised a range of species, and the only species found in this study that was not advertised in the USA was the mona monkey. 44% of all species recorded were classified as either Endangered or Critically Endangered, and it was found that endangered species were more frequently sold illegally than non-endangered species. The findings of this study underline a need for stricter primate legislation and wildlife law enforcement, especially if the UN’s sustainable development goals are to be achieved by 2030. They also show a need for TikTok to broaden their restrictions on wildlife trade on their app.

The number of physical devices connected to the Internet such as vehicles, household appliances and other "things" has been steadily increasing in recent years, thus forming the basis for the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT ecosystem extends beyond country borders and application domains, combining thousands of versatile devices that differ in terms of their structures, capabilities, and available resources. It is therefore not surprising that the landscape of wireless communication technologies and the degree of IoT devices available today is excessively broad and diverse. Interference between networks leads to frame collisions and consequent packet loss. Frame collisions occur when two or more packets overlap in time and frequency and use the same Long Range (LoRa) parameters, i.e. the same Spreading Factor (SF), Bandwidth (BW) and Carrier Frequency (CF). When most devices use the same configuration, collision probability is higher. The probability of frame collisions is also affected by traffic characteristics, particularly the periodicity of the transmission and the payload size. Larger payload sizes and more frequent transmissions accumulate with higher Time on Air (ToA) and channel occupancy [1]. Transmission powers and the location of the gateways also influences this situation. The aim of this experimental work is to verify the effects of collisions and interference in Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), regarding the periodicity of transmissions and the payload sizes in a context of an inter-SF interference scenario. And to validate measuring tools like Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), ToA and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) in the reliability of a network. We validate our conclusions by analyzing ToA according with RSSI and different data sizes, the RSSI for different SFs and different data sizes and finally the packet loss through the PDR for a better understanding of the reliability of packet transmission in our link. In the end we conclude that in an environment with inter-SF interference, the choice of SFs and packet lengths impacts ToA. When dealing with multiple devices near gateways, different SFs and varying packet lengths can lead to increased latency and longer ToA. Consequently, the risk of packet loss becomes more significant, especially if the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is low. This limitation will therefore affect scalability, particularly in Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios.

Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are widely employed in qualitative research to delve into complex social issues, yet their application in conservation studies lacks standardised guidelines and thorough evaluation. This review assesses the utilisation of FGDs in biodiversity and conservation research from 2000 to April 2022, identifying 170 pertinent articles, primarily published between 2015 and 2022. FGDs, often integrated with other methodologies, predominantly sought to understand community perspectives, evaluate conservation practices, explore challenges, and document indigenous knowledge. Despite their extensive use, methodological intricacies were frequently underreported. This paper underscores the necessity for enhanced reporting standards and comprehensive guidelines to optimise the effectiveness and reliability of FGDs in conservation research. By means of critically investigating existing literature, this study contributes critical important insights into the strengths and limitations of FGDs, ultimately advocating for greater methodological rigour and transparency in their application within the realm of conservation science.

Pd EnCat™ 30 is a palladium catalyst broadly used in several hydrogenation and cross-coupling reactions. It is known for its numerous beneficial features, which include high-yielding performance, easy recovery, and reusability. However, the available data regarding its recyclability in Suzuki coupling reactions are limited to a few reaction cycles and, therefore, fail to explore its full potential. Our work focuses on investigating the extent of Pd EnCat™ 30 reusability in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions by measuring its performance according to isolated yields of product. Our findings demonstrate that Pd EnCat™ 30 can be reused over a minimum of 30 reaction cycles, which is advantageous in terms of cost reduction and more sustainable chemical production.

Qatar and other Gulf States have a diverse range of marine vegetation that is adapted to the stressful environmental conditions of seawater. The industrial wastewater produced by oil and gas activities adds further detrimental conditions for marine aquatic photosynthetic organ-isms on the Qatari coastlines. Thus, these organisms experience severe stress from both seawater and industrial wastewater. This review discusses the biodiversity in seawater around Qatar, as well as remediation methods and metabolic pathways to reduce the negative impacts of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons produced during these activities. These methods include phyto-stabilization phyto-accumulation, phyto-volatilization, and phyto-degradation. Phy-to-degradation in particular is discussed in detail, including metabolic pathways such as alkane and aromatic-compound degradation pathways. The role of microorganisms that are adjacent to or associated with these aquatic marine organisms is discussed, including rhizosphere biodeg-radation. In this type of biodegradation, exudates are released by plant roots and supply nutrients to microorganisms in the rhizosphere, which enhances their ability to degrade organic pollutants. Special attention is paid to mangrove forests and their roles in remediating shores polluted by industrial wastewater. Seagrasses (Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, and Thalassia hemprichii) and seaweeds (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta) around the peninsula of Qatar are also discussed.

Yttria stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramics with drastically reduced yttria content have been introduced by different manufacturers aiming at improving the damage tolerance of ceramic components. In this study an alumina doped 1.5Y-TZP was axially pressed, pressureless sintered in air at 1250–1400 °C for 2 h and characterized with respect to mechanical properties, microstructure and phase composition. The material exhibits a combination of high strength of 1000 MPa and a high toughness of 8.5–10 MPa√m. The measured fracture toughness is, however, extremely depending on measurement protocol. Direct crack length measurements overestimate toughness due to trapping effects. The initially purely tetragonal material has a high transformability of &gt; 80 %, the transformation behavior is predominantly dilatoric, measured R-curve related toughness increments are in good agreement with transformation toughness increments derived from XRD data.

