This paper delves into the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in the forklift industry, particularly focusing on logistics and procurement within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the field of industrial machinery. The study highlights the growing influence of AI in automating and improving the forklift industry. Using the environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) balanced scorecard (BSC), benchmarking, and activity-based management (ABM) models, the paper analyses the risks and the implications of AI integration in the industry in the actual turbulent context. The research highlights the significant shifts in logistics and procurement processes due to AI, projecting a future where forklift operations are deep automatized, leading to a possible loss of forklift operator jobs. A case study of the most relevant Romanian SME in the forklift industry is also presented, examining the company's financial strategies using McKinsey’s 7S framework. The paper concludes with a perspective that, in the future, machines will predominantly operate in roles currently held by humans, significantly altering the industry landscape.

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a significant health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While Pap smears are the standard screening method, they have limitations like low sensitivity and subjective interpretation. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) offers improvements but still relies on manual analysis. This study explored the potential of deep learning (DL) for automated cervical cell classification using both Pap smears and LBC samples. A novel image segmentation algorithm was employed to extract single-cell patches for training a ResNet-50 model.The model trained on LBC images achieved remarkably high sensitivity (0.998), specificity (0.997), and accuracy (0.997), outperforming previous CNN models. However, the Pap smear dataset model achieved significantly lower performance (0.694 sensitivity, 0.838 specificity, 0.834 accuracy). This suggests that noisy and poor cell definition in Pap smears pose challenges for automated classification, whereas LBC provides better classifiable cells patches. These findings demonstrate the potential of AI-powered cervical cell classification for improving CC screening, particularly with LBC. The high accuracy and efficiency of DL models combined with effective segmentation can contribute to earlier detection and more timely intervention. Future research should focus on implementing explainable AI models to increase clinician trust and facilitate the adoption of AI-assisted CC screening in LMICs.

Harmful algal blooms are increasing globally and pose serious health concerns releasing cyanotoxins. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of the most frequently produced cyanotoxins, has recently been detected in aerosols generated by the normal motions of affected bodies of water. MC-LR aerosol exposure has been linked to a pro-inflammatory influence on the airways of mice, however little is understood about the underlying mechanism or the potential consequences. This study aimed to investigate the pro-inflammatory effects of aerosolized MC-LR on murine airways. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were exposed to MC-LR aerosols, as these strains are predisposed to type 1/type 17 and type 2 immune responses, respectively. Exposure to MC-LR induced granulocytic inflammation in C57BL/6 but not BALB/c mice, as observed by increased expression of cytokines MIP-1α, CXCL1, CCL2, and GM-CSF compared with their respective vehicle controls. Furthermore, the upregulation of interleukins IL-17A and IL-12 is consistent with Th1 and Th17 driven type 1/type 17 inflammation. Histological analysis confirmed inflammation in the C57BL/6 lungs, with elevated neutrophils and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and increased pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids. In contrast, BALB/c mice showed no significant airway inflammation. These results highlight the ability of aerosolized MC-LR to trigger harmful airway inflammation, requiring further research.

Focusing on the COVID-19 period in Japan, this study identifies the effectiveness of a municipal unit-based pricing (UBP) system on household waste reduction through a panel data analysis targeting 770 cities for 2013–2022. It focuses on simple unit pricing (SUP) and two-tiered pricing (TTP) systems as the UBP components. As previous studies have not considered the COVID-19 period when assessing UBP, this study significantly contributes to the literature by providing new evidence. The main findings are as follows: First, SUP effectively reduced household waste during the COVID-19 period, although its effectiveness was slightly neutralized owing to the pandemic environment. Second, TTP efficiently restrained household waste during the COVID-19 period, when people became cautious about their excessive waste volumes beyond the TTP criteria. The study implicates the need to expand the municipal adoption of the UBP system for household waste reduction.

In this study, Clostridium butyricum TO-A culture supernatant (CBCS) or butyric acid was added to a culture medium of human cervical carcinoma HeLa S3 cells, and changes in DNA repair-related gene promoter activi-ties were investigated. HeLa S3 cells were transfected with a luciferase (Luc) expression vector containing ap-proximately 500-bp of the 5′-upstream region of several human DNA repair-related genes and cultured with a medium containing CBCS (10%) or butyric acid (2.5 mM). Cells were harvested after 19 to 42 h of incubation. Luc assay revealed that the human ATM, PARG, PARP1, and RB1 gene promoter activities were significantly increased. Western blot analysis showed that amounts of the proteins encoded by those genes markedly in-creased. Furthermore, 8, 24, and 48 h after the addition of the CBCS (10%), total RNA was extracted and subjected to RNAseq analysis. The result showed that the expression of several DNA replication/repair-related genes, including NFKB, and the MCM gene groups, decreased markedly after 8 h. However, the expression of the histone genes increased after 24 h. Elucidation of the mechanism by which CBCS and butyrate affect DNA-repair associated protein-encoding gene expression may contribute to the prevention of carcinogenesis, of which the risk rises in accordance with aging.

Loneliness was one of the most prominent emotional experiences during social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This article aims to shed light on the experiences of loneliness and its relationship with mental health of adolescents in the Da Nang City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected online in early 2023 after 18 months Da Nang lifted its lockdown. The Strength and Difficulties Questionaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Negative Experience Scale were used to investigate loneliness among adolescents and effects of protective social factors. A total of 1,262 grade 6 to 12 students responded to the surveys. Results indicated that (1) loneliness was a more prominent emotion experienced by these adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown; (2) factors contributing to loneliness were related to illness, social distancing, and a lack of care and attention from parents; (3) loneliness reported mostly was short in duration and mild at level, while there was a significant proportion of prolonged loneliness; and (4) Support from family and friends, however, could reduce the risk of mental health problems for the youngsters.

Using Drone Cells to optimize Radio Access Networks is an exemplary way to enhance the capabilities of terrestrial Radio Access Networks. Drones fitted with communication and relay modules can act as Drone Cells. The multi Drone Cell placement problem is solved using an adapted Dispersive Flies Optimization alongside with other meta-heuristic algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution. A home-brewed simulator has been used to test the effectiveness of the different implemented algorithms. Specific environment respective parameter tuning have been explored to better highlight possible advantages of one algorithm over other in any particular environment. Algorithmic diversity has been explored, leading to several modifications and improvements in the implemented models. The results show that using tuned parameters there is a performance uplift in coverage probability when compared to the default meta-heuristic parameters while still remaining within the constraints implied by the problem’s requirements and resource limitation. The paper concludes by offering a study between multiple meta-heuristic approaches and comparison between the methods, investigating the impact of parameter-tuning as well as analyzing the impact of intermittent restart for algorithms persistent diversity.

The P versus NP problem is a cornerstone of theoretical computer science, asking whether problems that are easy to check are also easy to solve. "Easy" here means solvable in polynomial time, where the computation time grows proportionally to the input size. While this problem's origins can be traced to John Nash's 1955 letter, its formalization is credited to Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin. Despite decades of research, a definitive answer remains elusive. Central to this question is the concept of NP-completeness. If even one NP-complete problem could be solved efficiently, it would imply that all problems in NP could be solved efficiently, proving P equals NP. This research proposes that EXACT CLOSURE, a notoriously difficult NP-complete problem, can be solved efficiently, thereby potentially establishing the equivalence of P and NP. This work is an expansion and refinement of the article "Note for the P versus NP problem", published in IPI Letters.

(1) Background: Food and Feed Safety Legislation does not concern all the mycotoxins generated by Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. Certain mycotoxins, including cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), penicillic acid (PA), roquefortine C (ROQ C), mycophenolic acid (MPA), and gliotoxin regarded as having lower toxicity levels, hence not included in food and feed legislation; (2) Methods: Presence of these substances in maize and wheat grown in Albania across two consecutive harvesting seasons was investigated by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); (3) Results: The findings indicated the presence of these mycotoxins in maize grain but not in wheat grain. In the 2014 season, they exhibited a higher contamination incidence than the 2015 season. The most commonly detected Mycotoxin was MPA, followed by CPA and ROC toxin, while Penicillium acid and gliotoxin were detected. The MPA revealed a concentration range of 72.92–3447.25 μg/kg, with a mean value of 1063.89 μg/kg. Mycophenolic acid was detected in the maize samples collected during the 2015 season. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that focusing the investigation only on 'controlled' mycotoxins will not produce a proper risk assessment and may not adequately address the possible harmful impacts of mycotoxins on human and animal health due to mycotoxins co-occurrence.

Opioid addiction disorder (OAD) affects millions of people worldwide. While it is known that OAD originates from many factors, including social and environmental factors, the role of genetic variants in developing the disease has also been reported. This study aims to investigate the genetic variants that may be associated with the risk of developing OAD upon exposure. Twenty-three subjects who had previously been given opioid-based painkillers to undergo small surgical treatment were recruited at Prisma Health Upstate clinic and elsewhere. Eleven of them were considered non-persistent opioid users (controls), and 12 of them were persistent opioid users (cases) after an initial surgery and at the time of sample collection. The subjects were asked to provide saliva samples, which were subjected to DNA sequencing at Clemson University Center for Human Genetics, and variant calling was performed. The GWAS for genes known to be associated with OAD resulted in 13 variants (intronic or SNV) with genome-wide significance (raw p-value < 0.01) and two missense variants, rs6265 (Val66Met in BNDF isoform a) and rs1799971 (Asn40Asp) in OPRM1 previously reported in the literature. Furthermore, extending the GWAS to find all the genomic variants and filtering the variants to include only variants found in cases (persistent opioid users) but not in controls (non-persistent opioid users) resulted in 11 new variants (p-value< 0.005). Considering that OAD is a complex disease and the effect may come from different variants in the same genes, we performed a co-occurrence analysis of variants on the genes and identified four genes, LRFN3, ZMIZ1, RYR3, and OR1L6 with three or more variants in the case subjects but not in control individuals.

Research question/problem: This comprehensive review and comparative analysis aims to investigate the significance of enhancing oxygen provision in the context of COVID-19, focusing on the implications for healthcare policies and services.Background/context: The study addresses the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve of blood in COVID-19 patients, emphasizing the impact on oxygen delivery to tissues and the challenges it poses for clinical management. It also explores the disruption of healthcare systems due to the pandemic and the integration of social determinants of health in clinical environments.Methodology: The research incorporates a thorough literature review, comparative analysis of diverse approaches to oxygen delivery, and examination of successful interventions through case studies and best practices. Data collection techniques include the review of scholarly articles, case studies, and policy documents.Results/Key findings: The study highlights the imperative for augmented oxygen supply and the significance of maintaining appropriate oxygen saturation levels, especially in the context of respiratory illnesses like COVID-19. It also emphasizes the positive correlation between increased oxygen saturation levels and life expectancy, indicating potential health benefits of enhanced oxygen availability.Conclusions/Implications: The findings underscore the need for a structured approach to oxygen therapy and the importance of equitable distribution of oxygen to underserved regions. The implications of the research extend to enhancing healthcare policies and services regarding oxygen provision during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in rural and remote areas.

Understanding plant species and community status is the most fundamental step in assessing biodiversity and considering environmental conservation, and these depend on the identification of plant species. Plant identification is usually done manually using botanical illustrations, but due to the diversity of plant species, identifying a single species from among many candidates listed in illustrated books is a labor-intensive and time-consuming task, even for experts. Against this background, systems for automatic plant species recognition are in demand by experts and amateurs alike. In this study, we proposed a method for automatic plant identification by applying multifractal analysis to images of leaf veins, including veinlets. In the experiment, we conducted two experiments: one to see if there is a change in the number of dimensions depending on the degree of leaf growth, and the other to see how the number of dimensions changes depending on the taxonomic group. As a result, there was almost no change depending on the degree of growth, and the number of dimensions varied depending on the taxonomic group, suggesting that different taxonomic groups can be classified into different taxonomic groups, suggesting that multifractal analysis can be applied to leaf vein images, including veinlets, to enable automatic plant identification.