In the extended malfatti problem, the numbers of circles in the triangle are triangle numbers, because the tangency properties among the internal circles and 3 sides of the triangle have special type of structure. That is, the corner circle tangent to two sides of the triangle and two boundary circles, the boundary circles tangent to one side of the triangle and 4 other circles, and the inner circles always tangent to 6 other circles. The circles we find in extended general Malfatti’s problem has the property that the smallest radius and the largest radius for the circle has big difference. In this paper, we proposed algorithms to solve the problem that the tangency properties among circles and sides of triangle is not fixed, so that the number of circles in the triangle is not necessary a triangle numbers. The purpose of this change is try to find the radii of the circles in the triangle is within a small range.

The Range–Doppler (R-D) model is extensively employed for the geometric processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Refining the sensor motion state and imaging parameters is the most common method for achieving high-precision geometric processing using the R-D model, comprising a process that involves numerous parameters and complex computations. In this study, we introduce a novel approach to improve the positioning accuracy of the R-D model, implementing a low-order polynomial to compensate for the original imaging errors without altering the initial positioning parameters. We also design low-order polynomial compensation models with different parameters. The models are evaluated on various SAR images from different platforms and bands, including spaceborne TerraSAR-X and GF3-C images, manned airborne SAR-X images, and unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted miniSAR-Ku images. Furthermore, image positioning experiments involving the use of different polynomial compensation models and various numbers and distributions of Ground Control Points (GCPs) are conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that geometric processing accuracy comparable to that of the classical rigorous positioning method can be achieved even when applying only an affine transformation model to the images. Compared to classical refinement models, however, the proposed image-compensated R-D model is much simpler and easy to implement. Thus, this study provides a convenient, robust, and widely applicable method for the geometric positioning processing of SAR images, offering a potential approach for the joint-positioning processing of multi-source SAR images.

Peanut hulls (PH) are an edible food waste that is an underutilized food source for human consumption. While edible and palatable, they are mainly diverted to livestock feed or building materials. Here, we describe existing literature on human food valorization of PHs and propose methods to optimize recapturing nutrients (e.g. protein, fiber, polyphenols) lost by treating PHs as waste. Incorporated into common foods, PHs can be processed into functional ingredients to improve nutrient-density and the corresponding positive health outcomes associated with increases in plant foods. PH valorization can also address additional priorities of the UN Sustainable Development Goals using a Food Systems Approach (FSA) including food waste, increasing economic opportunities for farmers, and increasing the availability of healthy shelf-stable foodstuffs to address food security. Recent advances in sustainable food processing technologies can be utilized to safely incorporate peanut hulls into human food streams. We propose future applications that could make meaningful impacts to food availability and the nutritional composition of common foods. While the limited literature on this topic spans several decades, no global operations exist to incorporate peanut hulls and most publications precede the technological ‘green revolution’. The approaches outlined in this review may help bolster commercialization of this underutilized and nutritious food potentially improving opportunities for multiple global stakeholders.

Parents play an important role in shaping the eating habits of their children through: appropriate selection of food products, snacking between meals and appropriate exposure to information from television advertisements, the press or the Internet. The level of parents' knowledge about proper nutrition and substances added to food is therefore crucial in promoting appropriate dietary choices in children and adolescents in order to prevent diet-related diseases. Objectives: Assessment of the consumption of snack foods by children and adolescents according to the surveyed parents and analysis of parents' knowledge about additional substances in food. Methods: The study was conducted among 129 parents of students from selected primary schools. The research tool was an original survey questionnaire consisting of 24 questions. Survey interviews were conducted with parents during meetings at schools. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson ch2 test, the significance level was set to p&lt;0.05. Results: Parents most often indicated sweets, confectionery products and sweetened drinks (25%) and vegetables or fruit (21%) as the form of snack for their children. 46% of children and adolescents drank sweetened drinks at least once a day. Parents had an average level of knowledge about food additives. Significant correlations were found between the level of knowledge of parents of school-age children about food additives and their level of education. Parents' knowledge and education did not significantly influence the level of snack consumption by their children. Children's eating behavior should be considered unsatisfactory. Conclusions: Research has shown the need for parents to be educated about food additives and to pay more attention to reading food labels so that they can reliably prepare their children to make the right food choices. Measures should be implemented to improve the eating habits of children and adolescents.

The demonstration of compliance of rolling stock against disturbance limits for railway signaling, and in particular track circuits, is subject to a large deal of variability, caused by the diverse values of the electrical parameters of the railway line and resulting transfer functions, as well as operating conditions of rolling stock during tests. Instrumental uncertainty is evaluated with a Type B approach and shown to be much less than the experimental variability. Repeated test runs in acceleration, coasting, cruising, braking conditions are considered, deriving both max-hold (spread) and sample dispersion curves compared to the respective mean values (Type A approach to the evaluation of uncertainty). The major source of variability affecting a significant portion of the spectrum is caused by the superposed oscillations of the onboard LC filter, for which different choices of the transformation window duration are discussed. The test runs and the acquired data covered overall 1 day of tests along about 300 km of the Italian 3 kV DC railway network.

Yttria stabilized zirconia materials are frequently used in mechanical engineering and biomedical applications. Demanding loading conditions require materials combining a high level of strength and fracture toughness. A ready to press alumina doped 2 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia powder was shaped by axial pressing and sintering in air at 1250 - 1500 °C for 2 h. The best combination of strength and toughness value of 7.8 MPa√m. Materials sintered in the middle of the chosen temperature range combine fully density, high transformability and small grain size. Toughness measurements by direct crack length measurements delivered unrealistically high fracture toughness values.

This study presents a groundbreaking approach in the field of gaming AI, focusing on the classic game” Pacman” through the lens of DRL integrated with advanced optimization techniques. The core of the research involves adapting DRL models for” Pacman”, utilizing the ESO for hyper- parameter tuning. These novel adaptations significantly enhance the AI agent’s performance, demonstrating a remarkable improvement in adaptability, responsiveness, and efficiency within the game environment. A pivotal aspect of this research is the innovative integration of metaheuristic optimization techniques into the DRL framework, a first in the domain of Atari gaming AI. This integration has proven essential in fine-tuning the DRL models, leading to a more effective and dynamic gaming experience. The study thoroughly evaluates and compares the performance of these algorithms, providing empirical support for their effectiveness and setting a new benchmark in AI-driven game development. The implications of this research extend beyond gaming AI, opening up possibilities for future exploration in several directions. Expanding DRL models to other complex gaming environments, continuous algorithmic enhancements, real-time learning adaptations, and applying these principles to robotics and autonomous vehicles are examples. The research also emphasizes ethical and responsible AI use in gaming to address fairness and addiction issues.

Despite the growing capabilities of large language models, concerns exist about the biases they develop. In this paper, we propose a novel, automated mechanism for debiasing through specified dataset augmentation in the lens of bias producers that can be useful in a variety of industries, especially ones that are “restricted” and have limited data. We consider that bias can occur due to intrinsic model architecture and dataset quality. The two aspects are evaluated using two different metrics we created. We show that our dataset augmentation algorithm reduces bias as measured by our metrics.

It has been empirically observed that the upper tail of the firm size distribution follows either the Pareto distribution or the Zipf distribution, with both patterns being explained by Gibrat’s law (Gabaix, 1999). This article analyzed firm revenue data from China, spanning from 2005 to 2013, to examine the whole range of the firm size distribution. Our empirical analysis revealed that firm revenue data over these years is well fitted by a three-parameter generalized Pareto distribution, with the fitted parameters indicating a dichotomy: The size distribution of large-sized firms, namely the upper tail, is asymptotically characterized by a Pareto distribution or a Zipf distribution, whereas the size distribution of smaller and medium-sized firms is approximated by an exponential distribution. This finding suggests that Gibrat’s law should be extended to account for the emergence of a generalized Pareto distribution.

A PLS-based quality prediction method is proposed for batch processes using two-dimensional extended windows. To realize the adoption of information in the direction of sampling time and batch, a new definition region of support (ROS), k-i-back-extended region of support (KIBROS), is proposed to establish the extended window, which including the data of the previous sampling times in the same batch, the data of the same sampling time in the historical batches, the data of the previous sampling times in the historical batches and the data of the later sampling times in the historical batches. According to these regions of support, extended windows are established, and different models are proposed based on the extended windows for batch processes quality prediction. Further, using a typical batch process as an example, the injection molding process, the proposed quality prediction method is experimentally verified, proving that the proposed methods have higher prediction accuracy than the traditional method and the prediction stability is also improved.

This work presents an innovative application of optimal control theory to the strategic scheduling of battery storage in the day-ahead electricity market, with a focus on enhancing profitability while factoring in battery degradation. The study incorporates in the optimisation framework the cost of battery capacity degradation, the effects of capacity degradation and internal resistance degradation into dynamics. We employ a continuous-time representation of the dynamics, in contrast with many other studies that use a discrete-time approximation with rather coarse intervals. We adopt an equivalent circuit model coupled with empirical degradation parameters to simulate a battery cell’s behaviour and degradation mechanisms with good support from experimental data. Utilising direct collocation methods with mesh refinement allows for precise numerical solutions to the complex, nonlinear dynamics involved. Through a detailed case study of Belgium’s day-ahead electricity market, we determine the optimal charging and discharging schedules under varying objectives: maximizing net revenues, profits considering capacity degradation, and profits considering both capacity degradation and internal resistance increase due to degradation. The results demonstrate the viability of our approach and underscore the significance of integrating degradation costs into the market strategy for battery operators, alongside its effects on the battery’s dynamic behaviour. Our methodology extends previous work by offering a more comprehensive model that empirically captures the intricacies of battery degradation, including a fine and adaptive time domain representation, focusing on the day-ahead market, and utilising accurate direct methods for optimal control. The paper concludes with insights into the potential of optimal control applications in energy markets and suggestions for future research avenues.

Detection of subsurface archaeological remains using a range of remote sensing methods, poses several challenges until today. Recent studies regarding the detection of archaeological proxies like those of cropmarks highlight the complexity of the phenomenon. In this work we present three different methods, and associated indices, for identifying stressed reflectance signatures indicating buried archaeological remains, based on a dataset of measured ground spectroradiometric reflectance. Several spectral profiles between the visible and near infrared part of the spectrum, were taken over a controlled environment in Cyprus during the 2011-2012 and are re-used in this study. The first two (spectral) methods are based on a suitable analysis of the spectral signatures in (1) the visible part of the spectrum, and in particular in the neighborhood of 570 nm, and (2) the red edge-near infrared part of the spectrum, in the neighborhood of 730 nm. Machine learning (decision trees) allows for the deduction of suitable wavelengths to focus on, in order to formulate the proposed indices and the associated classification criteria (decision boundaries) that can enhance the detection probability of stressed vegetation. Noise in the signal is taken into account by simulating reflectance signatures perturbed by white noise. Applying decision tree classification on the ensemble of simulations and basic statistical analysis we refine the formulation of the indices and criteria for the noisy signatures. The success rate of the proposed methods is over 90%. The third method rests on the estimation of vegetation/canopy reflectance parameters through inversion of the physical-based PROSAIL reflectance model and the associated classification through machine learning methods. The obtained results provide further insights into the formation of stress vegetation that occurred due to the presence of shallow buried archaeological remains, which are well aligned with physical-based models and existing empirical knowledge. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the usefulness of radiative transfer models such as PROSAIL for understanding the formation of cropmarks. Similar studies can support future research directions towards the development of regional remote sensing methods and algorithms if systematic observations are adequately dispersed in space and time.