The severe acquired respiratory coronavirus–2 (SARS–CoV-2) infection has initiated both acute and chronic COVID–19 disease between 2020 and 2023, currently evolving with other homologous prior coronavirus strains of the Nidoviridae order, which encompasses other prevalent alpha/ beta coronaviruses, but also the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-1, with recent SARS–CoV–2 variants, increasing demands for effective immunogens and therapeutic approaches that will reduce global disease burden and further infection from SARS–CoV-2 affected individuals that may experience post acute sequelae (PASC) or “Long COVID”. Following a worldwide programme of prophylactic vaccination, there is still a dilemma in the efforts to find prophylactic and early therapeutic approaches that would treat novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and prevent future epidemics or pandemics within host human and animal populations, where zoonotic or cross species transfer naturally occurs. Concerns about viral immune escape intersect at a specific point; a gained evolutionary ability of several viruses to co–infect and compete against previous scientific advances since 1796 that remain undetected or asymptomatic during the early stages of infection progressing to symptomatic and severe disease via the double methylation of the 5' end of eukaryotic DNA or RNA-based viral genomes, the 7-MeGpppA2’-O-Me cap, and its double methylation capping process is performed by the activated viral 2’ - O - Methyltransferase (MTase) enzyme, a complex of two viral non-structural proteins (NSPs) joined together through an activation process (NSP10/16) and by N7-Methyltransferase (N7-MTase/NSP14), respectively. Moreover, it was discovered that polymorphic viruses translate NSP1, which prevents the activation of various Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), and consequently, detection of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) alike. NSP1 also silences important interferon-encoding genes (INGs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), is signalled in a paracrine manner to neighbouring cells, and that induces the apoptosis of host cells, inducing an effect of “trace erase” effect and making the viral infection as immunologically “invisible” as possible during the initial, key stages of viral replication and distribution, all such mechanisms occurring independently of the viruses in cause. Another important viral NSP is NSP14, as it plays two functional roles that are independent of each other; to produce new viral genetic material for the purpose of maintaining the validity of the viral genome as well, and not just transfer a methyl group to the 5’ end of the viral genome. Other viral NSPs share a role with NSP1, 10, 14 and 16 in directly suppressing the activation of PRRs and ISGs, and all such viral proteins help the virus in its process of self-camouflaging against first- and second-line immunity, thereby often severely impacting the quality of the produced adaptive immune responses. The outcome of all such phenomena is the sharp decrease in the host Type I and Type III interferons' (IFNs) rate of synthesis by the host cells, that would usually occur and affect homeostatic cellular pathways, resulting in further viral replication and induced apoptosis. Nonetheless, effects of microbial immune evasion during the development of other viral or carcinogenic pathologies are not widely known. In short, polymorphic viruses developed a proportionate evolutionary response against developed adaptive immune responses, by currently relying on gaps mostly situated in the natural immune system in their process of molecular self-camouflaging. Scientists developed numerous approaches of early treatment that generally showed good success rates and fewer risks of adverse events, and the still early present stages of COVID-19 research should also be taken into consideration whilst filtering for the most appropriate solutions. For example, the administration of recombinant human interferons I and III into the nasal mucosa cellular layer, as key mediators of anti–viral activity, can simulate intracellular infection and stimulate cellular activity in a timely manner, training the innate and adaptive immune system cells to develop and appropriately stimulate an adequate immune response through B and T cells. Another example could involve the treatment of natural and adaptive lymphocytes with a low dose of IFNs I and possibly III, prior to their insertion into the host lymphatic system, possibly alongside additional recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) as further interferon “factories”, all with the purpose of early infection management. It might be that focusing on directly offering the immune system the information about the genetics and protein structure of the pathogen, rather than training its first-line mechanisms to develop faster, excessively increases its specificity, making it reach a level that brings the virus the opportunity to evolve and escape previously-developed host immune mechanisms. It is until the scientific community realises this potentially crucial aspect that large proportions of the world population will probably continue to face serious epidemics and pandemics of respiratory diseases over the coming several decades, evidenced with dengue fever and more recently, monkeypox and possibly avian flu. Of note, it has been indicated that IFN I and / or III display significant immunising, early therapeutic and clinical disease onset-attenuating effects for many other microbial evoked diseases, as well as for a number of oncological diseases.

Even today Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) remain the most frequent and serious complications in healthcare, with a significant clinical and economic impact. The authors address the causes and conditions that determine this situation and describe them in a comparison with the situation in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany more than two centuries ago and with the instructions that were issued at the time to contain the typhus epidemic of 1817, to increase hospital sanitation and disinfect houses. Today, we know that a crucial element in the fight against healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) is the definition and implementation of best care practices and other measures, according to a combined program that must be tailored to each healthcare setting. In the early nineteenth century, these approaches originated from experience and chemical knowledge that were becoming established, opening the way to the ideas and experiments of Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis and later of Joseph Lister, who traced the path for the birth of Hygiene. Two centuries later the pioneering vision of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany at the beginning of the 19th century, when preventive measures in the field of public health were still backward and underdeveloped, is still enlightening and surprisingly topical.

This article explores the enduring influence of colonial legacies on the economic development of the Americas, tracing their historical roots and contemporary repercussions. By examining a comprehensive range of historical and modern research, the article analyzes how colonial institutions, policies, and labour systems have profoundly shaped the economic trajectories of countries across the region. Central to the discussion is the lasting impact of colonial-era practices, such as the mining mita in Peru, and how factor endowments have influenced inequality and development patterns. The article further investigates the broader implications of these findings for understanding the deep-seated origins of economic disparities and the formidable challenge of overcoming colonial legacies in the present day. Special attention is given to the role of inclusive institutions, regional cooperation, and the intersection of culture and identity in fostering more equitable economic and social progress. Through this analysis, the article provides valuable insights into the historical foundations of contemporary economic imbalances and offers policy recommendations for addressing these persistent legacies.

In this study, we investigate a yaw control strategy in a two-turbine wind farm with 3.5 MW turbines, aiming to optimize power management. The wind farm is equipped with a nacelle-mounted multi-plane LiDAR system for wind speed measurements. Using an analytical model and integrating LiDAR and SCADA data, we estimate wake effects and power output. Our results show a 2% power gain achieved through optimal yaw control over a year-long assessment. The wind predominantly blows from the southwest, perpendicular to the turbine alignment. The optimal yaw and power gain depend on wind conditions, with higher turbulence intensity and wind speed leading to reduced gains. The power gain follows a bell curve across the range of wind inflow angles, peaking at 1.7% with a corresponding optimal yaw of 17 degrees at an inflow angle of 12 degrees. Further experiments are recommended to refine the estimates and enhance the performance of wind farms through optimized yaw control strategies, ultimately contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy generation.

5G Mobile Adhoc Networks (5G-MANETs) are a popular and agile solution for data transmission in local contexts, while maintaining communication with remote entities via 5G. These characteristics have established 5G-MANETs as versatile communication infrastructures for deploying contextual applications, leveraging physical proximity while exploiting the possibilities of the Internet. As a result, there is growing interest in exploring the potential of these networks and their performance in real-world scenarios. However, the management and monitoring of 5G-MANETs is challenging due to their inherent characteristics, such as highly variable topology, unstable connections, energy consumption of individual devices, message routing, and occasional inability to connect to 5G. Considering these challenges, the proposed work aims to address real-time monitoring of 5G-MANETs using a connection-aware Digital Twin (DT). The approach provides two main functions: offering a live virtual representation of the network, even in scenarios where multiple nodes lack 5G connectivity, and estimating the performance of the infrastructure, enabling the specification of customized conditions. To achieve this, a communication architecture is proposed, analyzing its components and defining the involved processes. The DT is implemented and evaluated in a laboratory setting, assessing its accuracy in representing the physical network under varying conditions of topology and Internet availability. The results show 100% accuracy for the DT in fully connected topologies, with ultra-low latency averaging under 80 ms, and suitable performance in partially connected contexts, with latency averages below 3000 ms.

The circular economy is a tangible paradigm in response to the unsustainable model of production and consumption of resources in the agri-food system. The circular economy allows for a reduction in the environmental impact through the minimization of food waste or the maximal generation of renewable energy from waste. Despite the relevance, the extant literature is scat for indications on how to apply circular business models in agri-food systems. Hence, the paper aims to analyze the circular economy implementation level in the agri-food system in 29 European countries focusing on specific circular economy strategies. Selected indicators were analyzed to evaluate the level of circular economy implementation in the agri-food system (e.g., production values, energy sharing from renewable sources, and total waste emission) using a Panel data analysis method. The required variables were gained from the global databases within the recent five years (2014-2018). Results reveal an overall lack of circular economy implementation in the agri-food systems among European countries. A set of 12 managerial propositions was suggested to foster the implementation of the circular business models by interacting the recycling, extending, intensifying, and dematerializing strategies with aspects of the production process, waste emission, and renewable energy sharing in the agri-food system.

In this article we focus on kynurenic acid metabolism, a biochemical part of L-tryptophan catabolism, in processes related to memory and cognitive impairment and its subsequent relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders and the ageing process. Kynurenic acid is synthesised from L-kynurenine by kynurenine aminotransferases.Experimental pharmacological studies have shown that elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the brain are associated with impaired learning and that lowering kynurenic acid levels can improve these symptoms. The discovery of new compounds with the ability to block kynurenine aminotransferase opens up new therapeutic avenues against memory impairment and dementia. The newly developed Helix pomatia snail model of memory is being used for this pharmacological approach. In conclusion, diet, exercise and physical activity have a significant impact on the endogenous pharmacology of kynurenic acid and significantly modulate steady-state conditions and delay the events of the ageing process.

COVID-19 highlighted the challenges of public acceptance of public health measures, including mask-wearing and vaccination. which has spurred interest in engineered approaches to reduce infections. Germicidal Ultraviolet (GUV) Energy has been used for decades in hospital rooms to limit TB transmission, but it is expensive to install in the upper part of rooms where it may be used safely. In contrast, FAR-UV energy is a relatively new, flexible technology that can be set up in rooms for moderate costs, and studies thus far indicate it is efficacious and not damaging to eyes or skin. To examine the state of the field, experts in aerosol biology, infection control, and building engineering from academia, government, and industry were convened to inform policy recommendations for future investments, identify research required, and examine policy options for using these technologies. Despite its high efficacy for deactivating several types of microorganisms and pathogens of concern, before FAR-UV technologies may be widely deployed, additional studies are needed to understand potential adverse effects, as well as the best approaches to use, standardize, and regulate the technology. In some environments, the use of FAR-UV can generate ozone, which can react with volatile organic compounds that may be hazardous to human health, such as respiratory tract irritation. Even with these concerns, the demonstrated effectiveness in disease control of both FAR-UV and longer wavelengths of GUV deserve increased policy attention to reduce risks of indoor disease transmission. While potentially useful to counter disease in high-risk indoor environments, further standardization and regulatory measures, as well as research into the production of oxidative compounds is necessary before broad adoption of FAR-UV.

Preclinical cell tracking is enhanced with a multimodal imaging approach. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a highly sensitive optical modality which relies on engineering cells to constitutively express a luciferase gene. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a newer imaging modality which directly detects superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles used to label cells. Here, we compare BLI and MPI for imaging cells in vitro and in vivo. Mouse 4T1 breast carcinoma cells were transduced to express firefly luciferase, labeled with SPIO (ProMag) and imaged as cell samples and after subcutaneous injection into mice. For cell samples, the BLI and MPI signals were strongly correlated with cell number. Both modalities presented limitations for imaging cells in vivo. For BLI, weak signal penetration, signal attenuation and scattering prevented detection of cells for mice with hair and for cells far from the tissue surface. For MPI, background signals obscured the detection of low cell numbers due to the limited dynamic range and cell number could not be accurately quantified from in vivo images. It is important to understand the shortcomings of these imaging modalities to develop strategies to improve cellular detection sensitivity.

This study investigated the relationship between mental health, physical activity, and weight among Saudi female university students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess participants' risky behaviors, psychological health, and health-related habits. Results revealed that a significant number of students had unhealthy eating habits, low levels of physical activity, and were overweight. While there was a slight trend towards lower physical activity and higher weight among individuals with higher depressive symptoms, these relationships were not statistically significant. The study concludes that factors beyond mental health, such as cultural norms and social support, likely play a more significant role in influencing physical activity levels and weight among Saudi university students. Further research is needed to identify these factors and develop targeted interventions to promote healthier lifestyles.

Here I examine the overexploitation of Artemisia granatensis, a narrow endemic medicinal plant species from Sierra Nevada, Spain, and the consequences for its conservation. With over 50,000 flowering plant species used for medicinal purposes worldwide, many species face sustainability issues due to overharvesting and habitat loss. Historical documentation of A. granatensis use dates back to the 13th century, highlighting its significance in traditional medicine. However, this species has suffered extensive overexploitation, particularly in the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to a significant decline in populations. Conservation concerns were first raised in 1909, and despite the species being legally protected since 1982, illegal collection and environmental pressures persist. Today, A. granatensis is critically endangered, with fewer than 2,000 individuals remaining in fragmented populations. The study synthesizes historical and recent literature to understand the long-standing pressures on this species and the limited conservation efforts made. Cultivation of A. granatensis is proposed as a crucial strategy to reduce pressure on wild populations and ensure the survival of this flagship important plant species.

Solar radiation is an element and a meteorological factor that is present in several processes, such as evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and energy generation, among others. However, in some regions, there is a limitation in surface data measurements. In this study, 87 empirical models were evaluated to estimate global radiation (Hg) in the Brazilian Amazon Biome; these models were divided into five groups according to the input variables, such as insolation (group I), air temperature (group II), relative humidity (group III), astronomical variables (group IV), and hybrid models (group V) as input variables. The estimates were evaluated by their significance (t-test) and then according to the statistical metrics of the models' performance (R2, MBE, RMSE, and d). The group V model [Hg/Ho = a + b lnΔT + c (S/So)d)] presented the best statistical performance in all evaluated indicators, followed by the group I model [Hg/Ho = a + b (S/So)c ] and then the group II model [Hg/Ho = a + bΔT + c ΔT0.25 + d ΔT0.5 + e (Tmed/Ho)]. The group III models presented low statistical performance, and the group IV models were not significant (NS) in all evaluated meteorological stations. In general, it was found that the simple or hybrid models based on insolation and air temperature were efficient in estimating Hg in the Brazilian Amazon Biome.