Dynamic systems which underly controlled systems are expected to increase in complexity as robots, devices, and connected networks become more intelligent. While classical stable systems converge to a stable point (a sink), another type of stability is to consider a stable path rather than a single point. Such stable paths can be made of saddles which draw in trajectories from certain regions, and then push the trajectory toward the next saddle point. These are chains of saddles are called stable heteroclinic channels (SHCs), and can be used in robotic control to represent time sequences. While we have previously shown that each saddle is visualizable as a trajectory waypoint in phase space, how to increase the fidelity of the trajectory was unclear. In this paper, we hypothesized that the waypoints can be individually modified to locally vary fidelity. Specifically, we expected that increasing the saddle value (ratio of saddle eigenvalues) causes the trajectory to slow to more closely approach a particular saddle. Combined with other parameters that control speed and magnitude, a system expressed with an SHC can be modified locally, point by point, without disrupting the rest of the path, supporting their use in motion primitives. However, even more complex trajectory shape modifications are possible. While some combinations can enable a trajectory to better reach into corners, other combinations can rotate, distort and round the trajectory in the region of a corner. In our example, modifying select saddle values produced a 32% decrease in the trajectory error of a complex trajectory produced using this system. This is an effect not visible in previous 1D studies, that can lead to different learnable and tunable representations of dynamic systems.

Driving factors of smart city construction are exploratively studied by grounded theory method based on text sources from journal papers in SCI and CSSCI databases. Initial scale of driving factors about smart city construction is obtained on the basis of above analyses. This paper modifies measuring items of the initial scale with a small sample pretest and reliability test, then forms final items by exploratory factor analysis. According to the above scale, questionnaires are designed to obtain empirical data, and confirmatory factor analysis is used to verify further validity and reliability of the scale. The results show that driving factors of smart city construction include three main dimensions: problem-oriented factors, business- or technology-driven factors and endogenous development requirements.

This paper investigates an Energy Neutral System using Micro Energy Harvesters for a Health Monitoring Wireless Sensor Node (HM-WSN). We have implemented HM-WSN consisting of a solar cell energy harvester, a Power Management Unit (PMU) and the ucontroller, sensor and transmitter acting as load. A battery extender and a switching logic circuit for sensor node is designed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed system. The HM-WSN senses body temperature with improvement in lifetime of coincell. The HM-WSN is built using commercially available off the shelf (COTS components and consumes 47.2uW for data being updated every 134s. It can be operated for approximately 1.32 years only on a coincell. Furthermore, the HM-WSN can be operated with solar energy at 200lux, achieving 96.36 years with a combination of a coincell with an additional capacitor of 2.2mF. It attains 4.07 years to 16.87 years lifetime with the load capacitor varying from 1mF to 1.5mF at 350lux lighting condition. With the same ambient condition and a 2mF load capacitor, HM-WSN attains complete energy autonomy.

Epicauta gorhami is a hypermetamorphic insect that mainly forage soybeans during the adult stage. However, the lack of appropriate references hinders our studying of the gene function in E. gorhami. In this study, refer to five computational tools (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder), the stability of 10 housekeeping genes (GAPDH, ACT, RPL4, RPL27, α-TUB, RPS18, EF1α, RPS28, RPL13 and SOD) was assessed by RT-qPCR under three different conditions (adult ages, tissues/organs and temperatures). The findings suggested that SOD and RPS18 were the most ideal references for examine gene transcripts among diverse adult ages and at various temperatures; A pair of RPS18 and RPS28 was the most reliable genes to assess gene expressions in diverse adult tissues. Finally, The relative expression levels of EgUAP were computed after normalization RPS18 and RPS28 with across diverse adult tissues. As expected, EgUAP expression was abundant in the foregut, trachea and antenna, and low in the midgut, hindgut and epidermis. These findings will lay a solid foundation for analysing the gene expression of E. gorhami.

Stakeholders and their dynamics are often neglected in innovation systems literature. The importance of bioeconomy is growing for its implications on addressing environmental challenges, shaping economic decisions, markets and sustainable development. This paper analyses stakeholders’ dynamics for knowledge creation and innovation to transit from unsustainable practices to the sustainable use of biological resources - bioeconomy. The originality of this paper is the creation of an analytical framework to characterise the interactions of stakeholders and how these interactions reshape the innovation systems to create a new narrative and a new knowledge base platform for innovation. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through surveys between 2022 and 2024. We explored the dynamics of 29 stakeholders involved and collaborating in R&amp;D activities from the biotechnology sector in Caldas, Colombia. Our findings show that dynamics towards bioeconomy are only at the discursive level. Stakeholders carry out research activities as a means to generate income rather than for innovative purposes, overlooking informal interactions which generate novel ideas that could translate into solutions, services, and products. We conclude that bioeconomy transition needs a systemic disequilibrium by a new institutional infrastructure that enables stakeholders, including civil society, to create a structural change for embracing innovation dynamics.

Objectives: The goal of the study was to assess if body mass index (BMI) affects the pace of cardiac muscle recovery in children after PIMS-TS. Methods: A prospective single-center study enrolled consecutive children hospitalized with PIMS-TS between October 2020 and February 2022 and followed-up after 6 weeks and 6 months. In all children three-dimensional echocardiography and global longitudinal strain were used to assess ventricular function and the results were analyzed according to patients’ BMI status. Results: The study enrolled 170 patients aged 1-17 years, median 8.5+4.43 years. Children with normal BMI (>5th and 85th percentile; n=40) made 23.53% and underweight (85th percentile LVEF 61.15+3.21%, BMI 85th per-centile may indicate poorer left ventricular performance. Children with normal BMI may present more advantageous cardiac recovery pace after PIMS-TS.

The stability of slopes is a critical challenge in various civil engineering projects, such as embankments, cut-slopes, landfills, dams, transportation infrastructure, and riverbank restoration. Stabilizing slopes using bioengineering methods is a sustainable approach that limits the negative impact of engineering works; such methods should be implemented and adopted worldwide. Geosynthetic materials and plant roots are sustainable for preventing erosion and surface landslides. The plants used for this paper are known to have beneficial effects on erosion control, namely Festuca arundinaceous, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratensis, Trifolium pratense, and Trifolium repens. Using vegetation as a bio-reinforcement method is often more cost-effective and environmentally friendly than traditional engineering solutions. The paper interprets the erosion process that occurred on sandy slopes protected by organic soil layers and geosynthetic materials under rainfall simulation on scale model tests.

Agricultural soil environments contain different types of nematodes in all trophic levels that aid in balancing the soil food web. Beneficial free-living nematodes (FLNs) consist of bacterivores, fungivores, predators and omnivores that help in the mineralization of the soil and the top-down control of harmful plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Annually, $125 billion in worldwide crop losses are caused by PPNs, making them a plant pathogen of great concern for growers. Farmers have started to implement the use of cover crops in agricultural systems for the protection and enrichment of soil but research on how different cover crops affect nematode populations is lacking and in demand. This study aims to determine the effects of legume and grass cover crops, Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum), as well as their mixture on the abundance and diversity of FLN and PPN populations. Soil samples were collected at the time of cover crop maturity and spinach harvest to analyze nematode communities using both morphological and DNA metabarcoding analysis. Results showed that the application of Cowpea and Pearl Millet as well as their mixture in a spinach agricultural system led to the control of PPNs and proliferation of FLN communities, with each cover crop treatment demonstrating different advantages for the various nematode feeding groups. The choice of cover crop implementation by growers for spinach cultivation should thus be based on specific soil health conditions to promote soil fertility and a healthy nematode community.

A possible solution to address the enormous increase in traffic demands faced by network operators is to rely on multi-fiber optical backbone networks. These networks use multiple optical fibers between adjacent nodes, and, when properly designed, they are capable of handling petabits of data per second (Pbit/s). In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is investigated to estimate both the capacity and cost of a multi-fiber optical network. Furthermore, a fiber assignment algorithm is also proposed to complement the network design, enabling the generation of datasets for training and testing the developed ANN model. The model consists of three layers, including one hidden layer with 50 hidden units. The results show that for a large network, such as one with 100 nodes, the model can estimate performance metrics with an average relative error of less than 0.4% for capacity and 4% for cost, while achieving a computation time nearly 800 times faster than the heuristic approach used in network simulation. Additionally, the network capacity is around 5 Pbit/s.

The circular economy is a tangible paradigm in response to the unsustainable model of production and consumption of resources in the agri-food system. The circular economy allows for a reduction in the environmental impact through the minimization of food waste or the maximal generation of renewable energy from waste. Despite the relevance, the extant literature is scat for indications on how to apply circular business models in agri-food systems. Hence, the paper aims to analyze the circular economy implementation level in the agri-food system in 29 European countries focusing on specific circular economy strategies. Selected indicators were analyzed to evaluate the level of circular economy implementation in the agri-food system (e.g., production values, energy sharing from renewable sources, and total waste emission) using a Panel data analysis method. The required variables were gained from the global databases within the recent five years (2014-2018). Results reveal an overall lack of circular economy implementation in the agri-food systems among European countries. A set of 12 managerial propositions was suggested to foster the implementation of the circular business models by interacting the recycling, extending, intensifying, and dematerializing strategies with aspects of the production process, waste emission, and renewable energy sharing in the agri-food system.

This article presents a conceptual program model that integrates three main methods: object recognition, color classification, and QR decoding of information. These methods are well-established in the fields of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, yet they remain subjects of ongoing research interest. The program model organizes the execution of the methods in a sequence directed toward recognized objects. In this way, color classification and QR decoding are performed only on already recognized objects. Colors and QR codes that do not belong to recognized objects are not analyzed, which can provide intelligent robots with reliable and accurate information about the objects they can recognize. For research purposes, image sensors (cameras), images saved to disk, clipboard, or shared memory between applications are used. The article shows that the program model can be augmented with various sensors and algorithms for the comprehensive construction of program control of autonomous robots. Future research that builds on current studies will focus on measuring the distance to recognized objects and structuring the collected information about these objects, which will create opportunities for perceptual anchoring and logical reasoning in the program control of intelligent robots.