How can we ensure publishing ethics in the digital age? In an age where information travels at the speed of light, ethical publishing is essential to maintain the credibility and quality of content. Academics, students and practitioners face challenges such as protecting copyright and ensuring transparency. Drawing on theoretical research and, in particular, qualitative analysis of theoretical sources, the research aim of this paper is to reflect on what practical recommendations and key principles can help deliver valuable content and avoid ethical pitfalls. Educating the academic community about the meaning and protection of copyright, licensing, transparency and moral responsibility of authors and peer-reviewed scientific publications seems crucial. The ethical aspects of publishing educational texts and publications are pillars for ensuring quality and credibility. Copyright protection and fair licensing form the basis that promotes transparency and fairness. The need for academics and students to be encouraged to reflect on ethical challenges and contribute to sustainable publishing seems essential. The findings of this theoretical research can serve as feedback for publishers of scholarly and educational texts and as insights for setting publishing standards.

RNA molecules face significant challenges in achieving their correct functional structures due to intrinsic folding problems, including kinetic trapping in incorrect conformations and thermodynamic instability of tertiary structures. The RNA chaperone hypothesis proposes that RNA-binding proteins, or RNA chaperones, play a crucial role in facilitating proper RNA folding by mitigating these difficulties. RNA chaperones resolve misfolding by preventing alternative conformations and stabilizing correct tertiary structures, thus enhancing RNA functionality. This hypothesis is supported by evidence demonstrating that nonspecific RNA-binding proteins enhance RNA folding kinetics by resolving misfolded complexes.RNA-dependent ATPases are implicated in the spatial and temporal regulation of RNA folding. The evolutionary transition from an RNA-dominated world to an RNA-protein world is thought to have involved the emergence of nonspecific RNA-binding peptides that initially functioned as general chaperones before evolving into more specialized RNA-binding proteins. The role of RNA chaperones extends to the regulation of ribosomal RNA folding, where assembly factors prevent misfolding by delaying tertiary interactions.Mechanistic insights into RNA chaperone function reveal diverse strategies, including charge screening and specific binding interactions, which facilitate RNA conformational transitions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which RNA chaperones influence RNA folding and to explore the evolutionary implications of these interactions.

The importance of continuously emerging new distribution is a mandate to understand the world and environment surrounding us. In this paper, the author will discuss a new distribution defined on the interval (0,1) as regards the methodology of deducing its PDF, some of its properties and related functions. A simulation and real data analysis will be highlighted.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has significant impact on monocyte effector functions and gene expression. CMV, a β-herpesvirus, disrupts key monocyte roles, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, and migration. Monocytes, crucial players in innate immunity, exhibit altered functionality upon CMV infection, impairing their ability to combat pathogens and activate adaptive immune responses. CMV modulates monocyte gene expression, decreasing their capacity for antigen presentation and phagocytosis, while increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, which can contribute to tissue damage and chronic inflammation. We highlight that CMV alters monocyte migration to infection sites while promoting trans-endothelial migration, thus aiding viral dissemination. Additionally, the virus affects reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhancing viral persistence during acute infection and facilitating immune evasion during latency. These findings underscore the clinical significance of these disruptions, particularly in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients, where modulation of monocyte function by CMV exacerbates risks for infection, inflammation, and graft rejection. Understanding of these mechanisms will inform therapeutic strategies to mitigate CMV-related complications in vulnerable populations.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) impacts various aspects of patients' lives. The most reported factors affecting clinical burden are itching and psychological disturbances (e.g., depression, anxiety or even suicidal thoughts). Also, AD affects school and work-related activities, even career advancement. Thus, AD patient management and decisions regarding advanced/systemic therapy are complex, requiring consideration of multiple disease-related factors: age; disease severity; patient medical history and comorbidities; previous topical therapy use and any adverse reactions; treatment efficacy concerns; patient preferences, expectations and fears; pregnancy planning; ability and willingness to adhere to the treatment regimen; impact on intimate and social relationships and work/school performance; and treatment-related risks and any associated psychological or psychiatric issues. Current guidelines and systematic reviews support the safety and efficacy of systemic therapy (conventional, biologics, JAK inhibitors) for treating AD. When topical therapy and phototherapy are insufficient, conventional systemic therapies (cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine) are used, or advanced treatments can be introduced, like biologics and JAK inhibitors (baricitinib, upadacitinib, and abrocitinib), which have been approved for moderate to severe AD. Additional biologics being evaluated in clinical trials include lebrikizumab, nemolizumab, eblasakimab, and OX40/OX40L. Ultimately, there is great value in a personalized and multidisciplinary approach to AD management, as has been supported by numerous studies and clinical practice over time.

Since the discovery that Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDCAi) could enhance radiation response, a number of HDACi, mainly pan-HDAC inhibitors, have been studied either as monotherapy or in combination with photon irradiation or chemotherapeutic drugs in the management of breast cancer. Studies on combination of HDACi and particle type of radiation remain limited. CUDC-101 is a multitarget inhibitor of Histone deacetylases (HDACs), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2). In this paper, the effectiveness of CUDC-101 in enhancing radiation response to protons irradiation was studied in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cell lines, using X-rays as reference radiation. γ-H2AX foci assays showed increased sensitivity to CUDC-101 in MDA-MB-231 cell line compared to the MCF-7 cell line. In both cell lines, induction of apoptosis was enhanced in CUDC-101 pre-treated cells compared to radiation (protons or X-rays) alone. Increased apoptosis was also noted in CUDC-101 pre-treated cells in the MCF-10A cell line. Cell cycle analysis showed increased G2/M arrest by CUDC-101 mono-treatment as well as combination of CUDC-101 and X-irradiation in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Collectively, the findings indicate that CUDC-101 effectively enhances response to both X-radiation and proton irradiation, in the triple negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. The study highlights that CUDC-101 holds potential in the management of triple negative breast cancer as monotherapy or in combination with X-irradiation.

The black hole entropy problem, often framed through the semi-classical relation between horizon area and entropy, challenges the consistency of quantum gravity and thermodynamic principles. Within the framework of string theory, Fuzzball solutions offer a nontrivial resolution by positing that black holes are ensembles of horizonless microstates, whose degeneracy matches the leading-order entropy scaling predicted by $S \sim A$. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of Fuzzball microstate geometries against other competing proposals, such as holographic dualities, where $S_{\text{CFT}}$ asymptotically approaches black hole entropy and approaches derived from loop quantum gravity, which quantize spacetime at the Planck scale. Recent advancements in the moduli space of supersymmetric and near-extremal Fuzzball solutions have pushed forward our understanding of microstate counting, though extending these solutions to nonextremal configurations remains a formidable challenge. Moreover, the emergence of Hawking radiation as a coherent quantum process, while preserving unitarity, raises new questions about the completeness of the Fuzzball paradigm in resolving the information paradox. In this work, we explore the complex interplay between gravitational entropy, quantum information, and the non-local structure of spacetime, ultimately confronting the limitations and future directions of Fuzzball theory in addressing the full range of gravitational entropy phenomena.

This research developed and evaluated a machine learning model for predicting thunderstorm frequency, in the Wa region of Ghana, with a focus on its impact for agricultural planning and management. Using a range of meteorological variables including Total Column Water(TCW), Total Column Rain Water(TCRW), and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), the research aim to identify important predictors of thunderstorm occurrence and quantify their relative importance. A Random Forest algorithm was employed to create the predictive model, which was trained and tested on historical weather data. The model demonstrated good predictive capabilities, explaining approximate 72.6% of the variance in thunderstorm occurrences, with a mean absolute error of 2.34 storms and an index of agreement of 0.926. Key findings showed the importance of atmospheric moisture content, particularly TCW and TCRW , in predicting thunderstorm frequency. Atmospheric instability measures, such as CAPE, played a secondary but important role. The model showed strength in capturing overall trends in thunderstorm frequencies but exhibited some limitations in predicting extreme events. The research contributes to the field of meteorology by demonstrating the effectiveness of machine learning techniques in capturing complex atmospheric interactions leading to thunderstorm formation. It also provides a framework for linking thunderstorm predictions to potential agricultural impacts, enhancing the practical applicability of weather forecasting in the agricultural sector. The study lays the groundwork for more sophisticated, localized weather predictions systems that can greatly benefit agricultural planning and broader weather dependent activities in the region. Future research dimensions include exploring advanced feature engineering, integrating temporal and spatial analysis, and developing agricultural impacts models to further enhance the practical utility of thunderstorm predictions.

The colonization practices of Portugal, particularly its early and continuous encouragement of miscegenation, have profoundly shaped Brazil's social and racial landscape. This resulted in a racially mixed society with intricate social hierarchies where race, skin color, and socioeconomic status are deeply interwoven. Unlike the United States, which enforced strict racial boundaries through anti-miscegenation laws and a rigid binary classification of race, Brazil developed a more fluid and complex system of racial identification. This article delves into how Portuguese miscegenation influenced Brazil's racial identity and the formation of its elite, examines societal reactions to racial mixing, and contrasts these dynamics with those of the United States. By analyzing historical contexts, incorporating census data, and reviewing contemporary studies, the discussion highlights the systemic marginalization of Afro-Brazilians—who make up over half of the country's population—and how this exclusion impedes national development. The article argues that systemic racism is a critical barrier to Brazil's progress, potentially more detrimental than economic inequality and corruption, and emphasizes that integrating Afro-Brazilians is imperative for the nation to realize its full potential.

The measurement of corporate governance takes into account not only the profitability and solvency of the companies, but also the degree of information provided: its transparency. Corporate governance has become particularly relevant in recent years and one of the main problems is how to measure it properly. It is usually measured privately, either through audits or private verification companies. However, the public and mandatory information issued by these companies is rarely valued. This is where this research is new. The aim of this article is to develop a CGRI (Corporate Governance Ratio Index) to evaluate the transparency of corporate governance of companies using public and mandatory information. For this purpose, it is applicable to companies listed on the Spanish continuous market. This paper applies the index to the 35 most relevant companies in the Spanish continuous market. Subsequently, the paper asses the interrelation of the index with the main factors of corporate governance such as remuneration, monitoring and governance structure. By using a publicly available index, this study contributes to the transparency and accessibility of CG assessment, providing valuable insights into the effective corporate governance practices and thus the index helps to identify areas for improvement in the company itself and to observe the actions of its competitors.

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) was initially developed in the 1960s based on behaviorist theories, gained popularity as a teaching method for individuals with ASD. The practice employs theoretical behavior analytic principles to address social and life skills amongst a few. With the wide acceptance and prevalence of ABA, the need to provide based on specific challenges of individual can get fogged. The present paper is a critical review of the trajectory of ABA and how it became the gold standard treatment for autism. It also focuses on identifying gaps in the current literature to guide the path for upcoming professionals working in the field of behavioral inteventions for children with autism.

Background and Objectives: The rising incidence of modifiable lifestyle risk factors and cardiovascular diseases, driven by poor diet, inactivity, excessive alcohol use, and smoking, may influence the development and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IA). This study aimed to examine the impact of lifestyle-related and cardiovascular risk factors on IA rupture and patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: We developed the "MARVIN" (Metabolic and Adverse Risk Factors and Vices Influencing Intracranial Aneurysms) model and conducted a retrospective analysis of 303 patients with 517 IAs, treated between 2007 and 2020. Of these, 225 patients were analyzed for rupture status and 221 for clinical outcomes. The analysis focused on hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, vascular diseases, nicotine and alcohol abuse, obesity, aneurysm rupture status, and clinical outcomes. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the impact of these risk factors. Results: Among those with risk factors, 24.9% (56/225) and 25.3% (56/221) had one, 32.0% (72/225) and 30.8% (68/221) had two, 20.0% (45/225) and 20.4% (45/221) had three, 12.0% (27/225) and 12.2% (27/221) had four, 4.0% (9/225) and 4.1% (9/221) had five, 0.9% (2/225) had six in both groups, and 0.4% (1/225) and 0.5% (1/221) had seven risk factors, respectively. Strong relationships were found between lifestyle-related vascular risk factors, indicating multiple comorbidities in patients with unhealthy habits. Smokers with ruptured aneurysms had higher WFNS (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies) scores, but nicotine abuse did not affect long-term outcomes. The most significant predictors for poor outcomes were WFNS score and age, while age and a history of vascular diseases were protective against rupture. Despite the high prevalence of modifiable risk factors, they did not significantly influence rupture risk. Conclusions: The findings suggest a need for multifactorial risk assessment strategies in managing IA patients. Future studies with larger cohorts are required to confirm these results and better understand IA progression.