In this paper, we present findings from a recently completed research about the use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) in travel, trade, and tourism businesses. Initially, we selected twelve existing travel, trade, and tourism ERP systems and preform practical analysis and testing of these systems via JMETER and Google chrome Lighthouse tools. In addition to that, an online survey was conducted (with an e-mail invitation and telephone call reminder) to collect data from three Pakistani Travel, Trade, and Tourism organizations. Furthermore, we adopted qualitative research practices by going through various research papers and research studies from journals, books, and internet, etc. This study is constructed on only secondary statistics. The goal of this article is to look at ERP systems in terms of their concept and use, as well as how they affect the modern travel business. An ERP system is a business system that integrates several corporate processes into a single database, such as supply chain management, manufacturing, financial management, and project management. ERP systems are utilized in a variety of businesses around the world, including in the manufacturing and service industries. Across a range of industries, service firms have recently spent significant resources on the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and quality of service operations. To assist them to build their businesses, the travel, trade, and tourist industries all rely on an integrated information network. The work focuses on only one industry i-e Travel, Trade, and Tourism. This may limit the applicability of its broad conclusions to other industries or industries. The findings of this study compare and contrast the ERP implementation challenges faced by existing organizations of travel, trade, and tourism companies. This is the first empirical study on the difficulties surrounding ERP installation in travel, trade, and tourism companies. It is also the first study to compare ERP adoption in multiple companies in the areas of travel, trade, and tourism.

Musical instrument recognition is a relatively unexplored area of machine learning due to the need to analyze complex spatial-temporal audio features. Traditional methods using individual spectrograms, like STFT, Log-Mel, and MFCC, often miss the full range of features. We propose a hierarchical residual attention network using a scaled combination of multiple spectrograms, including STFT, Log-Mel, MFCC, and CST features (chroma, spectral contrast, and Tonnetz), to create a comprehensive sound representation. This model enhances focus on relevant spectrogram parts through attention mechanisms. Experimental results with the OpenMIC-2018 dataset show significant improvement in classification accuracy, especially with the "Magnified 1/4 Size" configuration. Future work will optimize CST feature scaling, explore advanced attention mechanisms, and apply the model to other audio tasks to assess its generalizability.

Quadruped robots possess significant mobility in complex and uneven terrains due to their outstanding stability and flexibility, making them highly suitable in rescue missions, environmental monitoring, and smart agriculture. With the increasing use of quadruped robots in more demanding scenarios, ensuring accurate and stable state estimation in complex environments has become particularly important. Existing state estimation algorithms relying on multi-sensor fusion, such as those using IMU, LiDAR, and visual data, often face challenges on non-stationary terrains due to issues like foot-end slippage or unstable contact, leading to significant state drift. To tackle this problem, this paper introduces a state estimation algorithm that integrates an Invariant Extended Kalman Filter (InEKF) with a disturbance observer, aiming at estimating the motion state of quadruped robots on non-stationary terrains. Firstly, foot-end slippage is modeled as a deviation in body velocity and explicitly included in the state equations, allowing for a more precise representation of how slippage affects the state. Secondly, the state update process integrates both foot-end velocity and position observations to improve the overall accuracy and comprehensiveness of the estimation. Lastly, a foot-end contact probability model, coupled with an adaptive covariance adjustment strategy, is employed to dynamically modulate the influence of the observations. These enhancements significantly improve the filter's robustness and the accuracy of state estimation in non-stationary terrain scenarios. Experiments conducted with the Jueying Mini quadruped robot on various non-stationary terrains show that the enhanced InEKF method offers notable advantages over traditional filters in compensating for foot-end slippage and adapting to different terrains.

Sentinel eggs used to monitor field parasitism of stink bug pests (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) can only be deployed for a few days to avoid releasing the pest in the monitored area. Using sterile eggs removes the risk of accidental pest introduction and extends deployment time. Freezing the eggs before deployment is one common method for sterilizing sentinel eggs. However, some egg parasitoid species have lower to no parasitism on frozen eggs. In this study, x-ray irradiation was used to sterilize Bagrada hilaris sentinel eggs intended for monitoring parasitism by Gryon aetherium (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), the most promising biological control candidate. In this case, freezing sentinel eggs is not recommended because G. aetherium has low levels of parasitism on frozen eggs. Doses as low as 10 Gy induced 100% sterility. Irradiated eggs successfully sustained the development of G. aetherium and Ooencyrtus californicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), another egg parasitoid attacking B. hilaris, and parasitism levels were comparable to fresh eggs up to seven days. In addition, G. aetherium showed no preference for fresh non-irradiated over seven-day-old irradiated eggs. Our results indicate that x-ray irradiation is a suitable alternative to produce safe and reliable sentinel eggs to monitor egg parasitism of B. hilaris and possibly other species.

The social fear conditioning (SFC) paradigm, which is an animal model of social anxiety disorder, has been extensively used to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the psychopathology of this disorder. Studies using the SFC paradigm have suggested that the lateral septum plays a pivotal role in regulating social fear. While several lines of evidence have indicated the involvement of various neuronal mechanisms within the LS in modulating social fear, the role played by LS astrocytes in the tripartite synapses in regulating social fear expression is not yet fully understood. Over the years, astrocytes have emerged as key players in regulating synaptic transmission and a plethora of animal behaviors. Given their dynamic morphological and molecular response to various stimuli, studying astrocyte morphology remains an excellent tool for understanding their role in brain function and disease. By applying immunofluorescent-immunohistochemical methods, here we describe a protocol to characterize changes in the morphology of astrocytes in response to social fear acquisition using confocal microscopy.

Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, are an integral part of the synaptic compartment and contribute to synaptic pruning, a key process for refining neural circuits during early postnatal development (PND). Dysregulations in this process are implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). To investigate astrocyte functions in a physiologically relevant context, organotypic brain slice cultures (OBSCs) offer a powerful model, reproducing more closely in vivo conditions than traditional cell cultures and preserving complex brain architecture and interactions. Here, we present OBSCs as an ex vivo culturing method to provide a platform to explore astrocyte-mediated synaptic pruning dynamics in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) during PND. Our approach is based on assessing the role of MEGF10, a key protein involved in synaptic pruning, alongside the synaptic markers synaptophysin and PSD95, using Western blotting to analyse the expression levels of these markers in the cortex of developing rat pups. Additionally, we combine immunofluorescence staining with confocal imaging and IMARIS 9.8 software-assisted analysis to investigate the co-localization of the lysosomal marker LAMP1 with synaptic and astrocytic markers to evaluate the precise rate of synaptic engulfment. The methods presented here allow a deeper examination of an astrocyte-mediated synaptic remodelling in healthy and pathophysiological conditions.

Immunofluorescent methods in vitro have been widely used to characterize the distribution and extent of colocalization of molecules located in various intracellular compartments. These are key processes to better understand the role of those molecules in physiological and pathological conditions.In the brain, interactions of astrocytes with neurons are fundamental for the establishment and proper functioning of neuronal circuits. Among these, the phagocytosis of synapses that need to be removed is a process known as synaptic pruning. When this process is dysregulated, it might lead to the development of several brain disorders. Here, we describe the adaptation of a method to characterize the astrocyte-mediated synaptic phagocytosis and evaluate astrocytic (dys)functions in healthy cells and cells derived from an animal model of major depressive disorder (MDD).

AbstractIntroduction: Consistent utilization of institutional delivery service reduces maternal morbidity and mortality. However, service utilization could in turn influenced by the women’s satisfaction with the service provided by the health care providers. In addition, their satisfactions with the institutional delivery service remains understudied. Assessment of the maternal satisfaction with maternal health service is a major input to improve maternal health services. Objective: To assess the maternal satisfaction with maternal health service and its predictors among the women who gave birth in last 12 months in Darara district, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was done using a mixed method among the sample of 520 women in Darara district, South Ethiopia from June 1-30, 2023. A systematic and purposive sampling procedure was utilized to choice the study subjects. A structured, validated and pretested interview-administrated questionnaire and in-depth interview were utilized to collect the data. The data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The chi-square (X²) test was utilized to determine the overall association between independent and dependent variables. Both bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. Important assumptions of the binary logistic regression were checked to be satisfied. The coding and analysis of the qualitative data were done using thematic content analysis technique by Atlas-Ti software and presented in narratives. Results: The total maternal satisfaction with maternal health service was 55.2% (95% CI = 50.8-59.4). The identified predictors of maternal satisfaction were distance from household to health post (AOR = 3.59; 95% CI= 1.71 - 7.55), absence of preparation of HEWs during procedure (AOR= 2.87; 95% CI = 1.74 - 4.74), acceptability of the HES by HHs (AOR= 2.18; 95% CI = 1.14 - 4.18), having a reliable communication method with HEWs (AOR = 3.47; 95% CI = 1.77 - 6.79) and received training on the model family (AOR= 2.48, 95% CI= 1.86 - 2.57). These quantitative results were supported by the individual, organizational, socio-demographic and cultural qualitative findings. Conclusions: This study indicated that 55.2% of women were satisfied with maternal service.Distance from household to health post, absence of preparation of HEWs during procedure, acceptability of the Health Extension Service (HES) by household, having a reliable communication method with HEWs and received training on the model family were significant predictors of maternal satisfaction. The interventions to increase maternal satisfaction with HES need to focus on household-based acceptability of them and their reliable communication method in planning and implementing the services. Similarly, expansion of training of model family in the community would increase maternal satisfaction levels.

Aluminium matrix composite’s overall quality is impacted by the friction stir process parameters, which have a major impact on the microstructure, soundness, and particle dispersion inside the stir zone. Although it requires a lot of experimentation, optimizing these factors is vital. For the purpose of optimizing the ultimate tensile strength and microhardness of the AA5083/Silicon carbide and AA5083/Coal composites fabricated by FSP, this work used the Taguchi L9 design of experiments. Three process parameters were investigated at three levels each. For the AA5083/Silicon carbide composite, the results of the ANOVA analysis showed rotational speed has a larger impact on ultimate tensile strength while forAA5083/coal tilt angle has a larger impact on ultimate tensile strength. On the other hand, rotating speed had a greater effect on microhardness and percentage elongation of the AA5083/Coal and AA5083/Silicon carbide composite joints, according to ANOVA analysis. The need for specific process optimization for each composite was highlighted by the fact that different combinations of parameters were best for obtaining the necessary attributes in the AA5083/Silicon carbide and AA5083/Coal composites.

Drag reduction by laminarization, an innovative technology in aerodynamics design, provides the possibility to improve significantly the aerodynamic performance of aircraft and remains to be one of the most promising and effective technologies. In this paper, the design method for transonic natural laminar flow (NLF) wing at high Reynolds number is investigated in details and a new optimization model is established to solve conflicts between the increase of a laminar flow region and the shock wave strength at the trailing edge. In order to numerically handle this competitive situation efficiently, a two-objective hierarchical variable fidelity Pareto evolutionary optimization model based on search space contraction is proposed and implemented. Numerical experiments show that it can capture simultaneously a Pareto front of the two-objectives: a wave drag minimization and a laminar flow region maximization. The results also show that both wave drag and skin friction drag performances of non-dominated Pareto members can be significantly improved via the optimal laminar wing shape and shock wave control device. Nearly 40% of the laminar flow area on the wing surface is achieved at the Reynolds number of 107. It is concluded that the present hierarchical variable-fidelity multi-objective evolutionary optimization method is computationally efficient, and illustrate its potential for solving complex engineering design problems.