This study aims to evaluate the performance of a concrete bridge located near the earthen dam of Masjed Soleiman County. The proximity of bridges to large water structures such as dams can affect their structural integrity due to environmental factors and the dynamic loads imposed by fluctuating water levels and soil movements. This paper analyzes the structural behavior of the concrete bridge using advanced modeling techniques, including finite element analysis and site-specific data. The methodology involves evaluating the bridge’s load-carrying capacity, durability under environmental stresses, and possible degradation due to soil settlement and moisture penetration from the nearby dam.Field tests and simulations were conducted to assess the bridge’s stability and performance under different loading conditions, including traffic loads and external factors like changes in water pressure from the dam. Results indicate that while the concrete bridge remains structurally sound, there are signs of minor degradation in certain areas, such as cracks and moisture-related issues. These findings highlight the importance of regular maintenance and monitoring, especially in structures located near large water bodies or dams.Recommendations for improving the bridge’s performance include applying advanced waterproofing methods, strengthening concrete components in critical zones, and implementing a routine inspection schedule. The results from this case study provide valuable insights into the interaction between bridges and surrounding hydraulic infrastructure, serving as a reference for similar projects in regions prone to environmental and structural stresses.This research contributes to the body of knowledge by offering practical solutions for maintaining and enhancing the durability of concrete bridges in close proximity to dams, emphasizing the need for proactive strategies to extend the lifespan of such critical infrastructure.

In order to deepen students' understanding of the deep learning network development and application process, this paper designed a deep learning-based teaching experiment simulation method for C. oleifera diseases and pest segmentation. The experimental process includes training data collection and preprocessing, network model training, result verification and analysis, etc., throughout the whole process of deep learning-based image segmentation task development. To this end, CDM-DeeplabV3+ network was proposed to segment C. oleifera leaf diseases fast and accurately, which was composed of a Residual Attention ASPP(CBAM-ASPP) and Dual Attention Encoder (DAM-Encoder). CBAM-ASPP obtained multiscale information by extending to five dilated convolutions and focused on the edge features using Convolutional Block Attention Module. The DAM-Encoder structure, which was connected with CBAM-ASPP in parallel, highlighted the tiny features by combining global and local features. Then, the C. oleifera diseases and pest dataset was built, and the model was compared with the traditional segmentation models DeeplabV3+, UNet, HrNetV2 and PSPNet. The experimental results show that the mIoU of CDM-DeeplabV3+ reaches 85.63%, which is 5.82% higher than that of the original model and the model parameters are reduced by nearly five times, proving the effectiveness and feasibility of segmenting pests and diseases on C. oleifera. The design of the experimental teaching content is inspired by the scientific research experiments of artificial intelligence, following the frontier of the discipline and easy to realize, reflecting the teaching concept of the integration of science and education.

Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (WM) is an heterogenous disease, and the majority of patients tends to have a long course. Nevertheless, it is imperative to detect patients who have high risk of progression and who benefit from closer follow up. Many recent studies have displayed the CD163-positive Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribution in the pathogenesis of various hematological neoplasms and solid tumors. Soluble CD163 (sCD163) can be measured in serum, along with other TAM-chemoattractant cytokines, such as CCL2 and CCL4, and their levels are used to determine macrophage activation. In the current study we investigated the correlation between sCD163, CCL2 and CCL4, with parameters of WM progression and survival. Out of a total 204 WM patients, serum sCD163, CCL2 and CCL4 were measured in 75, 64 and 65, patients’ frozen sera at diagnosis and 30 healthy individuals (HIs) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We achieved to demonstrate that shorter Time to Treatment (TTT) was observed in 2 years and 7 years intervals in all patients with a ratio of CD163/CCL4 above median (p =0.003 and p=0.024 respectively) and decreased TTT was observed in all asymptomatic WM (AWM) patients with values of CCL4 above the median (p=0.018). Moreover, significantly decreased overall survival (OS) (p=0.033) was observed in all WM patients with CCL2 values above median. Our results indicate that sCD163, CCL2 and CCL4 could be utilized as prognostic markers in WM.

Background: This retrospective cohort study investigates the prognostic significance of genetic mutations in Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) and their association with treatment responses among patients treated at a single institution, juxtaposed with a statewide dataset from Kentucky. Methods: The study includes 51 patients diagnosed with CMML under the World Health Organization criteria from January 2005 to December 2023. It examines their genomic profiles and subsequent survival outcomes. The analysis also categorizes patients into CMML-1 and CMML-2 subtypes and assesses survival differences between transformed and non-transformed cases. Results: Mutations in TET2, ASXL1, and SRSF2 were found to significantly influence survival, establishing their roles as critical prognostic markers. Additionally, the cohort from the University of Kentucky exhibited distinct survival patterns compared to the broader Kentucky state population, suggesting that demographic and treatment-related factors could underlie these variances. Conclusions: This research underscores the pivotal role of targeted genetic profiling in deciphering the progression of CMML and refining therapeutic strategies. The findings emphasize the necessity for advanced genetic screening in managing CMML to better understand individual prognoses and optimize treatment efficacy, thereby offering insights that could lead to personalized treatment approaches.

The continuous casting nozzle which guides and protects the flow of liquid steel undergoes a progressive reduction in its internal diameter following the accumulation on the internal wall of non-metallic inclusions. This narrowing of the channel is due to a mechanical attachment (non-metallic inclusions) and this, because of the turbulent regime of the flow of the liquid steel. This phenomenon is very often associated with the casting of low carbon steels deoxidized exclusively with aluminium. Clogging generally leads to a slowing down of the casting speed and, in severe cases, to the total stoppage of the installation and consequently to the appearance in the slab of the defect called "resumption of casting or belt". The aim of this work is to determine the nature of the deposit and the blocking mechanism of the pouring nozzles. For that, a chemical analysis as well as tests concerning the adhesion of the deposit were carried out on samples taken from damaged pouring nozzles. We found that it was at a load of 187.5 kgf that the rupture of the sample took place, during the interfacial indentation tests, which represents a very high level of adhesion. On the other hand, chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence of the deposits revealed a fairly high level of alumina (Al₂O₃ = 90%) which undoubtedly comes from inclusions resulting from the deoxidation of the metal. It can therefore be said that the clogging phenomenon is produced by a continuous attachment of non-metallic inclusions to the rough walls of the nozzle.

A novel utilization of passive samplers has emerged as a promising method for rapidly assessing the presence of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), particularly H5N1, which is known for its shedding from infected birds. The passive torpedo sampler procedure for identifying presence of AIV, a carryover from the successful technology used to monitor COVID concentrations in wastewater, is demonstrated in application for detection of AIV. While the potential benefits of the application of this technology are significant, challenges remain that must be addressed to maximize its effectiveness. H5N1 poses a substantial risk due to its ability to survive in the environment for extended periods, with infected birds excreting the virus in feces and saliva for up to ten days. By leveraging this advanced sampling technique, the opportunity exists to enhance surveillance efforts and better understand the dynamics of this virus in avian populations. The torpedo approach for detection of AIV viruses has the potential to increase the surveillance coverage, is less expensive than current procedures, and provides the opportunity for improved accessibility and spatial coverage of areas near chicken barns.

In biology and medicine, synthetic polymers that mimic intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) exhibiting remarkable structural and conformational flexibility due to their lack of stable three-dimensional structures are highly desirable. This conformational flexibility facilitates self-organization, making such polymers highly useful for various biomedical applications. Specifically, intrinsically disordered synthetic polymers show great potential in drug delivery systems, organ transplantation, artificial organ design, and ensuring immune compatibility. There is a pressing need for new synthesis and characterization techniques to develop these polymers which are modeled after intrinsically disordered proteins and can be used for various biomedical purposes. In this paper, we outline our strategies for designing intrinsically disordered synthetic polymers for biomedical applications. These design approaches are inspired by the properties of intrinsically disordered proteins and use of disorder promoting oligopeptides.

This review explores the prevalence and implications of muscular power and dynamic balance asymmetry among soccer players, focusing on its impact on performance and injury risk. Asymmetry is common in soccer due to the sport's specific demands, such as the frequent use of one leg for kicking and passing. While some asymmetry may allow for functional specialization and may not impair performance, significant imbalances are often linked to an increased risk of injuries, particularly to the lower extremities. Dynamic balance asymmetry is also associated with a higher risk of non-contact injuries, highlighting the importance of joint stability in preventing such injuries. However, the direct impact of balance asymmetry on performance metrics like sprint speed and agility is less definitive, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms or training adaptations might mitigate potential negative effects. Advancements in assessment technologies, such as motion capture systems and wearable devices, have enhanced the precision of asymmetry evaluations, enabling more targeted interventions. Despite these technological advancements, further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of asymmetry across different player demographics, including youth and female athletes, and to evaluate the effectiveness of specific training interventions. This review recommends a multidisciplinary approach, integrating biomechanics, sports medicine, and coaching insights, to develop comprehensive strategies for managing asymmetry in soccer. Such strategies will be crucial for optimizing player performance, minimizing injury risk, and improving training and rehabilitation programs tailored to the diverse needs of soccer players.

This article examines the extent to which the current EU climate protection law fulfils the 1.5-degree limit from Article 2 of the Paris Climate Agreement. To this end, a qualitative governance analysis is applied. On this methodological basis, the main instrument for fossil phasing-out – the emissions trading scheme – and the promotion of hydrogen are discussed as examples. The results show that the EU must further intensify its efforts on its territory and cooperate with other countries since the reformed ETS 1 and ETS 2, the SCF and the CBAM are not sufficiently effective to stay within the 1.5-degree limit of the Paris Agreement. This is also the case with regard to hydrogen policies. The primary focus of energy law on the ETS is therefore fundamentally convincing; however, it should be implemented more consistently, for example in terms of the breadth of the approach, closing loopholes and the level of ambition.

In this short paper we will propose a new equation for the proton charge radius which is inversely proportional to the Rydberg constant and directly proportional to the running value of the fine structure constant on the protonic scale. This will define the proton charge radius only by the effective value of the fine structure constant and the Rydberg constant. This new equation also disproves the old value of the proton charge radius 0.877(50) which was measured by using electron-proton scattering and further solidifies the newer and smaller values 0.8414(19) provided by NIST.

Malnutrition, particularly micronutrient deficiencies, remains a significant public health challenge in Nepal, affecting vulnerable populations such as children under five, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. This thesis examines the complex landscape of malnutrition in Nepal, focusing on the causes, health impacts, and socio-economic consequences of nutrient deficiencies. The research highlights the severe effects of malnutrition, including stunting, anemia, and developmental delays, which contribute to broader social and economic disparities. A detailed analysis of the most affected populations and regions, based on national surveys and studies, underscores the critical need for targeted interventions. This study also evaluates existing nutrition programs in Nepal, assessing their effectiveness and identifying gaps in coverage, particularly in remote and rural areas. The findings emphasize the importance of a multi-sectoral approach that integrates nutrition-specific interventions with broader efforts to improve food security, healthcare access, and economic opportunities.

Background: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, influencing bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevention of bone-related disorders. Despite its importance, Vitamin D deficiency remains prevalent among young adults, raising concerns about its impact on skeletal health. Objective: This review aims to summarize the current understanding of Vitamin D's role in bone health, focusing on its effects on BMD in young adults, and to identify gaps in the existing literature. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review of recent studies and guidelines was conducted, covering Vitamin D synthesis, its impact on bone health, dietary recommendations, and public health implications. Data were sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant clinical guidelines.

Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defenses, can negatively impact animal health, welfare, and productivity. In livestock, diseases are often correlated with reduced antioxidant status. To mitigate oxidative stress, natural antioxidants have gained attention as alternatives to synthetic compounds. The growing need for safe and natural animal products has led to the increased use of plant food additives (PFAs) as antioxidants in animal feed. These natural sources include plant extracts, essential oils, and bioactive compounds-rich by-products. Such antioxidants can enhance product quality, oxidative stability, and shelf life in ruminants, swine, and rabbits. Additionally, maintaining a good antioxidant status positively affects meat quality parameters, including vitamin E content and reduced lipid peroxidation. This review explores the properties of natural antioxidants, extraction methods, and their significance in promoting animal welfare, performance, and product quality.

This article explores the multifaceted argument for Scottish independence, emphasizing Scotland's historical context, cultural identity, and the potential benefits of rejoining the European Union (EU). It begins with a historical overview, tracing Scotland's deep roots in independence and its eventual union with England in 1707, which, despite economic benefits, subordinated Scottish interests to those of England. The article argues that Scotland's distinct identity and ongoing desire for autonomy justify a renewed push for independence. Reuniting with Europe is presented as a key advantage, offering Scotland access to the EU's single market, financial support, and a platform for political influence. Additionally, independence would empower Scotland to harness its renewable energy resources, develop tailored economic policies, and uphold its tradition of social justice. However, the article also acknowledges the unique challenges Scotland faces, particularly in formulating citizenship policies amidst the legacy of English imperialism. Ultimately, the article posits that despite these challenges, independence offers Scotland a path to realizing its full potential as a sovereign nation committed to democracy, equality, and cooperation.

The purpose of this article is to present a proposal to call a tourist destination a magical town using a multi-criteria approach. To this end, its application is approached as a real multi-criteria classification problem with the use of the ELECTRE III method and is built from the components, considered from the importance they represent for the agents involved in the tourism sector, which contemplates the tourism supply, demand and management, infrastructure, services, natural and cultural resources, economic benefits and social impact. The results obtained with the use of this approach allowed us to evaluate and compare the tourist destinations that wish to be recognized under this nomination. In conclusion, the ELECTRE method turned out to be a success, since it allows us to explain and understand the competitive order of the tourist destinations under study. For future work, this procedure could be used to identify which factors are most important or attractive to decision makers.

The Notch signaling pathway plays a major role in embryological development and in the ongoing life processes of many animals. Its role is to provide cell-to-cell communication in which a Sender cell, bearing membrane -embedded ligands, instructs a Receiver cell, bearing membrane- embedded receptors, to adopt one of two available fates. Elucidating the evolution of this pathway is the topic of this paper, which uses an orthologs approach to build a firm base for such a study. Using BLAST searches, orthologs were identified for all of the 49 listed components of the Notch signaling pathway. The time course of the integration of these proteins as animal evolution proceeded was elucidated. Insofar as cell –to-cell communication is only of relevance in multicellular animals, it is not surprising that the Notch system reached a fully-working configuration only with the evolutionary appearance of the Metazoa, the first multicellular animals The roles of the Notch system’s 49 components in contemporary descendants of the ortholog-contributing ancestors were ascertained from a survey of the literature. A single protein, the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) of the protozoan Ministeria vibrans was identified as a possible pre-Metazoan ancestor of the DLL, JAG, and NOTCH proteins. A scenario for the evolution of the Notch signaling pathway is presented and described as the co-option of its components, clade by clade, in a repurposing of genes already present in the ancestral unicellular organisms.

The PediCenter and Niles Children’s Clinic provide pediatric primary and urgent care services in central California. We remained open throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, providing scheduled well child-care and sick visits. Beginning in September 2020, we implemented a COVID-19 screening program. Screening was performed on all patients presenting for care and was made available to patients requiring testing for any purpose. Herein, we provide results from that program, including a description of clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in our patients. Key findings: 11,649 COVID-19 antigen screening tests were performed (age range 0.1 to 17.0, mean 8.7, SD 4.5). In total, 1,560 pts. (13.4%) tested positive. Among these, 665 (43%) were asymptomatic, 560 (36%) had mild disease, 318 (20%) had moderate disease, and 17 (1%) had severe disease. No critical cases or transfers to the emergency room were reported. Younger patient age was associated with an increased severity of illness, as was time from onset of pandemic. 4,446 patients reported no symptoms at the time of screening, 15% of whom tested positive. 7,203 patients reported symptoms at the time of testing. Among these, 87.6% tested negative and 12.4% tested positive. Disease severity was similar between these 2 groups. COVID-19 is generally a mild respiratory tract infection in healthy children. Screening is effective in identifying cases, including asymptomatic cases. Statistical models further revealed associations between patient age, time from the onset of the pandemic and disease severity.

The incidence of non-palpable breast cancer is increasing due to widespread screening and neoadjuvant therapies. Among the available tumor localization techniques, radio-guided occult lesion localization (ROLL) has largely replaced wire-guided localization (WGL). This study aimed to compare ROLL and WGL techniques in terms of the effectiveness of isotopic marking of axillary sentinel lymph nodes and to assess patient perspectives along with surgeon and radiologist preferences. A single-center, prospective randomized study enrolled 110 patients with non-palpable breast lesions (56 ROLL, 54 WGL). Breast type, tumor volume, location, histological and radiological features, and localization/surgical duration were evaluated in the context of sentinel lymph node marking using isotope (Technetium-99m labelled human serum albumin) and blue dye. Statistical analysis was performed with significance set at p&lt;0.05 and strong significance at p&lt;0.01. Both techniques were successful in localizing non-palpable lesions (100%). However, patients reported WGL as more painful. A notable difference was observed in axillary lymph node marking, with subareolar isotope injection (used in WGL) showing better results compared to ROLL. While ROLL provided advantages in terms of patient comfort, and logistical simplicity, WGL was superior for axillary sentinel lymph node marking, particularly in inner quadrant tumors, suggesting WGL may be preferred for these cases.

In 2021, the World Health Organization classified isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas as a distinct subgroup of tumors with genetic changes sufficient to enable a complete diagnosis. Patients with an IDH mutant glioma have improved survival which has been further enhanced by the advent of targeted therapies. IDH enzymes contribute to cellular metabolism, and mutations to specific catalytic residues result in the neomorphic production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). The accumulation of D-2-HG results in epigenetic alterations, oncogenesis and impacts the tumor microenvironment via immunological modulations. Here, we summarize the molecular, cellular, and clinical implications of IDH mutations in gliomas as well as current diagnostic techniques.

This systematic review examines the role of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Human Resource Management (HRM) systems in enhancing managerial decision-making and employee productivity in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) between 2014 and 2024. It explores how these systems streamline operations, improve workflow automation, and support real-time communication, helping SMEs overcome resource limitations and enhance operational efficiency. Additionally, the review considers how these integrated technologies, particularly when combined with advancements such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), contribute to better resource allocation, strategic planning, and long-term business performance. In addressing the challenges SMEs face in system adoption—such as costs, training, and implementation—the review offers actionable insights into how ERP, CRM, and HRM systems can be strategically employed for sustainable growth and competitive advantage.

Efflorescence is a major concern in alkali-activated materials (AAMs), affecting their potential practical applications and challenging the preservation of the material in a time-frozen state for post-characterisation purposes. Efflorescence is a time-dependent phenomenon that may stop with complete water removal. Therefore, this study mixed chemically and physically different secondary raw (slag, fly ash, glass wool, and rock wool) and nonwaste (metakaolin) materials with Na-silicate solution in ratios that facilitated efflorescence and mixtures that could prevent it. The material was cured at 40 °C for 6 days. On the 7th day, half of the intact samples were additionally treated with low-power microwaves (2.45 GHz at 100 W) until complete dehydration to rapidly and gently influence the chemical reaction. The impact of microwave-irradiation-induced dehydration on the specimens was thoroughly examined on day 7, both chemically and physically, and compared with that of a set of samples that were not subjected to dehydration. Chemical alterations were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which revealed the removal of water. Further, X-ray diffraction revealed no changes in crystallinity upon irradiation. The irradiation-increased porosity was evaluated through Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry, whereas the mechanical resilience of the materials was evaluated through compressive strength tests and synchronised with the porosity development. Pores in the irradiated samples that required higher temperatures or longer curing times (glass wool, fly ash, and metakaolin) were spherical; otherwise, dehydration resulted in elongated cracks. This result provided side knowledge on the determination of finalisation of the curing of AAM, which cannot be determined by any surface-penetrating test. Efflorescence formation was evaluated on 1-year-old dehydrated samples, maintained at room temperature, before and after exposure to a water droplet using a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope. This explained the reason why the surface of AAMs exposed to water became slippery and the effect of the water droplet on the surface. The microwave treatment method successfully accomplished the complete dehydration of AAMs within a few minutes, effectively inhibiting reactions in the AAMs, terminating further development of the aluminosilicate network, and partially removing unbonded alkali elements from the chemically unfinished AAM system. Therefore, microwave irradiation can be used to evaluate the chemical compositions of time-evolving materials during dehydration. If the dehydrated samples are stored in a waterless environment, post-characterisation of the AAMs is possible at any later time. The procedure of stopping the reactions offers significant advantages over conventional techniques which require physical processing, such as grinding or milling, the use of solvents, and more time.

Metal–organic framework materials show feature linear- and nonlinear optical responses such as laser damage threshold, outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability, and optical transparency as innovative functional materials for nonlinear optical technologies. The non-centrosymmetric crystal structure is precondition for generation of second-order nonlinear optical response, which guarantees technological applications. The ZnII- and AgI-squarate complexes are attractive templates for these purposes due to good crystal growth, optical transparency, high thermal stability, etc. However, debatable is the space group type of catena-((μ2-squarato)-tetra-aqua-zinc(II)) complex ([Zn(C4O4)(H2O)4]) (1) showing centro- and non-centro-symmetric monoclinic C2/c and Cc phases. The same is valid to catena-((μ3-squarato)-(μ2-aqua)-silver(I)) complex (Ag2C4O4) (2) exhibiting, so far, only C2/c phase. This study reports first new crystallographic data on (1) and (2) re-determined at different temperatures (293(2) and 300(2)K) and non-centro-symmetric Cc phase of (2), having different number molecules per unit cell comparing with C2/c phase. There are high-resolution crystallographic measurements of single crystals, experimental electronic absorption and vibrational spectroscopic data together with ultra-high resolution mass spectrometric ones. Experimental results are supported for theoretical optical and nonlinear optical properties obtained via high accuracy quantum chemical static methods and molecular dynamics, using density functional theory as well as chemometrics.

This study examines the development of effective social media strategies for businesses, focusing on how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can leverage these strategies to boost revenue and sustain growth. In the context of a dynamic digital environment, SMEs face challenges in maximizing the benefits of social media platforms due to limited resources and expertise. Using the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this study analyzed sixty-nine research papers to identify key strategies that contribute to successful social media marketing. The review considered factors such as content quality, engagement techniques, platform selection, and targeted advertising. The findings suggest that tailored strategies that align with business objectives and audience needs, coupled with consistent engagement and content relevance, lead to more significant revenue growth and customer retention. However, the lack of data on long-term impacts and industry-specific insights limits the generalizability of these findings. This study provides a foundation for SMEs to develop strategic social media marketing plans, but further research is needed to explore long-term effects and industry-specific variations.

Approximate Computing (AxC) has emerged as a promising paradigm to enhance performance and energy efficiency by allowing a controlled trade-off between accuracy and resource consumption. It is extensively adopted across various abstraction levels, from software to architecture and circuit levels, employing diverse methodologies. The primary objective of AxC is to reduce energy consumption for executing error-resilient applications, accepting controlled and inherently acceptable output quality degradation. However, harnessing AxC poses several challenges, including identifying segments within a design amenable to approximation and selecting suitable AxC techniques to fulfill accuracy and performance criteria. This survey provides a comprehensive review of recent methodologies proposed for performing Design Space Exploration (DSE) to find the most suitable AxC techniques, focusing on both hardware and software implementations. DSE is a crucial design process where system designs are modeled, evaluated, and optimized for various extra-functional system behaviors such as performance, power consumption, energy efficiency, and accuracy. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify papers that ascribe their DSE algorithms, excluding those relying on exhaustive search methods. This survey aims to detail the state-of-the-art DSE methodologies that efficiently select AxC techniques, offering insights into their applicability across different hardware platforms and use-case domains. For this purpose, papers were categorized based on the type of search algorithm used, with Machine Learning (ML) and Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) being the predominant approaches. Further categorization is based on the target hardware, including Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), general-purpose Central Processing Units (CPUs), and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). A notable observation was that most studies targeted image processing applications due to their tolerance for accuracy loss. By providing an overview of techniques and methods outlined in existing literature pertaining to the DSE of AxC designs, this survey elucidates the current trends and challenges in optimizing approximate designs.

The incorporation of unconventional feed ingredients in animal husbandry aims to improve nutritional efficiency and animal health. Bamboo, known for its rich mineral, antioxidant, and dietary fiber content, represents a potential alternative feed ingredient. This study explores the effects of fermented bamboo powder (FBP) on growth performance, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology, and expression of nutrient transporter genes in broiler chickens. 600 healthy 1-day-old chicks were randomly divided into two groups, each with 10 replicates of 30 chicks. The control group was provided with a basal diet. The experimental group was given the basal diet with supplemented 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg FBP for two different stages: phase Ⅰ (1-22 days) and phase Ⅱ (23-45 days). The results indicated a significant improvement in growth performance of the group fed with fermented bamboo powder compared to the control group (P < 0.05). More-over, there was a significant effect on the weight of organs and muscles when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant effect on triglyceride levels (P < 0.05), with a positive effect on urea and creatinine levels (P < 0.05), as well as a significant improvement in the levels of antioxidant enzymes (MDA, SOD, and CAT) compared to the control group (P < 0.01). In contrast, fermented bamboo powder significantly enhanced the surface area available for nutrient absorption in the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by increasing the villus height, intestinal lumen depth, and villus area (P < 0.01). FBP increased the expression levels of genes involved in the transport of nutrients from the intestinal regions (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) namely GLUT1, GLUT2, CAT1, CAT2, PEPT1, PEPT2, and LAT1, compared to control. The upregulation of nutrient transporter genes further facilitated nutrient absorption, contributing to the observed improvements in growth and body weight. These findings endorse FBP as a viable feed additive in broiler diets to enhance health and performance.

Endometriosis is a prevalent chronic gynecological disorder. It tends to affect approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by the presence of signs and symptoms of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. It often leads to significant pain, inflammation, and infertility. This systematic review aims to explore the obstetric outcomes associated with various treatments for endometriosis including hormonal therapies and surgical interventions. Background/Objectives: Find out relationships, harms and benefit of a pregnancy after endometriosis treatment by surgery. Methods: The analysis involved a comprehensive search of electronic databases adhering to PRISMA standards, focusing on the impact of these treatments on conception, pregnancy, and childbirth outcomes.. Results: The findings indicate that while hormonal treatments like GnRH agonists can modulate ovarian response and pain, they do not significantly improve pregnancy rates compared to placebos. Conversely, laparoscopic surgery shows promising results in enhancing fertility, particularly within the first year post-operation. Conclusions: The review underscores the importance of individualized treatment plans, considering factors such as age, infertility duration, and disease severity, to optimize obstetric outcomes for women with endometriosis.