For several years, commercial banks in Poland have been reporting activities related to the impact on the environment, society, and corporate governance (ESG). However, only new guidelines, mandatory for many entities, including banks, will allow for comparing these reports, which will be of great importance mainly for investors. The forms of these reports were and still are different, difficult to compare in individual years, and difficult to compare between banks. The article aims to present the banks' preparation for the new reporting rules based on the latest ESG reports. The research was conducted in 4 groups of commercial banks operating in Poland, which are the largest companies listed in the WIG Banks sub-index of the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Gaps in the preparation of these banks for non-financial reporting were identified. The non-financial reports of the banks studied have significant information potential that can be used by various stakeholder groups, including investors, customers, employees, regulators, and local communities. However, the comparability of ESG reports is one of the key challenges faced by both reporting banks and users of these reports. The research results can be used both in scientific works and by bank representatives to improve non-financial reports.

Advances in early detection of Breast cancer and treatment improvements have significant-ly increased survival rates. Traditional screening methods, including mammography, MRI, ultrasound, and biopsies, while effective, often come with high costs and risks. Recently, thermal imaging has gained attention due to its minimal risks compared to mammography, although it is not widely adopted as a primary detection tool since it depends on identifying skin temperature changes and lesions. The advent of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has enhanced the effectiveness of breast cancer detection and diagnosis using this technology. In this study a novel methodology for developing an interpretable computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for breast cancer detection, leveraging explaina-ble Artificial Intelligence (XAI) throughout its various phases. To achieve these goals, we proposed a new multi-objective optimization approach named Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (HPSO) and Hybrid spider Monkey Optimization algorithm (HSMO). These algorithms simultaneously combine the continuous and binary representations of PSO and SMO to effectively manage trade-offs between Accuracy, feature selection and hyperparameter tuning. We evaluate several CAD models and investigate the impact of handcrafted methods such as Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Gabor filters, and edge detection. We further shedding light on the effect of feature selection and optimization on feature attribution and model decision-making processes using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) framework, with a particular emphasis on cancer classification using the DMR-IR dataset. The results of our experiments demonstrate in all trials that the performance of the model is improved. Also with HSMO our models achieved a high accuracy of 98.27% and F1- score of 98.15% while selecting only 25.78% of the HOG features. This approach not only boosts the performance of CAD models but also ensures comprehensive interpretability. This method emerges as a promising and transparent tool for early breast cancer diagnosis.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is regarded as the gold standard for assessing the functional significance of coronary artery lesions, yet it remains underutilized in clinical practice. Our objective was to investigate whether FFR results have the potential to alter treatment decisions for coronary lesions compared to visual assessments of angiographic images made by three operators at a high-volume interventional center. In this retrospective study, we aimed to reassess the angiographic images of 63 patients presenting with chronic coronary syndrome (n=39, 61.9%) and acute coronary syndrome (n=24, 38.1%) who underwent FFR. Three experienced interventional cardiologists (with >300 PCI procedures per year) reevaluated, blinded to FFR results, 105 ambiguous lesions in 63 patients to determine angiographic significance and treatment strategy. The observers reached a concordant agreement (≥2 operators made the same decision) to perform PCI in 60 (57.1%) of the lesions based on angiographic evaluation. Interestingly, 9 (15%) of these lesions were functionally non-significant (FFR &gt;0.80). The observers agreed to defer PCI in 45 (42.9%) of the lesions; however, 4 (8.9%) of these were functionally significant (FFR ≤0.80) and required PCI. Thus, inter-observer concordance in visual-guided therapeutic decision-making is variable and not always confirmed by the functional significance of coronary lesions.

Climate change presents an urgent global challenge, manifesting in rising temperatures and extreme weather events with severe societal impacts. The Eastern Mediterranean, warming faster than the global average, faces immediate repercussions. Climate literacy emerges as pivotal, empowering individuals to comprehend climate science and act accordingly. This study delves into climate literacy, attitudes, and 'greening' behaviours in the Eastern Mediterranean hotspot of Greece, based on a survey of 1,962 citizens. Findings indicate high climate literacy but lower adoption of 'greening' behaviours, especially those involving financial costs. Regression analyses highlight the significant role of climate literacy, concerns about personal impacts, coping appraisal and trust in institutions in promoting 'greening' behaviours. The study underscores the need for multifaceted strategies emphasizing financial motivation, trust-building, and societal norm shifts. Socio-demographic disparities, including gender and occupation, highlight areas for targeted interventions. The emphasis on the mental health impacts of climate-related events underscores the need for holistic disaster management. Policy implications are discussed, highlighting the potential of expanded climate literacy to catalyze collective action toward sustainability.

There is an observed general low performance of Ethiopian Sport Governing Bodies (SGBs) in service delivery. Evidence shows that the trend can be corrected with proper understanding and insight into the process of organisational and management factors of these SGBs. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of organisational and management factors on effective sport service delivery in SGBs. For this study, a cross-sectional research design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to choose 350 samples. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and multiple regression were used to analyse the data at the 0.05 significant level. The findings confirmed that organisational and management factor variables had a significant positive relationship with sport service delivery (organisational structure (r=0.515), organisational capabilities (r=0.701), communication (r=0.549), management practice (r=0.571), materials &amp; resources (r=0.527) and stakeholders satisfaction (r=0.742). In addition, Management factors were found to be significant contributors for predicting effective sport service delivery (F(3, 329)= 165.868, R2= 0.612). Furthermore, organisational factors had a joint significant contribution to effective sport service delivery (F(3, 329) = 148.743, R2= 0.576). In addition, organisational and management factor variables jointly best predicted effective sport service delivery in Ethiopian SGBs (F(6, 326) =130.81, R2= 0.707). Therefore, this study suggests organisational and management factor variables can be used to predict effective sport service delivery.