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract from aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. by fractionating it with different solvents, aiming to provide theoretical evidence for the development of products related to aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. The yield of the methanol extract was 13.33%, with the water fraction showing the highest yield, followed by n-hexane, n-butanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. Among these fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, as indicated by total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and SOD-like activity measurements showed no significant difference between the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, as both showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In the FRAP activity measurement, the n-butanol fraction ranked behind the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions in terms of antioxidant activity. Although the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, its yield was only 1.29%, making it unsuitable for product production considering productivity and economy. However, the n-butanol fraction showed overall high antioxidant activity and was approximately 4 times more abundant with a yield of 5.80% compared to the ethyl acetate fraction. Consequently, considering both productivity and economy, the n-butanol fraction is considered suitable for product development and production.

In this study, Portulaca oleracea (purslane) was investigated as a potential antioxidant supplement in cooked sausages, with a focus on its effects on lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant activity. The fatty acid profile of the sausages enriched with 1.2% of purslane powder, revealed a 1.3-fold increase in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 fatty acid. Improved oxidative stability during refrigerated storage was observed, with peroxide values of 10.9 meq/kg in the sausages with purslane by day 10, compared to 12.5 meq/kg in the control sausages. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, reflecting lipid peroxidation, were also significantly lower in the sausages with purslane. The antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced in the sausages containing purslane, which demonstrated a Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) of 13.5 mg GAE/g, whereas the control sausages showed undetectable FRAP levels. Additionally, the DPPH radical scavenging activity in the sausages with purslane was 21.70%, compared to 13.73% in the control. These findings suggest that purslane not only improves the nutritional profile of meat products by increasing beneficial fatty acids but also provides substantial protection against oxidative spoilage. Portulaca oleracea offers a promising natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants, enhancing both the shelf life and quality of processed meats.

The production of high stiffness Ti-based Metal Matrix Composites (Ti-MMCs) displaying significant ductility by additive manufacturing technologies is not yet at the level of conventionally produced Ti-MMCs. This study outlines the production process of stiffness-driven Ti-TiC MMCs displaying a remarkable ductility. The process consists in powder Mechanical Blending, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), and a heat treatment. A TiC fraction of more than 20 vol% was formed in-situ through the reaction of titanium with carbon during the LPBF process. The as-built sub-stoichiometric TiC dendrites are converted in equiaxed TiC grains during the heat treatment. The TiC C/Ti ratio was found to be close to 0.5 in as-built conditions, and 0.7 in heat treated conditions, resulting in an effective reinforcement content nearly twice the one expected for stoichiometric TiC, leading to stronger reinforcement. The mechanical analysis revealed a Young’s modulus of up to 149 GPa and total elongations of up to 2.8%. The former represents a 27% improvement compared to commercially pure Titanium and the latter exceeds by 115% reported values for LPBF Ti-MMCs with similar Young’s modulus. It is enabled by the in-situ formation of defect-free TiC reinforcements combined with their globularisation through heat treatment.

This review discusses the pivotal role of microcirculation in maintaining tissue oxygenation and waste removal and highlights its significance in various pathological conditions. It delves into the cellular mechanisms underlying hemodynamic coherence elucidating the roles of endothelium, glycocalyx, and erythrocytes in sustaining microcirculatory integrity. Furthermore, the review gives comprehensive information about microcirculatory changes observed in cardiac surgery, sepsis, shock and COVID-19 disease. Through comprehensive exploration, the review underscores the intricate relationship between microcirculation, disease states, and clinical outcomes, emphasizing the importance of understanding and monitoring microvascular dynamics in critical care settings.

This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth using panel data from 84 countries between 2010 and 2019. We utilized a two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) to analyze how FDI affects economic growth through productivity gains and the role of economic freedom in attracting FDI. The findings suggest that FDI has a positive impact on productivity and benefits both OECD and non-OECD countries. Economic freedom plays a significant role in attracting FDI, particularly in OECD countries, and contributes to economic growth in non-OECD countries. However, economic freedom alone does not guarantee strong economic growth in OECD countries, but it significantly enhances growth in non-OECD countries. The results also highlight that only economies with robust economic infrastructure and development levels benefit more from FDI.

The reliable operation of power systems depends on rapid fault detection to trigger protection mechanisms and prevent further damage. Machine Learning-based fault detection systems have gained prominence for their superior performance. These automated systems can assist operators by highlighting anomalies and faults, providing a robust framework for improving Situation Awareness. However, existing approaches predominantly rely on monolithic models, which struggle with adapting to changing data, handling imbalanced datasets, and capturing patterns in noisy environments. To overcome these challenges, this study explores the potential of Multiple Classifier System (MCS) approaches. The results demonstrate that ensemble methods generally outperform single models, with dynamic approaches like META-DES showing remarkable resilience to noise. These findings highlight the importance of model diversity and ensemble strategies in improving fault classification accuracy under real-world, noisy conditions. This research emphasizes the potential of MCS techniques as a robust solution for enhancing the reliability of fault detection systems.

Background and Clinical Significance: Biliary tract injuries are a recognized complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Early diagnosis and prompt management are crucial to minimize complications such as bile leaks, strictures, and fistula formation. This case report highlights the use of a biodegradable biliary stent in managing a complex biliary injury and discusses the impact of delayed diagnosis on treatment outcomes. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 30-year-old male who sustained a Strasberg E2 biliary tract injury during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Initially misdiagnosed, the injury was only recognized on the fourth postoperative day. The patient underwent a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy and subsequently developed a postoperative biliary fistula, which was managed with percutaneous drainage. A biodegradable biliary stent was later placed to address a stricture and minimize the need for future interventions. One year later, the patient presented with symptoms of cholangitis, and radiological findings revealed a narrowing of the biliary lumen. The stricture was resolved and an endoscopic gastrojejunal shunt was placed to prevent further complications. The patient is currently in good condition with no signs of further complications. Conclusions: This case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis in managing biliary tract injuries and highlights the potential of biodegradable stents to reduce the need for repeat interventions. Despite a delayed diagnosis necessitating complex surgical procedures, the use of a biodegradable stent proved effective in managing postoperative complications. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of biodegradable stents in similar clinical scenarios.

Understanding the state of the swamp buffalo population in Calayan Island is important to strengthen the conservation and management program in the country. This study aimed to provide insights into the morphology, population structure, and health profile of the swamp buffaloes on the island. In total, 35 fresh blood samples were analyzed using 27 polymorphic microsatellite markers to determine the population structure analysis. Data were gathered for the morphological features of Calayan swamp buffaloes and served as the baseline information for the descriptive traits. Furthermore, samples were tested for surra and brucellosis using PCR and serological tests respectively. Results showed that Calayan swamp buffaloes were morphologically bigger except for body length compared with other populations. Genotype analysis using microsatellite markers showed remarkable discriminatory power to distinguish distinct populations within the tested population and could discriminate subspecies of swamp and river types plus crossbreds. The study also reports the first incidence of surra and brucellosis on the island. Overall, the new insights provided on newly detected Philippine carabao lineage in Calayan Island would be highly recommended for ex-situ conservation and animal health control strategy. The conservation strategy would encompass collecting, cryopreserving, and storing viable germplasms from local swamp buffalo on Calayan Island.

Educational institutions are increasingly utilizing chatbots to enhance communication and streamline administrative tasks, including answering frequently asked questions (FAQs). Serving as the first review about employing chatbots in educational administration, this systematic review explores the potential of chatbots to improve educational administration. While research on chatbots in education has primarily focused on their role in learning, their application for administrative tasks remains underexplored. This gap necessitates a systematic investigation of how chatbots are utilized and implemented to streamline administrative processes. Following the PRISMA framework, this review analyzes 54 studies to address five key areas: functionalities performed, data employed, technologies used, evaluation methods, and future development challenges. The review reveals a critical need for a comprehensive framework for developing administrative chatbots that are specifically tailored to educational institutions. This review underscores the importance of such a framework in addressing identified gaps in the literature and in incorporating generative AI into educational administrative tasks management. The review also highlights a noticeable lack of research in this domain, including the potential of generative AI, like ChatGPT, to improve administrative efficiency. Furthermore, the study discusses the potential impact, practical applications of administrative chatbots in education and future research directions.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel betacoronavirus, is the causative agent of COVID-19, which has caused economic and social disruption worldwide. To date, many drugs and vaccines have been developed for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 and have effectively controlled the global epidemic of SARS-CoV-2. However, SARS-CoV-2 is highly mutable, leading to the emergence of new variants that may counteract current therapeutic measures. Electron microscopy (EM) is a valuable technique for obtaining ultrastructural information about the intracellular process of virus replication. In particular, EM allows us to visualize the morphological and subcellular changes during virion formation, which would provide a promising avenue for the development of antiviral agents effective against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this review article, we present our recent findings using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with electron tomography (ET) to demonstrate the morphologically distinct types of SARS-CoV-2 particles and the application of EM analysis to evaluate genetically engineered viruses.

A major cause of genital discomfort in women around the world is bacterial vaginosis, which results from excessive growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vaginal ecosystem. Current treatment consists of antibiotics and/or probiotics, which show favourable therapeutic effects, but also cause problems such as drug resistance and recurrence. Considering faecal transplantation's success, transplantation of vaginal fluid from healthy donors could provide the most effective treatment for bacterial vaginosis. However, experimental treatments have shown that vaginal microbiome transplantation may not be a one-size-fits-all solution. The present article examines the limitations of current standardized therapy, the advantages of vaginal microbiome transplantation, and presents future novel strategies for treating bacterial vaginosis based on current research findings and clinical trials development worldwide.

Background: Transportation logistics is undergoing a transformative shift driven by innovative technologies to overcome human-generated obstacles. Governments and city authorities are increasingly keen on these technological advancements because they can reduce traffic and carbon emissions despite logistical and legal hurdles. Methods: Employing a methodology grounded in IMRAD principles and the PRISMA framework, guided by seminal work of Paraskevas et al., this study critically reviews existing literature to examine and integrate advancements in road transportation and carbon emission reduction through intelligent technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain (BC), and Internet of Things (IoT). This study also considers other issues like eliminating traffic congestion, improving traffic control systems, incorporating cutting-edge logistical technologies, and transforming policies in light of the development of smart cities. Results: The findings shed light on strategies to expedite travel and streamline logistics, fostering economic equity by adopting innovative, cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly transport solutions. Conclusion: This research sets the stage for future studies to incorporate additional variables and conduct quantitative assessments, thus paving the way for optimized enhancements in modern city transportation systems.

On-chip spectrometers are increasingly becoming tools that might help in everyday life needs. The possibility offered by the several available integration technologies and materials to be used to miniaturize spectrometers has led to a plethora of very different devices, that in principle can be compared according to their metrics. Having access to a reference database can help in selecting the most performing on-chip spectrometers and to be up-to-date in terms of standards and developments. In this paper, an overview of the most relevant publications available in literature on miniaturized spectrometers is reported and a database is provided as an open-source project to which researchers can have access and participate in order to improve the share of knowledge in the interested scientific community.

Background/Objectives: The introduction of robotic surgery has revolutionized surgical procedures bringing significant improvements in procedures such as radical prostatectomy. In Poland, robotic technology was first used in public healthcare in 2010 for colorectal surgery in Wrocław. Public funding for robotic urologic surgery began in 2022. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of integrating a stable source of funding on the development and utilization of robotic surgery. Methods: Using data from the National Health Fund, a retrospective analysis of these procedures was conducted, focusing on radical prostatectomies from the beginning of the funding period to November 2023. Results: The study showed that in the first year of public funding (2022), 2,149 radical prostatectomies were performed using robotic systems, and this number almost doubled to 4,331 by October 2023. Patients aged 60 years and older accounted for more than 80% of those undergoing robotic surgery. The rise in the popularity of robotic surgery is attributed to its advantages, including high precision, reduced invasiveness in the surgical field, minimized bleeding and pain, and reduced postoperative wound size. The use of robotic surgery also brings environmental benefits. Conclusions: The growing number of robot-assisted surgeries in Poland reflects the increasing role of robotics in medicine. These advances meet the growing demand for healthcare services and demonstrate the precision and effectiveness of robotic technology, potentially improving healthcare access and outcomes. Further implementation and refinement of robotic solutions are necessary to meet the changing needs of medical specialties.

In modern materials science and surface engineering, Reactive Plasma Spraying (RPS) occupies a key po-sition due to its ability to create high quality coatings with unique properties. However, the efficiency of this process is highly dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the starting powder materials. Mechanical activation, as a pretreatment, can have a significant effect on the structure and reactivity of powders, thereby modifying and improving the RPS process. The present study focuses on analysing the changes that occur to powder materials after mechanical activation and their subsequent effects on the quality and performance of coatings produced by the RPS process. The study of these changes is of key importance for optimising the spraying process as well as developing new materials with improved methods. This is important not only to improve the efficiency of reactive plasma spraying technologies, but also to expand their applications in various industrial and scientific fields. Improved materials can be a decisive factor in increasing the productivity and prevalence of products, as well as creating new opportunities for innovation and development in various industries.

This paper investigates the application of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in solving the facility location decision problem. By adapting the learning objectives and structure of GNNs, this research bridges the gap between traditional optimization approaches and modern machine learning techniques. The proposed method demonstrates improved decision-making capabilities, providing promising results for facility location optimization. Additionally, potential future research directions are outlined, highlighting areas where GNNs can further enhance decision-making processes in complex supply chain networks. Hybrid GNN and Mixed Integer Programming solutions have been proposed.

Sustainable development and climate change are related challenges for humanity because a good quality of life in the present and the future for human, natural, and economic systems must be achieved through the capacity to face climate change. In this context, this research aimed to identify the climate change adaptation measures contribution to the sustainable development aspects: environmental, social, and economic, applied to a case study, "The Coastal Watershed Conservation Project in the Context of Change Climate (C6)" through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) evaluation framework. The primary data collection was carried out directly from the project reports and the reports of 29 interventions in the communities. The results indicate that the adaptation actions implemented through the C6 project did contribute to sustainable development, to a greater extent, in the social aspect, followed by environmental aspects and later by economic ones; therefore, it can be concluded that one way to achieve sustainable development can be through the implementation of adaptation actions to face climate change.

Abstract: The S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 Spike has been found in the blood of covid patients and vaccinated individuals. From BioGRID, we selected 146 significant human proteins experimentally interacting with S1. Then, we derived an interactome model that facilitated the study of functional activities. Through a reverse engineering approach, we identified 27 specific one-to-one interac-tions of S1 with the human proteome. S1 interacts in this manner independently from the biological context in which it operates, be it infection or vaccination. Instead, when it works together with viral proteins, carry multiple attacks on single human proteins out, showing a different functional engagement. Through Cytoscape we showed functional implications and its tropism to human organs/tissues, such as nervous system, liver, blood, and lungs. As a single protein, S1 operates in a complex metabolic landscape which includes 2557 GO biological processes, much more than the 1430 terms controlled when operating in a group. A Data-Merging approach shows that the total proteins involved by S1 in the cell are over 60,000 with an average involvement per single bio-logical process of 26.19. However, many human proteins get entangled in over 100 biological different activities each. Clustering analysis showed statistically significant activations of many molecular mechanisms, like those related to hepatitis-B infections. This suggests potential in-volvement in carcinogenesis, based on a viral strategy that uses the ubiquitin system to impair the tumor suppressor and antiviral functions of TP53, as well as the role of RPS27A in protein turnover and cellular stress responses.

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood. Homocysteine is a toxic sulfur-containing amino acid that is produced during the metabolism of methionine. Under normal circumstances, Hcy is recycled back to methionine via the remethylation pathway, through the action of various enzymes and vitamins, particularly folic acid (vitamin B9) and B12 used when intracellular methionine levels are low, thus restoring the necessary levels to correctly maintain active protein synthesis. A second pathway, used in cases of intracellular methionine excess, (the trans-sulfuration pathway) is the one that recicles Hcy into cysteine (a precursor of glutathione), first passing through cystathionine (via the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase), a reaction that requires vitamin B6 in its active form. HHcy has been identified as a risk factor for a variety of disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, osteoporosis and cancer. However, it remains unclear whether the slightly elevated concentration of Hcy (Hcy 7-10 μmol/L) is a causative factor or simply a marker of these pathologies. In human plasma, the concentration of Hcy ([Hcy]) is classified in mild (15 to 30 μmol/L), moderate (30 to 100 μmol/L), and severe (greater than 100 μmol/L). Interestingly, many laboratories continue to consider 25 μmol/L as normal. This review seeks to examine the controversial literature regarding the normal range of HHcy and emphasizes that even a [Hcy] level of 10 μmol/L may contribute to the development of several diseases, aiming to discuss whether it would be appropriate to lower the threshold of HHcy normal values.

This study investigates the optimal energy mix for industrial complexes by integrating renewable energy systems, decarbonization strategies, and sector coupling technologies, using actual load data from the Balan Industrial Complex in Korea. Five different energy scenarios were analyzed, ranging from a conventional base case (Scenario 1) to progressively more advanced configurations incorporating renewable sources (Scenarios 2 to 5). The findings reveal that Scenario 5, which combines sector coupling, hydrogen-based systems, and decarbonization technologies, is the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable, achieving the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC) and significantly reducing CO2 emissions. To enhance the study’s relevance, electricity prices and CO2 emission costs from Korea, the United States, and Germany were considered, revealing that regional electricity tariffs and carbon pricing mechanisms greatly influence the economic feasibility of the proposed energy systems. Despite the higher initial investment for renewable-based setups, Scenario 5 proved to be the most economically viable over the long term when factoring in operational costs and emission penalties, underlining the potential for renewable integration to achieve both cost savings and environmental benefits. These results provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to adopt sustainable, cost-effective energy solutions, highlighting the necessity of tailored strategies to optimize energy systems for industrial applications. This research thus offers a meaningful contribution to the field of sustainable energy transitions, suggesting that sector coupling and renewable integration hold significant promise for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of energy systems in diverse industrial areas.

Abstract: Background The incidence of Heart failure is increasing across the world. Over one million people in the UK have heart failure and around 200,000 new diagnoses are made every year (Conrad et al, 2018).Estimates suggest that, further 385,000 people with heart failure who are currently undetected, undiagnosed and, consequently, are missing out on life-preserving treatments. Most of the heart failure cases are of elderly population. The prevalence of heart failure slowly increases with age until about 65 years of age, and then more rapidly. In United Kingdom, the prevalence of heart failure in elderly population is estimated to be about [NICE, 2018a] 1 in 35 people who are aged between 65 – 74 years of age and 1 in 15 people who are aged 75 – 84 years of age. The average age at first diagnosis is 76 years of age [NICE, 2018a]. As per the statistics, heart failure accounts for 2% of bed occupancy in entire NHS as well as accounts for 5% of all NHS emergency admissions. Hospitalization for decompensated heart failure (DHF) carries a poor prognosis, with frequent readmissions. As per the updated NICE guidelines, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is used in the diagnostic criteria and management of heart failure. BNP is secreted by overloaded left ventricle as a response to fluid overload. This study is to evaluate the prognostic value of BNP in elderly population with decompensated heart failure. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of 88 elderly patients who were admitted with decompensated heart failure between September 2023 to April 2024 in Lagan valley hospital – Lisburn and Ulster Hospital – Dundonald, Northern Ireland. Suspected heart failure admissions were randomly selected as snapshots of each month. Among these admissions, 88 Heart failure cases were identified based on echocardiogram findings and NT- pro BNP levels performed on initial admission. The same cohort was followed up for 12 weeks period for specific end points. The end points that were considered were readmissions with heart failure or deaths. Furthermore, Heart failure follow ups were also assessed during post discharge as well. A fraction of patients had repeat BNP checked during the follow up and their clinical features were correlated. All cases were categorized in to two main cohorts as HFrEF cohort and HFpEF cohort. Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% were categorized as HFpEF, while those with <40% as were categorized as HFrEF. Each cohort was subdivided to further 3 sub categories depending on the BNP values. Prognostic values and all-cause mortality after discharge were assessed separately in patients with HFpEF and HFrEF by multivariable adjusted Cox regression analysis. Comorbidities were compared between heart failure groups. ROC curve was carried out to establish the cutoff level of BNP and the mortality analysis was done utilizing Kaplan Meier curves. Results In this cohort study, two major heart failure cohorts were analyzed for specific end points under six main sub-cohorts. The data analysis shows that mortality rate is 29.1% when NT Pro BNP values is more than 2000. The heart failure readmission rate is 45.6% when NT Pro BNP value is more than 2000. 66.6% re-admission rate was demonstrated with rising NT-Pro BNP values during heart failure follow up. This was much lower with patients who had declining NT- Pro -BNP values during heart failure follow u which was 33.3% Satisfactory statistical power of the study, which demonstrated that NT- Pro BNP can be used as prognostic marker for mortality in elderly patients with heart failure irrespective of their ejection fraction. Conclusions NT Pro BNP can be used as a prognostic biomarker for elderly patients with heart failure. Satisfactory statistical evidence was shown on this study to prove that higher BNP values on admission predicts higher mortality rate. Significant evidence was demonstrated in this study to show that there are higher re-admission rates with higher NT pro BNP levels specially in elderly population. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that, there is higher mortality and morbidity rate with rising NT Pro BNP levels during heart failure follow up. In conclusion, all these three parameters shows that NT Pro- BNP levels can be used as a prognostic bio marker for elderly patients with heart failure, irrespective of their ejection fraction status. Furthermore, we would like to indicate that monitoring NT Pro BNP levels in all heart failure cases could be beneficial to prevent mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, it would be an aid to optimize heart failure medications prior to have an episode of decompensation of heart failure as well.

(1) Background: This qualitative research had the objective to study the reasons for non-acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination by some Muslims in the three southern border provinces of Thailand; (2) Methods: Data collection was done in a community of Pattani province and communities along the Thai-Malaysian border of Narathiwat province by observation and in-depth interview. The 40 key informants were community Muslims, religious leaders and public health workers selected by purposive sampling according to their knowledge of the situation. The data were tested by triangulation and analytical descriptive conclusion; (3) Results: Some Muslims did not accept the COVID-19 vaccination for six important reasons: 1) The belief that the village health volunteers (VHV) who persuaded them to have vaccination only hoped for the state reward. 2) Death is the will of God so vaccination is not necessary. 3) Every kind of vaccine is not halal. 4) Vaccination is the cause of weakened ability. 5) Vaccination had caused death, and 6) Fear of re-vaccination impact because they had the vaccination in Malaysia. (4) Conclusions Involving religious leaders and fostering Thailand-Malaysia cooperation are key to combating health misinformation. Culturally sensitive health education can improve public health responses in the southern border region.

We investigated the effect of lepidocrocite-type layered titanate, which we have been using to reduce brake-particle emissions in an environmentally friendly manner. The effect of titanate on reduction was evaluated using a small-scale inertia brake-material-friction-test dynamometer. We suggested that brake-particle emissions are related to the microphysical structure of the pad surface, such as the uniformity of friction film and secondary-plateau formation, and that friction materials containing titanate contribute significantly to the reduction in both particle mass (PM) and particle number (PN) emissions of brake particles for both non-asbestos organic (NAO) and low-steel (LS) pads. In our experiments, the PM- and PN-emission levels of brake particles from LS pads with the addition of titanate were comparable to those of NAO pads.

This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the European economy, yet their ability to sustain coopetition networks—collaborative arrangements between competitors—remains underexplored. This study addresses the gap by developing a reference model and an instantiation methodology for coopetition networks explicitly tailored to the needs of SMEs, grounded in the Service-Dominant (S-D) Logic framework. The reference model provides a structured approach for SMEs to coopetition throughout their entire lifecycle, from initiation to dissolution, focusing on value co-creation and resource exchange. To validate the model, a Proof-of-Concept (PoC) was conducted in the Portuguese ornamental stone sector, demonstrating significant improvements in manufacturing effectiveness and confirming the model’s practical applicability. The findings highlight the potential of coopetition networks to enhance the competitiveness and performance of SMEs. While the reference model successfully addresses key challenges SMEs face, the study acknowledges certain limitations. It suggests areas for further research, particularly regarding the long-term sustainability of these networks and the role of interpersonal dynamics.

Background/Objectives: Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes (CMS) are caused by variants in >30 genes with increasing numbers of variants of unknown significance (VUS) discovered by next generation sequencing. Establishing VUS pathogenicity requires in vitro studies that slow diagno-sis and treatment initiation. Recent protein structure prediction softwares, AlphaFold2/ColabFold, have revolutionised structural biology; such predictions have also been leveraged in AlphaM-issense which predicts ClinVar variant pathogenicity with 90% accuracy. Few reports, however, have tested these tools on rigorously-characterised clinical data. We therefore assessed ColabFold and AlphaMissense as diagnostic aids for CMS, using variants of the CHRN genes that encode the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Methods: Utilising a dataset of 61 clinically-validated CHRN variants, (1) we evaluated the pos-sibility of a ColabFold metric (either predicted structural disruption, prediction confidence, and prediction quality), that distinguishes variant pathogenicity. (2) We assessed AlphaMissenses’ ability to differentiate variant pathogenicity. (3) We compared AlphaMissense to existing patho-genicity prediction programmes, AlamutVP and EVE. Results: Analysing variant effects on ColabFold CHRN structure prediction, prediction confi-dence, and prediction quality, doesn’t yield any pathogenicity-indicative metric. However, Al-phaMissense predicts variant pathogenicity with 63.93% accuracy on our dataset – a much greater proportion than AlamutVP (27.87%) and EVE (28.33%). Conclusions: Emerging in silico tools can revolutionise genetic disease diagnosis – however, im-provement, refinement, and clinical validation is imperative prior to practical acquisition.

Histomorphological studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of NS-Oil (NS) on ovarian toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in female rats. The research aimed to assess the histological changes in ovarian tissue and correlate these findings with alterations in serum gonadotropin levels. The experimental design involved three (3) experimental groups treated with cyclophosphamide, NS-Oil oil, or a combination, with control group for comparison. Histological assessments of ovarian sections were performed to analyze structural integrity, follicular development, and toxicity signs, while serum samples were analyzed for estradiol, progestin levels.Cyclophosphamide administration significantly disrupted ovarian architecture, reducing follicle count and causing follicular degeneration. Conversely, NS-Oil oil treatment exhibited protective effects, restoring normal histological features and improving gonadotropin levels. Image J software, calibrated with a table micrometer, was used to measure diameters of follicles, follicular cells, and oocytes. Primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles were classified according to Oktay et al. (2017). Body weight showed no significant difference across groups, but ovarian weight decreased in cyclophosphamide-treated groups compared to controls (p < 0.05). However, ovarian weight increased dose-dependently in NS-Oil-treated groups (p < 0.05).Cyclophosphamide reduced ovarian cortex and medulla volumes (p < 0.05), while NS-Oil treatment increased these volumes (p < 0.05). Pre-antral and antral follicle counts decreased with cyclophosphamide but increased following NS-Oil treatment (p < 0.05). Atretic follicle counts decreased in both cyclophosphamide and NS-Oil-treated groups (p < 0.05). The diameters of pre-antral and antral follicles, as well as follicular cells, decreased with cyclophosphamide but increased post NS-Oil treatment (p < 0.05).These results suggest that NS-Oil may offer a therapeutic strategy to mitigate ovarian damage associated with cyclophosphamide treatment, highlighting its potential role in preserving reproductive health in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and the efficacy of NS-Oil in clinical settings.

This paper explores the application of Blockchain technology in food traceability, focusing specifically on olive oil. It addresses the significant challenges in the food industry, such as verifying authenticity and detecting harmful substances. The research highlights the potential of Blockchain to enhance traceability by leveraging its decentralized and secure architecture, which en-sures data integrity and facilitates rapid monitoring throughout the supply chain. The paper also examines the synergy between Blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT), which is critical for real-time tracking in product production. The research conducted has led to a practical demonstration through a web application connected to the Ethereum test network, designed for the quality control of olive oil via smart contracts. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of Blockchain technology and its transformative potential in ensuring food traceability, particularly for high-value commodities like olive oil.

This paper focuses on CEOs, who are considered the strategic leaders of corporations because of their crucial role in making important decisions. This research paper examines how female CEOs influence green innovation (GI) in Asian industrial sector. Its main objective is to answer the following research questions: Are there differences in GI endeavors between Asian industrial firms with female CEOs and those with male CEOs? Does the size of the industrial firms have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between CEO gender and GI? Based on our research questions, the size of firms is likely a determining factor in the GI of female CEOs. This research employs rigorous econometric modeling to analyze a substantial dataset of Asian industrial listed companies spanning from 2013 to 2022. It has been proven that industrial firms led by females CEOs are more inclined to have environmentally friendly practices. Furthermore, the size of the industrial firms amplifies the beneficial influence of female CEOs on the firm's chances of engaging in GI initiatives. Our outcomes stay robust to endogeneity issues using two-step GMM estimators. This study proposes that stakeholders, particularly in Asian countries, should promote the increased representation of females in CEO roles, particularly within large corporations. This is because women-led companies demonstrate superior performance in GI endeavors. Thus, regulators need to implement policies that promote the inclusion of women in CEO positions within large-scale enterprises. These policies may potentially strengthen the private sector’s capacity to foster sustainable innovation.

Researchers are often interested in the effects of change in one variable on change in a second variable, requiring the repeated measures of two variables. There are several multivariate statistical methods appropriate for this research design, including generalized estimating equations (GEE) and latent growth curve modeling (LGCM). Both methods allow for variables that are not continuous in measurement level and not normally distributed. More recently, researchers have begun to employ area under the curve (AUC) as a viable alternative when the nature of change is less important than the overall effect of time on repeated measures of a random variable. The research showed that AUC is an acceptable alternative to LGCM with repeated measures of a continuous and a zero-inflated Poisson random variable. However, less is known about its performance relative to GEE and LGCM when the repeated measures are ordinal random variables. Further, no study to our knowledge has compared AUC to LGCM or GEE when there are two longitudinal processes. We thus compared AUC to LGCM and GEE, assessing the effects of repeated measures of psychological distress on repeated measures of smoking. Results suggest AUC performed equally well to both methods, although missing data management is an issue with both AUC and GEE.

A model based on the fitting of stress-strain data by tensile tests of biocomposites made of a bioplastic (polybutylene succinate, PBS) and spent brewer's grain filler (BSGF) is developed. The model is suitable to describe the elastic-plastic behavior of these materials in terms of two mechanical parameters (tensile stress and tensile stiffness or Young's modulus) depending on the filler concentration. The mechanical characteristics, derived from the fitting parameters, show a good agreement with the experimental data. The mathematical model used here could be an important aid for the experimentation and the manufacturing process as it allows to predict the mechanical tensile parameters of a mixture with different filler concentrations, avoiding the long and complex preparation cycle of bio-composites, as well as the specific mechanical tests. The physical properties required by the objects created with the PBS-BSGF bio-composite by the partners/stakeholders of the research project co-financing this research, can be quite different. Therefore, a mathematical model that predicts some of the mechanical properties in terms of the mixture composition may be useful to speed up the selection of the required amount of BSGF in the mixture.

Hyaluronan has been considered in recent years as a potential naturally occurring modifiable scaffold that has the capability to absorb and release drugs over an extended period of time making it suitable as a chemotherapeutic delivery agent. Considering the limited treatment options available in the treatment of glioblastoma, in this review, we discuss the novel utilization of ultra high molecular weight hyaluronan - originally identified as a mechanism for maintaining longevity in the naked mole rat, as both a protective and extracellular matrix optimising scaffold, and a means to deliver therapy in resected brain tumors. The unique properties of this unique form of hyaluronan indicate potential future use in the prevention and treatment of both proliferative based and inflammation driven disease.

Aim: Esophageal atresia (EA) is the most common congenital esophageal malformation. Thoracoscopic repair is gaining popularity, but controversy persist regarding the ideal surgical approach for this challenging anomaly. Study’s aim is to analyze outcomes in terms of quality of life (QoL) of children undergoing thoracotomy and thoracoscopy for type III EA repair. Methods: Perinatal characteristics, malformations, surgical procedures, complications, gastrointestinal and respiratory current symptoms were collected. QoL were investigated through Esophageal-Atresia-QoL(EAQoL) and Pediatric-QoL(PedsQL)4.0 standardized and validated questionnaires. Statical Mann-Whitney test with significance level p <0.05 was carried out. Main results: A total of 32 patients undergoing type III EA primary repair answered the questionnaire, including 17 thoracotomy and 15 thoracoscopy. Median birth weight was not significantly different between two groups (median[2.385;2.475], p=.3529) while gestational age showed statistically difference (median[36;38], p=.0063). Thirty-five associated malformations (15 thoracotomy, 20 thoracoscopy) in 23 patients were observed. Postoperative complications occurred in 9 patients in thoracotomy group (1 recurrent fistula, 2 leakages, 6 stenosis) and in 6 patients in thoracoscopic group (2 recurrent fistula, 4 stenosis). Analyzing EAQoL we found statistically significant difference in physical health between the two groups (median[83;96], p=0.0119), while there was no difference in social relations, eating and total score (median[100;100], p=0.3473)(median[91;97], p=0.5749)(median[91;96], p=0.1710). Investigating PedsQL, psychosocial-health score (median[88;98], p=0.0069) and total score (median [91;99], p=0.0043) were statically significant different between the groups, whereas there was no difference for physical-health score (median[91;100], p=0.0706). Conclusions: Thoracoscopic EA repair is safe and feasible, allowing patient to have a better QoL in terms of physical and psychosocial health score.

The consumption of contaminated water contributes to the global burden of diarrhea and other water-borne diseases, especially among young children. While the decentralized solar water disinfection treatment system remains a viable option to have safe drinking water, our understanding of the effects of household water treatment before use on willingness to accept and adopt a decentralized solar water disinfection treatment system is limited. In this study, a complementary log-log regression analysis of the compositional and contextual factors that systematically vary with willingness to accept and adopt a decentralized solar water disinfection treatment system in the Sawla-Tuna-Kalba (STK) district of Ghana was carried out. Based on our findings, a greater proportion of households’ (97%) are willing to accept and adopt a decentralized solar water disinfection treatment system. Compositional and contextual factors such as age, marital status, education, religion, and geographical location significantly contribute to households’ willingness to accept and adopt a decentralized solar water disinfection treatment system in the STK district of Ghana. Households that treat their water before use (66%, P&lt;0.05) are more likely to accept and adopt a solar water disinfection treatment system compared to those that do not treat their water before use. The findings therefore suggest that scaling up solar water disinfection systems in the STK district is sacrosanct, and highlight the necessity to analyze compositional and contextual factors influencing willingness to accept and adopt solar water disinfection systems. Our findings will inform policies and programs aimed at implementing solar water disinfection systems in the study area to improve the health of communities that must rely on poor quality drinking water sources.

Fragile X Syndrome (FX) is the most common form of inherited cognitive impairment and falls under the broader category of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). FX is caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the non-coding region of the X-linked Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene, leading to its hypermethylation and epigenetic silencing. Animal models of FX rely on the deletion of the Fmr1 gene which fail to replicate the epigenetic silencing mechanism of the FMR1 gene seen in human patients. Human stem cells carrying FX repeat expansions have provided a better understanding of the basis of the epigenetic silencing of FMR1. Previous studies have found that 5-Azacytidine (5Azac) can reverse this methylation; however, 5Azac can be toxic and may limit its therapeutic potential. Here, we show that the dietary factor Ascorbic Acid (AsA) can reduce DNA methylation in the FMR1 locus and lead to an increase in FMR1 gene expression in FX iPSCs and cerebral organoids. In addition, AsA treatment rescued neuronal gene expression and the morphological defects observed in FX iPSC-derived cerebral organoids. Hence, we demonstrate that the dietary co-factor AsA can partially revert molecular and morphological defects seen in human FX models in vitro. Our findings have implications for the development of novel therapies for FX in the future.

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is the leading cancer affecting males. The treatment is radical prostatectomy, with its main complications being urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Various studies demonstrate that exercises targeting the pelvic floor muscles help improve these complications, although sometimes, these exercises are not performed correctly, rendering the effort ineffective. To avoid this circumstance, a study comparing a group with biofeedback‐guided learning led by a nurse expert in the technique against another without this learning method is designed. Methods: Randomized clinical trial with two arms; the study group underwent two biofeedback sessions prior to surgery for the identification of the muscles to work on, compared to another group where no prior learning of the muscles was done. These fifteen‐minute sessions involved the placement of electromyography sensors for muscle contraction detection. Both groups followed the same care process where the protocol for reinforcing the perineal muscles after the removal of the urinary catheter was explained. Data were collected through validated questionnaires. Key Findings and Limitations: The results obtained show a clear improvement in the prevalence of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction in patients who underwent two biofeedback sessions prior to surgery, as well as a high rate of adherence and satisfaction with the care received in both the control group and the study group, regardless of whether they experienced urinary incontinence and/or erectile dysfunction. Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Biofeedback is a safe method that helps reduce complications after prostatectomy.

Background: Rhizarthrosis is the most frequent form of osteoarthritis and is responsible for pain, disability and reduced functionality. Recent studies support the possibility of providing Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment in patients suffering from osteoarthritis. Shock wave biostimulation may be able to modulate joint inflammation and stimulate chondorocytes in a reparative sense. The aim of the study is to investigate the clinical effects of shock wave treatment in patients suffering from arthritis of the first finger. Methods: A prospective clinical study was designed, in which seventy-two patients suffering from rhizoarthrosis were randomized to treatment with shock waves or exercises; in both groups an immobilization brace of the first finger was used. At recruitment and at 1, 3 and 6 months, patients received assessments of pain (VAS), functionality (FIHOA), disability (DASH); furthermore, the perception of improvement was monitored during follow-ups (Roles and Maudsley Score). Results: In both groups there was a significant improvement in all scores in the comparison between recruitment and 6 months; this improvement was confirmed for VAS, FIHOA and DASH in the comparison between individual time points in both groups, except for the comparison between 3 and 6 months for all scales in the exercise group and for FIHOA in both groups. The perception of improvement was statistically better in the shock wave group than in the exercise group at 1, 3 and 6 months. The regression analysis showed that the reduction of VAS and DASH are statistically influenced by shock wave treatment (p<0.001). Conclusions: Both shock waves and exercises, together with the use of the brace, are effective in managing pain, functionality and disability in patients suffering from arthritis of the first finger. The shock wave treatment ensured further improvement at 6 months

Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are a growing concern in rapidly urbanizing regions, leading to significant ecological and public health challenges. This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of UHI intensity in Mbombela City, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, from 2008 to 2023. Using Landsat satellite imagery and geospatial analysis techniques, the research quantifies changes in land cover and their impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and UHI intensity. The results show that built-up areas increased by 86.67% over the study period, while vegetation cover decreased by 22.22%. Mean LST rose from 28.3°C in 2008 to 30.1°C in 2023, indicating a significant intensification of the UHI effect. Statistical analyses reveal strong correlations between urbanization metrics and UHI intensity, highlighting the role of human activities in exacerbating this phenomenon. This research contributes valuable insights for urban planning and climate adaptation strategies, particularly in secondary cities like Mbombela, where rapid development is creating new environmental challenges. The findings underscore the need for green infrastructure and nature-based solutions to mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization.